Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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_____________________
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to
_____________________
In Partial Fulfillment
________________________
by
APPROVAL SHEET
2019” has been submitted by Irene Loraine Forbes Barrago who is hereby
grade of ______.
________________________
Chairman
_____________________ ___________________
Member Member
Elementary Education.
AKNOWLEDGMENT
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE iv
DEDICATION
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE v
ABSTRACT
TITLE
RESEARCHER:
THESISADVISER:
SCHOOL:
DEGREE CONFERRED:
YEAR CONFERRED:
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
DEDICATION iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Conceptual Framework 3
Research Paradigm 4
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Delimitation 6
Definition of Terms 7
Conceptual Literature 8
Research Literature 11
Summary of Findings 28
Conclusions 29
Recommendations 29
BIBLIOGRAPHY 32
APPENDICES 35
A.Letters 36
B. Questionaire 38
C. Certification 44
C. Curriculum Vitae 46
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE viii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
“The eye sees only what the mind is prepared to comprehend,” (Henry Bergson).
People can only appreciate anything around him only if he understands the importance
and essence of its existence. We can see using our sense of sight with the use of our eyes.
Comprehension differs depending on our individual differences. As the old saying goes,
“Every human is a unique being,” he has his own capabilities and limitations, strengths
gender, educational attainment, health, social, and civil status, personality, interests, and
To assist reader to construct meaning from the texts is the major focus of the
reading program. You learn as you read, but the questions are, do you understand what
you have read? Or, how many times a person needs to read a story or phrase before he
understands the message the author wants to implicate to his readers? How many times
a movie should watched before a watcher understands the full context of it? Or, how do
you understand and interpret the message that is being written or viewed? Because
learning and understanding are two different things, these two must intertwine to gain
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 2
wisdom. And the only time that our mind appreciates the true essence of reading is when
we can read with full understanding, and that is when comprehension takes place.
Students’ rankings are based on the grades fairly given by teachers and instructors
depending on scholastic performances that may differ from each student or pupil.
academic skill, one which is necessary for success in all academic domains. Teachers,
instructors, educators, play a very important role in the learning process of every student
comprehension starts with the proper sound, pronunciation, and diction of each letter and
every word since they signify different meaning that give various understanding and
interpretations.
English. Since then, English language was used as medium of communication and known
as the “international language.” Most likely, this is the reason why parents, relatives, and
even the neighbors of pre-school children (even before a child learns how to speak
fluently) are always asking, “Ano ang english sa…?”, “What is your name?”, “How old
are you?”, “Where do you live,” and so and so forth. It is not only here in the Philippines
that has this connotation, “When an individual knows how to speak in English, they are
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 3
said to be an intelligent person and some will say, “Malayo ang mararating nya.”, this
might be applicable before. Due to increasing qualifications for job employment, even
English proficiency is being tested. Furthermore, some schools are having English
Proficiency Test and the student’s grade in English subject is taking into consideraion.
Meaning, it is not enough to know how to speak in English, but learning how to use it
properly is one of its specifications. Proficiency starts with constant practice and
continuous studies. Efficiency of the teacher to teach is highly needed especially, from
pre-elementary to elementary level, since all the basic learnings of the child are being
taught at this level. According to Caroll Gray, “reading early in life gives a youngster a
multitude of friends to guide intellectual and emotional growth.” (Villanueva Et. Al.,
2008)
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 4
a. sex,
b. age, and
in Gumaca, Quezon?
3. What are the difficulties and struggles among Grade VI pupils of Plaza Rizal
a. Physiological Factors,
b. Cognitive Factors,
c. Psychological Factors,
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 5
d. Linguistic Factors?
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
gives you knowledge of the world and experience of a wide kind. It is a moral
From the report of Miss Peggy Anne W. Orbe (2017), Goodman (1967; cited in
Paran, 1996), presented reading as a psycholinguistic guessing game, where the reader
reconstructs a message which has been encoded by an author as graphic display, a process
in which reader’s sample text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, make new
hypotheses. The reader rather than the text is at the heart of the reading process. In
addition, from the report presented by Miss Lenie Mangubat (September, 2014), the
study of how the mind works and linguistic the study of language and how it develops.
