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We would like to take this opportunity to thank to all the people who helped us to continue the
comprehensive design project. First and foremost, we want to convey our most sincere gratitude
to all panel members to guiding us until today. We thank to Eng. A.M.Z. Zimer, Lecturer,
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
for guiding us throughout the semester to continue the comprehensive design project.
We ake this opportunity to thank Eng. S. Satheeskumar, Area Engineer, National Water Supply &
Drainage Board, Kalmunai. And Engineer, Municipal Council, Kalmunai, Divisional Secretariat,
Sainthamaruthu, and other staff. Further, we thank public who are provided data and information
about treatment plant. Finally, we wish to express our gratitude again to all those who helped us
towards the successful completion of our Comprehensive Design Project.
We are very thankful to Dr. S.M. Junaideen (Dean, Faculty of Engineering), Dr. J. Ajith Thamboo
(Head, Department of Civil Engineering) and all Senior Lecturers, Lecturers, Temporary Assistant
Lecturers and Instructors of the faculty of Engineering, for the knowledge they imparted on us.
Also, we extend our deepest gratitude to all who have been helping to carry out our comprehensive
design project.
i
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... i
1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background...................................................................................................................1
2.3.2 Lay in out a network for Sainthamaruthu water treatment plant in SewerGEMS V8i
12
ii
3.2.1 Screening ............................................................................................................. 16
3.2.2 Comminutor......................................................................................................... 20
References ................................................................................................................................ 47
Appendix A............................................................................................................................... 48
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
iv
LIST OF TABLES
v
1. Introduction
1.2 Background
Sainthamaruthu is one of the dense cities in Sri Lanka with a population of 30,442 and is located
on the east coast of Ampara District of Eastern Province, Sri Lanka. It is located in a middle part
of some other villages such as Sammanthurai on the western, Kalmunai on the Northern, Karativu
on the southern and the eastern bordered with Bay of Bengal.
Sainthamaruthu is highly urbanized and congested due to increasing commercial activities in the
main area of the village, the eastern site is potential for fishing and western site is fully engaged
with paddy cultivation.
The existing method of disposal of sewer in Sainthamaruthu is by septic tanks. Even though septic
tanks are low in cost, it has some disadvantages such as,
• Potential for ground water pollution depending upon the soil characteristics
• During wet seasons, ground water may rise into the leach field and force sewage upward
to the ground surface.
• System overflows and pollution of adjacent water wells and surface water.
1
But in Sainthamaruthu, it has nearly 8500 housing units within 1.6 km2. So, in future, it may create
a problem of infiltration during rainy season and it is required a treatment plant system in
Sainthamaruthu. Map of Sainthamaruthu indicating GN divisions is represented in Figure 1.1.
Population details of Sainthamaruthu which were obtained from Divisional secretary office is
shown in table 1.1
GN Division Population
Sainthamaruthu - 01 2545
Sainthamaruthu - 02 2011
Sainthamaruthu - 03 2592
Sainthamaruthu - 04 1534
Sainthamaruthu - 05 1192
Sainthamaruthu - 06 1240
Sainthamaruthu - 07 1519
Sainthamaruthu - 08 1317
Sainthamaruthu - 09 2798
Sainthamaruthu - 10 1653
Sainthamaruthu - 11 1764
Sainthamaruthu - 12 1782
Sainthamaruthu - 13 1081
Sainthamaruthu - 14 1372
Sainthamaruthu - 15 2134
Sainthamaruthu - 16 2057
Sainthamaruthu - 17 1851
Total 30442
2
3
Figure 1.1: Map of Sainthamaruthu (Source: Divisional Secretary office)
1.3 Treatment Plant
Wastewater treatment is a process, wherein the contaminants are removed from wastewater as well
as household sewage, to produce waste stream or solid waste suitable for discharge or reuse.
Wastewater treatment methods are categorized into three sub-divisions, physical, chemical and
biological.
Satisfactory disposal of wastewater, (in the case of proposed wastewater treatment system is to
surface and reuse) is dependent on treatment prior to disposal. Adequate treatment is necessary to
prevent contamination of receiving waters to a recommended standard degree.
1.4 Location
The location of the plant was selected after considering the possibilities out of three locations. It
was identified that the available locations at the coastal area does not satisfy the required buffer
area to sea and residents. Hence, the water treatment plant is decided to be constructed inland.
4
Figure 1.3: Selected location
5
1.5 Design Period
The future period for which the provision is made in designing the capacities of the various
components of the sewerage system is known as the design period. When deciding the design
period following were considered:
Normally, treatment units are designed for 15 to 20years. The design life of the proposed plant is
20 years.
