EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT NATURAL DEWORMERS FOR NATIVE CHICKEN

Prof. Mae Ann S. Tongol, MAg.Dev.

Cell# 0925-8472614
Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City

ABSTRACT

Rural people in the Philippines raised native chicken either for income or for family consumption.
The prevalence of internal parasitism throughout the tropics is considered as major concern among
backyard raisers. High cost and continuous usage of synthetically prepared dewormers to eliminate
intestinal parasite may result to an increase in resistance and introduce new and toxic molecules to the
environment which affects humans through residues. A research was conducted to find out the effects of
different natural dewormer (betel, pumpkin and papaya) at 400mg. capsule on 1 kg native chicken using
Complete Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications. Result shows that betel nut
successfully eliminates all the ova (parasite) on native chicken at 100% whereas commercial dewormer
which serves as control has 93%, while papaya seeds 86% and pumpkin seed does not affects the ova
population. Betel nut seeds successfully eliminates 100% of the larvae (8 different species) identified on
native chicken while Pumpkin seeds has 33%, papaya and commercial dewormer eliminated both 30%.
Betel nut could expel several types of intestinal parasites among other treatment. Analysis of Variance
revealed that there is significant difference among treatment at .05 level of significance. It is therefore
proven that Betel Nut effectively eliminates multiple species of intestinal parasites (both larva and ova)
infecting native chicken compared with other treatments and is comparable to commercial dewormers.
The researcher recommends the use of Betel Nut to deworm native chicken as alternative to synthetic
dewormer at 400mg/kg body weight.

Keywords: fecalysis, intestinal parasite, parasitism, natural dewormer

 1. INTRODUCTION

Majority of the families in the rural community raised native chicken as source of income if not
for family consumptions. It could serve as savings for farmers that could anytime easily be converted into
cash. Raising native chicken has evolved, survive and reproduce in a marginal environment with minimal
management. To date, native chicken remains an important source of high-quality protein food and
additional income for many rural dwellers. The meat of the native chicken has a unique flavor and
texture that consumers prefer and pay for a premium price. Serving native chicken is lucrative
commodity because of its excellent taste.

The prevalence of internal parasitism in native chickens throughout the tropics and elsewhere,
are recognize as a major constraint to animal production (Soulsby, 1982). The present high cost of
commercial veterinary anthelmintics and its unavailability at the barangay level reduces the potential of
native chicken in Western Visayas. However, control which relies entirely on commercial De-wormers is
being threatened by wide spread occurrence of drug resistance (Ozaraga et al., 1991 and 2004).

Using synthetically prepared dewormers to eliminate parasite may result to a tremendous

increase of resistance, introduce new and toxic molecules to the environment through animal feces,
instead better to use natural plants with anti-parasitic properties to improve animal’s health. Using a
natural anti parasitic plants, animals can be more effectively treated at any age without risks. Benefits of
herbal used are broad spectrum, non-toxin with a wide margin of safety while being rapidly metabolized
and eliminated from the body resulting sustainability of the product (Kenny, 2008)

Number of ethno botanicals who can expel worms has been known and used in the remote
areas. The plants contain constituents which has potential anthelmintic properties (Ozaraga et al.). Betel
nut (Areca catechu) has contains arecoline effective in killing worms (De Padua et al.) Papaya (Carica
papaya) which has papain substance which is found to reduce helminths infestation in poultry.
Anthelmintic property can be obtained for chicken by feeding 50 papaya Seeds. Pumpkin seeds contain
an amino acid known as cucurbitin. Cucurbitin is inside the seed, and it paralyzes tapeworms and
roundworms, and aids in eliminating them from the body.
 A research on the Effects of Different Natural Dewormers on Native Chicken which uses 400 mg.
of powdered form in capsule form (betel nut, papaya and pumpkin seeds) in eliminating intestinal
parasites.

2. OBJECTIVES
To find out the effect of different natural dewormer at 400mg. capsule (betel, pumpkin and
papaya) on Native chicken.
Specifically:
1. To identify the number of parasites expel in each treatment at 1st, 2nd and 3rd fecal analysis.

2. To identify the species of parasites expel in each treatment.

3. To find out the % reduction of ova in different natural dewormer on native chicken.

3. METHODOLOGY

The material utilized in the study includes:

Forty eight (48) heads of naturally infested native chicken at 1 kg in weight, commercial feeds,
rearing pen, betel nut seeds, papaya seeds, pumpkin seeds, commercial dewormer, knife, chopping
board, grinder, sieves, empty capsules, sterile fecal bottle, gloves, ice bucket, notebook, pen and camera
for documentation.

