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WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
INTRODUCTION
Reproductive Health Law today is popularly known as the RH LAW,
a Philippine law that aims to guarantee methods and information for
universal access on birth control and maternal care. It allows the usage of
different contraception methods to prevent the multiplying population
here in the country.
One of the most controversial issues confronting the Philippines
today is about reproductive health. Many written materials and
publications are available asserting about elements of reproductive health
with different perspectives. Their ultimate goal is to improve quality of life
and provide for sustainable human development. The Philippines is a
signatory country of the International Conference Plan of Action of
Reproductive Health in Cairo in 1994. The primary goal is achieving
“Better Quality of Life Among Filipinos”. Reproductive health ensures a
more efficient and effective referral system from primary to tertiary, public
and private facilities.
The elements that are crucial to reproductive health are as follows:
(1) family planning, (2) maternal and child health and nutrition, (3)
prevention and management of reproductive tract infections including

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sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, (4) adolescent reproductive
health, (5) prevention and management of abortion and its complications,
(6) prevention and management of breast and reproductive tract cancers
and other gynecological conditions, (7) education and counseling on
sexuality and sexual health men’s reproductive health involvement, (8)
adolescent reproductive health
Some causes of overpopulation in Philippines include the lack of
information about contraception especially among the poor, the illegality
of abortion and the unavailability of modern contraception.
Jackson (2011) notes in his article that the RH Law promotes
awareness and education, which are the initial steps to creating a well-
founded society. One of the key components of the law is the advocacy of
family-planning for couples. This way, they can decide on the proper
timing, spacing and number of their children, according to what their
family can support. Included in this clause is the recommendation of the
ideal family size to have two children only, but it is still for the family to
decide for their own welfare. This will inhibit the rapid growth of our
population, and all the negative implications of this on our society as a
whole. Aside from this, campaigns and counseling will be funded in order
to provide parents with appropriate methodologies and information
regarding sexuality and sexual health. Men and women alike will be more
aware of their rights and responsibilities, and will therefore become equal
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contributors to their families and communities. Even the youth at their
curious, growing years will benefit, as sex education will be incorporated
in their school curriculum. This will ensure that their questions will be
properly addressed, their changing bodies will be better understood and
take care of, and their future decisions will be based on the rational
teachings inculcated onto them early on. In effect, this can also prevent
cases of unplanned pregnancies, sexual abuse and bodily disorders, all
because the citizens are fully equipped with the right information.
Another objective this law before its implementation is to ensure
public health and disease prevention. Researches show that only As of
2015, the MMR was at 204 mothers dying per 100,000 live births – a far
cry from the MDG-MMR target of 52 per 100,000 by 2015 and even more
than the MMR of 192/100,000 live births recorded at baseline in 1990.
Through this law, proper funding will be allotted to ensure the
accessibility of vaccinations, consultations and safer deliveries from
professional midwives, especially in rural areas. This will decrease infant
mortality rates and other deaths caused by complications during
pregnancy. After the passage of this bill, gynecological and reproductive
tract diseases has been given attention and treatment. Citizens will be
assisted with proper diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Some Filipinos
do not even know that they are already sick, or are usually afraid to ask.
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Through mobile health centers and campaigns, they will be properly
educated by health experts. Another controversial clause is about the
prevention and management of abortion and its complications. Abortion is
undeniably present in the black market, but with proper treatment and
information against it, it will less likely prevail.
The issue of reproductive health in Philippines was controversial as
seen in many articles and publications. The curiosity about the
controversy motivated the researcher to seek what is the effort of the
government to deal with growing number of population in the country.
Furthermore, many young adolescents were increasingly vulnerable to
teenage pregnancies, thus the researchers also intended to identify and
discover the assessment and implementation of the law in the municipality
of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija by means of in depth survey assessment and
personally asking the residents in the area to fully determine if they really
are experiencing the extension of health care by the government in even in
the wider area or in the whole town of Sta Rosa , Nueva Ecija.
Review of related literature
In this section, the researchers, explored and compiled different
articles, journals and study. Through different studies, the researchers
were able to use the gathered data as their primary resources.

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Family Planning
According to Cabral (2013) the reproductive health (RH) bill
promotes information on and access to both natural and modern family
planning methods, which are medically safe and legally permissible. It
assures an enabling environment where women and couples have the
freedom of informed choice on the mode of family planning they want to
adopt based on their needs, personal convictions and religious beliefs.
Alonzo (2004) notes that economist agree that while “poverty is a
complex phenomenon”, “rapid population growth and high fertility rates,
especially among the poor, do exacerbate poverty and make it harder for
the government to address it.” In 2012, 30 economists from the University
of the Philippines affirmed the role of the RH bill in population growth and
consequently in poverty reduction. In addition, there is an alarming
increase in HIV infection rates that makes the Philippines one of the few
countries to actually register growing prevalence. HIV prevention is
actually the health ministry’s main rationale for condom distribution and
promotion. But that too is unacceptable to anti-RH advocates who argue
that it would breed immorality.
Ledesma (2018) observes that without a clear reproductive health
care policy, we are at the mercy of national and local government officials
who may choose to promote the natural family planning method (NFP) and
deny access to the full range of contraceptive methods. For many poor
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families, a large family size results in further poverty and lack of access to
education and health services, among others. There are also studies
showing that the eldest or second eldest from poor, large families end up
in prostitution to meet their families’ needs and many women from large
families also end up being trafficked.
Relevance of Contraceptives
Doronilas (2010) Stated by President Aquino “We are all guided by
our consciences; the state’s duty is to educate our families as to their
responsibilities and to respect their decisions if they are in conformity with
our laws.” Fundamental differences hold the intervention of contraceptives
takes place before the conception of human life that is before a human
fetus is formed. Therefore, according to this view, there is no human life
aborted by contraceptives.
Najafi-Sharjabad, (2013) recognized that low levels of access to
contraception and lack of control over reproductive choices and health
decision-making often mean that Indian women give birth too early in life
and too frequently. The author also identified four reproductive rights
namely: (1) reproductive health as a part of overall health, throughout the
life cycle, for both men and women, (2) reproductive executive counting
voluntary choice in marriage, family formation and determination of the
number, timing and spacing of one's children and the right to have access
to the in sequence and means desirable to exercise voluntary choice (3)

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equality and evenhandedness for men and women, to allow individuals to
make free and informed choice in all sphere of life, free from bias based on
gender, and sexual and reproductive refuge, including freedom from
sexual violence and coercion and the correct to privacy.
Padilla (2012) indicates that increased access to information and
services on modern contraceptive methods will reduce the number of
unwanted pregnancies, eliminate the need for abortion, and prevent
maternal deaths. It is unfortunate though that the proposed law that could
reduce the number of abortions is being opposed by fundamentalist
groups.
Cabral (2013) observes that contraceptive use remained disturbingly
low among poor couples because they lacked information and access. For
instance, among the poorest 20 percent of women, over half did not use
any method of family planning whatsoever, while less than a third used
modern methods. Lack of access to contraception had important health
implications. The maternal mortality rate (MMR), already high at 162 per
100,000 live births in 2006, 6 rose further to 2213 making it highly
unlikely that the Philippines would meet Millennium Development Goal
No. 5 by 2015. From 11 women daily dying due to pregnancy and
childbirth-related causes based on the 2006 MMR, this number had risen
to at least 15 maternal deaths daily as of 2011.

