Mangrove Ecotourism Development in Balikpapan and Implications of

Ecology and Geology Processes

Puguh Eko Laksono * Agung Dwi Siswanto*

Hendri Yolan* Siringoringo James*

Edghar Andhika Karambut* Desma Risqullah Wisnu Putra*

*STT MIGAS BALIKPAPAN

Abstract
Mangrove forest is one forest conservation area which is used as a tourist visited. Its main function
is as a protector of the coast from the effects of ocean waves. Forest filled with mangrove plants
is located in the village Graha Indah , District of northern Balikpapan, East Kalimantan The
distance is about 9 km from the Balikpapan city. Mangrove forest area Center Kariangau is 150
hectares, covering the northern part of the Balikpapan Bay which extends from west to east. There
are various kinds of rare animals and plants that invites local and foreign tourists to visit. The
development of ecotourism is expected to be even more as one of the attractions for tourists to visit
the stricken area Balikpapan. And turns of the mangrove forests have gained a lot of benefits in
terms of economics.

But that does not rule out the possibility that there has been destruction of the ecosystem of the
mangrove forests. All of that happened because of damage to the supporting areas such as the
durability of the coast mangrove ecosystem, and will directly weaken the carrying capacity of the
land and the lack of security on beaches and coastal areas. Because it is highly necessary to manage
the handling of this mangrove forest area. As the rehabilitation process. In rehabilitate mangrove
needed is a master plan that is based on objective data biophysical and social conditions. In the
case of mangrove rehabilitation, provision needs to be met for a green belt of mangrove ecosystem
that is built can provide function optimally. Finally, from rehabilitation, can minimize the negative
impact of forest damage such as erosion, coastal erosion, tidal flooding and silting up of the river
estuary.

Keywords: Mangrove Forest, Ecotourism, Balikpapan

1
Introduction
The term ‘mangrove’ is used to define both
the plants that occur in tidal forests, and to
describe the community itself (Tomlinson,
1986; Wightman, 1989). Mangroves can be
broadly defined as woody vegetation types
occurring in marine and brackish
environments. They are generally restricted
to the tidal zone, which is the strip of coast
starting from the lowest low water level up to
the highest high water level (spring tide).
With a few exceptions, they occur only in the
tropics and sub-tropics, and their closest
equivalent in temperate zones are herbaceous
salt marshes.
Estimates of former worldwide extension of
mangroves vary from over 15 million
hectares (Lanly, in Ogino & Chihara, 1988)
to 16.2 (Thurairaja, 1994) and 16.67 (Saenger
et al., 1983; Aksornkoae, 1993), and even as
much as 19.9 million hectares (based on
Groombridge, 1992). From a global
perspective, Southeast Asia is well endowed
as it supports the world’s largest area of
mangroves, originally extending over 6.8
million hectares and representing 34-42
percent of the world’s total. Mangroves occur
throughout Southeast Asia, from the
Irrawaddy delta in Myanmar in the northwest,
through the more than 17 000 scattered
islands of the Indonesian and Philippine
archipelagos to Papua New Guinea in the
East, spanning a distance of more than 6 000
kilometres from east to west and 3 500
kilometres from north to south. The largest
areas of mangrove in Southeast Asia are
found in Indonesia (almost 60 percent of
Southeast Asia’s total), Malaysia (11.7%),
Myanmar (8.8%), Papua New Guinea (8.7%)
and Thailand (5.0%).
Southeast Asia’s mangroves are the most
species-diverse in the world (Giesen &
Wulffraat, 1998; chapter 2). Fifty- two
Southeast Asian species are found in the
mangrove habitat only and nowhere else; this
group of so-called ‘true mangrove species’
includes 42 trees and shrubs. Saenger et al.
(1983) record a world-wide total of 60 plant
species exclusive to the mangrove habitat. A
total of 268 plant species have been recorded
in Southeast Asian mangrove vegetation,
including 129 trees and shrubs, 50 terrestrial
herbs (including 27 grasses and grass-like
plants), 28 climbers, 28 epiphytes, 24 ferns,
seven palms, one pandan and one cycad. Of
these 268 species, 52 are found in the
mangrove habitat only, and this group of so-
called ‘true mangrove species’ includes 42
trees and shrubs.
2