Peaking factors account for the peak flows and provide adequate safety margin in planning
sewerage facilities. Peaking factors consist of peaking factors including storm water allowance,
which are used for estimating flow in existing sewers, and peaking factors excluding storm water
allowance, which are used for estimating sewage flow in a new sewage facility with negligible
infiltration at the planning stage. To estimate flow rate of the network, the second set of peak
factors were used.
The design population was taken for the year of 2038. To calculate the projected population in
2038, 48% of population growth was assumed. Although Sainthamaruthu is already dense area
allocation for future housing schemes in forms of flats is assumed.
6
Table 1.2: Forecasted population
Peak
Average
Estimated Domestic
GN Division Population Peak factor Daily Flow
population Flow (as
(as m3/day)
m3/day)
Sainthamaruthu - 01 2545 3767 1.9 678 1288
7
Estimated population = Population in 2018 X 148%
The design flow was calculated by the guidelines given by NWSDB by using ‘Peak factor’
Peak Factor (PF) = 4.7 x p-0.11 as provided by NWSDB
(Where ‘p’ is population in 1000)
So as per the Peak factor, the forecasted population is calculated.
8
2 Design of sewage collection network system
In order to design the network system, the schematic gravity main line was designed first by
considering the topography of the site. And pumping main line, manholes and pumping houses
were designed afterwards. All sewer lines are to be constructed under the road.
In order to design the gravity main lines and pumping main lines, the topography and survey map
should be available. But unfortunately, those are not available for Sainthamaruthu area.
Since it is relatively high in density and has large area, doing survey for entire Sainthamaruthu is
not possible. So, it is proposed to use Google Earth to obtain the distance and spot levels with
reasonable accuracy for the network schematic diagram.
By getting the distance and spot levels, a schematic diagram of sewer lines was proposed. For the
economic design, priority was given for the Gravity main lines. Pumping lines were used where
unavoidable situations.
According to the approximate spot levels from Google earth Sainthamaruthu area was divided to
main three sections to lay the sewage network.
9
Figure 2.1: Main sections of sewer collecting network.
2.2 Manholes
A manhole is proposed for each of the following cases:
• Change of alignment
• Change of slope
• At each house connection to the main line
• Change of pipe diameter
• Change of pipe material
• At the beginning of each sewer
Manhole spacing is not generally exceeding 100m except on large diameter sewers (over 600mm),
and particularly those to be installed by micro-tunneling, where manhole spacing up to 120m is
10
being considered. House connections were made to the line via laterals and in some cases to the
manholes.
11
Figure 2.2: Laying out a network in sewerGEMS
2.3.2 Lay in out a network for Sainthamaruthu water treatment plant in SewerGEMS V8i
SewerGEMS V8i was used to lay in out the sewage collection network in Sainthamaruthu.
Network was developed by according to the selected three sections. All sewage of houses were
designed to flow under gravity force to a one location of each section.
Collected sewage from section 01 was designed to pump from pumping house 01 to location 01.
And collected sewage from section 02 was designed to pump from pumping house 02 to location
01. Sewage of section 03 was designed flow under gravity force to the location 01. Collected
sewage of Sanithamaruthu was designed to flow under gravity force from location 01 to treatment
plant.
12
Figure 2.4: pumping house 01
13
2.3.3 Sewage network design details
14
3 Designing of the treatment plant
Influent and effluent characteristics were determined in order to decide what level of treatment is
necessary.
The volume of wastewater from a community varies from 50 to 250 gal per capita per day (gpcd)
depending on sewer uses. Approximate wastewater flows for domestic wastewater from large
single-family houses are taken as 120 gallons per person per day (450 l/d/capita).
The sense of future is an essential component when sizing the facility. The capacity of each
treatment units are to be designed according to the 50 years of future demand. The local population
growth is calculated using the population data of 20years and the inflow characteristics are
predicted according to the results.
15
1. Remove or to reduce in size the large, entrained, suspended or floating solids. These solids
consist of pieces of cloth, plastic, wood, paper, garbage, etc., together with some fecal
matter.
2. Remove heavy inorganic solids commonly called as grit which includes sand and gravel as
well as metal or glass.
3. Remove excessive amounts of oil and greases.
3.2.1 Screening
Principle role:
16
Contaminate waterways
Operation of the rake can be controlled by a float switch or a time clock through
adjustable timers.
