Department of CHEMISTRY

ASSIGNMENT
PAK STUDY

Submitted by:
SYED ALI HAIDER SHAH (001)
ALI HAIDER (041)
ZAIN ALI (018)
Submitted To:
SIR KASHIF
TOPIC
Advent of Islam and its impact over the society of Indian Sub-Continent
BS CHEMISTRY 2ND SMESTER
Evening
2018-2022
 This assignment is split into 2 sub-topics that are:
1. Advent of Islam within the sub-Continent
2. Impact of Islam on Indian society
Following could be a temporary detail on the appearance of Islam and its
impact on to the Indian society.

1. Advent of Islam within the Sub-Continent

The last Prophet of Islam, Prophet Muhammad (SAW), utterly modified the
intellectual outlook of peninsula. among a span of twenty three years
he reworked the barbarous and impious Arabs into a civilized and spiritual
nation. Throughout his life and additionally when his death, Muslims took
the message of Islam to each corner of the globe and among some years
Muslims became the super power of the time.
• The Early History of Islam within the landmass
Trade relations have existed between peninsula and therefore
the Indian landmass from times of yore. Even within the pre-Islamic era,
Arab traders accustomed visit the Malabar region, that connected them with
the ports of South East Asia. fresh Islamized Arabs were Islam’s 1st contact
with Asian country. in keeping with Historians Elliot and Dowson in their
book “The History of Asian country as told by its own Historians”, the
primary ship bearing Muslim travelers was seen on the Indian coast as early
as 630 AD. H.G. Rawlinson, in his book: “Ancient and Medieval History of
India” claims the primary Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast within
the last a part ofthe seventh century AD. Sheikh Zainuddin Makhdum‟s
“Tuhfat al-Mujahidin” is additionally a reliable work. Pre-Islamic Asian
country was entirely supported a class structure during which society was
broken into separate components, conversion to Islam happened during
a stepwise method. Often, entire castes would convert to Islam at a time. this
is able to happen for several totally different reasons. Often, however, the
equality Islam provided was additional enticing than the caste
systems. within the class structure, World Health

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 Organization you're born to determines your position in society. There was
no chance for social quality or to realize bigger than what
your folks achieved. By changing to Islam, individuals had the chance to
maneuver up in society, and not were subservient to the Brahman caste
• Arab Role of Arrival of Islam within the landmass
The Arabs 1st introduced Islam to the Indian landmass. when the
appearance of Islam in Mecca it started spreading over totally
different regions. Asian country was among of the regions that came to
understand with Islam within
the 1st section of eighth century. throughout Omar (R), the second calif of
Islam, the primary expedition was sent to the region however its target met
the goal once Muhammad bin Qasim captured the Sindh. This event are
often thought to be the primary step of the institution of
Muslim rule Asian country.
• The Conquest of Baluchistan and Sindh
During the reign of the good Ommiad calif Walid bin Abdul leader, Hajjaj
bin Yousaf was appointed because the governor of the japanese Provinces.
At that point, Raja Dahir, a Brahman, dominated Sindh. However, the
bulk of the individuals living within the region were Shudders or Buddhists.
Dahir treated members of those denominations inhumanly.
They weren't allowed to ride horses or to wear a turban or
shoes. Sindhi pirates, protected by Dahir, were active on the coastal areas and
whenever they got an opportunity, they looted the ships passing by Daibul.

In 712, Hajjaj sent vi,000 choose Syrian and Iraqi troopers,

a artiodactyl corps of equal strength and a baggage train of three, camels to
Sindh underneath the command of his kinsman and son relation, Imadud-
din Muhammad bin Qasim, a young boy of simply seventeen years.
He additionally had a 'manjaniq', or catapult, thatwas operated by five
hundred men and will throw giant stones a good distance. Muhammad bin
Qasim 1st captured Daibul. He then turned towards Nirun, close

