Chapter 49 Nervous Systems

Campbell Biology, 11e (Urry)
Chapter 49 Nervous Systems
49.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf is raised from a vertical
position to a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the front of the thighs) and
the muscles of the hamstring (on the back side of the thighs) are ________.
A) both excited and contracting
B) both inhibited and relaxed
C) excited and inhibited, respectively
D) inhibited and excited, respectively
2) The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the
________.
A) cartilage of the knee
B) quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs
C) hamstring muscles on the back side of the thighs
D) brain, the sensorimotor relay
3) Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function.

A) astrocytes—promote blood flow and regulate ion concentrations
B) oligodendrocytes—produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral
nervous system
C) radial glia—the source of immunoprotection against pathogens
D) Schwann cells—provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons
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4) The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact ________.

A) spinal cord
B) corpus callosum
C) cerebellum
D) medulla
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5) Axons are especially abundant in the ________.
A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord
B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord
C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord
D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord
6) Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as which of the following?
I) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain

II) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain
III) functioning to cushion the brain
IV) filling spaces between glial cells and neurons in the gray matter
A) only I and III

B) only II and IV
C) only I, II, and III
D) only II, III, and IV
7) The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are ________.
A) motor and sensory systems
B) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
C) presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes
D) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
8) Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the ________ nervous
system
A) sympathetic
B) somatic
C) central
D) parasympathetic
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9) Exercise and reactions to exciting stimuli include ________.
A) increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system
B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions
C) decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic divisions
D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system
10) Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to ________.

A) decreased heart rate
B) increased secretion by the pancreas
C) increased contractions of the stomach
D) relaxation of the airways in the lungs
11) The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated
with ________.
A) resting and digesting
B) release of epinephrine into the blood
C) increased metabolic rate
D) intensive aerobic exercise
12) In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior
ganglion to distal segments is the ________.
A) central nervous system
B) peripheral nervous system
C) autonomic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system
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13) Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state
with ________.
A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
B) decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the
parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems
D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the
parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems
14) If a doctor attempts to trigger the patellar tendon reflex and a lack of response occurs, what
are potential regions where pathology might exist?
I) the brain
II) the knee
III) the spinal cord
A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) only II and III
15) After narrowly escaping a mountain lion attack, which of the following reactions would your
nervous system initiate?
A) increased heartbeat
B) constriction of airways
C) constriction of pupils
D) decreased heartbeat
16) After eating a large meal, which branch of your nervous system is activated?
A) sensory
B) somatic (motor)
C) sympathetic
D) enteric
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17) The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have ________.
A) a complete gut
B) bilateral symmetry
C) radial symmetry
D) a closed circulatory system
18) Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is
apparent in ________.
I) mammals
II) cnidarians
III) Planaria
IV) sea stars
A) I and II
B) III and IV
C) I and III
D) II and IV
19) Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function?
A) limbic system—motor control of speech
B) medulla oblongata—emotional memory
C) cerebellum—homeostatic control
D) corpus callosum—communication between the left and right cerebral cortices
20) In humans, control of balance and coordinated movements are associated with increased
activity in the ________.
A) hypothalamus
B) cerebrum
C) cerebellum
D) spinal cord
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21) Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in
the ________.
A) pituitary gland
B) hypothalamus
C) cerebrum
D) thalamus
22) Biological rhythms in animals isolated from light and dark cues ________.
A) continue to have cycles of exactly 24 hours' duration
B) continue to have cycles of approximately 24 hours' duration; some more rapid, some slower
C) synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is imposed on them
D) cease having any rhythms
23) Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because ________.
A) they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease
breathing
B) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water
while they sleep
C) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes
above the surface of the water
D) they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake
24) Emotional responses and memories are linked in which part of the brain?
A) amygdala
B) cerebellum
C) cerebrum
D) pons
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25) Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the ________.
A) medulla oblongata
B) thalamus
C) pituitary
D) cerebellum
26) Use the figure to answer the following question.
Control of respiration and circulation are associated with the ________.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) E
Which of the following region(s) arose developmentally from the hindbrain?

A) only A
B) both A and D
C) only C
D) both C and E
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Which part of the brain, if damaged, would lead to a decrease in the release of brain derived
hormones, such as oxytocin?
A) both A and D
B) only B
C) only E
D) both B and E
If a person suffered a stroke which damaged brain region B, what might be the expected
outcome?
A) The person would suffer an inability to perform basic physiological functions, such as
breathing.
B) Higher-level integration of sensory inputs and motor outputs would be impaired.
C) The person would not be able to see.
D) Emotional response would be impaired.
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30) Movement and balance are monitored by activity in the ________.
A) cerebrum
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) medulla oblongata
31) The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the ________.
A) cerebrum
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus
32) Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the ________.
A) cerebrum
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
33) The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the ________.

A) hypothalamus
B) epithalamus
C) amygdala
D) Broca's area
34) Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the ________.
A) basal nuclei
B) cerebral cortex
C) brainstem
D) limbic system
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35) If a patient has an injury in the brainstem, which of the following would be observed?
A) auditory hallucinations
B) visual hallucinations
C) an inability to regulate body temperature
D) an inability to regulate heart function
36) The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal ________.

A) divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon
B) develops from the midbrain
C) is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates
D) gives rise to the cerebrum
37) The motor cortex is part of the ________.

A) cerebrum
B) cerebellum
C) spinal cord
38) In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted
cerebral cortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have ________.
A) a more advanced cerebellum
B) a cerebellum with several flat layers
C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei
D) microvilli to increase the brain's surface area
39) Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect ________.

