Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
EXAMPLE 25
Match a transmission line to a VSWR of 1.9 or better, using a single shunt stub and any other components
required, given the following normalized mismatched load measured impedance points,
SOLUTION
The VSWR circle is plotted on Figure 109 together with the measured impedance points (band “AZ”).
From the table of frequencies given in the Example 24, the band centre frequency is found to be,
Original impedance
band “AZ”
6.00 0.201λ
6.08
0.210λ
6.08
6.04 0.217λ
6.08
6.00
0.2910λ
6.08 6.04
6.00
0.061λ
0.069λ 0.080λ
Original admittance
band “AA”
The centre frequency is rotated onto the 0.6 conductance circle, in order to keep it close to the left-hand
edge of the specified VSWR circle, and away from the high values of reactance. Rotating into the high
values of reactance will lead to high inaccuracies when the band is next rotated into the specified VSWR
circle.
The amount of rotation is (0.069 + 0.210) λ = 0.279λ. The length of transmission line between the load and
the first stub is 0.279λ.
Using equation 4-34, the remaining rotated band admittance points can be calculated.
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.04 1685
.
λ f = 0.279 =
x
fx fx
The length of the first stub is determined by the susceptance required to cancel the susceptive component
of the centre frequency admittance point Y3 . That is -j3.80. The distance between the short circuit
admittance point on the Smith chart and the -j3.80 susceptance point is measured from the Smith chart as,
(0.291 - 0.25)λ = 0.041λ. Thus , the length of the short-circuit stub is 0.041λ at the centre frequency of
6.04 GHz.
The equivalent lengths of the admittances at the other frequencies are determined by equation 4-34 as,
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.04 0.24764
λ f x = 0.041 =
fx fx
The value of -j0.800 will be used in equation 4-54 to determine the value of the characteristic impedance of
the stub Zch .
Taking the 6 GHz point as the impedance point which moves, from equation 4-54, we find
Z ch πf x Z ch π6 Z ch
Z = j tan = − j 0.800 = j tan =− j 0.0208
Zo fo Zo 6.04 Zo
from which Z ch = 38.4615 .
Thus, equation 4-54 becomes, Z = 38.4615 j tan 3121 . f x . Below is a table of impedances before the
short-circuit half-wavelength stub and after it.
Figure 111 shows the resulting band after the stub is serially inserted. As expected the impedance band
becomes a line along the real axis, between 0.62 and 1.67. The band VSWR is 1.67, which lies within the
specified VSWR of 1.9. The VSWR could be more improved by rotating the original admittance band
“CA”, shown in Figure 109, until the centre frequency was closer to the unity resistance circle, that is band
“BA” is rotated further clockwise. However, the band would be crowded into the high reactance area and
small errors in this area would be magnified when the band is rotated to the real axis. The band centre of
band “CA” would be shifted closer to the centre of the chart, but the extremities of the band would not
easily be determined. In principle it is possible to match the band, in this case, to a point at the centre of
the chart.
Z c h = 3 8 .4 6 1 5
Load
Z in →
band
l2=0.041λ
The closer the original band is to the perimeter of the Smith chart, the more difficult it is to match. From
this Rule 4 can be developed, that is,
RULE 4
Matching cannot be achieved for a pure reactance or susceptance. That is a band which lies on the
perimeter of the Smith chart cannot be matched. The closer a band lies to the perimeter of the Smith chart,
the more difficult it is to find a matching solution.
6.00
Final Impedance Impedance band
band “DZ” “CZ”
6.04
6.08
D C B A
l=0.375λ from the l=xλ from the load
first stub
Load
Z in →
band
l2 l1
a)
Small VSWR
Large VSWR
boundary circle
boundary circle
Unity rotated 0.375λ
VSWR
conductance
circle
circle
VSWR
circle
Small VSWR
boundary circle
rotated 0.375λ
Large VSWR
boundary circle
Solution exists in
shaded region
b) c)
A procedure for matching to a specified VSWR using the double stub is,
6. Move the centre frequency of the rotated admittance band, determined in step 5, clockwise along
its circle of constant conductance, until it is placed into position on the unity conductance circle
and within the specified VSWR circle. The amount of susceptance between the admittance value
of the centre frequency in its band position (step 5) and the intersection with the unity conductance
circle must be cancelled by the short-circuit stub.