This psycholinguistic theory postulated that reading took place in the reader’s head where
they sampled the print and made predictions about what the author would say next.
Moreover, Gray’s Model of the Reading Process attempts to explain what goes on in the
reader’s head while reading. It becomes the forerunner of the underlying philosophy of
Durkin (1992) stated that, reading as an interactive activity where the reader
samples from the text, language knowledge, background of experiences and their own
schema for a topic or narrative leads educators to teach in interactive manners. Interactive
Reading Theory accepts that reading involves many levels of analysis at the same time
but at different levels. These varying levels include skills, reasoning, decoding and
construct a scenario as they read and predict what the author will say. Through reading,
the communication between the writer and the reader must establish through the
reactions, questions, conclusions, or anything that awakens the interests of the reader.
These become the good indications that the reader will pursue reading up to the very end
of the text to satisfy and verify the hypotheses or conclusions formulated in his mind
before and while reading the text. In the end, the reader will be able to comprehend every
detail of the text. Albert Einstein once said, “Any fool can know. The point is to
From the report of Mangubat (2014), readers who do not understand the text and cannot
discuss or react to the text have not read the text even if they have called or pronounced
Theory” or the “Schema perspective.” The goal of the theory is to describe interaction
between what is in the text and how that information is shaped and store by the reader
process between the reader’s background knowledge and text. Efficient comprehension
requires the ability to relate the textual material to one’s own knowledge (Kyrsha
Seymour, January 23, 2017). In addition, the schemata theory states that as we read, we
are influenced by the knowledge previously stored in our memory. The schemata (store
2008). Further, the schemata theory recognizes that background knowledge facilitates the
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe stated that, “Whatever you cannot understand, you
cannot possess.” Helping children to see the words that are connected to meaningful
activities produces greater reading activities. Children will construct develop, their own
discrimination, skills as they read, write, and print words and pictures. In relation to these,
the imagination, reasoning, and perspectives of children will open up, soon give them the
RESEARCH PARADIGM
CAUSES EFFECTS
Key Areas of Effects in
Reading Scholastic
Process Performance
1.Development of the
pupil's ability to
Phonemic understand that words
Awareness are made up of
sounds.
Development of the
pupil's ability to
Phonics identify letters and
their specific sounds.
Development of the
Word pupil's ability to see a
Identification word and know what it
is.
HYPOTHESIS
respect to the scholastic performance in terms of sex, age, and academic standing.
The aim of every student is to get high grades and to graduate with flying colors
and eventually have a good and decent job and be productive and be someone that can
be proud of, of the people who knows him and the community and institution where he
came from.
The study would serve as information for the respondents regarding the
The study would also serve as a baseline information for the educators on how to
help the students improve their academic standings and scholastic performance as a
For future educators, the study will provide information about the significance
the student and for them to have a glimpse of how important their dedication and future
In one way or another, the study will serve as reference to other researchers who
To arrive at the facts, the researcher utilized thirty (30) selected Grade VI pupils
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms used in this research were all given operational and
Academic Standing - academic standing is a term used to denote a student’s status based
which learning takes place, wheter it occurs in traditional academic settings (schools,
Learning process - refers to the activities carried out by the students to achieve the
educational objectives. They are carried our individually, although this takes place in a
cultural and social context, in which students combine their new knowledge with their
www.businessdictionary.com
Reading - the traditional definitions of reading states that learning to read means learning
to pronounce words, to identify words and get their meaning and to bring meaning to a
program.
Understanding - the power of comprehending the knowledge and the ability to judge a
CHAPTER II
provide background and insights to have better understanding of the study and helped the
researcher in the formulation of questionnaire used in the conduction of the entire study,
also, it includes the foreign and local related studies that the researcher examined and
A. CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
In the past, reading is simply known as getting meaning from the printed page by
way of a passive and receptive phase of written communication. Stress was given to
literal reading the lines to get the message drift on what, who, where, why, and how of
information. In this traditional idea of reding, it is enough for the reader to perceive letters
and words. Using semantic cues (word meanings), syntactic clues (word order),
cues. The use of study guides are helpful in careful reading and increased retention
(Villanueva, 2008).
and we are able to travel around the globe to meet new faces and experience wondrous
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 14
events we never encountered before. As what Francis Bacon posits, “Reading maketh a
full man.” This implies that we create a total view of ourselves and the environment we
live in through reading, making us qswhole complete, learned and persons that matter
domain, the reader must be equally able since he reads with a heart as well as mind. The
art of reading includes all of the skills included in the art of discovery, perceptive
reading. The principal determiner of what is read, is the reader’s purpose. His purpose or
his reason for reading reflects his experiences, his knowledge, and his motivation.