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Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (2012)
notes that another reason why implementing the RH bill is a pro to our
society is that the use of contraceptives can not only be of assistance in
birth control but can also serve as protection. By the use of condoms it
can help prevent sexually transmitted diseases. By using birth control pills
not only can it lower the risk of unwanted pregnancy and can even improve
specific types of hormones. With birth control, mothers actually help
sustain their healthy disposition. It is medically said that the most healthy
age gap kids should have is with the minimum of 3 years. Lower than 3
years slowly degrades and exhaust a woman’s’ body that has a small
probability to lead to many complications and illnesses. The best way to
prevent such happening is contraceptives, well abstinence is another
method but an undeniable fact is that in the generation today abstinence
is seldom practiced.
The CEDAW Committee( 2006) recommended to the Philippines to
“to strengthen measures aimed at the prevention of unwanted
pregnancies, including by making a comprehensive range of
contraceptives more widely available and without any restriction and by
increasing knowledge and awareness about family planning while the
Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESCR
Committee,2008) expressed concern on the inadequate reproductive
health services and information, the low rates of contraceptive use and the
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difficulties in obtaining access to artificial methods of contraception, which
contribute to the high rates of teenage pregnancies and maternal deaths”
in the country. The CESCR Committee urged it to “adopt all appropriate
measures to protect the sexual and reproductive rights of women and girls,
inter alia, through measures to reduce maternal and infant mortality and
to facilitate access to sexual and reproductive health services, including
access to family planning, and information.
In its 2009 Concluding Observations on the Philippines, the
Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC Committee) expressed serious
concern on “the inadequate reproductive health services and information,
the low rates of contraceptive use (36 per cent of women relied on modern
family planning methods in 2006) and the difficulties in obtaining access
to artificial methods of contraception, which contribute to the high rates
of teenage pregnancies and maternal deaths.
Adolescent and Youth Guidance
Doronila (2010) has bearing on the present study because the cause
of the problem may be due to low level of awareness or being unaware
about reproductive health. Such attitudes make the high school students
vulnerable to teenage pregnancies and other reproductive health
problems. These problems may be resolved by giving information,
education, and proper communication or counseling.

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In a study by Baldwin et al. (2008) throughout 2001, nearly all 14-
18- year-olds and a majority of 12-year-olds were aware of emergency
contraceptives (EC). Among 12-14- year-olds, a slight increase in
awareness between 1999 and 2003 was observed but this was not related
to non-prescription status. Health-compromising behavior (alcohol use,
smoking), dating and having better school achievement were related to
higher awareness of emergency contraceptives. 9 % of 14-18-year-olds had
used emergency contraceptives once and 1% with three times or more. No
statistically significant change in emergency contraceptive use was found
after non -prescription status. EC uses increased with increasing alcohol
consumption, particularly at age 14. Smoking, dating, and poor school
achievement was related to increased use as well as not living in a nuclear
family. A lower use was observed if living in rural area or father's education
was high. Mother's education was not related to use.
Padilla (2012) wrote in her article that the Comprehensive
Reproductive Health Care Bill (RH bill) recommends that the government
provide mandatory reproductive health education starting at Grade 5.
According to our obligations under CEDAW, “teenage pregnancies present
a significant obstacle to girls’ educational opportunities and economic
empowerment.” It is the government’s duty to “give priority attention to the
situation of adolescents and that it provide sex education, targeted at girls

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and boys, with special attention to the prevention of early pregnancies and
sexually transmitted diseases.
Gupta (2012) states that Reproductive Health Law will raise the level
of awareness to the youth’s perception of gender roles and will influence
the choices they’ll make about their own sexual behavior.
Maternal and Child Healthcare
(Zhou, Ye, GU, Zeng, and Wang 2012) Many Filipino women have
faced difficulties and sometimes death because of the absence of a
comprehensive and consistent reproductive health policy. This law can
change that, said Carlos Conde, Asia researcher at New York-based
Human Rights Watch 2012. Studies reported that most college students
of the year 2003 lacked basic knowledge on reproductive health. Almost
half of the students don’t have any idea about the right time for abortions
while one sixth had the knowledge. One third had incorrect knowledge;
this was an indication of high rates for unwanted pregnancy.
Gupta (2012) recognized that the bill aims to provide sufficient
services such as emergency obstetrics and basic care. In addition, skilled
medical personnel will be provided even in remote areas to decrease
maternal death which is mostly caused by unattended childbirth.
Carson (2016) indicates that the RH bill seeks to provide funding for
policy measures because various laws that tackle reproductive health
needs have gone unfunded. Compared to other laws on reproductive

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health, the RH bill provides specific requirements which ensure that
national programs would be linked to the local government such as the
provision for all hospitals to offer reproductive health services.
She further discusses that the RH bill provides emergency obstetric
and new born care, the hiring of skilled personnel, and the inclusion of
family planning programs. It also provides access to family planning
supports, including essential medicines which are provided in Section 9.
The measure included the provision on essential medicines to ensure that
they are made available especially to women whose dilemma is how to
support a family without compromising a baby.
Padilla (2012) notes that the poor women, adolescent women, rural
and indigenous women are the ones most affected by the lack of a
reproductive health care policy. They are the ones who have the most
unintended pregnancies and closely-spaced pregnancies. Their births are
commonly unattended by trained health professionals.
Padilla (2012) argues that adequate birth spacing is important for
the health of the woman and the children. Birth spacing of four or more
years can increase the survival rate of children less than five years of age.
The under-five mortality rate11 for children born less than two years after
a previous birth is 54 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared with 25
deaths per 1,000 for children born after an interval of four or more years.
Statement of the Problem

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The study entitled “Reproductive Health Programs in the
Municipality of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija: An Assessment” specifically sought
to answer the following:
1. How may the profile of the respondents be describe in terms of their
1.1 age
1.2 gender
1.3 occupation
1.4 number of children
1.5 monthly income
2. How may the knowledge of the married couple as a recipient of
reproductive health programs be described in terms of:
a. family planning
b. prevention and management of reproductive tract
infections including sexually transmitted infections and
HIV/AIDS,
c. adolescent reproductive health
d. prevention and management of abortion and its
complications
3. Is there a significant relationship between the profiles of the
respondents to their knowledge in the reproductive health program?

