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In this paper we describe the main neuropsychological factors related to the onset and
maintenance of drug use behaviors, the neuropsychological alterations related to drug
dependence and their clinical implications. Drug addiction has been related to alterations on
executive control and decision-making, and changes on preference and choice of reinforcers. At
the same time, these alterations have an impact on patients’ psychosocial functioning, on the
course of the addictive process and on patients’ outcomes when receiving formal treatment.
Thus, a neuropsychological approach can help overcome some limitations of current models of
treatment of drug use disorders.
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