Options available for operating manually through the electrical push button station
or fully automatic operation.
Data for calculation is obtained from publications of Metcalf and Eddy (2003). The tables used are
attached in annexes.
17
Table 3.1: Designing calculations for bar screen
Screen type: Mechanically cleaned cable operated bar screen
Reference Description and results
Design criteria:
Appendix A
Material: Stainless steel
Table a
Bar size: Width: -10mm, Depth: -25mm
Clear bar spacing: 30mm
Slope from vertical (θ): 30°
Approach velocity (Va): 0.5 m/s
Velocity of flow through the opening of bar racks: 0.8m/s
Allowable head loss (hL): 150mm
Design calculations:
Channel cross section = Qd/Va
0.21𝑚3/𝑠
Ac = 0.5𝑚/𝑠
Ac = 0.42m2
Screen cross section = Ac Secθ
As = 0.42 sec30
As = 0.48m2
Void space ratio = Space/ (space + Thickness)
30𝑚𝑚
VSR = (30+10)𝑚𝑚
VSR = 0.75
Net area of the screen = As*VSR
Anet = 0.48m2*0.75
Anet = 0.36m2
Anet ≈ 0.4m2
18
Velocity through the screen = Qd/ Anet
0.21𝑚3/𝑠
Vb = 0.4𝑚2
Vb = 0.525m/s
(𝑉𝑏2 −𝑉𝑎 2 ) 1
Head loss h = × 0.7
2𝑔
(0.5252 −0.52 ) 1
h = × 0.7
2𝑔
h = 0.00187m
= 1.87mm
1.87mm < 150mm
Hence okay
Assume depth of the bars (d) = 1000mm
As = 0.48m2
Length of the screen (L) = As/d
L = 0.48m2/1m
L = 480mm
L = (Thickness of a bar*number of bars) + (Space between bars*number of
spaces)
L = (10mm*n) + (30mm*(n-1))
480 = 10n + 30n – 30
510 = 40n
n = 13 bars
L = 10*13 + 30*12
L = 490mm
19
3.2.2 Comminutor
This will be a grinder which will break or cut up solids to such size that they can be returned to
the wastewater without any danger of clogging pumps or piping or affecting subsequent treatment
devices
Design criteria:
20
Table 3.2: Design calculations for grit chamber
Chamber type: Rectangular, horizontal –flow grit chamber
Reference Description and results
Appendix A
Design criteria:
Table b
Detention time (t) = 60s
Horizontal velocity = 0.3m/s
Settling velocity for removal of 0.15mm (65-mesh) material (Vs) = 0.75m/min
Added length allowance for inlet and outlet turbulence = 30%
Design calculations:
Cross section area of grit chamber = Qd/Vh
0.21𝑚3/𝑠
As = 0.3𝑚/𝑠
As = 0.7m2
Volume of the grit chamber (V) = Qt
= 0.21m3/s * 60s
= 12.6m3
Length of the grit chamber =L
Considering the horizontal direction,
S = Ut
L = Vh*t
= 0.3m/s * 60s
= 18m
Considering vertical direction,
S = Ut
0.75𝑚/𝑠
H = × 60𝑠
60
= 0.75m
Design length of the grit chamber, (allowing for inlet and outlet turbulence)
Ld = 18* 130%
= 23.4m
21
Width of the grit chamber = Volume/LH
12.6𝑚3
= 0.75×18𝑚
= 0.93m
≈ 1.00m
Principle role:
Remove readily settleable solids and floating material and thus suspended solids content.
