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1
Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, New South Wales
Institute of Technology, Australia.
2 .
Dlrector, Structural Engineering Services, Wiss, Janney,
Elstner, and Associates, Northbrook, Illinois.
3 D'
lrec t or, Englneering
' Development Department, Portland
Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois.
149
150
...r
Barda, Hanson, and Corley
HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
II
led to the recommendation that minimum horizon-
tal reinforcement should be provided in all
walls.
BACKGROUND
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
in Table 3.
t!
described elsewhere( 23 ). One-quarter of the main
flexural reinforcing bars was gaged at the base, at mid-
height, and at the top of the wall. Six vertical web
bars were gaged at the base, at mid-height, and at the
top of the wall. This pattern gave both distribution of
vertical strains along the horizontal length of thewalls
and along the bars. Selected horizontal web bars were
each gaged at 5 locations. This pattern of gaging gave
the distribution of horizontal strains at five different
vertical sections, as well as the distribution along the
gaged bars.
Test Program
TEST RESULTS
Principal Results
v (1)
where
V shear force
h overall thickness of the web
d distance from extreme compression
fiber to the centroid of the
tension reinforcement
Calculations of the effective depth, d, are based on the
assumption that strains in the reinforcement and con-
crete are directly proportional to the distance from the
neutral axis. Doth vertical web reinforcement and
flange reinforcement were considered in these calcula-
tions.
Description of Behavior
Behavior of each specimen is summarized in Figure 6.
The bar chart for a specimen notes the following stages
corresponding to the numbers on the chart:
Deflections
Strain Distribution
ANALYSIS
Shear Cracking
Ultimate Load
3•4 ~ ( :w - ~).
w
The following equation provides a close prediction
of the shear strength of the test specimens and reflects
the variables found to be significant:
v
u
= 8.31f'- 3.41fT
c c
(~w-
w
i) + p n f y in psi
ph::: 0.25%
Post-Ultimate Load Behavior
7.03 kg. per sq. em). The ratios of the measured values
of vm at the end of the test, given in Table 5, with the
computed values for these specimens are 1.04, 0.96, 1.06,
1.02, and 1.06, respectively.
v
u - vc
v
s
Vu Av·ff y ~ = p f
n y
~b
w (1 w- 8)
Therefore the nominal ultimate shear stress is
vu = p f Jl
n y
Taking (1w -8)/d = 0.95 for the test specimens, and tak-
ing~ =1.0 and f equal to the average value of 77.3 ksi
y
(5730 kg. per sq. em), vu = 184 psi (12.9 kg. per sq.cm)
for pn = 0.25 and 367 psi (25.8 kg. per sq. em) for pn =
0.50%. Compared to the values of measured shear stress,
given in Table 5, it is evident that these stresses are
very conservative.
Design Suggestions
hw N
u
8~- 2.5~ r + 41 h in psi
w w
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
NOTATION
I moment of inertia.
M ultimate moment.
u
moment capacity of flange.
v shear force.
\1 coefficient of friction.
' I Reinforcement
'
Flange I Wall Vertical !wall Horizontal
i Height h Effec-
Specimen! hw rw
w
tive
depth
No.-Size Rein£.
ratio
No.-Size ReiJ?-f
rat1o
·I No.-Size Rein£.
ratio
lXI
Q)
a.
I
in. in. p Pn ph
! i Q)
I i
::I:
Bl-1 1 37.5 ~ 67.8 16-No.3 0.018 12-No.3 0.005 15 - 6rnrn 0.005 Q)
::I
B2-1 37.5 I ~ 71.7 20-No.5 0.064 12-No.3 0.005 15 - 6rnrn 0.005 C/)
0
B3-2 37.5 ~ 70.7 20-No.4 0.041 12-No. 3 0.005 15 - 6rnrn 0.005 ::I
B4-3 37.5 ~ 70.6 20-No.4 0.041 12-No.3 0.005 None 0 Q)
::I
B5-4 37.5 ~ 73.0 20-'No. 4 0.041 None 0 15 - 6rnrn 0.005 c.
16 - 6rnrn 0.0025 15 - 6rnrn 0.005 (")
B6-4 37.5 ~ 71.8 20-No.4 0.041
0
B7-5 18.75 1:1 70.7 20-No.4 0.041 12-No.3 0.005 7 - 6rnrn 0.005 ::::!..
CD
i
B8-5 75.0 1 70.7 20-No.4 0.041 12-No.3 ; 0 . 0 0 5 13 3 - 6rnrn 1 o. 005 '<
: -
'< ~
..
\mil:~on
1
f' Slab test
c f'
c
If'
c
i
psi psi j days !I psi psi psi I ps1.
! I
!
Bl-1 4710 3810 35 4200 514 7.95 3.40 r-
!I
i 0
B2-l 3070 3090 II
I
29 I
!