7. Plot the negative of the value of susceptance determined in step 6 on the perimeter of the Smith
chart. Determine the length of the first stub l1 by measuring the angle in wavelengths between the
short-circuit admittance point (the right-hand side of the chart where Y → ∞ ) and the angle at
the susceptance point. This angle is used in equation 4-34 to determine the equivalent length of the
stub at the different frequencies. For each of the different frequencies, plot the equivalent length of
the stub and determine its susceptance from the perimeter of the chart. Add each value of
susceptance found to the admittance band determined in step 5. This will produce an admittance
band at the point where the first stub is inserted. Figure 112c) shows the region between the
boundary circles where the new admittance points of the band are to lie if a solution is to be found.
8. Rotate clockwise the boundary circles back to their original positions, together with the band from
step 7, which is contained between them, again using equation 4-34 for the different values of
frequencies in the band. That is, the boundary circles have moved anticlockwise, secured the band
and returned to their original position with the band in place. The centre frequency of the band will
now lie on the unity conductance circle ready to be rotated to the centre of the chart.
9. The second stub is determined by the value of susceptance that must be added to the centre
frequency admittance of the admittance band determined in step 8 so that the band is balanced
about the real axis. Plot the negative of the value of susceptance required to bring the centre
frequency admittance up towards the centre of the chart, on the perimeter of the Smith chart.
Determine the length of the second stub l2 by measuring the angle in wavelengths between the
short-circuit admittance point (the right-hand side of the chart where Y → ∞ ) and the angle at
the perimeter susceptance point. This angle is used in equation 4-34 to determine the equivalent
length of the stub at the different frequencies. For each of the different frequencies, plot the
equivalent length of the stub and determine its susceptance from the perimeter of the chart. Add
each value of susceptance found to the admittance band determined in step 8. This will produce an
admittance band at the point where the second stub is inserted.
10. Close the “mouth” of the admittance band found in step 9 so that all band points are enclosed by
the specified VSWR circle. To do this, use a quarter-wavelength short-circuit stub and equation 4-
37.
EXAMPLE 26
Match a transmission line to a VSWR of 1.9 or better, using a double stub and any other components
required, given the following normalized mismatched load measured impedance points,
SOLUTION
The measured impedance points and admittance are plotted on Figure 113 as band “AZ” and “AA”.
PART 1
This part will determine the admittance band to the first stub, and will determine the value of the length
of the first stub.
From the table of frequencies given in the Example 24, the band centre frequency is found to be,
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.00 0.6492
λ f = 01082
. =
x
fx fx
The length of the first stub is determined by the susceptance required to cancel the susceptive
component of the centre frequency admittance point Y3 , that is -j3.90 and bring the centre frequency
admittance point to the intersection of the unity conductance circle (0.6 - j0.09). To obtain a cancelling
susceptance of (0.6 - j0.09) - (0.6 - j3.90) =+j3.81, the length of the stub is found from the distance
between the short circuit admittance point on the Smith chart (right-hand side of the chart, where
Y → ∞ ) and the j3.81 susceptance point. This is measured from the Smith chart as, (0.250 +
0.2095)λ = 0.4595λ. Thus , the length of the short-circuit stub is 0.4595λ at the centre frequency of
6.04 GHz.
THE SMITH CHART AND ITS APPLICATIONS A.A.R. TOWNSEND 172
THE SMITH CHART AND ITS APPLICATIONS MATCHING OVER A BAND
The equivalent lengths of the admittances at the other frequencies are determined by first determining
the equivalent length of the stub using equation 4-34 and then converting these into susceptances. That
is,
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.04 2.7754
λ f x = 0.4595 =
fx fx
The admittance band “CA” is the band after the short-circuit stub of length 0.4595λ has been added.
This band is next rotated towards the generator by the distance between the two stubs, that is 0.375λ.
PART 2
This part will determine the band after rotation 0.375λ along the transmission line, and the length of the
second stub to bring the centre frequency admittance point up towards the centre of the Smith chart,
permitting the band to be balanced about the real axis.
Again because of the different frequencies in the admittance band “CA”, the centre frequency is chosen
to be rotated by 0.375λ. The other admittance points rotate according to,
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.04 2..265
λ f x = 0.375 =
fx fx
Movement of band “CA” centre by 0.375λ transmission line to band “DA”, Figure 114.