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 to trendy Hyderabad, wherever he simply inundated the inhabitants.
Dahir determined to oppose the Arabs at Raor. when a fierce struggle, Dahir
was swamped and killed. Raor fell into the hands of the Muslims. The Arab
forces then occupied Alor and proceeded towards Multan. on the approach,
the Sikka (Uch) defensive structure, located on the bank of the Ravi,
was additionally occupied. As a results of this, ocean trade flourished. The
port of Daibul became a really busy and prosperous business center.
When Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh,
the native individuals, World Health Organization had been living
a lifetime of misery, breathed a sigh of relief. Qasim followed a lenient policy
and treated the native population liberally. everybody had full non
secular freedom and even the non secular leaders
of native religions got salaries from the govt fund. The institution of Muslim
rule additionally paved approach for future propagation of Islam in
Sindh and therefore the connected regions. Later
Sindh additionally attracted Ismailia missionaries World Health
Organization were therefore sure-fire that Sindh passed underneath Ismaili
rule. With the conquest of metropolis by Mahmud of Ghazni, missionary
activity began once more underneath the aegis of Sufis World Health
Organization were the most agents within the Islamization of the
whole region.
Advent of Islam within the South
The first companion of the prophet came within
the southern price of geographical region, city in 62618. because
the Muslim came in city, they came within the south of Asian country 1st.
Ali bin Uthman reached at Malabar in 782 in keeping with the inscription of
a topographic point and among hundred years they established themselves
on the Malabar price. in keeping with town Chand, „Naturally, the minds of
the individuals were flustered and that they were susceptible to settle
for new concepts from no matter Page five of ten quarter they came. Islam
appeared upon the scene with an easy formula of religion, well-defined

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 dogmas and rites, and democratic theories of structure. It created an
incredible impact, and, before the primary quarter of the ninth century was
over, the last of the Ceriman Perumal Kings of Malabar World Health
Organization reigned at Kodungallur had become a convert to the new faith.
• Arab and Hindoo (711-1000 A.D.)
The Arab Muslims entered Asian country in 711, identical year their non
secular compatriots within the West entered European country. They
conquered the realm called Sind within the Indus River vale (modern
Pakistan). it's exhausting to imagine 2 religions and
civilizations therefore totally different in their outlooks as Islam and
Hinduism. Whereas Islam saw all individuals as equal before God, India‟s
rigid class structure given a extremely stratified scheme sanctioned
by faith. On the opposite hand, whereas Hinduism was improbably tolerant
of a mess of gods, Islam was strictly monotheistic. For higher or worse, the
2 cultures have co-existed, thogh not forever peacefully, since the Arabs
arrived till this day. Arab enlargement was stopped by numerous social
organization Indian princes called the Rajputs whereas in theory loyal to a
king, they functioned as nearly freelance rulers.
As trade multiplied, therefore did competition for the management of that
trade. As a result, the Rajputs usually spent the maximum amount time
fighting one another as they did resisting foreign invaders. Their warfare
was extremely ritualized and controlled by AN elaborate code of
behavior, very like the codes of chivalry and Buhsido regulated the fighting
of elite nobles in medieval Europe and Japan. Our trendy game of chess,
originating in Asian country, reflects this ceremonial approach of fighting
wars (Singh, Y.P., 2015). sadly for the Rajputs
his additionally unbroken them from adapting to changes in warfare and
hampering the Muslim advance across Northern Asian country.
Arab rule was fairly tolerant of Hinduism. They even preserved the temple of
a Hindu sun god in Multan, (Singh, Y.P., 2015) that additionally prevented
Hindu attacks on town which may injury this holy spot. though the

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 Arabs solely conquered the northwestern a part of Asian country, their
tolerant rule won several converts to Islam therein region that remains
Muslim to the present day.
• Islamization and therefore the Turks (1000-1526 A.D.)
Compared to the Arabs, Turkish raids into Asian country were rather
more remorseless and harmful. the primary of those raiders, Mahmud of
Ghazni, attained the title of "the Idol Smasher" for the injury he did to
Hindu Temples, whereas the ruler, Ala al-Din, equally came to be referred
to as "the World Burner." These raids and invasions particularly hurt
Buddhism, as kings in Malay Archipelago were not in a position or willing
to patronize Buddhist monasteries. Thsese several Buddhists either to convert
to Islam or fly the coop to Thibet and geographic region. As a result,
Buddhism nearly died out as a faith in Asian country though its influence
elsewhere continued to unfold. The Turkic attacks began within the half of
the eleventh century beginning with Sabuktkin.