2370 322 6.63 2.51
:e
I
B3-2 3320 3720 I
27 3920 468 7.45 3.44 ::0
B3-2R 2 - - i 7 3410 368 6.30 2.64 C/)
CD
B4-3 5070 2660 29 2760 371 7.05 2.68
:e
!:1)
B5-4 4050 2890 28 4190 531 8.20 3.40
C/)
B6-4 4520 3350 27 3080 412 7.43 3.14
B7-5 4460 3760 26 3730 473 7.75 3.26
B8-5 4260 3320 26 3400 432 7.40 3.30
:Average 3450
-
1 Ec = Measured secant modulus of elasticity for concrete
2 Repaired Specimen B3-2
Flanges Wall
6mm Stirrups D2 Cross-Ties Vertical 1 Vertical 4 i 6mm Horizontal
Yield Ult. Yield i Ult. Yield Ult. Yield Ult. Yield Ult.
Specimen Stress Stress Stress I Stress Stress Stress Stress Stress Stress Stress ttl
f f f I f f f f f f f Q)
y u y u y u y u y u ~
ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi ksi j ksi ksi ksi ksi a.
Q)
Bl-1 72.5 97.4 60.0 63.5 76.2 2 78.8 123.1 71.9 98.6 :I:
118.7 2 1 Q)
<i ...
•
Low-Rise Walls 181
'
First Shear Cracking Ultimate Load End of Test i
Shear v Defl [:,£ Shear v De!:l [:,£ Shear v I
cr u m
Specimen Variable 1
Stress - - [:,£ hw Stress - [:,£ hw Stress -
v /f' v /f' v /f I
cr u m
c c c ' DJ
psi in. psi in. psi '
Q)
Bl-1 p = 1.8%2 420 6.5 0.027 0.00072 1010 15.5 0.23 0.0061 280 4.4 a.
Q)
B2-l p = 6.4% 2 240 4.9 0.016 0.00043 767 15.8 0.26 0.0069 270 5.5 :I:
Q)
B3-2 Control 330 5.2 not measured 881 14.1 0.21 0.0056 190 3.0 ::::s
rJl
0
B3-2R Repair 190 3.3 0.020 0.00053 676 ll. 5 0.49 0.0130 230 4.0 ::::s
Q)
B4-3 ph = 0 320 6.1 0.015 0.00040 810 15.4 0.20 0.0053 160 3.0 ::::s
a.
B5-4 Pn = 0 330 5.2 0.012 0.00032 538 8.3 0.20 0.0053 280 4. 3 i ("')
I
0
B6-4 ~
Pn = 0.25% 280 5.0 0.013 0.00035 686 12.3 0.23 0.0061 190 3.5 en
'<
B7-5 \/'1-w = 1/4 330 5.4 0.006 0.00032 906 14.8 0.16 0.0085 350 5.7
B8-5 h~£w = 1 200 3.5 0.027 0.00036 704 12.1 0.42 0.0056 150 2.6
-- - L____ -----
Notes: 1 Except as indicated below all specimens had the following characteristics:
h~£w = 1/2, ph= 0.5%, pn = 0.5%, p = 4.1%.
2Specirnens subjected to static loading. All other specimens subjected to load
reversals.
Note: 1 in. = 25.4rnrn, 1000 psi = 70.3 kg/cm 2
:.: .
~~.:-'
/
J
/
~6>0"
""'
..
,,...:::;........-:
"
Base Prestressed
to Test Floor
at 8 Locations r-
0
:E
I
::tl
(/)
(I)
18" :e
"'
(/)
1"=25.4mm
I'= 0.3048 m
.....
00
Fig. 1--Test specimen Co)
164 Barda, Hanson, and Corley
24"
6mm@ 2"
.u
r<>lv D2 Cross -ties
5"c1eor
8
1" = 25.4 mm
No.3,No.4,orNo.5
6mm@ 2"
Construction Joint___.
Gmm-...,
.. -Gmm or No.3
Varies
1"=25.4mm
No.5
t - - - - - - - - - 4 8 11- - - - - - - - , , . . j
Ult;mo" loa/
d j){ [Now mo"m
· umload
POSITIVE
I re---.._ . · of 2
LOAD I J J. I '""'-.. Begmmng ·s
LEVELS I II Il 1 cycles to thl
I II II II txJ
1 II IIII deflection
...c.
!»
l II I I II
8
\ l\
I \
·l I I I l
I\
II
!»
:I:
4 I II I I 1 !»
I I I I I I I Load ::::s
(/)
v I I I I
l '
I I I
Stage
0
::::s
I I I
hd~ 0 I I
I I
II
II I I t !»
::::s
II II I I c.
-4
ll u I I
II
(')
II II 0
-8 ll ~
II 11
II
\I
1 1.1 (I)
'<
NEGATIVE I!