Expected efficiency:
22
Table 3.3: Design calculations of primary sedimentation tank
Primary sedimentation tank: two numbers of circular type tanks
Reference Description and results
= 360m2
Use two circular tanks having 4m width
Tank diameter =d
𝜋𝑑2
Area = 4
𝜋𝑑2
180m2 = 4
d = 15m
𝜋152
Tank volume Vt = 4
= 1414m3
Overflow rate = Qd/A
18000𝑚3/𝑑
= 2×(180𝑚2)
= 50m3/m2.d
Retention time = Vt/Qd
1414𝑚3×24 ℎ𝑟/𝑑
= 18000𝑚3/𝑑
= 1.88h
≈ 2h
Dimensions: diameter = 15m
Depth = 4m
Calculating scour velocity,
Cohesion constant K = 0.05
Specific gravity S = 1.25
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.80 m/s2
Diameter of particles d = 100μm
23
Darcy-weisbach friction factor f = 0.025
8𝑘(𝑠−1)𝑔𝑑 0.5
VH =( )
𝑓
0.5
8×0.05(1.25−1)9.81×100×10−6
=( )
0.025
= 0.063m/s
Peak flow horizontal velocity V = Qd/A
18000𝑚3/𝑑 1
= × 24ℎ/𝑑×3600𝑠/ℎ𝑟
2(8𝑚×4𝑚)
= 0.0033m/s
Horizontal velocity at peak flow < Scour velocity
BOD and TSS removal:
𝑡
𝑅=
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡
Where, R = Expected removal efficiency
t = Nominal detention time
a,b = Empirical constants
2
BOD removal = 0.018+(0.020×2)
= 34.5%
2
TSS removal = 0.0075+(0.014×2)
= 56.3%
24
3.3 Secondary treatment (Biological treatment)
When selecting the biological treatment process two types of technologies were considered which
are namely suspended growth system and attach growth system. After comparing the pros and
cons of both systems use of attached growth system is proposed for the water treatment unit due
to less sludge than suspended growth systems, less energy consumption, simpler operation and
less equipment maintenance.
Attached growth systems composes of two main technologies. Those are anaerobic process and
aerobic process. Anaerobic process is considered as the most efficient and often used in where
land availability is a serious constraint. But, it has a greater risk of odor and therefore they need
larger buffer zones. Extra land required for buffer zone may counteract the saving achieved in
pond area. And also one of the main constraints when designing the wastewater treatment plant to
sainthamarudu is limited land area available.
In other hand, aerobic process has lower energy requirements, Simpler operation, no bulking
problems, needs less maintenance and has better recovery from shock loads. Considering all these
aspects use of an aerobic process is suggested for the proposed wastewater treatment plant.
25
Biological treatment
methods
Attached growth
systems
Anaerobic Aerobic
processes processes
26
Attached growth systems-
Aerobic processes
Rotating Biological
Trickling filters
contactor
After considering units rotating biological contactor and trickling filter to be used as attached
growth system – aerobic process the trickling filter came up as the most suitable technology due
to its properties of simpler and flexible operation, not requiring any skilled supervision, self-
cleaning ability and smaller mechanical wear and tear as they contain less mechanical equipment.
27
3.3.1 Trickling filter
The trickling filter will be followed by primary treatment and the effluent will be released to
secondary clarifier. The mechanism of trickling filter is simply that when wastewater is passed
over a rock surface slime grow on the rock and water become cleaner. This process is a fixed film
biological treatment method designed to remove BOD5 and suspended solids.
The trickling filter which is proposed to be designed will be consisting of a rotating distribution
arm that sprays and evenly distributes liquid wastewater over a circular bed of fist sized plastic
media. The spaces between the media allow wastewater to trickle down through, around, and over
the media. A layer of biological slime that absorbs and consumes the waste trickling through the
bed covers the plastic material. The organisms aerobically decompose the solids, producing more
organisms and stable wastes, which either become part of the slime or are discharged back into the
wastewater flowing over the media. This slime consists of mainly bacteria, but it may also include
algae, protozoa, worms, snails, fungi, and insect larvae. The accumulating slime will be
occasionally sloughs off individual media materials. This is collected at the bottom of the filter,
along with the treated wastewater, and is passed to the secondary settling tank where it is removed.
The overall performance of the filter will be dependent on hydraulic and organic loading,
temperature, and recirculation.
28
Table 3.4: Design calculation for trickling filter
Trickling filter No. 1
Reference Description and results
Design calculations:
Appendix A 34.5% of BOD is removed by primary sedimentation.
Table e
Current BOD level,
Table f
BOD = 300mg/l*(65.5/100)
= 196.5 mg/l
Type of packing = Plastic
Recirculation ratio R =2
BOD removal efficiency = 60%-70%
BOD loading rate w = BOD5*Qd
For trickling filter No.01,
196.5𝑚𝑔 103 𝑙
w = × 0.21 ×
𝑙 𝑠
= 41265 mg/s
1+𝑅
Recirculation factor F = (1+𝑅)2
1+2
= (1+2)2
= 2.08
Use 2 trickling filters with efficiency 60% and 70%
E
Cout1 = Cin2 = (196.5*40%)mg/l
= 78.6mg/l
Cout2 = (78.6*30%)
= 23.85mg/l
23.58mg/l < 25mg/l
For trickling filter No.01,
100
𝐸1 =
𝑤1
1 + 0.4432√𝑉𝐹
29
E1 = BOD removal efficiency for first stage filter at 20°C, including
recirculation percent.