Actually the Islamization processes of Asian country started by

the institution of metropolis state that was supported elementary principle
s on their administration system, justice, social
group arena. throughout these 3centuries (Delhi
Sultanate), numerous Sultans achieved far-famed for his or
her administration of justice, development of resources, non-
secular tolerance and patronage of learning, art and design.
These created them rival to the Bagdad, Cairo, Cordova and Bukhara.
Though the Mughal Empire was based by the descendant of the Chugtai
Turks, it's additionally to be beard in mind that the characteristics of their
system weren't bloodshed and pagan religion, however a high degree of
Muslim civilization. From the start of the appearance of Turks,
they, positively tried to unfold Islam however primarily based some
principles. though middle age’s policies of power of influence were

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 followed additional or less, they need been able to defend their sole totally
different identity within the world history.
We see non secular academics, saints
and different preachers contend additional necessary role clearly with the
political support. The Indians they accepted Islam to urge free from the
taxation however they were affected additional perceptive Muslims behave,
attitudes, respect for the all, equal rights, straightforward life
etc. createdthem encourage to simply accept Islam.

2. Impact of Islam on Indian Subcontinent:

It is aforesaid that the impact of Islam within the landmass is
incredibly exhausting to estimate. it's compact virtually each walk of
life and altered the landmass forever.
 Equality and Liberty
The most emphatic claim Muslims build in Asian country is that it
brought school of thought. In Islam, everyone is equal: no high or low, no
high-caste or outcaste. Seeing this liberty and equality, giant numbers of low-
caste Hindus thirstily reborn to Islam; this saved them from
the laden and dishonorable life offered by the Hindu society.

 Trade
Trade flourished underneath the Muslims right from starting. the
first era till tenth century saw a strong combine forming
among gift} community in present day Gujarat & Kerelawith the
center east and folks in japanese Africa. This became the prime route for
export of Indian Spices in Europe till Vasco district attorney Gama
discovered A Nalternate route (There is a motivating war that happened a
while later between some warships of Portugese and therefore the combined
navies of Gujarat and Mamluk sultanates, Zamoir of Calicut
(Kerela), empire for the fort in Diu, India). However, this combine cause the
formation of AN autocratic rule across {india|India|Republic of Asian

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 country |Bhara t|Asian country| Asian nation} and therefore
the farming economy of India came underneath plentyof pressure to
stay up with the assembly needs for spices, cotton and therefore
the food provides for soldiers. additionally the pillage left its mark on the
region. Famines were common within the regions of geographical
region and Northern Asian country. Major things exported were Spices,
Silk, Cotton and product and minerals like ore.
 Religious Impact
The non secular nature of Muslims conquest compact the foremost in Asian
country. Buddhism died. Jainism virtually died. Hinduism had a resurgent
time {in a |during a |in AN exceedingly |in a very} cruel and
autocratic approach resulting in an idolatrous faith off from the sacred
text origin of the faith. Islam flourished within the cruelest ways in
which and LED to rise of focused communities of Muslims (UP-Bihar,
Hyderbad etc.) The Hindu temples were destroyed over and over for the
sake of spiritual war. Somnath Temple on the coast of high
business price Gujarat was destroyed seven times when Hindu kings remade
it whenever. many ruins of temples are there in Andhra Pradesh in Asian
country that is that the fourth most inhabited region in terms of
Muslims within thelandmass when Pakistan, Bangladesh, UP/Bihar belt.
The non secular zealotry rose during this era to highest extremes.
 Cultural Impact
The culture was considerably compact. change of state was heavily
influenced from the Turks and Persians. Paneer was introduced to Indians by
the Turks. design was influenced heavily as existing structures were
destroyed in battles and new structures didn't live long unless they sounded
like Muslim design. Language was considerably modified. Hindustani
evolved from the mix of Hindi that was Indo-Aryan targeted and
Urdu that has Persian influence. Persian words still echo within the courts
of Asian country these days. it's currently aforesaid that Hindi loses it
sweetness and style if you take away Urdu words from it. Gazals and