Certainly too, it reflects his ability to make decisions. Purpose for reading is also the
principal determiner of rate pf reading. To decide on a rate of reading requires that the
requires a certain amount of training. So, it is paramount that the reader first declares his
own purpose for reading, and, second, adjust his rate accordingly (Anonat, 2011).
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 15
According to Staufer (1969), there are three (3) categories of reading purpose
which definitely affects rate adjustment in reading. Each reader should be thoroughly
acquired with the attributes that distinguish one adjustment from another so that he can
use each effectively when reading different degrees of complexity (Anonat, 2011).
1. Skimming
Skimming is the ability to read swiftly and lightly to locate bits of information
literally stated. Answers sought are usually in response to who or a what, or a when, or a
where questions and seldom in response to a how or why questions, and the answer
usually stated in a word or two or in a phrase; and the reader can skim along exceedingly
fast. If the reader fails to find the answer, the reader usually results in 100% attainment
2. Scanning
Scanning may be defined as the ability to read along at a good rate on a point by
point basis locating literal information. Scanning differs from skimming in that the
answer to a question maybe located in different parts of a selection and thus require the
reader to do more than garner a single fact or a series of isolated facts. Oftentimes, the
facts needed maybe a qualifying nature and require the reader to do a certain amount of
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 16
selective discrimination and grouping. Scan questions are more comprehensive than skim
questions.
3. Browsing
In browsing, the reader casually looks through in order to find items of interest
especially on something one has no knowledge about; or has got no idea what to look for
through a text or article without any purpose in mind. Browsing is exploration of a body
of information based on the organization of the collection of list, rather than by direct
searching on purpose. The reader gets hold of a reading material, look around casually
web.” As an example, it might be that the reader is just looking for food products on
display.
Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds,
2. Phonics - The relationship between written and spoken letters and sounds. Phonics
is the relationship between the spoken and written languages. It is the ability to hear,
3. Reading fluency, including oral reading skills - The ability to read with accuracy,
and with appropriate rate, expression, and phrasing. Fluency is the ability to read text
Vocabulary includes knowing the meaning and pronunciation of words necessary for
communication.
communicate with others about what they have read. Good readers employ many
An individual reader may be identified in terms of his readiness, skills and own pace.
Marie Clay (1991) and Fountas and Pinnell (2001) have noted five man stages of
Self-
Transitional extending Advanced Reader
Emergent Early Reader
Reader Reader Reader
•beginning •word towards •independent mastery in reading
reader recognition fluent reading proficient
basic strategies reading •reading comprehension
concepts of •sight words reading of various texts reading for
print •print length texts •reading for information
picture reading little reliance information reading for
analysis •gradual in pictures pleasure
sound-letter speed in inferential reading
recognition reading
interpretive
reading
internalized
reading strategies
The goal of every reader is not only to tackle every word in a book but also to
understand what they read - reading comprehension. The National Reading Panel,
breaks down the reading process into seven key areas shown in the Reading Pyramid.
4. Word Identification is the ability to see a word and know what it is.
7. Comprehension is the end result of all the pieces of the pyramid where a child is
The end result is that by the time a child reaches the top of the pyramid, he will
not only be able to read, but he will also have the comprehension skills required to truly
There are many factors that affect the reading ability of a person. Snow, Burns,
Factor Indicators
Is the child in good health?
Does he/she have a clear vision?
Can the child hear sounds clearly?
1. Physical and
Does he/she suffer from physical discomfort?
Clinical
Does he/she have motor control?
Factors
Does he/she have speech defects?
Is he/she able to attend to a task?
Does he/she have neurological disorders?
is the child mature enough to begin formal reading
instruction?
What does the child feel about self and about others?
2. Predictors of
Is the child interested in studying/reading?
School Entry
Does the child have emotional problems?
what is the age of the child?
Has the child received preparatory instruction?