Mammals commonly found in Southeast
Asia’s mangroves include wild boar Sus
scrofa, sambar Cervus unicolor, hog deer
Cervus porcinus, mouse deer Tragulus
javanicus, barking deer Muntiacus muntjak,
tapir Tapirus malayanus, flying foxes
Pteropus species (e.g. roosting colony on
Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay), otters (Lutra
perspicillata and Aonyx cinerea), silvered
leaf monkeys Trachypithecus aurata
(commonly known as Presbytis cristata), and
proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus (endemic
to Borneo; MacNae, 1968; Payne, Francis &
Phillipps, 1985; Melisch et al., 1993).
Mangrove areas are increasingly becoming
important for ecotourism, education and
study, especially in areas where they are
readily accessible. Indonesia has 17,504
islands (Ministry of Internal Affairs) and is
the country with the largest mangrove forest
area in the world about 2.5 million
hectares(spalding et.al., 1997) and grows
along the coast. One of the island with the
largest mangrove forest area is the Irian island
with an area of 1,350,600 hectares and the
second is Kalimantan island with an area of
978.200 hectares(Dit. Bina Program INTAG,
1996). The area of Mangrove in East
Kalimantan is 883 379 hectares and one of
them is located in Balikpapan Bay with an
area of 3,150 hectares. (Badan Lingkungan
Hidup Balikpapan, 2014). Mangrove in
Balikpapan bay is located in Mangrove
Center (kelurahan Graha indah) who
pioneered by Agus Bei who did the first
planting mangrove plants. The idea of
planting caused due to a tornado in 2001 that
damaged houses around village Graha Indah.
At June 21, 2010 mangrove center in
Balikpapan inaugurated by mayor of
Balikpapan as a ecotourism as ecotourism
that there are various kinds of flora and fauna
and the endemic animals that became one of
the typical animals of Borneo that is the
proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus.
Geology Processes
Kutai Basin is located in the eastern part of
Borneo is the widest and deepest sedimentary
basins in Indonesia with an area of 60,000 km
and the thickness is about 15 000 m. In the
northern part of the basin is separated from
Tarakan basin by Mangkalihat highs since
late Paleogene carbonates in the South,
Paternoster carbonate separates exposure
Kutai Basin and Barito Basin since middle
Neogen . At the western part of the basin are
highs Kuching (Central Kalimantan) and the
eastern part of the basin is bounded by the
Makassar Strait (Moss, et al., 1977 op.cit.
Mora, 2000). Mangrove center graha indah is
a tourist attraction conservation. The
mangrove center is located in the village
3
Graha Indah, District of northern Balikpapan,
East Kalimantan. The mangrove area of 150
hectares, based on geographically located on
1° 11' 36.73" S dan 116° 50' 41.50" E. In the
northern part of Balikpapan Bay which
extends from west to east, the general area of
mangrove forest in the Bay of Balikpapan is
covering an area of 1470.49 ha. Mangroves
grow in Balikpapan formation with layer
quartz sandstone, mudstone and shale with
inserts marl, limestone and coal which shows
the life of the middle upper Miocene
depositional environments in the littoral -
shallow sea with a thickness of 800 meters.
(Figure 1)
This mangrove is in the estuary deposition
environment
The estuary is the end of river that is directly
related to the open sea. (Dalrymple, Zaitlin
and Boyd, 1992). the estuary is a part of the
ocean near an inland valley system, in which
sediments are deposited from sources related
to rivers and seas and contain facies
influenced by tidal, wave, and river-related
processes (Dalrymple, Zaitin and Boyd,
1992).
Estuary tidal dominance is in coastal areas,
which have tidal current energy beyond the
wave energy in the mouth of its estuaries. The
water contained in this estuary mixes well.
Sand originating from the ocean formed in the
form of sand-shaped estuaries, eventually
dispersed by the spread of tidal energy to
form tidal sand-sands. On the other, the
estuary constriction caused by the tidal-sand
sands causes the current velocity through