Freq. Equivalent Band “CA” Rotational Band “CA” Admittance band
(GHz) admittance points wavelength amount (λ) position “DA” after rotation
of band “CA”, (λ) initial on Smith after of “CA”
Figure 114 position chart rotation Figure 114
(col. 2) (col. 3) (col. 2 + 3)
6.00 Y = 180
1. − j 0.95 0.291 0.3775 0.1685 1.10 + j1.10
6.04 Y3 = 0.60 − j 0.09 0 0.3750 0.3750 1.00 - j0.50
6.08 Forbidden
6.04 region
Rotated unity
conductance circle
6.00
Admittance band “CA” 6.00
0.2782
after stub inserted
0.2895
6.08
0.2943
Referring to Figure 114, the band “DA” is already balanced about the real axis and a second stub is not
required.
For the sake of completion of this part of the problem, we will consider what happens if the centre
frequency admittance point is brought to the centre of the chart. The length of the second stub is
determined by the susceptance required to cancel the susceptive component of the centre frequency
admittance point Y3 , that is -j0.50 and bring the centre frequency admittance point to the centre of the
Smith chart along the unity conductance circle. To obtain a cancelling susceptance of +j0.5, the length
of the stub is found from the distance between the short circuit admittance point on the Smith chart
(right-hand side of the chart, where Y → ∞ ) and the j0.50 susceptance point. This is measured from
the Smith chart as, (0.250 + 0.074)λ = 0.324λ. Thus, the length of the short-circuit stub is 0.324λ at
the centre frequency of 6.04 GHz.
The equivalent lengths of the admittances at the other frequencies are determined by first determining
the equivalent length of the stub using equation 4-34 and then converting these into susceptances. That
is,
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.04 19570
.
λ f x = 0.324 =
fx fx
0.0762 0.0740
0.0762 0.1700
Original admittance
band “AA”
6.00
6.00 6.00
Admittance band
“EA” after 2nd stub
0.019
0.2925
0.3727
0.3530
Figure 114 Example 26 Part 2 - Rotation of band through 0.3175λ and second stub
As can be seen from Figure 114, band “DA” has been raised up and rotated clockwise approximately
0.015λ. The 6.08 GHz point entering the specified VSWR circle and the 6.00 GHz admittance point
further out from the VSWR circle. The overall VSWR is worse than that where there was no second
stub.
PART 3
This part will determine the characteristic impedance of the quarter-wavelength stub to bring the
impedance band “DA” into the specified VSWR circle. The final impedance band is also calculated.
Figure 115 shows the admittance band “DA” which is the band 0.375λ down the transmission line,
towards the generator, from the insertion point of the first stub.
From Section 4.4.1.5.3, it can be seen that for an admittance band, a quarter-wavelength stub is suitable
to close the “mouth” of band “DA”.
Original admittance
band “AA”
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
Admittance band “EA”
after addition of λ/4, s/c
stub
Admittance band “DA”
after rotation of band
“CA” through 0.375λ
Figure 115 Example 26 Part 3 - Closing of band “DA” using half-wavelength stub
Therefore,
Zo π fx
Y =− j cot (4-37)
Z ch 2 fo
Using equation 4-37, with the centre frequency at 6.04 GHz, the following table is obtained. As the
6.08 GHz frequency admittance point will move the most, a susceptance point inside the specified
VSWR circle of j0.200 on the constant conductance circle of 0.7 should minimize the VSWR. From
this value and the original value, it is determined that the susceptance must move from -j0.730 to
Zo
+j0.200, or a distance of +0.930. As column 2 provides equation 4-37 without the Z ch factor,
Zo
column 3 divided by column 2, gives the value of Z ch . This value is 89.397, therefore the
Zo
characteristic impedance of the quarter-wave short transformer is to be Z ch = . Figure 115
89.397
shows the final admittance band laying on a VSWR = 1.6 circle, which is better than the specified
VSWR of 1.9.
THE SMITH CHART AND ITS APPLICATIONS A.A.R. TOWNSEND 177
THE SMITH CHART AND ITS APPLICATIONS MATCHING OVER A BAND
6.04 0 Y3 = 100
. − j 0.50 Y3 = 100
. − j 0.50 Z 3 = 0.80 + j 0.40
Zo
Z ch = l2=0.25λ l1=0.4595λ
89.397
E D C B A
l=0.375λ from l=0.375λ from l=xλ from the load
the second stub the first stub
Load
Z in →
band
l3 l2 l1
EXAMPLE 27
Given the following normalized mismatched load measured impedance points below, design a shunt
triple-stub tuner to match the band so that it lies in a VSWR circle less or equal to 1.7. Determine the
maximum value of the VSWR which results from the VSWR circle which encloses the band. The
distance between the stubs is to be 0.375λ, and the distance from the load of the first stub is to be
0.250λ.