How many the intellectual development of the child be
3. Acquired
described?
Knowledge of
Does the child have a good language background?
Literacy
What is the IQ level of the child?
What is the general atmosphere at home?
Are the child’s parents supportive?
4. Family-based Do the family members encourage the child to read?
Risk Factors Are there books at home?
What kinds of reading materials are read at home?
Does the child belong to a poor or an affluent family?
Is the school conducive for learning?
Are the teachers competent? Do they have emotional
5. Neighborhood, maturity?
Community, Does the community show support for literacy?
and School- Are there enough reading materials in schools /
based Factors libraries?
Are there clear policies and projects that support
developmental reading programs?
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 22
Reading Models
Researchers have shown that readers process text in different modalities. They,
too, have identified reading models that aim to explain how the complex process of
Reading Main
Key Features
Model Proponents
It is a reading model that emphasizes the Flesch,
written or printed text; says reading is Rudolf,
driven by a process that results in meaning 1955
(or, on other words, reading is driven by Gough,
text), and proceeds from part to whole. Philip, 1985
It stipulated that the meaning of any text LaBerge,
must be “decoded” by the reader and that David and
the students are “reading” when they can Samuels,
Bottom-up “sound out” words on page. (Phonics) Jay, 1985
Reading It emphasizes the ability to decode or put
Model into sound what is seen in the text,
It is based on the “phoneme” or smallest
meaningful unit of sound. Readers derive
meaning in a linear manner, first decoding
letters, then words, phrases, and
sentences to make sense of print. Rapid
word recognition is important to this
approach, which emphasizes sight reading
of words in isolation. When word
recognition becomes automatic, the reader
is not conscious of the process (Gough,
1972).
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 23
Reading Comprehension
(Bernardo, 2011): It is the ability to understand or get meaning from the text (any type
of written material) and the thinking done before, during, and after reading. It is the
reason for reading and a critical component of all content learning. if the reader can read
the words but do not understand what they are reading, they are not really reading. From
Leu and Kinzer (1985), it is the interaction between the text being read and the reader’s
existing prior knowledge and expectations will generate meaning and comprehension.
From Webster’s Dictionary, comprehension is the capacity of the mind to perceive and
understand fully; the act or action of grasping with the intellect, while reading is to
receive or take in the sense of (as letters or symbols) by scanning; to understand the
meaning of written or printed matter; to learn from what one has seen or found in writing
develop the megacgnitive ability which provides natural ease in reflecting, summarizing,
hypothesizing)
on reading for information, SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review)
Levels of Comprehension
1. Literal level refers to recognition of what is simply, directly, and explicity the textual
message. Reading at this level is called literal reading, reading the lines of the textual
message.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 26
2. Inferential level which goes beyond the direct and explicit statement and adds on
by enriching the meaning of the textual message. Reading at this level is reffered to
inferred meanings.
3. Critical level wherein the reader raises questions ans evaluates the printed text for
its veracity, style, pattern, and the like. Reading at this level is reffered to as critical
4. Creative level in which the reader sees new ideas/insights from the textual material.
The following are skills that are important for comprehension according to
Bernardo (2011):
From the posted article entitled, Theory & Practice to Improve Reading
Comprehension Skills and Motivation, this article stated they point out the following:
https://www.edu.uwo.ca
Break old patterns where students read texts and then discuss as a whole class:
individual conferencing
exercises
Through conferencing, detect students who lack accuracy and fluency and thus
lose track of the meaning of what they are reading. Work together to target
corrective strategies.
Incorporate the oral aspect of literacy where students discuss their reading with
each other
researcher conducted by other researchers in which they are relevant to the research being
conducted. The writer has to analyze the point that was focused on, informs the design,
Laflamme (1997) points out that comprehension is impossible if meaning of words is not
use of contextual clue skills. A large vocabulary is critical not only for reading but also
According to Grebe in Celle-Murcia there are six general component skills and
recognized and how information is put together into various genres of text.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 32
5. Synthesis and evaluation skill or strategies: the ability to read and to compare the
information from multiple sources, to think critically about what one reads, and to
process and the ability to reflect on what one is doing and the strategies one is
From the research of Jian-ping Luo (2013) enitled “An Action Research on
that, in China, College English (CE) is one major compulsory foreign language course
for all students at the first two years in colleges and universities. According to the latest
Education (2007), which claims that College English, an integral part of higher learning,
is a required basic course for undergraduate students. In fact, since 1980s English has
already become one of the most strategic courses to the national civil education, and thus
is the one that takes up much larger number of teaching hours than any other academic
courses (Huang & Luo, 2011.9). He also concluded that the difficulties to cause low
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 33
efficiency of reading come from both linguistic and schematic knowledge, but the
schematic knowledge and proper reading skills weigh much more. A CE teacher could
reading, and the former is much more valuable than the latter, for it might more appeal
to CE learners and arouse their interest of reading, since interest is the best teacher.