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Hypothesis
1. There is no significant relationship between the profiles of the
respondents to their knowledge in the reproductive health program?
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study provides a framework that could serve as a guide for
individuals in order to promote wellness in certain stage of life. It
comprises of broad topics namely: family planning, safe motherhood, male
and female reproductive health, prevention of Sexually Transmitted
Disease, and other areas. The main purpose of this study is to facilitate a
process by which certain age groups are empowered to increase awareness
and to take their action to better meet their own reproductive health needs
and for attaining a better quality of life.
Based on Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) by Peter
Sandman, The PAPM attempts to explain how a person comes to decisions
to take action and how he or she translates that decision into action.
Adoption of a new precaution or cessation of a risky behavior requires
deliberate steps unlikely to occur outside of conscious awareness. (D. Glik,
2014)
Pay man and Oakley (2009) observes that unintended pregnancy is
an important public health concern because of its association with adverse
social and health outcomes for mothers, children and society as a whole.
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These include the higher likelihood of unsafe abortion, late initiation and
underutilization of prenatal care and low birth weight. To deal with the
problem, contraception is used to avoid unintended pregnancy, with oral
contraceptives (OCs) among the most popular method in many countries.
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), an extension of the Theory of
Reasoned Action is a theory whereby behavior is explained by behavioral
intention, which is influenced by attitudes toward a specific behavior,
subjective norms. Perceived social pressure to perform the behavior and
perceived behavioral control (PBC). That is, both internal and external
factors can facilitate or hinder behavior. In other words, if a woman has a
positive attitude toward using OCs and believes that the consequences of
use are important to her, perceives social pressure to use OCs and feels
control over OCs use, she will be more likely to intend to use OCs and then
be effective in her actual OC use.
Research paradigm
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Figure A. Precaution Adoption Process Model
Married Couples - Family Planning

Awareness
(Recipients) - Prevention of
Reproductive Tract
Infections
- Adolescent
Reproductive Health
- Prevention of
Abortion
Reproductive
Health - Fertility Awareness
- Implementation
Knowledge
Significance of the Study
This study aims to assess the Reproductive Health Programs in the
Municipality of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija.
The finding of this study will be beneficial to the following:
Adolescents. To enlighten them about the importance of awareness in sex
education and reproductive health.
Children. Children in the families will benefit in this study because the
implementation is to protect and support the reproductive health of all
women, particularly mothers in the society.

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Future researchers, the ideas presented may be used as reference data
in conducting new researches or in testing the validity of other related
findings. This study will also serve as their cross reference that will give
them a background or an overview about reproductive health law.
Parents. To help the parents of families about family planning which is
about controlling the number of children they would like to have.
Researchers. To increase their awareness about the RH Law and the
reason why they need knowledge regarding it on their profession as future
nurses.
Society. To help the society develop awareness and deep understanding
as to how the RH Law will affect and benefit them.
Definition of terms
The following terms are defined for better understanding among readers of
the study.
Abortion - the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often
performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy.
Awareness. It refers to the level of understanding of the married couple
regarding their rights and privileges in the program of the government
regarding basic functions of RH law to their married life.

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Contraception - he deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques
to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse. The major
forms of artificial contraception are barrier methods, of which the most
common is the condom; the contraceptive pill, which contains synthetic
sex hormones that prevent ovulation in the female; intrauterine devices,
such as the coil, which prevent the fertilized ovum from implanting in the
uterus; and male or female sterilization.
HIV/AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic,
potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV
interferes with your body's ability to fight the organisms that cause
disease. HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Infertility - inability to conceive children or young.
Knowledge. It refers to the understanding of the married couple and the
health workers about the RH Law
Oral contraceptives - A birth control pill taken by mouth. Most oral
contraceptives include both estrogen and progesterone. When given in
certain amounts and at certain times in the menstrual cycle, these
hormones prevent the ovary from releasing an egg for fertilization.
Perceived Behavioral Control - Refers to people's perceptions of their
ability to perform a given behavior. Drawing an analogy to the expectancy-
value model of attitude

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Pre-Malthusian - doctrines of population; a study in the history of
economic theory.
Reproductive Health Law - The Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354), informally
known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, is a law in the
Philippines, which guarantees universal access to methods on
contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care.
Theory of Planned Behavior - a theory that is intended to explain all
behaviors over which people have the ability to exert self-control.
CHAPTER II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter shows and explains the research method will be used,
research locale, respondents of the study, the data gathering
instruments; its administration, and the statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
The study will utilize the descriptive method of research. Descriptive
research, according to Burns and Grove (2003) is a method that provides
an accurate portrayal or account of characteristics of a particular
individual, event, or group in real life situations. This type of research is
conducted to discover new meaning, describe what exists, determine the
frequency with which something occurs, and categorize information.
In the words of Shields (2012), she stated further:

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“Descriptive research is also called Statistical Research. The main goal of
this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what
is being studied. The idea behind this type of research is to study
frequencies, averages, and other statistical calculations. Although this
research is highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a
situation. Descriptive research is mainly done when a researcher wants to
gain a better understanding of a topic”.
Setting
The study will be conducted at selected barangay of Sta. Rosa,
Nueva Ecija where increased population has been recorded for the past 5
years. The researchers will seek the assistance from the local government
of Sta. Rosa to release the data needed for proper selection of the locale.
The study started in January, 2019 and is expected to be done in May,
2019.
Research Locale
Santa Rosa, officially the Municipality of Santa Rosa, is a 1st
class municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According
to the 2015 census, it has a population of 69,467 people
Pursuant to the Local government in the Philippines, the political
seat of the municipal government is located at the Municipal Town Hall.
In the History of the Philippines (1521–1898), the Gobernadorcillo was the

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Chief Executive who holds office in the Presidencies. In 1895, the
Spaniards changed the position of Gobernadorcillo to Capitan Municipal.
(Local Government in the Philippines, Jose P. Laurel) During the American
rule (1898–1946) (History of the Philippines (1898–1946)), the elected
Mayor and local officials, including the appointed ones, held office at the
Municipal Town Hall.
Under the Local Government Code of 1991 or Republic Act No. 7160,
the Mayor acts as the Local Chief Executive and the different departments
(Budget, Engineering, Treasury, Accounting, etc.) are under the
supervision of the Mayor. The Vice Mayor, on the other hand, is the
Presiding Officer of the Sangguniang Bayan/Sangguniang Panlungsod
which enacts ordinances or issues Resolutions. The LGC of 1991,
primarily authored by former Senator Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr. gave
local autonomy to local government units (LGUs) at the provincial,
city/municipal and barangay level. The LGUs were provided with Internal
Revenue Allotment (IRA) that gave them a substantial amount of public
funds aside from the locally-generated funds (real property tax, fees, and
charges). Functions/services formerly provided by national government
agencies such as the Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. of Health, Dept. of Social
Welfare and Development were devolved to the provincial and
city/municipal LGUs.
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The incumbent Mayor of Santa Rosa is Marita C. Angeles while the
current Vice Mayor is Eliseo Angeles (2016 - 2019). The incumbent
Municipal Councilors are Romeo Angeles, Irene Bernardo, Rosignoli Cruz,
Dennis Dimacali, Marie Evangelista, Armando Manuel, Peter Marcus
Matias and Julian Mendoza. ABC President Rommel Marcelo is also a
member of the Sanggunang Bayan.
Map of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija
The respondents of the study were the one hundred forty 140
married couple in selected Barangay of Sta Rosa Nueva Ecija and the study
was conducted during the School Year 2017-2018.