Experimental Design

The experimental animals were divided into four (4) treatments and four (4) replications with 3
heads of native chicken. Drawings of lot were employed to prevent biases. A complete block design
(CRD) is used with treatments as follows:

T1 – Commercial dewormer (Brand X)

T2 – 400mg. capsule of powdered betel nut seeds
T3 – 400 mg. capsule of powdered papaya seeds
T4 – 400 mg. capsule of powdered pumpkin seeds
 Experimental Lay-out

Care and Management

Cages were constructed, made of bamboo with the size of 3ft length and 3ft width, with the total
size of 24ft. The floor is elevated and battery type cage. The roof of the house is made of (G.I.) galvanize
iron sheets. Water and feeds were provided following the recommended consumption. Commercial
feeds are used for feeding the native chickens twice (2x) a day at 6:30 am and 4:30 in the afternoon.
Water is provided to the animals and is given unlimited. Dewormer is applied on the third week of the
native chickens on the cages. All other management practices such as hygiene and sanitation were
strictly followed.

Preparation of Powdered seeds into capsule form

a. Harvesting of Betel Nut (Areca Catechu) preferably the green fruit; papaya seeds (from ripe

fruit and pumpkin seeds from matured squash)

b. Air-Drying the seeds for 1 week reaching 8% moisture;

c. Grinding the betel nut, papaya seeds and pumpkin seeds with pulveriser;

d. Weighting of ground betel nut, papaya and pumpkin seeds of 99.00% by weight;

e. Mixing the powdered seeds with Ascorbic acid of 1.00% by weight;

f. Packing the powder with capsule to ensure dosage;

g. Weighting the empty capsule;

h. Putting mixture inside the capsule with 400mg;excluding the weight of empty capsule.

i. Storing the capsulize dewormer in sealed bottle for further use.

 Data Gathering Procedure

Initial fecal collection was conducted 1 week after the animals were acclimatized in the rearing
pen. Capsule dewormers were given on the first week. Second fecal collection was conducted 2 weeks
after deworming. A second deworming was given to animals which found to have presence of parasites
after 2 weeks. The final and last fecal collection was conducted 2 weeks after the second deworming.

Statistical tool and Analysis

Reduction of Ova/Larva is computed as:

A–B
% Reduction = _______ x 100
A
Where:
A - number of ova/larva (Initial fecalysis)
B - number of ova/larva( 2nd fecalysis)

All data gathered from the study were subjected to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
with a level of significance of 0.05 to determine whether the hypothesis of the study be rejected

or accepted.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1.0 Results on Ova Counts During Initial, Second and Final Fecalysis of Native Chicken

Initial Species found Second Species found Final

Treatment Fecalysis (Initial Fecalysis) Fecalysis (2nd Fecalysis) Fecalysis
T1- Commercial 47 Physaloptera spp. 3 OVA 2 Physaloptera spp. Negative
(400mg. cap.) 49 OVA 2 Strongloides spp. 1 Strongloides spp. Negative
19 Physaloptera spp. Negative
7 Ascaris Negative
10 Taenea spp Negative
T2- Betel 11 Trichuris trichura Negative
(400mg. cap.) 49 OVA 1 Strongloides Negative
1 Hookworm Negative
1 Trichomonas spp. Negative

8 Ascaris 4 Ascaris Negative

T3- Papaya 50 OVA 13 Physaloptera spp. 11 OVA 1 Physaloptera spp. Negative
(400mg. cap.) 21 Taenea spp 4 Taenea Negative
8 Trichuris trichura 5 Trichuris trichura Negative
6 Trichuris trichura 4 Trichuris trichura Negative
T4- Pumpkin 10 Taenea spp 7 Taenae spp. Negative
(400mg. cap.) 53 OVA 13 Hookworm 8 Hookworm 8 Hookworm
52 OVA
17 Physaloptera spp 15 Physaloptera spp. Negative
5 Ascaris 18 Ascaris Negative
Results of Initial fecalysis shows multiple species of parasite that infest native chicken
found in each treatment. Betel nut (400mg.cap) has the highest reduction in number of ova at
100% followed by the commercial dewormer who has 93% reduction of ova while papaya
(400mg.cap) has 86% reduction and pumpkin (400mg.cap) has less effect in the population.

