Viridiplantae

Viridiplantae (literally "green plants")[5] are a clade of eukaryotic organisms

made up of the green algae, which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants
Viridiplantae
(embryophytes), which emerged within them.[6][7][8] Green algae traditionally
excludes the land plants, rendering them a paraphyletic group. Since the
realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some
authors are starting to include them.[9][10][11][12][13] They have cells with
cellulose in their cell walls, and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis
with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins. More
than 350,000 species of Viridiplantae exist.[14]

In some classification systems, the group has been treated as a kingdom,[15] under An assortment of thallophyte
various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply Plantae, the latter Viridiplantae in a rock pool, Taiwan
expanding the traditional plant kingdom to include the green algae. Adl et al.,
Scientific classification
who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005, introduced the name
Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts Domain: Eukaryota
with green chlorophyll. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that (unranked): Diaphoretickes
some of the species are not plants, as understood traditionally.[16] The
(unranked): Archaeplastida
Viridiplantae are made up of two clades: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta as well as
the basal Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae.[17][18] Together with (unranked): Viridiplantae
Rhodophyta and glaucophytes, Viridiplantae are thought to belong to a larger Cavalier-Smith , 1981
clade called Archaeplastida or Primoplantae.
Subgroups
A taxonomic evaluation of eukaryotes based on myosin distribution showed the
Viridiplantae lost class-I myosins.[19] Mesostigmatophyceae
Chlorokybophyceae
Spirotaenia
Contents Chlorophyta
Phylogeny and classification Streptophyta/Charophyta
Leliaert et al. 2012
Cladogram
Embryophyta
References

Synonyms
Phylogeny and classification
Plantae Copeland , 1938,
1956 [1][2]
Leliaert et al. 2012
Euchlorophyta Whittaker,
Simplified phylogeny of the Viridiplantae, according to Leliaert et al. 2012.[20]
1969 [3]
Viridiplantae Chlorophyta sensu van den
Hoek & Jahns, 1978 [4]
Chlorophyta
Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982,
core chlorophytes
emend. Bremer 1985, emend.
 Ulvophyceae Lewis and McCourt 2004

Cladophorales Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane

Dasycladales 1997
Bryopsidales
Trentepohliales Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005
Ulvales-Ulotrichales Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith
Oltmannsiellopsidales
1981 [5]
Chlorophyceae Phyta Barkley 1939 emed.
Oedogoniales
Holt & Uidica 2007
Chaetophorales Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836
Chaetopeltidales
Chlamydomonadales
Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948
Sphaeropleales Euplanta Barkley, 1949

Trebouxiophyceae Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964

Embryobionta Cronquist et
Chlorellales
Oocystaceae
al., 1966
Microthamniales Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969
Trebouxiales
Prasiola clade

Chlorodendrophyceae
Pedinophyceae [21]

prasinophytes (paraphyletic)

Pyramimonadales
Mamiellophyceae
Pycnococcaceae
Nephroselmidophyceae
Prasinococcales
Palmophyllales

Streptophyta

Charophyta

Mesostigmatophyceae
Chlorokybophyceae
Klebsormidiophyceae
Charophyceae
Zygnematophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae

Embryophyta (land plants)

Cladogram
[22][20][21][23][11][24][25][18][26][27]
Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data.

Viridiplantae/
Green Algae Mesostigmatophyceae
 Spirotaenia

Chlorokybophyceae

Ulvophyceae

Chlorophyceae
Chlorophytina
Tetraphytina Trebouxiophyceae

Chlorodendrophyceae

Pedinophyceae

Prasinophytes Clade VIIA

Chlorophyta Prasinophytes Clade VIIC

Pycnococcaceae

Nephroselmidophyceae

Mamiellophyceae

Pyramimonadales

Palmophyllales
Palmophyllophyceae
Prasinococcales

Klebsormidiophyceae

Charophyceae

Mesotaeniaceae
Streptophyta/
Charophyta Phragmoplastophyta Zygnematophyceae

Embryophytes (land plants)

Coleochaetophyceae

References
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