which it becomes high.
With the formation of tidal sand in the mouth
of the estuary, the transported sand enters the
estuary moving through the channel between
the sandbars. The crosswise layer is produced
from the migration process of the
sedimentary structure, which has a directional
inclination towards the land as well as
towards the sea. Flaser coatings can form
when the energy decreases in the water so that
it deposits mud on the sand ripple. Mud
sediments are deposited on low energy
portions at the bottom of the estuary and in
parts of the mangroves adjacent along the
river side of the estuary. Bioturbation by
digging organisms is generally locally mixed
and homogeneous in such muddy layers.
Sedimentary estuaries generally contain
brackishwater organisms, including oysters,
skewers, pelesipods and gastropods.
The source rocks are fine grained sediments
that have the capability of being a source of
hydrocarbons (Waples, 1985). One of the
depositional environments that can be a
4
source rock is estuarine that potentially form
mangroves. At this study the location is in
mangrove center graha indah, there are
species of rhizophorra, nypa, and lumnitzera.
All of that species will be the organic
materials on source rock.
The accumulation of organic material on
sediment has the potential for kerogen which
will turn into hydrocarbons during
diagenesis. Kerogen concentration,
composition and maturity levels
important parameters for oil and gas
formation. Total organic content and kerogen
type will determine the amount of oil and gas.
Plant species in mangrove in this study area
belong to kerogen 3 type (vitrinite), which is
kerogen type which can produce gas
hydrocarbon (Tissot and Welte, 1984). The
temperature factor as an important parameter
in the formation of gas type hydrocarbons that
is at a temperature of 120 - 200 will form a
gas.
Methodology
The analysis this study consists of:
1. Field survey and attraction observation
2. Taking the primary data in form of
coring
3. Analysis of lithology from the coring,
ecotourism potential and geology
processes
All data this study are combined to derive
result of worthiness potential as review ideal
development ecotourism.
Result and discussion
Data obtained from the results of the field
survey is the number of species of flora and
fauna found in Mangrove Center. A total of
14 plant species have been collected,
including Lumnitzera Racemosa, Lumnitzera
Littorea, Rhizophora Mucronata, Rhizophora
are
Apiculata, Sonneratia Alba, Nypa Fruticans,
Avecnia Lanata, Avicennia Rumphiana,
Avicennia Rumphiana, Acrostichum
Speciosum, Scyphiphora Hydrophyllacea,
Derris Trifolia, Morinda Citrifolia, and
Cerbera Manghas. (Figure 2)
Mangroves Center is a home for many animal
species, which including proboscis monkey
Nasalis larvatus, crocodile Crocodylidae, fish
Orcaella brevirostris as typical animal of
East Kalimantan, birds ruddy kingfisher
Halcyon coromanda, Crabs Scylla serrata are
particularly abundant in mangroves which is
an important commercial species and appears
confined to this habitat. (Figure 3)
With the coring analysis to know the impact
that occurs in mangrove with good conditions
and mangrove that have been damaged.
Sampling taken on five points as the main
5
parameter. 3 points are located on mangrove
center, 1 point was around of the Balikpapan
bay that mangrove ecosystems have been
damaged and the last point in the pulau
balang. In the sampling process we use the
core barrel with a length of 160 cm to form
sedimentary material becomes coring.
ST1 is located in the mangrove reforestation
1.5 years old, was found a sediment material
clay obtained coring length of about 90 cm.
Organic clay with color gray-brown and has
a massive structure, this clay is elastic and
expands when in contact with water, there are
a lot of organic material and no fossils.
(Figure 4) and (Figure 5)
ST2 is located on the river in this region
dominated by clay and coring were taken
about 85 cm Organic clay with color gray-
brown and has a massive structure , this clay
is elastic and expands when in contact with