is not known. A reader will have a limited understanding of the concepts and content if
he does not know the meaning of words. Educational Researchers Raphael, Pardo and
Highfield (2002) found a strong correlation between reading and vocabulary knowledge
which meant that readers with a large vocabulary are usually good readers. Research
shows that when teachers provide explicit comprehension instruction to children reading
improves. According to the National Reading Panel (2000) there is a correlation between
comprehension practices and academic performance. The findings also confirmed that
there is a relationship between reading difficulties and academic performance. She also
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 34
stated that, a teacher‘s knowledge on how to teach reading to learners is very crucial. To
teaching meaning is to help the learners develop their reading skills and enhance
comprehension power.
Meaning is not found in the text but the reader brings meaning with him. Meaning
can be brought out by associating the text with experience. For reading comprehension
word knowledge is very important. When teaching meaning, learners should be taught
literal meaning of words and how they can be used in a particular contexts.
From the study of Kerubo (2014), she cited that, it is argued that poor
performance in the academics is due to poor mastery of the subject skills. Dalton,
Glussman, Guthrie and Rees (1996) noted that pupils taken through reading
comparison to those trained in the study skills in the relevant subjects over the same
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 35
period of time. The poor performance could be attributed to lack of language skills rather
From one of the references used by Jian-ping Luo in his research, he cited the
work of Hedge (2000: 188-189) that suggests six types of knowledge a reader needs to
knowledge, genre knowledge. The first two can be put into the category of language
text”. The other four are together often referred to as schematic knowledge, which
“enable a reader to work with the language of the text in order to interpret its meaning”.
compositions, summarizing and listing facts. The theory supports such activities as
activating prior knowledge and it recognizes the importance of the three reading stages;
Based on the study conducted by Julita (2011), reading need a carefully worked
out program of institution. Its fundamental concepts, abilities, skills, interest and attitudes
are acquired in school. When reading has been inadequate or imperfectly mastered, the
knowledge. As one goes up the ladder of education, he has to learn to read extensively in
Furthermore, the study done by Itable (2013), a modern world today is a reading
world. Studies, investigation, and discoveries come to person’s knowledge through the
printed materials of various forms. Reading is considered as the most economical means
From the work of Garcia (2013), understanding of reading materials both of the
Ching (2014) stated that reading could truly make a difference on the life of every
child, if he will learn to read and use this skill effectively in meeting the challenges of
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 37
learning and living. Reading itself is the power that makes a big sense to the personal life
of an individual. It is not just a tool or a child’s preparation for life but a meaningful
performance of Filipino in the national and international tests and the findings showed
that the overall students‘ reading skills were not significantly correlated to mathematics
factors not related to reading comprehension skills. This notwithstanding, the overall
position of majority of the researchers relate academic performance to the ability of the
Based on the finding of the study conducted by Paz (2018), these are some
conclusions drawn: (1) the profile variables of the students do not affect their reading
comprehension levels and (2) the factors that determine the reading comprehension of
the students are not related to their reading comprehensions levels. This imply that
English teachers should consider programs and activities in school that develop students’
critical and interpretive thinking, and conduct regular evaluation to monitor their
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
data collection and data analysis procedures that will be used to gather information
RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is the “glue” that holds all of the elements in a research
project together. It is used to structure the research. Orodho (2003) defines it as the
scheme, outline or plan that is used to generate answers to research problems. It is the
research design that determines the research methods and procedures to be applied as
determined by the nature of the research problem. Research design is the overall
relates to the general approach adopted in executing the study. The researcher has to
specify the type of the design followed in the study (Oyedele, 2003).