W1 = BOD loading to filter (kg/d)
V = Volume of filter packing (m3)
F = Recirculation factor
W1 = 41265 × 10−6 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 × 3600 × 24𝑠/𝑑
= 3565.3kg/d
100
E1 = 3565.3
1+0.4432√
𝑉×2.08
100
60 = 3565.3
1+0.4432√
𝑉×2.08
V = 757.5m3
Assumed depth d1 = 6m
Volume of the tank V1 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑
757.5m3 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × 6𝑚
R1 = 6.3m
Diameter = 12.6m
100
70 = 1426
1+0.4432√
𝑉×2.08
V = 733m2
Assume depth d2 = 5m
Volume of the tank V2 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑
733m3 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × 5𝑚
30
R2 = 6.8m
Diameter = 13.6m
= 360m2
Use two tanks having 8m width
Length = As/2w
= 360m2/2*8m
= 22.5m
Assume free board f = 0.3m
Sludge settling depth = 0.5m
Effective depth = 4m
Total depth = 4m+0.3m+0.5m
= 4.8m
Additional depth for slope = (22.5*0.05) + 4.8m
= 1.125m +4.8m
H = 6m
31
The purpose of gravity settling following a trickling filter is to collect biological growth, or humus
flushed from filter media. These flushed solids are generally well utilized particles that settle
readily. Therefore, a collector arm that slowly scrapes the accumulated solids toward a hopper for
continuous or periodic discharge gives satisfactory performance.
32
3.4 Drawings
33
Figure 3.7: Primary sedimentation tank
34
Figure 3.8: Trickling filter no.2
35
3.5 Chemical unit processes
Some of the principal chemical unit processes used for wastewater treatment are, chemical
coagulation, chemical oxidation, chemical precipitation, chemical disinfection and ion exchange
Out of these chemical oxidation was selected for the chemical processing due to its suitability of
range of application, cost effectiveness and ease of gaining technology.
The overall reaction of organic molecules comprising BOD, for example, with chlorine, ozone,
and hydrogen peroxide, can be represented as,
𝐶𝑙,𝑂3,𝐻2𝑂2 𝐶𝑙,𝑂3,𝐻2𝑂2
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 → 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 → 𝐶𝑂2, 𝐻2𝑂, 𝑒𝑡𝑐
The chemical process in which chlorine is used to oxidize the ammonia nitrogen in solution to
nitrogen gas and other stable compounds is known as breakpoint chlorination. Most important
advantage of this process is that, with proper control, all the ammonia nitrogen in wastewater can
be oxidized.
36
quantities of sludge produced from primary sedimentation and trickling filter is presented in table
2.
Screening Screenings include all types of organic and inorganic materials large
enough to be removed on bar racks.
Grit Grit is made up of the heavier inorganic solids that settles with
relatively high velocities. Grit may also contain significant amounts of
organic matter including fats and grease.
Primary sludge Sludge from primary settling tanks is usually gray and slimy and in
most cases, has an extremely offensive odor. Primary sludge can be
readily digested under suitable conditions of operation.
Trickling filter Humus sludge has a brown flocculent appearance and relatively
sludge inoffensive when fresh. It generally undergoes decomposition more
slowly than other undigested sludge.
37
The primary sedimentation tanks are used to settle sludge, while grease and oils rise to the surface
and are skimmed off. The solids are scraped off the bottom, and the scum is washed off with water
jets. The primary wastewater treatment involves gravity sedimentation of the screened wastewater
for collapsed solids. Part of the event that is suspended in the waste stream is passed through the
primary operation. The residue from this process is a concentrated suspension, called primary
sludge, which is further treated to become a bio solid
The dried sludge resulting from different dewatering methods should be disposed in compliance
to environmental regulations. The options considered for disposal of sludge are as follows;
Incineration
Melting
Incineration and melting is extremely expensive and definitely not attractive to a country like Sri
Lanka at least in the present context. Therefore, sludge treatment was designed to achieve the
conditions necessary for land use.
38
The gravity thickener is similar to a conventional sedimentation tank in design, but has a steeper
floor slope. Tanks range from 6 – 20 m diameter & side water depth may vary from 3 – 4 m. Floor
slope is varies from 1:4 to 1:6 depending upon the type of sludge, time required for thickening &
storage volume to absorb peak solids load. The steeper slope reduces the raking problems by
providing more gravity.