water, there are a lot of organic material and
no fossils. (Figure 4) and (Figure 5)
ST3 is located in the upstream region within
3 kilometers of ST2 and coring obtained clay
with length about 70 cm, the color is brown
and has a massive structure, this clay is elastic
and expands when in contact with water,
there are a lot of organic material and no
fossils. (Figure 4) and (Figure 5)
ST4 is located in Balikpapan bay (PT.
Petrosea) with mangrove degraded during
the process of development. The negative
environmental and socio-economic impacts
on mangrove ecosystems. Then at this point
the sediment material found is sand and
coring length about 70 cm. brown-yellow
sand with medium grain size sand ( 1/4 mm -
1/2 mm ), well sorted and constituent mineral
quartz. (Figure 4) and (Figure 5)
ST5 is located on the island balang with a
distance of 9 kilometers from point 4 to the
north and obtained clay by coring length
about 72 cm was also found that the same
lithology is clays. The same sediment
material with other locations. (Figure 4) and
(Figure 5)
Locations At point ST1, ST2, ST3 and ST5
based on lithology indicates the area of
mangrove with good condition. Different
from the location at ST4, it is discovery
different lithologiy due to the intervention of
citizens. The data are define that the
mangrove area in good condition will be
dominated by lithology of clay and in the
mangrove areas that condition was broken it
will be found at a different lithology of sand
and clay. Decline of mangroves area because
of commercial logging, conversion to
6
brackish water fishponds, agriculture,
fuelwood and charcoal production, and
conversion for housing. The impact of each
of these varies per country. In countries with
major fishing industries such as Thailand,
Indonesia, the Philippines and Viet Nam,
conversion to brackish water aquaculture is a
major agent of change.
A complicating factor in mangrove
conversion is often land ownership. Legal
ownership of mangroves is complicated due
to the many different institutions involved,
unclear land allocation procedures, and lack
of a centralised up-to-date administration of
land titles. Mangrove land can be obtained
relatively easily and at low investment costs
for the development of tambak and housing
estates. This low cost does not reflect the true
market value of mangroves, a problem that
seems to occur throughout Southeast Asia
(Othman, 1995; Thurairaja, 1994). Permits
may be provided without proper consultation
of higher authorities, a problem that is
exacerbated by sectoral approaches, with one
agency approving what another might find
undesirable
Implication of Ecology and Benefits
Derived From Mangroves
Mangroves are very productive ecosystems,
and the list of mangrove products commonly
used in Southeast Asia is long and
impressive. The economies of coastal villages
are often very dependent on adjacent
mangroves, either directly, because of the
products they derive from these habitats and
are able to sell, or because of the coastal
fisheries that are supported by mangroves, or
the coastlines that are sheltered from storms.
Many commercially important fish, shellfish
and prawn species depend on mangroves at
least during part of their life cycle (Foo &
Wong, 1980; Adiwiryono et al., 1984;
Sasekumar et al., 1992; Burhanuddin, 1993),
and it has been demonstrated that the
productivity of coastal fisheries is directly
correlated with the area of mangrove: the
more mangrove, the better the fisheries.
Mangrove plants in Southeast Asia apparent
is that 77 percent of all mangrove plants have
some know use, and that many species have a
multiple use. The most common use (41% of
all species) is medicinal: mangroves are
veritable medicine chests for coastal
communties. This is followed by construction
material at 25 percent, food (vegetable, spice,
fruit) at 22 percent, ornamental use at 17
percent and fuel at (at least) 12 percent. Many
minor uses are not tabulated, for example,
plants used for making skirts, fruits used in
games or as storage vessels, or for making
food wrappers.
7