This study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches for data collection
and analysis. The qualitative research approach relies on the collection of non-
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 39
numerical data such as words and pictures. The qualitative research design was
appropriate for this study because the data collected was in form of words and
behaviors as they occur in the natural environment (Gay, 1998, Johnson and
Christensen, 2004 and Shank, 2006). Qualitative research design implies the use of
methods such as interviews and tests for collecting and analyzing data. This allowed the
researcher to interpret the results in different ways. Specifically the case study was used
TARGET POPULATION
entities in which all the measurements of interest to the researcher are presented while
Seaberg (1988), defines population as the total set from which the individuals of the
study are chosen. The target population consists of randomly selected Grade VI pupils.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 40
Seaberg (1998) defines a sample as a small portion of the total set of objects,
events or persons which together comprise the subjects of the study, while sampling
representative of that population. One school was selected based on accessibility and
performance.
when a group of subjects are selected on the basis of being accessible. The researcher
chose the convenience sampling method because the cases were available and easily
accessible (Borg and Gall, 1996). The researcher selected particular elements from the
population that were informative about the topic of interest. The researcher did not deal
with all the Grade VI pupils enrolled in Plaza Rizal Elementary School S.Y. 2018-
2019, but randomly selected thirty pupils. The reason why the researcher decides to
have few pupils in the sample is because she wants to have more test(s). Increasing the
administered. More tests will be required to measure aspects which will help the study
Data refers to all the information a researcher gathers for his study. This section
describes data collection procedures. The instruments used in data collection for
DATA ANALYSIS
Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) stated that, “Data obtained from the field in raw
form is difficult to interpret…” Data analysis is all about examining what was collected
in a survey or experiment and making deductions and inference. Data was sorted out
according to objectives in this study. Each research instrument belongs to an area under
investigation in line with the research objectives. The responses will be tabulated
according to the type of response made. From the analysis the researcher will be able to
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
The researcher will use statistical measure to treat the collected data. The gather
data will carefully read and examine for analysis. She will tally and enter into a master
list of the data collection sheet. Percentage will use to interpret the profile of the
respondents.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 42
Percentage Formula:
F
% = N 𝑋 100
where:
% = percentage
F = frequency
N = total number of respondents
100 = constant
performance of the respondents, the researcher used the Pearson Correlation Coefficient
formula.
𝑵∑𝒙𝒚 − (∑𝒙)(∑𝒚)
𝒓=
√[ 𝑵∑𝒙𝟐 − (∑𝒙)𝟐 ][𝑵∑𝒚𝟐 − (∑𝒚)𝟐 ]
where:
∑x = sum of x scores
∑y = sum of y scores
QUESTIONNAIRE
Direction: Put a check mark () in the box for the information that describes you.
A. Sex:
Male Female
B. Age:
10 - 11 12 - 13
1-5 6 - 10
11 - 15 16 - 20
21 and below
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 44
Direction: Please put a check mark () on the column that corresponds to your answer.
4- Agree 2 - Disagree
Direction: Please put a check mark () on the column that corresponds to your answer.
4- Agree 2 - Disagree
A. Physiological Factors 5 4 3 2 1
B. Cognitive Factors 5 4 3 2 1
C. Psychological Factors 5 4 3 2 1
D. Linguistic Factors 5 4 3 2 1
C. Social Factors 5 4 3 2 1
Lost at Sea
The weather was fine. The day was bright and the sea was calm. Father and Ben
went fishing. Father prepared his fishing rod, reel, and boat. They rowed the boat until
they were at the middle of the sea.
But in the afternoon, rain poured down. The wind was getting stronger. It
pushed their boat farther and farther out to sea. It was difficult for them to go back to
the shore. The great waves carried their boat to the other side of the island. They could
not find their way back. They were lost at sea.
Mother was now worried. She asked the help of their neighbors. The men
searched for the lost boat. Later, they found the boat hiding behind a big rock.