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Sampling Procedure
The researchers used purposive sampling procedure in the selection
of the respondents of the study. The pilot study of this research was
conducted at the selected barangay of Cabanatuan city to determine the
quality and validity of the questionnaire. The number of respondents was
obtained through the use of slovins formula to obtain the total number of
respondents in this study.
Results of the pilot study shows an overall mean of 3.10 which
means most of the times for knowledge about the Reproductive Health
Program.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study are the married couples from the
selected barangay in Sta. Rosa. The researchers wish to obtain
approximately 50 respondents and refereed from the municipality of Sta.
Rosa to obtain the total population of the barangay and will then use
Slovin’s formula with 5% level of margin error. The total number of the
respondents was obtained once the researchers started gathering
information from the municipality.
Research Instrument
The instrument that to be utilized by the researchers is
questionnaire.
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The survey questionnaire as the primary instrument for data
gathering. The questionnaire used the standard questionnaire and sought
their thesis adviser for review and for approval for the validity and
reliability of the test. The researcher took into consideration the data or
information required to satisfy the query raise in the statement of the
problem. The survey questionnaire comprised of two major parts. Part is
designed to determine the demographic Profile of the respondents. In part
II is regarding the assessment and implementation question items.
Data Gathering Procedure
With the sampling procedure and instrument to be used in the
study. The researchers will schedule the time of distribution of
questionnaire. Retrieval will be done after the questionnaire is properly
answered collecting the data. The researchers will then tally the results of
survey questionnaire as preparation for analysis and interpretation of the
gathered. For reliability and informative presentation of the data analysis,
the researchers will use the statistical data when for computations of
answers in order to complete the findings.
Inclusion and Exclusion of Criteria
To properly obtain a valid study, the researcher creates some
inclusion-exclusion criteria for the respondents. 1. Married couples who
have experienced different methods about reproductive health 2.Married
couples who are not using reproductive health methods or programs

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Chapter III
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter presents analyzes and interprets the data gathered
through the textual and tabular forms to answer the questions posed in
chapter 1.:
Table 1. Profile of the respondents
Table shows the profile of the respondents a s to their age, gender ,
occupation, number of children and monthly income.
Age f % Rank
18-30 88 63.01% 1
30-60 50 36.58% 2
60-above 2 0.41% 3
Total 140 100%
Sex
Male 70 50% 1.5
Female 70 50% 1.5
Total 140 100%
Occupation
Driver 12 8.57% 5
Housewife 39 27.85% 2
Construction worker 19 13.57% 4
Vendor 41 29.30% 1
Farmer 27 19.28% 3
Business Man/Woman 2 1.43% 6
Total 140 100%
Number of Children
(1-3) 95 67.85% 1
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(4-7) 45 32.15% 2
Total 140 100%
Monthly Income
P 15,000- above 5 1.35 5
P 10, 001- P 15, 000 68 49.32 1
P 6, 001- P 10,000 32 23.33 2
P 5,001- 6,000 23 16.43 3
P 3,000- P 5,000 12 9.57 4
Total 140 100%
Age
Majority of the respondents belongs to the age group ranges from
18-30 years old with 88 respondents or 63.01 % ,while the age group of
30-60 years old got 50 respondents or 36.58% , the age group of 60 years
old and above got 2 respondents or 0.41%
It shows that respondents are matured enough and considered
person with knowledge abut what is happening to their environment
especially to their needs in their family as well as the welfare of their
children
Gender
Both Females and Males got the 70 respondents or 50%
As the results of the findings signifies that the respondents comes
from couple which comprise equal distribution of respondents which is
both male and female.
Occupation
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Among the 6 occupation listed vendors got the highest respondents
with 41 respondents or 29.30%, while the housewives got 39 respondents
or 27.85%, the farmers got 27 respondents or 19.28%, the construction
workers got 19 respondents or 13.57%, the driver got 12 respondents or
8.57%, the businessmen got 2 respondents or 1.43%
Findings revealed that majority of the respondents have occupation
to support their family.
Number of Children
Majority of the respondents have 1-3 children with 95 respondents
or 67.85%, and the respondents that have 4-7 children got 45 respondents
or 32.15%
Findings revealed that respondents have large number of children
which comprise a large proportion of population in Sta. Rosa , therefore it
is necessary to obtain their knowledge regarding the reproductive health
law.
Monthly Income
Majority of the respondents have P 10,001- P 15,000 a month
income with 49.32% , and the respondents that have P 6,001- P 10, 000 a
month with 23.33% , respondents have P 5,001 –P 6,000 a month with
16.43%, respondents have P 3,001- P 5,000 a month with 9.57% and 5 or
1.35% of the respondents have income of P 15,000- above

