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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

I The Oeuvre of Kripa Shankar Shukla 1

Reminiscences of Prof. K. S. Shukla


Yukio Ohashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Dr. Kripa Shankar Shukla, veteran historian of Hindu


astronomy and mathematics
R. C. Gupta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Obituary: Kripa Shankar Shukla (1918–2007)


Yukio Ohashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Prof. Shukla’s contribution to the study of the history


of Hindu astronomy
Yukio Ohashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

The seminal contribution of K. S. Shukla to our under-


standing of Indian astronomy and mathematics
M. D. Srinivas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

II Studies in Indian Mathematics: Bhāskara I to


Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita 71

Hindu mathematics in the 7th century as found in


Bhāskara I’s commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya (I) . . . . . 73

Hindu mathematics in the 7th century as found in


Bhāskara I’s commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya (II) . . . . 88

Hindu mathematics in the 7th century as found in


Bhāskara I’s commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya (III) . . . . 107
x Contents

Hindu mathematics in the 7th century as found in


Bhāskara I’s commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya (IV) . . . . 110

On Śrīdhara’s rational solution of N x2 + 1 = y 2 . . . . . . . 120

Ācārya Jayadeva, the mathematician . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Series with fractional number of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Hindu methods for finding factors or divisors of a number 160

Magic squares in Indian mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

III Revised version of the Manuscript of the Third


Volume of Datta and Singh 187
Hindu geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Hindu trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Use of calculus in Hindu mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Use of permutations and combinations in India . . . . . . 356

Magic squares in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Use of series in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Surds in Hindu mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

Approximate values of surds in Hindu mathematics . . . 475

IV Studies in Indian Astronomy: From Vedic Period


to the Emergence of Siddhāntas 485
Astronomy in ancient and medieval India . . . . . . . . . . 487

Main characteristics and achievements of ancient Indian


astronomy in historical perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

On three stanzas from the Pañcasiddhāntikā . . . . . . . . 510

The Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira (1) . . . . . . . . . 517


Contents xi

The Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira (2) . . . . . . . . . 533

Āryabhaṭa I’s astronomy with midnight day-reckoning . 548

Glimpses from the Āryabhaṭasiddhānta . . . . . . . . . . . 569

V Development of Siddhāntic Astronomy:


Some Highlights 577
Early Hindu methods in spherical astronomy . . . . . . . 579

Use of hypotenuse in the computation of the equation of


the centre under the epicyclic theory in the school of
Āryabhaṭa I ??? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

Hindu astronomer Vaṭeśvara and his works . . . . . . . . . 616

The evection and the deficit of the equation of the centre


of the Moon in Hindu astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

Phases of the Moon, rising and setting of planets and stars


and their conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

VI Reviews and Responses 695


Vedic Mathematics: The deceptive title of Swamiji’s book 697

A note on the Rājamṛgāṅka of Bhoja published by the


Adyar Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705

Review of Rājamṛgāṅka of Bhojarāja . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

Review of Karaṇaratna of Devācārya


Raymond P. Mercier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

A note on Raymond P. Mercier’s review of “Karaṇaratna


of Devācārya” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

The yuga of the Yavanajātaka: David Pingree’s text and


translation reviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

Review of Vaṭeśvarasiddhānta and Gola of Vaṭeśvara


David Pingree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732

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