Questions:
a. fishing
b. farming
c. hunting
d. gardening
a. dry
b. wet
c. fine
d. stormy
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 49
a. it became foggy
b. it started to rain
c. the boat turned over
d. the sun shone brightly
10. If you were the mother, would you do the same? Why?
a. Yes, because they are my family.
b. No, because it is their fault.
c. No, because I don’t love and care for them.
d. Yes, because the boat is very expensive.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 50
CHAPTER IV
This chapter highlights the presentation of the findings, data analysis, and a
discussion and interpretation of the results. The findings and the results were presented
in the following sections within the framework of the research questions, supported by
tables and figures to exemplify the results. Data analyses were done to answer the
research questions.
The research question of the current study sought to answer the demographic
profiles of the respondents which are age, sex, and overall class standing. In order to
answer research question #1, frequency and percentage were applied to the data in the
The table exhibits that there were equal number of male and female respondents.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 51
This shows that, respondents were given an equal chance to participate in the
Out of 30 respondents, there were 14 or 46.67% pupils within the bracket of 10-
11 years old and 16 or 53.33% within the bracket of 12-13 years old. This implicates that
the respondents were within the right age limit for a Grade IV pupil.
The table reflects the overall academic standing of the respondents. There were
10 pupils who belong to the bracket of 1-5; six (6) pupils belong to the bracket of 6-10;
nine (9) pupils belong to 11-15 bracket; three (3) pupils belong to16-20 bracket; and
two (2) pupils were at the bracket of 21 and below. As shown on the table, each bracket
1. Reading comprehension in
16.67%
13.33%
100%
60%
10%
0%
English influences pupils’ 5 18 4 0 3 30
scholastic performance.
2. Reading comprehension in
English helps the pupils to
23.33%
26.67%
16.67%
33.33%
100%
0%
improve their 7 8 5 10 0 30
performances in all
subjects
3. Reading comprehension in
6.67%
3.33%
50%
0%
12 15 2 1 0 30
be interested and excited
towards learning.
4. Reading comprehension in
36.67%
33.33%
6.67%
3.33%
100%
6 11 10 2 1 30
pupils’ academic
performances.
5. Reading comprehension in
23.33%
26.67%
16.67%
23.33%
100%
7 8 5 3 7 30
retain information
gathered from reading.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 53
1. Five (5) pupils strongly agreed; eighteen (18) pupils agreed; four (4) pupils were
uncertain; none of them disagreed, but there were three (3) pupils who strongly
performance.
2. Seven (7) pupils strongly agreed; eight (8) pupils agreed; five (5) pupils were uncertain, while
ten (10) pupils disagreed that reading comprehension in English helps the pupils to improve
3. Twelve (12) pupils strongly agreed; fifteen (15) pupils agreed; two (2) pupils were
uncertain, and only one pupil disagreed that, reading comprehension in English
4. Six (6) pupils strongly agreed; eleven (11) pupils agreed; while ten (10) pupils were
uncertain; two (2) pupils disagreed and one (1) pupil strongly disagreed that reading
5. Seven (7) pupils strongly agreed and eight (8) pupils agreed, while there were five
(5) pupils that are uncertain; three (3) pupils disagreed and seven (7) strongly
To sum these up, even though there were pupils who disagreed on the effects of
their scholastic performance. These were supported by researchers who have over time
globe to find out the role of language in academic performance in different subjects.
the answers for the significance of reading comprehension in English in the scholastic
Strongly Strongly
Agree Uncertain Disagree
Agree Disagree TOTAL
A. PHYSIOLOGICAL
FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1
f % f % f % f % f % f %
1. Readability of reading
6.67%
3.33%
100%
materials is a strong
20%
50%
20%
6 15 6 2 1 30
factor in the reading
process.
2. When the pupil has
visual or hearing
100%
difficulty, it affects 3 8 9 7 3 30
his/her reading
comprehension.
3. A well-ventilated
100%
classroom promotes
9 4 11 6 0 30
high chance in reading
comprehension.
4. Unorganized
environment causes
100%
difficulty to understand 2 15 9 1 3 30
the piece that readers
want to express.
5. Safety is another aspect
100%
that affects reading 3 9 13 2 3 30
comprehension.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 56
Strongly Strongly
Agree Uncertain Disagree
Agree Disagree TOTAL
B. COGNITIVE FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1
f % f % f % f % f % f %
1. Larger stock of
100%
vocabulary helps to
9 17 4 0 0 30
improve reading
comprehension.