Frequency (GHz) Normalized impedance
6.00 Z1 = 0.534 − j1414
.
6.04 Z 2 = 0.517 − j111
.
6.08 Z 3 = 0.476 − j 0.950
SOLUTION
The measured impedance points and admittance are plotted on Figure 118 as band “AZ” and “AA”.
PART 1
This part will determine the admittance band to the first stub, and will determine the value of the length
of the first stub.
From the table of frequencies given in the Example 27, the band centre frequency is found to be,
By rotating the load admittance Y2 = 0.345 + j 0.740 clockwise though a distance of 0.250λ, plot
the resulting normalized load admittance YLA = 0.517 − j111
. , on the Smith chart, at point A, as
shown in Figure 118.
1
Draw a forbidden region circle from equation 3-12, that is G > where d is the distance
sin 2πd λ
2
The movement of the outer band frequencies do not move by 0.250λ as does the 6.04 GHz band centre
frequency, but by an amount dependent on their frequency, as determined by equation 4-34.
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.04 151
.
λ f x = 0.250 =
fx fx
0.107 0.119
0.0905
Original admittance
band “AA”
6.00 6.08
Forbidden
region
Rotated forbidden G >2
region 0.375λ ccw
6.08 6.00
A
Admittance band
“BA” after rotation
0.250λ of “AA”
Figure 118 Example 27 - Part 1 - Distance from the load of first stub and first stub length
Movement of band “AA” by 0.25λ line between load and first short-circuit stub to
band “BA”, Figure 118.
Freq. Admittance points of Line length Original Final Admittance band
(GHz) band “AA”, (λ) position position “BA” after rotation
Figure 118 (calculated) (λ) on Smith (λ) on Figure 118
chart Smith chart
6.00 Y = 0.234 + j 0.619
1
0.2517 0.0905 0.3422 Y = 0.53 − j140
1 .
The admittances of band “BA”, shown on Figure 118, are determined by drawing a circle through each
of the admittance points of band “AA” so that each individual circle intersects its final distance position
line extended from the centre of the Smith chart to its wavelength position on the edge of the chart. In
order to prevent cluttering. these circles are not shown on Figure 118.
In order to rotate anti-clockwise the band “BA” completely out of the rotated forbidden region, a
negative susceptance must be added. The value of this susceptance is found from the amount of anti-
clockwise rotation of the 6.08 GHz admittance point required to place it outside of the rotated forbidden
region. This value is the difference between the final 6.08 GHz admittance point, Y3 CA = 0.49 − j150 . ,
in band “CA”, and its value in band “BA” Y3 = 0.49 − j 0.98 . That is, -j0.52. This value determines the
length of the first short circuit stub, which is from the Smith chart 0.174λ.
The equivalent lengths of the admittances at the other frequencies are determined by equation 4-34 as,
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.08 105792
.
λ f x = 0174
. =
fx fx
PART 2
This part will determine the band “DA” after the band “CA” has traversed 0.375λ along the
transmission line. It will also determine the length of the second stub.
The rotation of band “CA” clockwise through 0.375λ to band “DA” is shown on Figure 119. Again
each of the admittance points of band “CA” will rotate by different amounts according to
0.203
6.08
Forbidden
region
G >2
Ccw rotated 0.375λ 6.08
unity conductance Admittance band
circle “EA” after second 0.265
6.00 stub rotates “DA”
0.323
0.3325
0.375λ 0.338
0.347
Figure 119 Example 27 - Part 2 - Distance from first stub and second stub length
equation 4-34 . Choosing the 6.08 GHz frequency admittance as the admittance point which rotates by
0.375λ, as it is the critical admittance point, gives the following table for determining the band “DA”.
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.08 2.28
λ f x = 0.375 =
fx fx
Movement of band “CA” by 0.375λ transmission line to band “DA”, Figure 119.
