OSI LAYERS(Open System Interconnection)-Layered framework of design for network systems.

Each layer related to other layers and has it’s own functionality

Physical layer:

Function:

1.topology(arrangement of devices and links in a particular manner to form a network) eg:star, ring

2.network model(design of network systems or a model for network system) eg: Local Area
Network(LAN)

3.Line of configuration(the connection between devices) eg: Point to point-dedicated link between
two devices, multipoint-link is shared among several devices

4.transmission mode(direction of transmission ie. Unidirectional or bidirectional) eg:simplex- only on

device can sent and other can only receive the data, half duplex-bidirectional but only one device
can sent data at a time, full duplex-bidirecctional both device can sent and receive data at a time.

5.Physical medium(type of cable to be used) eg:twisted pair cable, co-axial cable

6. data rate(data transmission speed per second) eg: 500kbps

7. synchronization(synchronize data flow between two device)

8. data representation(binary bits(0,1) while transmitting to data link layer, signal representation
while transmitting through medium)

Data link layer:(hop to hop delivery)

Function:

1.framing(divides the stream of bits into a manageable frames)

2.physical address(header and trailer to be added. Header contains the next hop address, trailer
contains the error bits)

3.flow control(to avoid overwhelming at receiver side it imposes flow control mechanism)

4. error control(error recovery mechanism to detect corruption or lost frame, duplicate frames)

5.access control(when 2 or more device connected in same link which device has the control at a
given time)

Network layer:(source to destination delivery)

Function:

1.packetizing(frames into a packets added with header. The header contains the destination ip
addrees)

2.logical addressing(to communicate over global network it needs ip address(or global address))
3.routing(route or switch the packets to their final destination)

Transport layer(process to process delivery)

Function:

1.port addressing(each process running on different port that has a unique number to identify the
process)

2.segmentation(packets are segmented based on the similarity of process and resembled when
needed)

3.connection control(it is either connection oriented or connection less) connection oriented-

acknowledgement received from receiver, connectionless-no acknowledgement is received form
receiver

4.flow control(flow control performed process to process)

5.error control(error control performed process to process)

Session layer:

Function:

1.Dialog control(it allows two system enter into a dialog and allows to communicate between two
devices)

2.synchronization(it adds synchronization point, to a stream of data eg:if a system has 1000 pages to
send it is advisable to have a synchronization point after every 100 pages. if page 523 has crashed
then the only pages that need to recover is 501 to 523)

Presentation layer:

Function:

1.translation(translate into appropriate format that receiver dependent format)

2.encryption(to carry sensitive information the system to ensure privacy, encryption and decryption
done)

3.compression(data compression reduces number of bits in the information)

Application layer:

Function:

1.File transmission service(upload and download)

2.mail service

3.directory service eg:DNS

It provides user interface, enables user to interact with various application.