2. Experiences has
100%
something to do with 5 7 11 5 3 30
reading comprehension.
3. Retention is a serious
100%
problem if memory span 7 14 6 2 1 30
deficiencies exist.
100%
cognitive ability to
8 15 4 1 2 30
identify the important
details in the text.
5. The reason behind the
reading task can
influence the student’s 13 9 2 4 2 30 100%
ability to understand the
materials.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 57
Strongly Strongly
Agree Uncertain Disagree
Agree Disagree TOTAL
C. PSYCHOLOGICAL
FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1
f % f % f % f % f % f %
6. Pupils choose topics that
100%
capture their interests. 9 8 7 2 4 30
7. Experiences has
100%
something to do with 7 14 8 1 0 30
reading comprehension.
8. Retention is a serious
100%
problem if memory span 7 9 10 2 2 30
deficiencies exist.
100%
cognitive ability to
10 7 2 8 3 30
identify the important
details in the text.
10. The reason behind the
reading task can
100%
influence the pupil’s 8 9 6 3 4 30
ability to understand the
materials.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 58
Strongly Strongly
Agree Uncertain Disagree
Agree Disagree TOTAL
D. LINGUISTIC FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1
f % f % f % f % F % f %
11. If the reading materials are
100%
written in unfamiliar
6 8 12 0 4 30
language, the
comprehension is limited.
12. Pupils recognize the ideas
100%
when they understand the
6 14 8 0 2 30
patterns that the author
used to organize text.
13. Awareness of the pupils in
using dictionary as a
100%
reference for the correct 12 6 7 4 1 30
pronunciation of the
encountered words.
14. Understanding the sounds
100%
of the spoken language
14 5 3 3 5 30
helps the pupils to develop
their comprehension skills.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 59
Strongly Strongly
Agree Uncertain Disagree
Agree Disagree TOTAL
E. SOCIAL FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1
f % f % f % f % F % f %
15. Parents and teachers
play an important role to
16. 67 %
63.33 %
6. 67 %
3.33 %
100%
10 %
the development of the 19 5 1 2 3 30
pupils’ comprehension
skills
16. The type of instructional
materials that the
100%
teacher gives will affect 6 14 6 2 2 30
their reading
comprehension.
17. Peers can affect the
100%
reading comprehension 4 9 7 8 2 30
of the pupils.
100%
helps pupils to develop 14 7 4 5 0 30
comprehension skills.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 61
This chapter presents the summary of the research, the conclusion or judgment
after thorough examinations of data and information. Recommendations are then offered
by the researcher based on findings for the factors that affect absenteeism among
elementary pupils in Gumaca East Central School as perceived by the teachers for the
Summary of Findings:
Conclusions:
Recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 62
A. BOOKS
Bernardo, Alejandro S., (2011) Developmental Reading 1, First Edition. Rex Book
Buendicho, Flordeliza C., (2010). Developmental Reading 2, First Edition. Rex Book
Marquez, Servillano T. Jr., Casela, Neliza C., Sadorra, Bryan Eli, (2009).
Villanueva, Aida S., Delo Santos Rogelio L., (2008). Developmental Reading 1.
B. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Garcia, Fatima F., (2013) Comparative Reading Comprehension Ability in Filipino and
2014
Itable, Marinel Reano. (2013) The Problems Encountered in Teaching Reading Among
Julita, Jemalyn A., (2011). The Problems Encountered in Teaching Reading by the
Mensote, Ana Alicia L., (2013) Factors Affecting Reading Comprehension Among
Grade V Pupils in General Luna Elementary Central School During S.Y. 2012-
2013
Valderama, Shane Rose R., (2012). Factors That Affect the Nonreaders Among
2011-2012.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 64
Laflamme, J.G. (1997). The Effect of Multiple Exposure Vocabulary Method and the
and Academic Performance: A Case Study of Class Three Pupils in Westlands Sub-
County, Kenya.
D. ARTICLES
APPENDICES
.
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 66
Appendix A
Letters
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 67
Researcher
Noted:
Approved:
MERLITA M. NATIVIDAD
Principal III
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 68
Appendix B
Questionnaire
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 69
Appendix C
Certification
EASTERN QUEZON COLLEGE 70
Appendix D
Curriculum Vitae