60

50

40
T1 - commercial
30 T2 - 400mg.cap betel nut seed
T3 - 400mg.cap papaya seed
20 T4 - 400 mg.cap pumpkin seed

10

0
1ST FECALYSIS 2ND FECALYSIS 3rd FECALYSIS

Figure 1.0 Summary of Ova Counts During Initial, Second and Final Fecalysis
 Table 2.0 Classification of Parasite species found in each treatment and its % Reduction

Initial Second %
Treatment Fecalysis Classification Fecalysis Classification Reduction
T1- Commercial 47 Nematode 3 OVA 2 Nematode 96%
(400mg. cap.) 49 OVA 2 Threadworm 1 threadworm 50%

T2- Betel 37 Nematode Negative 100% **

(400mg. cap.) 49 OVA 10 Tapeworm Negative 100% **
1 Threadworm Negative 100% **
1 Hookworm Negative 100% **
1 Protozoan Negative 100% **

21 Nematode 3 Nematode 86%

T3- Papaya 50 OVA 21 Tapeworm 11 OVA 3 Tapeworm 86%
(400mg. cap.) 8 Protozoan 5 Protozoan 36%

T4- Pumpkin 41 Nematode 44 Nematode 0%

(400mg. cap.) 53 OVA 10 Tapeworm 7 Tapeworm 30%
2 Protozoan 52 OVA 1 Protozoan 50%

** highest reduction

Results of data revealed that 400mg. capsule of powdered betel nut seeds has 100%
reduction in the ova counts of Nematode, Tapeworm, Threadworm, Hookworm and Protozoan
more comparable to the commercial dewormer which has 96% reduction in the ova counts of
Nematode and 50% threadworm. Papaya (400mg.cap) has 86% reduction both with Nematode
and Tapeworm while 36% in Protozoan. Pumpkin (400mg.cap) has less % reduction in

Nematode, Cecal worm and Tapeworm at 0%, 50% and 30% respectively.
 50 25
45
40 20
t1 - commercial t1 - commercial
35
30 15
t2- bettel seed t2- bettel seed
25
10
20 t3 - papaya seed t3 - papaya
seed
15
t4 - pumpkin 5 t4 - pumpkin
10 seed seed
5
0
0 Ist Fecalysis 2nd
Ist Fecalysis 2nd Fecalysis Fecalysis

Fig.2 Nematode Fig.3 Tapeworm

Table 3.0 The Larva Counts during Initial Fecalysis and 2nd Fecalysis.

Initial Species found Second Species found

Treatment Fecalysis (Initial Fecalysis) Fecalysis (2nd Fecalysis) % Reduction
T1- Commercial (400mg. cap)

Physaloptera spp
Ascaris
T2- Betel (400mg. cap.) 97 Taenea spp Negative 100 %
Trichuris trichura
Strongloides
Hookworm

T3- Papaya (400mg. cap.)

Taenea spp Taenea spp

4
T4- Pumpkin (400mg. cap.) 12 Physaloptera Physaloptera 30%
Ascaris Ascaris
Hymenolepsis spp Hymenolepsis spp

Data revealed that 400 mg. capsule of powdered betel nut could kill multiple species of
parasite (larva) with 100% reduction on larva counts compared to 400mg. capsule of powdered
pumpkin which could hardly kill number of parasite (larva). Other treatments do not have data
because there is no presence of larva during the initial fecalysis.
 100
90
80 T1 - commercial
70
60 T2 - 400mg.cap betel nut
50
40 T3 - 400mg.cap papaya seed
30
20 T4 - 400mg.cap pumpkin
seed
10
0
Initial Second Final

Figure 4.0 Summary of Larva Counts During Initial, 2nd and Final Fecalysis.

CONCLUSION:

Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Powdered betel nut seeds (400 mg. cap) has the highest % reduction on number of
ova and larvae expelled, much higher than commercial dewormers with 93% and 50%
reduction on nematode and threadworm respectively. While papaya has 86%
reduction in eradicating nematode and tapeworm, and pumpkin got the lowest. It is
therefore proven that Betel Nut has the capacity to eradicate larva and ova infecting
native chicken.
2. Powdered betel nut seeds (400mg. cap) could eradicate multiple species of both ova
and larva including nematode, threadworm, tapeworm and protozoa while pumpkin
could hardly kill larva.
RECOMMENDATION:

1. The researcher recommends that the use of Betel Nut as organic dewormers maybe
promoted to chicken raisers as alternative to synthetic dewormer at a dose of 400mg.
capsule and could eradicate multiple species both ova and larva.
2. Another study should also be conducted to test the 400mg. capsule of betel nut on
its effectivity to other animals.
3. Further study should also be conducted to validate results.

REFERENCES:

Ozaraga et al., 1991 and 2004;

Modern Poultry Production (Kenny,2008);

Internal Parasitism in Poultry (Soulsby, 1982);____