When applying effluent water for paddy fields pumping for the inlet of block of the fields is not
cost effective. Therefore, the effluent will be used only to irrigate surrounding paddy fields at
lower elevations. The effluent used by the municipal council for landscape irrigation will be
collected and transported using water bowsers when needed.
39
Figure 3.9: Rough layout of the treatment plant
01 Preliminary treatment
02 Grit chamber
03 Primary sedimentation tank
04 Trickling filter no 01
05 Trickling filter no 01
06 Secondary sedimentation tank
07 Thicker-primary sludge
08 Gravity sludge
09 Bio solid dewatering
10 Chemical unit process
40
4 Environmental Impact Assignment
During the planning and design of Waste Water Treatment Plants and channeling networks the
effect on environment and community by each decision were analyzed in order to;
As a first step for the environmental impact assessment a social survey was done via a
Questionnaire which was given to collect the review of residents for their ideas. The following
questions were included;
2. Do you have any facilities in your house to release the waste water?
6. We planned to use the treated water to agricultural purpose, do you agree with that?
Considerable amount of the people was concerned about the emission of odor by the plant
Few percent of people were concerned about the noise and dust during construction.
Majority of people release black water in to septic tanks and gray water to garden
99% of people like the idea as they face difficulties during rainy season
60% of people were concerned about the effluent quality and releasing method
80% of people do not agree with using the treated water for agriculture
The issues identified by the environmental impacted study are tabulated in table. The mitigations
to overcome the harmful impacts and improve positive impacts is also described.
41
Table 4.1: the impacts from plant and suitable solutions
Effect Description
Waste The treatment plant will generate a considerable amount of waste in the form of
sludge.
This sludge must be disposed of at a non-hazardous waste disposal landfill.
Nevertheless, depending on the quality of the sludge, it could be used as fertilizer
and as filler material for landfills after treating properly.
Offensive order The operation of the treatment plant and the transportation of sludge to its final
disposal site can affect the vicinity with offensive odors.
The use of a digesting treatment before disposal and applying odor control
techniques can considerably lessen these odors.
And also land area 900m away from dense residential area is used for the project
to mitigate this issue.
Air pollution Construction and operation of the treatment plant may increase levels of exhaust
and suspended particulate. However, there is no natural or artificial structure to
prevent this diffusion, and the effect may be reduced to some extent by careful
construction procedure.
Noise and The construction and operation of the treatment plant will generate a considerable
vibration amount of noise and vibration.
A land area 900m away from dense residential area is used for the project to
mitigate this issue.
Local economy, Construction of the treatment plant and the sewerage system pipe network may
such as temporarily affect the city’s local business and transport system during its
employment installation.
and livelihoods This issue is unavoidable, but a careful network design can reduce the impact.
Soil pollution Sludge can be contaminated by industrial effluents and storm water containing
toxic substances that are mixed into the sewage collecting system.
Sludge is not pretreated prior to disposal to avoid contaminating the landfill site.
42
In addition to the above solutions, water and sludge reuse can increase the effectiveness of the
plant and proper convey of message can get farmers to accept effluent water for agriculture. ( when
effluent quality is satisfactory for reuse)
The following mitigations were done to overcome the harmful impacts and improve positive
impacts
43
5 Cost estimation
For cost estimation data was obtained from irrigation schedule of rates which was published by
irrigation department 2016. The rates for 2018 were calculated according to the inflation rate.
(To get near accurate cost estimation)
It is including;
Masonry cost
Steel cost
Hump Pipe cost
Vehicle cost
Labour cost
Earth work cost
Machinery Cost
For pipe cost calculation pipe lengths were determined according to the design and pipe
diameters were determined so that it satisfies the flowrate. Then the required number of pipes for
each diameter was obtained and cost was estimated.
For the calculation of excavation cost it was assumed that only total pipe length is escavated.
Machinery cost was not considered. Plant equipment and manhole cost was reffered from a
similar project.
10% for contingency and wastage was added to obtain rough cost estimation.
44
Table 5.2: Calculation of quantities
150 φ 43737
300 φ 9785
450 φ 2700
750 φ 750
1050 φ 5250
45
Table 5.4: Summery of total costs
46
References
47
Appendix A
(The tables are obtained from Metcalf and Eddy (2019). Wastewater engineering- treatment and
reuse. 4th ed. McGraw Hill Education (India).)
Table a. Typical design information for manually and mechanically cleaned bar racks.
48
Table c. Typical design information for primary sedimentation tank
49
Table e. Historical classification of trickling filters applications
50
Table g. Summary of EPA suggested guidelines for water reuse
51