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Findings revealed that majority of the respondents falls under the
average income family, this reflects that majority of them are vendors,
construction workers and drivers which has an average income P 300 a
day.
1. Knowledge about the Reproductive Health Program
The following table presents the knowledge of the couples about the
reproductive health program in the municipality of Sta Rosa in terms of
family planning; prevention and management of reproductive tract
infections’ adolescent reproductive health ‘ prevention and management of
abortion and its complication and prevention and management of fertility
and dysfunction.
Table 2. Family Planning
FAMILY PLANNING WM VI
1. I wish to stop having children (gusto ko ng maiwasan
mag anak) 2.91 SA
2. I want clinics to provide advice on contraception(nais
kong ang mga klinika ang magbigay ng kaalaman 2.93 SA
tungkol sa contraceptive)
3. My husband and I jointly made decisions regarding
family planning(kami ng asawa ko ay nag desisyon 3.62 HA
tungkol sa pag paplano na mag karoon ng pamilya
4. My husband and I making decisions having
children(kami ng asawa ko ay nag desisyon tungkol sa 3.24 SA
pag kakaroon ng anak)
5. I understand that the clinics have contraceptive
program that we are freely to use when needed(alam ko 3.36 HA
na ang klinika sa amin ay nagkakaroon programa
patungkol sa contraceptive na libre ito kapag kailangan)
29
6.
I believe that the municipal government are offering 3.45 HA
contraceptive options to all married couple no matter
what their religious belief is (naniniwala ako na sa
aming munisipyo ay nag bibigay ng iba’t ibang uri ng
contraceptive sa lahat ng kasal kahit na ano pang
relihiyon)
7. I believe that the RHU are conducting seminars about
family planning (naniniwala ako na ang RHU ay nag 3.08 SA
nagbibigay ng seminar patungkol sa family planning)
8. I believe that the municipal government are offering free
services about delivery (naniniwala ako na ang aming 3.57 HA
munisipyo ay nag bibigay ng libreng serbisyo tungkol sa
panganganak)
9. I know that there are free medications in the clinic
regarding pregnancy problems(alam ko na mayroong 3.46 HA
libreng gamot sa klinika para sa problema sa pag
bubuntis)
10. My husband and I jointly agree on what to type of
contraceptive to use (kami ng asawa ko ay parehong nag 3.49 HA
desisyon tungkol sa pag gamit ng contraceptive)
OWM 3.31 HA
Legend:
3.25 – 4.00 Highly Aware
2.50 – 3.24 Slightly Aware
1.75 – 2.49 Aware
1.00 – 1.74 Not Aware
The knowledge of couple in the municipality of Sta Rosa in the
reproductive health program is given in the table with the highest mean
assessment was on My husband and I jointly made decisions regarding
family planning(Kami ng asawa ko ay nag desisyon tungkol sa pag paplano
na mag karoon ng pamilya) with 3.62 and interpreted as highly aware and
the lowest mean assessment was on I wish to stop having children (Gusto
30
ko ng maiwasan mag anak) with 2.91 in weighted mean and interpreted
as slightly aware.
It implies that the couples in the three Barangay with highest HIV
cases are knowledgeable enough in family planning through the effort of
the municipal government of Sta Rosa , they are disseminated with proper
information regarding their free choices on how many children they should
have , and they also know that the municipal government offer different
services for them like free delivery and medications they need in regards
to their family welfare as well as in reproductive health welfare.
Padilla (2010) observes that without a clear reproductive health care
policy, we are at the mercy of national and local government officials who
may choose to promote the natural family planning method (NFP) and deny
access to the full range of contraceptive methods. For many poor families,
a large family size results in further poverty and lack of access to education
and health services, among others. There are also studies showing that
the eldest or second eldest from poor, large families end up in prostitution
to meet their families’ needs and many women from large families also end
up being trafficked.
Stated by President Aquino (2010) “We are all guided by our
consciences; the state’s duty is to educate our families as to their
responsibilities and to respect their decisions if they are in conformity with

31
our laws.” Fundamental differences hold the intervention of contraceptives
takes place before the conception of human life that is before a human
fetus is formed. Therefore, according to this view, there is no human life
aborted by contraceptives .
Najafi-Sharjabad, (2013) recognised that low levels of access to
contraception and lack of control over reproductive choices and health
decision-making often mean that Indian women give birth too early in life
and too frequently. The author also identified four reproductive rights
namely: (1) reproductive health as a part of overall health, throughout the
life cycle, for both men and women, (2) reproductive executive counting
voluntary choice in marriage, family formation and determination of the
number, timing and spacing of one's children and the right to have access
to the in sequence and means desirable to exercise voluntary choice (3)
equality and evenhandedness for men and women, to allow individuals to
make free and informed choice in all sphere of life, free from bias based on
gender, and sexual and reproductive refuge, including freedom from
sexual violence and coercion and the correct to privacy.

32
Table 3. Prevention and Management of Reproductive Tract

Infections
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF WM VI

REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS INCLUDING
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND
HIV/AIDS
1. I know that local government provide sex education
campaign that focus on early pregnancy and possible 2.89 SA
sexually transmitted diseases( alam ko na ang lokal na
gobyerno ay nagbigay ng sex education campaign na
nakafocus sa maagang pag bubuntis at posibilidad na
pagkakaroon ng sexually transmitted diseases)
2. RHU educated us about the problems and risk of unsafe
sex practice( binigyan kami ng RHU ng kaalaman 2.67 SA
tungkol sa problema at panganib ng hindi tamang pag
gamit ng contraceptive )
3. I am knowledgeable about condoms can prevent HIV
transmission (ang pag gamit contraceptive na condoms 3.24 SA
ay nakakaiwas sa HIV transmission)
4. I am knowledgeable that there are free medications for
reproductive tract infections in the clinic(ang pag gamit 3.2 SA
contraceptive na condoms ay nakakaiwas sa HIV
transmission)
I believe that STD and HIV are transferable if the person

infected does not report his status to the RHU(ako ay
5. naniniwala na ang STD at HIV ay maaaring mailipat ng
taong mayroong ganitong karamdaman kapag hindi ito 3.3 HA
naireport agad sa RHU)
6. I am knowledgeable that HIV can be developed into
higher stages like AIDS(alam ko na ang HIV ay maaaring 3.31 SA
lumala kapag hindi ito nalunasan)
7. The RHU in our municipality are continuos in
disseminating information about leaflets about the risk 2.96 SA
of HIV(ang RHU sa aming munisipyo ay patuloy na nag
bibigay ng impormasyon tungkol sa panganib ng
pagkakaroon ng HIV)
33
I am aware that there are several agencies to seek when

8. your are infected with HIV(alam ko na mayroong 3.36 HA
ahensya ng gobyerno na puwedeng hingan ng tulong
kung ikaw ay nahawaan ng HIV)
9. I know that HIV prevention can be attained with a 3.26
practice of having single partner( alam ko na ang HIV ay HA
maiiwasan kung mananatili lang sa isang asawa)
10. I am aware that strong family relationship can avoid 3.09
possible HIV or STD(alam ko na makakatulong din ang SA
matibay na pag sasama ng isang mag asawa upang
maiwasan ang HIV o STD)
3.13 SA
Legend:
1.75 – 2.49 Aware
1.00 – 1.74 Not Aware
Table shows the knowledge of the couples about the reproductive
health program in the municipality of Sta Rosa in terms of prevention and
management of reproductive tract infections including sexually
transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS with the highest mean assessment
was on “I am aware that there are several agencies to seek when your are
infected with HIV(Alam ko na mayroong ahensya ng gobyerno na puwedeng
hingan ng tulong kung ikaw ay nahawaan ng HIV)” with 3.36 and
interprted as highly aware while the lowest mean assessment was on RHU
educated us about the problems and risk of unsafe sex practice(Binigyan
kami ng RHU ng kaalaman tungkol sa problema at panganib ng hindi
tamang pag gamit ng contraceptive) with 2.67 in weighted mean and
interpreted as slightly aware.