1. Shoreline protection
Mangroves play an important role in
protecting shorelines from waves, winds and
storms. The roots of mangrove plants bind
and stabilize the substrate, the plants
themselves dissipate wave and current
energy, and the vegetation as a whole can trap
sediments (Davies & Claridge, 1993;
Othman, 1994). They offer the best protection
against tropical storms, storm surges and
tsunamis, and are being replanted in certain
areas where they have been felled in the past
(e.g. Bay of Bengal, Mekong Delta of Viet
Nam) especially for this purpose. In
Bangladesh, a storm surge in 1970 killed 150
000-300 000 persons, and in June 1985, 40
000 people were drowned (Maltby, 1986). A
study of the 1970 disaster found that about a
third of the survivors saved themselves by
clinging to trees. Recognising the role of
mangroves, the government of Bangladesh
replanted a total of 25 000 hectares of
mangrove (Maltby, 1986) and is continuing
this process at present. One of the few
quantitaive studies on wave attentuation
reported by Kogo and Kogo (2004), found
that a 1.5 kilometre-wide belt of 2 metre tall
Kandelia candel at Thai Thuy (northern Viet
Nam), reduced a 1.0 metre high wave crest to
a benign 5 centimetres. Without the young
Kandelia belt these waves would still have
been 75 centimetres tall, and capable of
considerable damage. In October 1999,
mangrove forests reduced the impact of a
‘super-cyclone’ that struck Orissa on India’s
east coast, killing at least 10,000 people and
making 7.5 million homeless. Those human
settlements located behind healthy mangrove
stands suffered little, if any, losses.
According to a report from India, when the
tsunami that originated near Aceh, in
Sumatra, struck India’s southern state of
Tamil Nadu on 26 December 2004, areas in
Pichavaram and Muthupet with dense
mangroves suffered fewer human casualties
and less damage to property compared to
areas without mangroves (Mangrove Action
Project, 4 January 2005). Similar findings are
reported for southern Thailand, where
evidence suggests that mangroves helped
reduce the devastation caused by the
tsunami’s waves (Harakunarak &
Aksornkoae, 2005).
2. Carbon sequestration
Mangroves are able to sequester some 1.5
metric tons of carbon per hectare per year
(Ong, 1993; according to Fujimoto, 2004, this
may range from 0.22-1.24 tons per hectares
per year), and the upper layers of mangrove
sediments have a high carbon content, with
conservative estimates indicating levels of 10
percent. Conversion of mangroves to
8
fishponds – which invariably involves
excavation of about two metres of sediment
– will eventually result in a release of about 1
400 tons of carbon from the sediments alone
(Ong, 2002). According to calculations by
Ong (2002), the conversion of two percent of
mangroves to aquaculture already means that
the advantage of mangroves as a sink of
atmospheric carbon are lost.
3. Mangrove associated fisheries
By far the most important economic gain
derived from mangrove products in many
areas is that of the coastal fisheries, which
depend on particulate organic matter
‘exported’ from mangroves for food (Boto &
Bunt, 1981; Johnstone, 1981; Woodroffe,
1985) and the mangrove environment for
shelter (Sasekumar et al., 1992). As stated
above, the productivity of these fisheries is
directly correlated to the area of mangroves:
for every hectare of mangrove cleared, near-
coastal fisheries lose approximately 480
kilogramme of fish per year (MacKinnon &
MacKinnon, 1986). Certain commercially
important species, such as barramundi (ikan
kakap) Lates calcarifer, mangrove Crab
Scylla serrata and threadfin salmon
Polynemus sheridani are directly dependent
on mangroves and are caught in this habitat
(Griffin, 1985). Indonesia’s marine fisheries
are largely near-coastal, being carried out by
local fishing communities in a little-
mechanised fashion, or by commercial
fishing fleets operating from larger harbour
towns. In 1990, the total production of
Indonesia’s marine fishery was 2.49 million
tons, involving almost 400 000 families, or
about 2 million persons (Biro Pusat Statistik,
1993).
4. Support to food web
The role of mangroves in supporting near-
shore fisheries is twofold. Firstly, they play
an important role in the life cycles of many
fish, shrimp and mollusc species (MacNae,
1968; Chapman, 1976; Mann, 1982; Davies
& Claridge, 1993; Mastaller, 1997), as these
environments provide a combination of
shelter and (via the detritus chain) an
abundance of organic matter: food. Secondly,
mangroves are net exporters of organic
matter, thus providing food for organisms
that inhabit waters well outside the actual
mangrove (Chapman, 1976; Mann, 1982;
Sasekumar, 1992; Mastaller, 1997).
Mangrove Ecotourism Development
Ecotourism has become a new tool to
promote environmentally and culturally
friendly tourism. The potential of ecotourism
for assisting in resource conservation and
community development has drawn
9
considerable attention. Ecotourism has
unique characteristics that need special
management regimes in order for tourists to
enjoy their stay, while at the same time
maintaining the natural environment. The
principal management concepts that need to
be taken into consideration for ecotourism
development are the following:
a. Nature-based setting
Ecotourism allows tourists to appreciate the
surrounding nature while at the same time
learning about a unique culture. Since
ecotourism is based on natural biophysical
attributes, conservation of natural resources is
fundamental. The existence of a rehabilitation
and breeding of endemic animals like
proboscis monkeys if the animals are sick and
need special handling, in care until his
condition improved, and it can also involve
the visitor to perform maintenance.
Procurement nameplate to represent the types
of mangrove trees so that tourists can be
easier to find the types of mangrove trees.
Extra verandah of ancient palace to observe
the flora and fauna in the mangrove. Extra
planting of other plant species in the
mangrove, according to data obtained
mangrove center has 14 species of flora. It
can makes mangrove center more diverse
kinds and improve the attraction and