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 Shayaris came up during this era from the new language that came up. Sufi
music mixed with Indian serious music gave really musical
ecstasies, albeit Muslim faith currently calls music misbr because it creates
fantasies. wear apparel was developed usually wherever the invaders
adopted components of Indian designs into their own.
Architecture was influenced heavily as existing structures were destroyed in
battles and new structures didn't live long unless they sounded
like Muslim design. Language was considerably modified. Hindustani
evolved from the mix of Hindi that was Indo-Aryan targeted and
Urdu that has Persian influence. Persian words still echo within thecourts
of Asian country these days. it's currently aforesaid that Hindi loses it
sweetness and style if you take awayUrdu words from it. Gazals and Shayaris
came up during this era from the new language that came up. Sufi music
mixed with Indian serious music gave really musical
ecstasies, albeit Muslim faith currently calls music misbr because it creates
fantasies. wear apparel was developed usually wherever the invaders
adopted components of Indian designs into their
own. wear was additionally modified to cope the weather. Ornaments and
jewellery evolved into a complete new selection
 Industry
Having a shift from the farming economy, many karkhanas or tiny factories
were setup by the Muslims and therefore the trend is visible currently in
addition wherever you see the Muslim community doing plenty of small-
scale maker. This created several farmers move to figure in
these tiny factories and established the premise of tolerance you see these
days in Asian country between Muslims and different communities.
 Administration
Persian came to be used for all body functions. Even
today, trendy Indian judiciary has that influence with several Persian words
in use. the fundamental structure of justice and law remained within
the villages however it modified at the highest level. The Village

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 Panchayats continued however became corrupt because of greed and
oppression. The enforcement went into the hands of the Muslims
invaders World Health Organization left a little luster of heavily
armed people in-charge of the main villages on route indicating their rule.
These police militia was primarily not disciplined and harried the locals as
they deemed match. additionally this was the time of introduction of
faith primarily based taxes. Hindus were taxed to travel for his or her non
secular visits whereas the Muslims were sponsored and awarded slaves to
travel for pilgrim's journey. The jail system was virtually non-existent as
most penalties were awarded in death in ugly ways in which providing
gladiator like diversion to noble families.
Impacts on class Hindu
Rich Hindu categories were influenced by the Mohammedan dress, etiquette,
recreation and different activities. The art of warfare
was additionally influenced and developed as results
of monotheism contact. Food of Muslims like Biryani, Kabab and Palan etc.
were adopted by the Hindus.
Music
Indian music and musical instruments were additionally influenced by Islam.
Indian devices were changed and new instruments were created The Tab la
was created by modification of Hindu musical instrument, Mridanga. Indian
Veena was combined with Iranian Tambura and Sitatar was created.
A fusion of Hindu and Iranian systems of music LED to the evolution of
sunshine songs like quwwalis. totally different classical vocal of Asian
country underwent radical changes as a results of the contact with Muslim
singers.
 Architecture
Assimilation and synthesis between Hindu and monotheism culture LED to
evolution of latest forms of design. in keeping with Dr. Tarachand,
“The acquirement, decorative richness and
general style remained mostly Hindu, the arcaded kind, plain

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 doms, hairless walls and spacious interiors were Muslim impositions.”In the
sector of design new designs started of that Red Fort, Jama house of prayer,
Qutab Minar, mausoleum etc. ar the living examples.
 Art and Craft
New art and crafts were introduced within the country; as an example,
paper-making, enameling, metals and jewels etc. several workshops were
setup-for gold and silver articles and embroidery. The Mughal rulers, except
Aurangzeb, patronised design, creation and paintings. underneath Jahangir
painting received extensive bonus.

 Language and Literature

Hindu-Muslim contact to linguistic synthesis. Urdu is that the outcome of a
combination of Persian, Arabic and Turkish words and of concepts with
the ideas and languages of Indo-Aryan origin. The Urdu became language of
the individuals. The Hindi language was additionally influenced by Muslim
contact. this is often distinct in vocabulary, grammar, similes and designs.
Literature in Asian country was influenced by the Turko-Afghans to an
outsized extent. Books like Hassan Nizami’s Taj-ul-Moa’ Sir, Qazi Minhaz-
us-Siraj’sTabakat-i-Nasiri etc. influenced the Hindus. several smart works
were composed and written in Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati and Sanskritic
language etc. several Arabized Persian language words found
their approach in the native languages.

THE ENd

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