A) olfaction
B) vision
C) speech
D) hearing
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40) Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary
functions?
A) frontal lobe—decision making
B) occipital lobe—control of skeletal muscles
C) temporal lobe—visual processing
D) occipital lobe—speech production
41) If you were writing an essay, the part(s) of your brain that would be actively involved in this
task is/are the ________.
A) frontal lobes
B) parietal lobe
C) Broca's area
D) occipital lobe
42) Wernicke's area ________.

A) is active when speech is heard and comprehended
B) is active during the generation of speech
C) coordinates the response to olfactory sensation
D) is found on the left side of the brain
43) When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a
frontal lobotomy, they would ________.
A) lose their sense of balance
B) lose all short-term memory
C) have greatly altered emotional responses
D) have greatly increased long-term memory
44) Patients with damage to Broca's area have difficulty ________.

A) generating speech
B) recognizing faces
C) understanding language
D) experiencing emotion
題意45) After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him, but
pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these
objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely
damaged by the stroke?
A) the left frontal lobe
B) the right frontal lobe
C) the left parietal lobe
D) the right parietal lobe
46) An injury to the temporal lobe will likely impair the function of the ________.
A) sense of hearing
B) sense of sight
C) sense of taste
D) sense of touch
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47) Short-term and long-term memory are related but have important differences. Short-term
memory ________.
A) involves temporary links formed in the cerebral cortex while long-term memory involves
permanent connections within the hippocampus
B) and long-term memory store information in the cerebellum but use different neurotransmitters
C) is essential for acquiring and retaining long-term memories
D) occurs within the hippocampus and is essential for acquiring new long-term memories within
the cerebral cortex
48) One of the fundamental processes by which memories are stored and learning takes place
________.
A) is related to changes in the degree of myelination of axons
B) results in an increase in the diameter of axons
C) results in a shift from aerobic to anaerobic respiration in neurons
D) involves changing the responsiveness of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitter
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49) The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the ________.
A) axon hillock
B) dendrite
C) synapse
D) glia
50) Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the ________.
A) brainstem
B) medulla
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus
51) Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the ________.
A) thalamus
B) cerebral cortex
C) somatosensory cortex
D) primary motor cortex
52) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by ________.

A) the dendritic membrane
B) the presynaptic membrane
C) axon hillocks
D) cell bodies
53) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by ________.

A) the postsynaptic membrane
B) the presynaptic membrane
C) axon hillocks
D) cell bodies
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54) For long-term potentiation to occur in the hippocampus, ________.
A) a presynaptic neuron must release more acetylcholine neurotransmitter into the synapse
B) NMDA receptors must be unblocked so that they can respond to glutamate
C) the postsynaptic cell responds to glutamate by opening AMPA receptors
D) the presynaptic cell must grow more axon terminals to synapse with the dendrites of the
postsynaptic cell.
55) Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving the
________.
A) degree of convolutions in the brain's surface
B) sequence of developmental specialization
C) chemicals involved in brain communications
D) nature of the blood-brain barrier
56) Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that ________.

A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations
B) schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states
C) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment
D) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines
57) One of the complications of Alzheimer's disease is an interference with learning and
memory. This disease would most likely involve ________.
A) changes in the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons
B) changes in myelination of axons
C) molecular and structural changes at synapses
D) structural changes to ion channels in axons
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58) Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. Researchers are
hopeful that these cells would alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by ________.
A) preventing temporal lobe seizures
B) repairing sites of traumatic brain injury
C) replenishing missing ion channels
D) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine
59) The brain reward system ________.

A) represents an emergent brain property that has arisen independent of natural selection
B) is a reflex of the peripheral nervous primarily under autonomic control
C) is housed in the thalamus and primarily regulates the enteric division of the autonomic
nervous system
D) utilizes the neurotransmitter dopamine and is affected by drug addiction
1) Activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

A) increases heart rate.
B) enhances digestion.
C) triggers release of epinephrine.
D) causes conversion of glycogen to glucose.
2) Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function?
A) limbic system—motor control of speech
B) medulla oblongata—homeostatic control
C) cerebellum—coordination of movement and balance
D) amygdala—emotional memory
3) Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty

A) coordinating limb movement.
B) generating speech.
C) recognizing faces.
D) understanding language.
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4) The cerebral cortex does not play a major role in
A) short-term memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) breath holding.
5) After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him but pays attention
only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty
judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke?
A) the left frontal lobe
B) the right frontal lobe
C) the right parietal lobe
D) the corpus callosum
6) Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt

A) regulation of body temperature.
B) short-term memory.
C) executive functions, such as decision making.
D) sorting of sensory information.
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Campbell Biology, 11e (Urry)

Chapter 49 Nervous Systems

49.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

3) Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function.

4) The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact ________.

6) Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as which of the following?

I) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain

A) only I and III

10) Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to ________.

26) Use the figure to answer the following question.

Control of respiration and circulation are associated with the ________.

27) Use the figure to answer the following question.

Which of the following region(s) arose developmentally from the hindbrain?

28) Use the figure to answer the following question.

29) Use the figure to answer the following question.

33) The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the ________.

36) The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal ________.

37) The motor cortex is part of the ________.

39) Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect ________.

42) Wernicke's area ________.

44) Patients with damage to Broca's area have difficulty ________.

52) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by ________.

53) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by ________.

56) Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that ________.

59) The brain reward system ________.

1) Activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

3) Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty

6) Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt

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