34
Findings revealed that they are knowledgeable about possible
infections in the reproductive tract as well as in HIV/AIDS in which they
can seek help from the clinic of the municipality and there are agencies
that link together to assist any person infected with HIV , through this the
municipal government are exerting all effort to let them educated in the
practice of safe sex and in abstinence. Padilla (2012) notes that the poor
women, adolescent women, rural and indigenous women are the ones
most affected by the lack of a reproductive health care policy. They are the
ones who have the most unintended pregnancies and closely-spaced
pregnancies. Their births are commonly unattended by trained health
professionals.
Padilla (2012) argues that adequate birth spacing is important for
the health of the woman and the children. Birth spacing of four or more
years can increase the survival rate of children less than five years of age.
The under-five mortality rate11 for children born less than two years after
a previous birth is 54 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared with 25
deaths per 1,000 for children born after an interval of four or more years.
Table 4. Adolescent Reproductive Health

ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH WM VI
1. I attended information about puberty(lagi akong
nakikinig sa mga impormasyon tungkol sa pagdadalaga) 2.86 SA
35
2. I have knowledge about body changes which normally

happen during adolescent period(alam ko ang tungkol 2.7 SA
sa pagbabago ng aking katawan habang nagdadalaga
ang tao)
3. I am aware about early relationship can cause teenage
pregnancy(alam ko na ang maagang pakikipag relasyon 3.1 SA
ay maaring magbunga ng maagang pagbubuntis)
4. RHU are disseminating information about safe practice
during menstruations(ang klinkang rural ay 3.18 SA
nagpapalaganap ng impomasyon ukol sa buwanang
dalaw ng kababaihan)
5. There are RHU personnel that disseminates information
about puberty(ang klinkang rural o mga tao dito ay 3.18 SA
nagpapaliwang kaalaman ukol sa pagdadalaga)
6. Municipal government are conducting seminars in the
school to orient teenagers about their puberty(ang 3.34 HA
munisipyo ay nagsasagawa ng pag uusap para
mabigyang kaalaman ang mga kabataan)
7. I believe that proper information on the teenagers avoids
them about early marriage(naniniwala ako na kapag 2.81 SA
nabigyang impormasyon ang kabataan ay maaring
makaiwas sila sa maagang pag aasawa)
8. I believe that RHU are conducting counselling on the
parents on how to safeguard their children during 3.3 SA
puberty periods (ang klinikang rural, ay nagpapayo sa
magulang panu maproteksyunan ang kanilang mga
anak)
9. I have knowledge about the disadvantages of having
early relationship(alam ko ang samang maidudulot ng 3.37 HA
maagang pakikipagrelasyon)
10. I am aware that I should be careful about my genitals
during my puberty period(alam ko paano ingatan ang 2.98 SA
aking sarili sa panahon ng aking pagdadalaga)
3.08 SA
Legend:
1.75 – 2.49 Aware
36
1.00 – 1.74 Not Aware
Table shows the knowledge of the couples in reproductive health
program of the municipal government of Sta Rosa in terms of adolescent
reproductive health with the highest mean assessment was on I have
knowledge about the disadvantages of having early relationship(Alam ko
ang samang maidudulot ng maagang pakikipagrelasyon) with 3.37 and
interpreted as highly aware and the lowest mean assessment was on I have
knowledge about body changes which normally happen during adolescent
period(Alam ko ang tungkol sa pagbabago ng aking katawan habang
nagdadalaga ang tao) with 2.70 in weighted emana nd interpreted as
slightly aware.
Findings revealed that couples are knowldegable about the effects of
early realationship and they have teach their children about the possible
effects of early pregnancy and teach about the stages that are happening
to their selves in terms of their puberty.
Doronilas (2010) has bearing on the present study because the
cause of the problem may be due to low level of awareness or being
unaware about reproductive health. Such attitudes make the high school
students vulnerable to teenage pregnancies and other reproductive health
problems. These problems may be resolved by giving information,
education, and proper communication or counseling.

37
In a study by Baldwin et al. (2008) throughout 2001, nearly all 14-
18- year-olds and a majority of 12-year-olds were aware of emergency
contraceptives (EC). Among 12-14- year-olds, a slight increase in
awareness between 1999 and 2003 was observed but this was not related
to non-prescription status. Health-compromising behavior (alcohol use,
smoking), dating and having better school achievement were related to
higher awareness of emergency contraceptives. 9 % of 14-18-year-olds had
used emergency contraceptives once and 1% with three times or more. No
statistically significant change in emergency contraceptive use was found
after non -prescription status. EC uses increased with increasing alcohol
consumption, particularly at age 14. Smoking, dating, and poor school
achievement was related to increased use as well as not living in a nuclear
family. A lower use was observed if living in rural area or father's education
was high. Mother's education was not related to use.
Table 5. Prevention and Management of Abortion and its

Complications
38
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF ABORTION WM VI

AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
1. I know about benefits and risk of using contraceptives(
alam ko ang sama at buting naidudulot ng 2.86 SA
contraceptives)
2. I know the appropriate safeguards for efficacy and
safety of using any contraceptive pills, IUD.( alam ko 2.89 SA
kung ano ang gagawin ko sa paggamit ng pildoras na
contraceptive)
3. I know that the government are exerting all effort to
apprehend abortionist(alam ko na ginagawa ng 3.47 HA
gobyerno ang lahat para mahuli ang mga abortionist)
4. I believe that RHU ban the home delivery(alam ko na
ipinagbbawal ng klinikang rural ang pagpapaanak sa 3.22 SA
bahay)
5. I am knowledgeable about the risk of too much eating
during pregnancy(nalalaman ko na delikado ang 3.37 HA
sobrang pagkain sa aking pagbubuntis)
6. I am aware about the risk of taking medications without
consulting Ob-gyne of the RHU (alam ko na delikado ang 3.38 HA
pag inum ng gamot habang ako ay nagbubuntis ng
walang pagkunsulta sa klinikang pang rural)
7. I am visiting RHU ob-gyne as scheduled to avoid
pregnancy complications and abortions(lagi akong 2.96 SA
dumadalaw sa doktora upang maiwasan ang
delikadong pagbubuntis)
8. I am knowledgeable about the RHU program about
prevention of abortions(alam ko na mayroong program 3.48 HA
ang klinikang pang rural tungkol sa sa pag iwas sa
aborsyon)
9. I am aware that RHU are doing their best to have
pregnant woman the medication they need and to avoid 3.46 HA
possible abortion(nalalaman ko na ginagawa ng
klinikang pangrural ang lahat upang maiwasan ang
aborsyon at ang mga pangangailangan ng buntis)
I believe that if there are accidental miscarriage , there

are available ambulance in the RHU to bring patients to
the sophisticated facilities(alam ko na mayroong
10. nakahandang ambulansya ang klinika upang madala 3.36 HA
ang mga pasyente sa mas sopistikadong ospital)
39
3.24 SA
Legend:
1.75 – 2.49 Aware
1.00 – 1.74 Not Aware
In their knowledge about prevention and management of abortion
and its complications , the couple gave their the highest mean assessment
was on I am knowledgeable about the RHU program about prevention of
abortions(Alam ko na mayroong program ang klinikang pang rural tungkol
sa sa pag iwas sa aborsyon) with 3.48 in mean and interpreted as highly
aware while the lowest mean assessment was on I know about benefits
and risk of using contraceptives(Alam ko ang sama at buting naidudulot ng
contraceptives) with 2.86 and interpreted as slightly aware.
Findings revealed that the couples are aware that their municipal
government are doing all their effort to designate information about the
effect of abortion and its complications and the does and don’ts on what
to do during pregnancy and know what medication they should take to
avoid abortion
(Zhou, Ye, Gu, Zeng, and Wang 2012) Many Filipino women have
faced difficulties and sometimes death because of the absence of a
comprehensive and consistent reproductive health policy. This law can
change that, said Carlos Conde, Asia researcher at New York-based