LOAD
LEVELS
"
Note:-./( English= 0.265{( Metric
'•-
(
15 ... ....,-vu
•J: 10% reduction 15-
10 ------ ~ vu (ACI) 10
? vu(ACI)
::!.... ---- v
« 5
-----.__['Vcr
_________( v c (ACI)
Rc
5
~ /vcr
,.,-"
____ J v c (ACI)
ACI min.
v
10
fvu (ACI)
v
10 _______ £ Vu (ACI) Ul
1000 ~170,1.001
J
1-4
;!1..129,1.081
~ 4123,1.@
1- IL" t- IR
0
Specimen 81-1 82-1 83-2 84-3 85-4 86-4 87-5 88-5
1"=25.4 mm
IOOOpsi =70.3 kg/sq. em
Detailc of specimens arc given in Table 1.
Bl-1 B2-l
B3-2 B4-3
B5-4 B6-4
B7-5 BB-5
Fig. 8--Test specimens at conclusion of loading
Low-Rise Walls 191
..
1" = 25.4 mm
1000 1000 = 70.3 kg/sq. em 81-1
-- -...
.... --, ..___ __
--'
\
v
,/
/
· r-~ 83-2
V= hd 500 / Envelope)
psi /
I
0 L---------~----------~--------~----
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Deflection, in.
(a)Partial Plot
1000 f'c p
Specimen
psi
81-1 4200 1.8
82-1 2370 6.4
83-2 3920 4.1
v
v= hd 500
psi
oL-----~~------~~~~-L
0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Deflection, in.
( b) Full Plot
Ultimate
1000
v
v • iid
psi
500
-1000
I" • 25.4mm
1000 psi • 70.3 kg/sq. em 1000
v
y • hd
500
psi
-0.4
0.4
Deflection. in.
-1000
1000
f' ph
Specimen c
psi 0 /o
83-2 3920 0.5
\
I 84-3 2760 0
v I
v= hd 500
I
\
\ I" = 25.4mm
psi \
'<83-2
........ _ IOOOpsi = 70.3 kg/sq. em
-------- --------------
oL-------~--------~~=---~
0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Del lee I ion, in.
1000
f'c Pn
Specimen
11
psi %
1 \r-83-2
I I 83-2 3920 0.5
'rh\ '(86-4
:
85-4 4190 0
86-4 3080 0.25
v =::!....
hd
500 '\ 1"=25.4mm
\ 85-4
psi
1000 psi = 70.3 kg/sq. em
' ........ _"~--------------------
-~~==--~------
v =:::!._ 500
hd
psi
1"=25.4mm
IOOOpsi = 70.3 kg/sq. em
0 oL--------L-------=±2~~~~~3
Deflection, in.
Jr ..
40J;c~]
:;13,.
Direc~ion of Locd
Po•ltiwe ____.
NeQOTive . . . , . _ .
u~:;·
I
""'... ],
li
.
:~ 7
""''
•• 1;:11;:~
.,..:~36 f
··~, i !
~~:~
. 2*1.. •
Direction of Load
.
..
.
. ... .
.'
. :!i
~:.
.Jr·
tD
2000
I
2000 11
1 ...
Q)
a.
Q)
#
Low-Rise Walls 195
U)
N m
I
·-
; ~ : ). :! : i : ~
"co
<=
<=
ro
.,_,
S-
Vl
ro
~ u
~
.,_,
·~
~ S-
:0 <lJ
>I
I
U)
en
u::
m
0
196 Barda, Hanson, and Corley
'IJ .. 0
0
2
0
0
Q
~ ..~
~ ..
:! : i: ~: .. :.!' ---
1.0
CXJ
I
~
0
t ~
~
I
Vl
.-
ttl
~
u
.,....
"
:;; +'
~
QJ
>I
0 I
0
~
0 1.0
2
~
c
c
~
0>
.,....
5 ..
"'ci .. L1..
0
il.
0
2
Low-Rise Walls 197
2000 83-2
670
88-5
680----x
Vertical
I
I
Reinforcement
Strain
/1
550
millionths /
87-5 I
/
1000 ( 670 I
/
I
560
...... ...... ... ...L570
440t ...... ......
...... ...... ......
... ...... ...... t v = 440 psi
X Yield in one or more
vertical wall bars
1000 2000
Horizonta I Reinforcement Strain
mi II ionths
1000 psi= 70.3 kg/sq. em
1000
__ ,
,... \
/ , '
\
I \
I ' 83-2R
v I
I .......
..........
v = hd 500 ..........
psi
.........
....... ..... ___ _
83-2
o~--~-----L----~----~--~-----L--
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Deflection, in.
(a l Partial Plot
I"= 25.4 mm
1000 1000 psi = 70.3 kg/sq. em
fI
Specimen c
psi
--
83-2 3920
v 83-2R 3410
v= lid 500
psi
Locations calculated
f rom meo sure d S IrOIOS\
·
~I 1 I
"-',
" """'......." " .;;--...
" "
"" """
"" ....""J
"
Shear Reinforcement
Concrete
0 200 400
Pnfy
Destroyed Concrete
hwe
1000 •
•
Vu •B3-2R
(test) (Retest)
psi
500
•
0 500 1000
vu
(cole.)
=8~-2.5~~+~h+Pnfy,
;_ w ~w
psi