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39.3%
Lin
ke
d
(+ >70% world Cu)
From Goldfarb, 2014;
data from Lipson, 2014
J.W. Hedenquist 1
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Cu-Au
Epithermal
veins Au-Ag
rm
(Pb-Zn)
al
Base of lithocap
(advanced argillic
alteration) Distal Pb-
Zn skarn
Replacement
Zn-Pb-Ag
Sillitoe, 2010
Economic Geology
Porphyry
Cu-Au Proximal Cu-
Au skarn
J.W. Hedenquist 2
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Sl
Ya
Wa RMt
Vi To
HS IS LS LS(a)
Tethyan Belt
Eastern
Pacific
Belt
J.W. Hedenquist 3
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Vapor condensates,
pH <1
pH 0.2
acidic stream,
pH ~0.6
J.W. Hedenquist 4
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
pH 1-2,
Quartz-alunite,
H2SO4
barren
HCl
Quartz-alunite
IS veins
ica
i t em
h
W p, tn Early: High T magmatic
Base of lithocap C R Coupled brine + vapor
R Potassic (~500oC) +
advanced argillic lithocap
R Wavy qtz veins, no halo
R Metal sulfides (barren
lithocap)
Sillitoe, 2010
Porphyry
Cu (Au)
J.W. Hedenquist 5
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Geometry of lithocaps
(and HS ore)
Lithology-controlled
lithocap alteration horizon Lithology-
controlled
Structure-controlled lithocap
feeder zone Mineralization
(enargite + Au)
Structure-
controlled
Sillitoe, 1995
Chang and White, 2005
J.W. Hedenquist 6
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Summitville, Colorado
J.W. Hedenquist 7
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Urashima et
al., 1981
Tuff breccia
Nansatsu Group
Mohong Hill
quartz-alunite
lithocap
J.W. Hedenquist 8
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Lepanto
fault
Dickite ±
kaolinite
Quartz-
alunite
Dickite ± NW end of lithocap:
kaolinite qtz-alunite cliffs at
unconformity, with
1 km
kaolinite halo
J.W. Hedenquist 9
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
X Small
workings,
1-4 g/t Au
Breccias
< 50 ppb Au
1 km
Buaki
porphyry FSE porphyry:
892Mt @ 0.5% Cu
& 0.7 g/t Au
Victoria veins, 11
Mt @ 7.3 g/t Au +
Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn
Guinaoang
porphyry, 500
Teresa veins, 0.8 Mt Mt @ 0.4% Cu
@ 5.74 g/t Au & 0.4 g/t Au
Nayak veins
1 km
Mohong Hill
porphyry + HS
Chang et al., 2011
J.W. Hedenquist 10
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
FSE porphyry
Lepanto
Lepanto HS Victoria IS
500 m
Vuggy qtz, en
+ Au ore
Qtz-alun (py), Far Southeast
dick-kaol porphyry Cu
J.W. Hedenquist 11
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
X-section
J.W. Hedenquist 12
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Banded
rhodoch
quartz-
rosite ve
Muscovite
halo
in
Dietrich et Barren
al., 2007
14.7-
14.1 Ma
13.7 Ma
13.5 Ma
J.W. Hedenquist 13
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
2000 (2005)
>100 Moz gold in
high-sulfidation in N.
Peru; S. Peru thought 1996 (1998)
to be “Ag district”
2008: CHUCAPACA
J.W. Hedenquist 14
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
J.W. Hedenquist 15
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Chucapaca
Aruntani
J.W. Hedenquist 16
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
W E
lisation
Minera
100E
300W
Open
g/t Au 700W
Looking North
–
300 m
J.W. Hedenquist 17
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
sm
wm
Cu, Au
Phyllic overprint
White mica (wm) ––
300 m
Pyrophyllite
Smectite clays (sm)
Enargite Cu-Au-Ag
Veins Au-Ag-(Pb-Zn±Cu)
Porphyry Cu-Au
J.W. Hedenquist 18
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Porphyry
Cu-Au?
Sillitoe, 2010
Henley, 1983
J.W. Hedenquist 19
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
J.W. Hedenquist 20
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Au
Ag
J.W. Hedenquist 21
Epithermal systems PacRim 2015
Sulfide rich
IS (and HS)-
state sulfides Intrusion
Higher Ag:Au Arcs source
andesite of NaCl
Lower T
Kupol
Adularia-calcite
Sulfide poor Basalt
Rifts source
LS-state bimodal of H2S?
sulfides
Low Ag:Au
J.W. Hedenquist 22