40
Human Rights Watch 2012. Studies reported that most college students
of the year 2003 lacked basic knowledge on reproductive health. Almost
half of the students don’t have any idea about the right time for abortions
while one sixth had the knowledge. One third had incorrect knowledge;
this was an indication of high rates for unwanted pregnancy.
Dabon (2012) recognized that the bill aims to provide sufficient
services such as emergency obstetrics and basic care. In addition, skilled
medical personnel will be provided even in remote areas to decrease
maternal death which is mostly caused by unattended childbirth.
Manlangit (2012) indicates that the RH bill seeks to provide funding
for policy measures because various laws that tackle reproductive health
needs have gone unfunded. Compared to other laws on reproductive
health, the RH bill provides specific requirements which ensure that
national programs would be linked to the local government such as the
provision for all hospitals to offer reproductive health services.
She further discusses that the RH bill provides emergency obstetric
and new born care, the hiring of skilled personnel, and the inclusion of
family planning programs. It also provides access to family planning
supports, including essential medicines which are provided in Section 9.
The measure included the provision on essential medicines to ensure that
they are made available especially to women whose dilemma is how to
support a family without compromising a baby.

41
Table 6 Significant Relationship between the Socio-demographic

Profile of the Respondents and the Knowledge in the Reproductive
Health Program
Knowledge
Correlation
Spearman's rho Age Coefficient -0.018
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.810
N 140
Correlation
occupation Coefficient -0.146
N 140
Number of Correlation
children Coefficient 0.061
N 140
Monthly Correlation
Income Coefficient 0.059
N 140
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-
tailed).
In the significant relationship between the socio-demographic
profile of the respondents and the Knowledge in the Reproductive Health
Program, findings revealed that there is no significant relationship among
the profile of the respondents to the Knowledge in the Reproductive Health
Program, thus the null hypothesis is accepted.

42
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, its conclusion and
recommendations offered by the researchers.
Summary
The study is all about Reproductive Health Programs in the
Municipality of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija: An Assessment. The study used
the descriptive type of research and utilized questionnaires as a main tool
in data gathering.
43
Findings
1. Profile of the respondents
Age
Majority of the respondents are 18-30 years with total of 88
respondents or 63.01 %, 30-60 years old got 50 respondents or 36.58%
and 60 years and above got 2 or 0.41%.
Gender
There are 70 females with 50 % and 70 or 50 % males.
Occupation
Majority of the respondents are vendor with total of 41 or 29.30%,
housewife got 39 or 27.85% , farmer got 27 or 19.28%, construction worker
got 19 or 13.57%, driver got 8.57% and businessman got 2 or 1.43%
businessman.
Number of Children
Majority of the respondents have 1-3 children with total of 95 or
67.85% , 4-7 children got 45 or 32.15%.
Monthly income
Majority of the respondents have P 10,001- P 15,000 with total of 68
respondents or 49.32%, P 6001- P 10,000 got 32 or 23.33%, P 5001- P
6000 got 23 or 16.43%. P 3000- P 5000 got 12 or 9.57%. P 15,000 and
above got 5 or 1.35%.

44
2. Knowledge about the Reproductive Health Program
1. 1 Family Planning
The knowledge of couple in the municipality of Sta. Rosa in the
reproductive health program is given in the table with the highest mean
assessment was on My husband and I jointly made decisions regarding
family planning ( magdedesisyon kami ng asawa ko sa pagpaplano ng
pamilya) with 3.62 and interpreted as at all times and the lowest mean
assessment was on I wish to stop having children ( Nangangarap ako na
hindi na masundan pa ang mga anak ko) with 2.91 in weighted mean and
interpreted as most of the times.
1. 2 Prevention and Management of Reproductive Tract

Infections
The knowledge of the couples about the reproductive health
program in the municipality of Sta Rosa in terms of prevention and
management of reproductive tract infections including sexually
transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS with the highest mean assessment
was on “I am aware that there are several agencies to seek when you are
infected with HIV( alam ko na mayroong ahensya ng gobyerno na
puwedeng hingan ng tulong kung ikaw ay nahawaan ng HIV)” with 3.36
and interprted as at all times while the lowest mean assessment was on
RHU educated us about the problems and risk of unsafe sex practice( ang
klinikang pang rural ay nagpapalaganap ng kaalaman ukol sa hindi

45
protektadong pakikipagtalik) with 2.67 in weighted mean and interpreted
as most of the times
1. 3 Adolescent Reproductive Health
the knowledge of the couples in reproductive health program of the
municipal government of Sta Rosa in terms of adolescent reproductive
health with the highest mean assessment was on I have knowledge about
the disadvantages of having early relationship( alam ko ang samang
maidudulot ng maagang pakikipagrelasyon) with 3.37 and interpreted as
at all times and the lowest mean assessment was on I have knowledge
about body changes which normally happen during adolescent period(
alam ko ang tungkol sa pagbabago ng aking katawan habang nagdadalga
ang tao ) with 2.70 in weighted emana nd interpreted as most of the times.
1.4 Prevention and Management of Abortion and its Complications
In their knowledge about prevention and management of abortion
and its complications , the couple gave their , the highest mean
assessment was on I am knowledgeable about the RHU program about
prevention of abortions( alam ko na mayroong program ang klinikang pang
rural tungkol sa sa pag iwas sa aborsyon) with 3.48 in mean and
interpreted as at all times while the lowest mean assessment was on I

46
know about benefits and risk of using contraceptives( Alam ko ang sama
at buting naidudulot ng kontrasiptibs) with 2.86 and interpreted as most
of the times.
Conclusions
Researchers concluded that:
1. It shows that couples are matured enough, with jobs and with 3-4
children and with an average income of P 10,001 – P15, 000 month.
2. It implies that the couples in the three Barangay with highest HIV cases
are knowledgeable enough in family planning through the effort of the
municipal government of Sta Rosa , they are disseminated with proper
information regarding their free choices on how many children they should
have , and they also know that the municipal government offer different
services for them like free delivery and medications they need in regards
to their family welfare as well as in reproductive health welfare as well as
in HIV/AIDS , effects of early relationship , effect of abortion and infertility
will come to their wellbeing if they are aged.
3. In the significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile of
the respondents and the Knowledge in the Reproductive Health Program,
findings revealed that there is no significant relationship among the profile