increasing public awareness to preserve it.
The addition of the access road to the
mangrove center so that tourists can more
easily reach the site and tourist not confuse
have to pass the housing resident Graha Indah
to reach the Mangrove Center the addition of
facilities and infrastructure that can support
the travel, as well as increasing the number of
boat safety equipment, and also the
experienced tour guide.
Ecotourism involves travelling to relatively
undisturbed natural areas to study/appreciate
and enjoy the scenery and its flora and fauna.
It is an environmentally sound tourism
activity in a given ecosystem that yields
socioeconomic benefits and enhances
natural/cultural conservation. It is a means to
generate income and employment for the
local population, to help develop rural
infrastructure, to raise funds and to build
political support for nature conservation.
However, ecotourism may alter norms,
beliefs and the lifestyle of the host
community.
b. Educational Value
Establish a nature school in Mangrove
Center. Ecotourists normally seek
educational experiences to learn more about
the environment. Through interpretative
programs such as high-quality guided tours,
10
ecotourism can also promote environmental
awareness and cultural understanding.
c. Local Participation and Benefits
The underlying concept is the reduction of
local dependence on consumptive use of
natural resources through benefits from
tourism. By participating in ecotourism
activities (such as guiding, providing camel
rides and food services), local people can earn
supplementary income while at the same time
ensuring the conservation of biodiversity.
Sustainable resources are essential for
sustainable ecotourism. To achieve both
resource conservation and sustainable
economic use, ecotourism must have a wide
variety of groups who directly or indirectly
determine the use of an ecotourism area, a
strong local and hotel and resort operators’
cooperation and support, some mechanisms
for the involvement of different groups in the
planning and management process and
education of various groups.
d. Encouraging Conservation Awareness
Ecotourists are normally willing to volunteer
or contribute to conservation or development
projects within the area. This can include
identifying birds and wildlife, participating in
ecosystem restoration projects and assisting
in trash collection. In return, tourists receive
a sense of satisfaction for conserving nature
or assisting in the development of an area or
community. Providing awards or certificates
showing that they have contributed to the
protection of the environment or assisting in
community development can enhance these
initiatives.
e. Low impacts and sensitivity to the
environment
Strategies to minimize the impacts of
ecotourism activities include:
1. Identifying appropriate locations for
ecotourism development;
2. Identifying proper ecotourism activities
that do not harm the environment;
3. Managing visitors;
4. Controlling the number of visitors per
trip;
5. Controlling impacts by taking in all
necessities needed as well as bringing
out all trash to remote areas; and
6. Designing the facilities, which
emphasize blending with the natural
surroundings.
f. Resort and hotels
Cursory assessment of the potential of
mangrove areas for ecotourism is high,
especially for the sites suggested below,
which are accessible and located close to the
existing resorts and hotels. The resort and
hotel operators can be potential partners in
11
promoting and developing these sites. The Therefore, the recovery and rescue of
marketing, technical, financial, mangrove forests have to do with
environmental and social aspect of promoting development the ecotourism to conservation
and developing mangrove areas for and give the community about educational
ecotourism should be closely looked into experiences to learn more about the
before any actual development and environment and preserve the mangrove
operations are made. The technical viability, forests.
financial feasibility, environmental
soundness and social acceptability of Acknowledgements
ecotourism development should be Thanks to Muhammad Aditya as The lecturer
ascertained thoroughly and carefully. who have helped provide a reference in
preparation of this paper and The authors
Conclusion would like to thanks Geology engineering of
The mangrove forests growing on brackish STT MIGAS BALIKPAPAN for their
water marshes located on the coastline and support during the field work. Not forgetting
affected by ocean tides. The mangrove forests for Agus Bei Committee Mangrove Center
have many functions, which protect houses Tour guide and Wahyu Cahyo to guiding us
around from storm and prevention of abration in field.
caused by sea water. And also protects
habibat variety of flora and fauna in the Referensi
mangrove. Mangrove areas are increasingly Dr. Wawan Gunawan, S.Hut., M.Si (Balai
becoming important for ecotourism, Penelitian Teknologi Konservasi Sumber
education and study, especially in areas Daya Alam), 2014
where they are readily accessible. Mangrove
Blackwell. Newsome, D. 1999
is a popular destination for nature lovers,
“Geotourism” (Ross Dowling,Ed), Elsevier
birders and students.
Ir. Alfi Satriadi, M.Si “Jenis dan
But this will be very different when the karakteristik sedimen daerah mangrove di
mangrove forests have been badly damaged pantai kabongan Lor Kabupaten
condition. The function of mangrove is Rembang”2004
getting less and it is very important to keep
Ridjvandra Ranjani et.al., 2015 . HAGI –
the mangrove conditions to remain good.
IAGI – IAFMI - IATMI Joint Convention
12
Balikpapan 2015 Guidebook for Southeast Asia”. FAO and
Wetlands International.
Ensiklopedia Geografi, penerbit
PT.Lentera Abadi Hal.328 Tahun 2009 Tissot, B.P dan Welte, D.H. 1984. Petroleum
Cetakan Ke-3 Formation and Occurrence, 2nd Revised and
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Giesen, Stephan Wulffraat, Max Zieren and
Liesbeth Scholten, 2006. “Mangrove

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Figure 1

Figure 2
14
Figure 3

Figure 4
15
Figure 5

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