Freq. Equivalent Admittance Calculated Final Admittance band
(GHz) admittance points points of distance (λ) wavelength “DA”
at band “CA”, band “CA” to add to points (λ) Figure 119
Figure 119 wavelength column 3
(λ) (actual)
6.00 Y = 0.53 − j190
. 0.323 0.38 0.203 Y = 110
. + j 2.70
1 1
6.04 Y2 = 0.517 − j1621
. 0.3325 0.3775 0.210 Y2 = 172
. + j 2.92
The problem now becomes that of a double stub. We want the centre frequency admittance point to
rotate anticlockwise along its 1.72 conductance circle until it intersects the anticlockwise rotated unity
conductance circle. From Figure 119, this can be seen to be at the admittance 1.72 - j0.33. The length
of the second stub is to be the difference in the final admittance and the centre frequency admittance in
the band “DA”, that is the difference between Y2 = 172. − j 0.33 and Y2 = 172 . + j 2.92 , which is -
j3.25, which from the Smith chart gives a stub length of 0.048λ.
The equivalent lengths of the admittances at the other frequencies are determined by equation 4-34 as,
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.04 0.28992
λ f x = 0.048 =
fx fx
Movement of band “DA” by second short-circuit stub to band “EA”, Figure 119.
Freq. Equivalent Susceptance Susceptanc Equivalent Admittance band
(GHz) admittance points wavelength e susceptance “EA” after
at band “DA”, (λ) (actual) wavelength susceptance added
Figure 118 (λ) on Figure 119
Smith chart
6.00 Y = 110
. + j 2.70 0.0483 0.2983 -j3.20 Y = 110
. − j 0.5
1 1
6.04 Y2 = 172
. + j 2.92 0.0480 0.2980 -j3.25 Y2 = 172
. − j 0.33
6.08 Y3 = 2.00 − j 3.00 0.0477 0.2977 -j3.30 Y3 = 2.00 − j 0.30
PART 3
This part will determine the band “FA” after the band “EA” has traversed 0.375λ along the
transmission line. It will also determine the length of the third stub.
The rotation of band “EA” clockwise through 0.375λ to band “FA” is shown on Figure 120. Again
each of the admittance points of band “EA” will rotate by different amounts according to equation
4-34 . Choosing the centre frequency admittance as the admittance point which rotates by 0.375λ, as it
is to lie on the unity conductance circle, gives the following table for determining the band “DA”.
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.04 2.265
λ f x = 0.375 =
fx fx
Movement of band “EA” by 0.375λ transmission line to band “FA”, Figure 120.
Freq. Equivalent Admittance Calculated Final Admittance band
(GHz) admittance points points of distance (λ) wavelength “FA”
at band “EA”, band “EA” to add to points (λ) Figure 120
Figure 120 wavelength column 3
(λ) (actual)
6.00 Y = 110
. − j 0.5 0.347 0.3775 0.2245 Y = 0.86 + j 0.68
1 1
6.04 Y2 = 172
. − j 0.33 0.273 0.3750 0.1480 Y2 = 100
. + j 0.60
6.08 Y3 = 2.00 − j 0.30 0.265 0.3725 0.1375 Y3 = 160
. + j 0.25
0.1480
0.1375
Admittance band
6.00 “FA” after 0.375λ
VSWR circle = 1.6 rotation of “DA” 0.2245
Admittance band 6.00
“GA” after third 6.08
stub rotates band
“FA” ccw 6.08
6.08
0.265
6.00 Admittance band
“EA” after second
stub rotates “DA”
0.273
0.347
Figure 120 Example 27 - Part 3 - Distance from second stub and third stub length
Finally, to determine the length of the third stub, the 6.08GHz frequency admittance point of band “FA”
is rotated along the unity conductance circle until it is just below the real axis, so that the band is
balanced about the real axis. That is, a short-circuit stub of susceptance value -j0.3 is required at a
frequency of 6.08 GHz. From the Smith chart for a susceptance of -j0.3, a short-circuit stub of length
0.204λ is required.
The equivalent lengths of the admittances at the other frequencies are determined by equation 4-34 as,
fo
λ fx = λ o (4-34)
fx
6.08 124032
.
λ f x = 0.204 =
fx fx
Movement of band “FA” by third short-circuit stub to band “GA”, Figure 120.
Freq. Equivalent Susceptance Susceptanc Equivalent Admittance band
(GHz) admittance points wavelength e susceptance “GA” after
at band “FA”, (λ) (actual) wavelength susceptance added
Figure 120 (λ) on Figure 120
Smith chart
6.00 Y = 0.86 + j 0.68 0.2067 0.4567 -j0.28 Y = 0.86 + j 0.40
1 1
6.04 Y2 = 100
. + j 0.60 0.2054 0.4554 -j0.29 Y2 = 100
. + j 0.31
6.08 Y3 = 160
. + j 0.25 0.2040 0.4540 -j0.30 Y3 = 160
. − j 0.05