47
of the respondents to the Knowledge in the Reproductive Health Program,
thus the null hypothesis is accepted
Recommendations
The following are recommended:
1. The local government should extensively disseminate information
not only in selected barangay but in the different Barangay in Sta.
Rosa so that a wider coverage of information about reproductive
health law is achieved.
2. That RHU in the municipality of Sta. Rosa should double their effort
in giving knowledge through series of seminars and meeting in the
Barangay about the importance of reproductive health in their life
3. That residents of selected barangay should be aware on the
disadvantages of not having knowledge about the reproductive
health program of the government, doing this may cause them
health problems and possible financial distress.
4. That Barangay officials should create program to properly monitor
the reproductive health of the residents since the study found out
that a large number of residents are not aware on the program of
the government
48
5. Another study should be conducted in order to further determine
the extent of the reproductive health program of the government in
other location
References
Alonzo Ruperto P. (2004)Population and Poverty: The Real Score, School

of Economics, University of the Philippines
Alonzo (2004) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/inside-the-

philippines-long-journey-towards-
reproductive_us_5911d7d9e4b07e366cebb5f3
Baldwin, S.B., et al. (2008). Who is using Emergency Contraception?

Awareness and use of Emergency contraception among California
women and teens. Women’s Health Issues, 18:360–368.
Hon. Esperanza I. Cabral,2013 MD Former Secretary of Health, Republic

of the PhilippinesRoom 423 Medical Arts BuildingPhilippine Heart
Center, East Avenue, Quezon City
Cabral (2013) http://www.asean-

endocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/48/471
Cabral, E. (2013) Reproductive Health Law in the Philippines. Retrieved

from www.asean-
endocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/48/471.
CEDAW Committee( 2006Philippines - CO-5-6

http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw25years/cont
ent/english/CONCLUDING_COMMENTS/Philippines/Philippines-
CO-5-6.pdf
49
Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Gray CE, Poitras VE, Chaput JP, Saunders
TJ, Katzmarzyk PT, Okely AD, Gorber C, Kho ME, Sampson M, Lee
H, Tremblay MS. Systematic review of sedentary behavior and health
indicators in school-aged children and youth: An update. Applied
Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2016;41(6 Suppl. 3):S240–
S265. [PubMed]
(CESCR Committee,2008)
https://www.refworld.org/publisher,CESCR,,PHL,,,0.html
Doronilas (2010) Doronila, A. (2010). Two foul blows.The Philippine STAR.
Gupta (2012) Reproductive health awareness of school-going, unmarried,

rural
adolescents.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448386
Jackson C, et al. Randomised cluster trial to support informed parental

decision-making for the MMR vaccine. BMC Public
Health. 2011;11(1):475. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
https://www.pcp.org.ph/.../The_Philippine_Health_Agenda_2016 to
2022)
Ledesma A, (2018) Reviewing the Standard Days Method: Eight
Perspectives https://www.lst.edu/community/article-
archives/383-reviewing-the-standard-days-method-archbishop-a-
ledesma-sj
Najafi-Sharjabad, (2013) Barriers of Modern Contraceptive Practices

among Asian Women: A Mini Literature Review,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776867/
50
Padilla, C.R. (2012, August 16). Reasons Why We Need the RH Law.
Retrieved from http://news.abs-
cbn.com/insights/08/16/10/reasons-why-we-need-rh-law.
Padilla (2012) Reasons Why We Need the RH Law. Retrieved from

http://news.abs-cbn.com/insights/08/16/10/reasons-why-we-
need-rh-law.
Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

http://www.asean-
endocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/48/471
Zhou, Ye, Gu, Zeng, and Wang 2012 Contraceptive knowledge, attitudes
and behavior about sexuality among college students in Beijing,
China. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22613546

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1

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Reproductive Health Law today is popularly known as the RH LAW,

a Philippine law that aims to guarantee methods and information for

different contraception methods to prevent the multiplying population

here in the country.

One of the most controversial issues confronting the Philippines

today is about reproductive health. Many written materials and

publications are available asserting about elements of reproductive health

with different perspectives. Their ultimate goal is to improve quality of life

and provide for sustainable human development. The Philippines is a

signatory country of the International Conference Plan of Action of

Reproductive Health in Cairo in 1994. The primary goal is achieving

“Better Quality of Life Among Filipinos”. Reproductive health ensures a

and private facilities.

The elements that are crucial to reproductive health are as follows:

prevention and management of reproductive tract infections including

sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, (4) adolescent reproductive

health, (5) prevention and management of abortion and its complications,

(6) prevention and management of breast and reproductive tract cancers

and other gynecological conditions, (7) education and counseling on

sexuality and sexual health men’s reproductive health involvement, (8)

adolescent reproductive health

Some causes of overpopulation in Philippines include the lack of

information about contraception especially among the poor, the illegality

of abortion and the unavailability of modern contraception.

Jackson (2011) notes in his article that the RH Law promotes

timing, spacing and number of their children, according to what their

family can support. Included in this clause is the recommendation of the

population, and all the negative implications of this on our society as a

to provide parents with appropriate methodologies and information

contributors to their families and communities. Even the youth at their

curious, growing years will benefit, as sex education will be incorporated

properly addressed, their changing bodies will be better understood and

cases of unplanned pregnancies, sexual abuse and bodily disorders, all

Another objective this law before its implementation is to ensure

public health and disease prevention. Researches show that only As of

than the MMR of 192/100,000 live births recorded at baseline in 1990.

Through this law, proper funding will be allotted to ensure the

accessibility of vaccinations, consultations and safer deliveries from

professional midwives, especially in rural areas. This will decrease infant

mortality rates and other deaths caused by complications during

pregnancy. After the passage of this bill, gynecological and reproductive

assisted with proper diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Some Filipinos

Through mobile health centers and campaigns, they will be properly

educated by health experts. Another controversial clause is about the

prevention and management of abortion and its complications. Abortion is

information against it, it will less likely prevail.

The issue of reproductive health in Philippines was controversial as

seen in many articles and publications. The curiosity about the

controversy motivated the researcher to seek what is the effort of the

government to deal with growing number of population in the country.

Furthermore, many young adolescents were increasingly vulnerable to

teenage pregnancies, thus the researchers also intended to identify and

discover the assessment and implementation of the law in the municipality

of Sta. Rosa, Nueva Ecija by means of in depth survey assessment and

are experiencing the extension of health care by the government in even in

Review of related literature

In this section, the researchers, explored and compiled different

articles, journals and study. Through different studies, the researchers

were able to use the gathered data as their primary resources.

According to Cabral (2013) the reproductive health (RH) bill