Cold room calculations

Product Storage Requirements PaSe 1

Refrigeration Load Calculations 1
Wall Heal Gain 2
Air Change Load 2
Product Load 2
Product Temperature Reduction 2
Product F reex l ng .2
Product Respiration 3
Heat Equivalent of Occupaw 3
Lighting Load 3
Mlscelhneous Loads 3
Cooler Fan Load 3
Example 4
Product Storage Data 5
K Values for Common Insulation Materials 7
Average Number of Air C h a m per 24 hours
for Storags Rooms due to Omr O w i n g and infiltration 8
Heat Removed in Cooling lo Air Storage Conditims a 8
Heat Equivalent of Occupancy 8
Heat Equivalmt of Electric Motors . 8
Allowance for Solar Radiation 9
Physieal Promties of Materials 9
Equipment seiection
Rapid Selection Tables
P i a n g
Relrigerant Piping Sektion Oata
Corrmtion Factw Tables
Equivalent Straight Pipe Lengths in Mtres
fw Refrigerant Line Valves and Fittings
Suction Line Sizes R I2
Suction Line Sizes R22
Suction Line Sizes R502
Suction Line Sizes R7 17 (NH31
~ 12, R22, R502, R717 {NH31
Liquid Line S i z R
Delivery Line Sizes R12, R22. R W , R717 INH3)
Minimum Capacities to Carry Oil Up Piping
Weight of Refrigerant Pipelines
Liquid Line Subcwling

Pipe layout
Refrigerant Pipework byout
Expndon Valve PMat and External Equaliw location
Dellwry Lines
Condenser to Receiver Pipitq
Liquid Line Piping
-
Suction tine Liquid Line Heat lntereharrgerr
Temperature Conversion
Conl~rsionFactors

Whilst every care has been taken in cmpil ing this manual.
the company cannot be reg#onsiblefor its interpretation -

Acknowledgmmts to ASHRAE Guide

 PRODUCTSTORAGE REQUIREMENT
..', -Table 1 shows recommended storage cxlmditions for a wide variety of products. Most fresh fruit and
"
vegetables are best stored just above their freezing point. Some varieties of fruit and vegetables howaver are
susceptible to cold and freezing injury. Commodities which are highly susceptible to injury are denoted*'A'
in the Table, whilst those commodities which are moderately susceptible are denoted '0'.
General!y, fruit and vegetables are best stored at 8595% relative hurnidity; but there are exceptions, such
as onions, garlic and winter squash where lower humidities are required. Unwrapped fresh and froze0 m a t
should be stord at high humidity to avoid excessive weight loss during starage.
frozen produce temperatures are generally shown as -18'C in the Table, hmwer,it can be reckoned that
food would deteriorate two t~ threa times as slowly at -28" C and two to three times as quickly a t 4C.
Most meat and meat products are excellent for freezing, and it is difficuIt to detect any difference between
fresh and frozen meat after freezing, provided care has been taken over freezing and thawing. Meat should
be frozen as smn as possible after slaughtering and conditioning to rninimise rancidity. This particular1y
applies to pork and bacon.
Most vegetables which are subsequently cooked, freeze well. They should however be correctly blanched
prior to freezing to prevmt enzymatic action which would othwwise cause undesirable chemiml changes in
the frozen vegetable. Vegetables which are eaten raw are not generally satisfactory for frsezing.
Many fruits are satisfactory for freezing but a suitable variety must be chosen in each case.
'e r e detailed information regarding the dorage of fruit and vegetables can be obtained through the
'stry of Agriculture Devetopment and Advisory Services, Information about mat storage can
mined from the Meat Research Institute.

TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE DEG. F.

A G u m to Room Rakilva
H u d i t k tw V u b w YmmpzIwa
Olffrmc+land E w ~ t h
Tmpm~ra ( B a d w taled Morm
with rtady 0m4thp mnditknr)
In pracriw it b sntremsly difficult to
pd413, mimain or mearue t b
relative humidity wilHn s c ~ L dstore.
Many wrying fecto~lsuch as
opanlngs, cornpasor running tlm,
mrdmnring p . ~~ p,l r a t i q
tonppra~uredifferma, at&, dimlly
dfwt ~ h relativa
s humidity.

I
5 f $ A
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
DEG.C
' PER CENT RELATIVE
HUMIDITY AT STEADY
STATE CONDITIONS

&

REFR IGERATlOPl LOAD CALCULATIONS

- The following loads must be ca lculsted when aserring cooling rquiremenU for refrigerated cold room:-
1) Wall, floor and ceiling heat gain due to conduction of haat through cold room walls.
2) Air change load due to ingress of freshair through infiltration and door opening.
31 Product load required to cool incoming product down to storage room tempratwe, plus where applicable
the load to freeze the product or to cater for the heat of respiration.
4) H a t equivalent of occupancy of cold room operatives.
- 51 Lighting load,
6) Any other miscellaneous loads imposed by other appliances operating in the cold room,
7 ) Cooler fan load.
 * $i
I -
All the following loads must be assessed and added together after which suitably sized equipment can be q :
dected. I t is normal practice to select equipment so that it has enough capacity to cope with the daily r I

load without runhing continuousl~.This leaves time for def rating. I n the case of high temperature rooms 4
1
\
using natural, ar off cycle, defrosting, a 16 hour running time is aimed at. 0.
With forced defrost systems, an 18 hour running time is satisfactory.
.I
1 1. WALL HEAT GAIN
WallHeatGain = KxAxTD

II =

=
C&fficientofthermalconductivityforaspecificthick&afwatlw/m1

Total ex temal surface area ma

"C
(see Table 2).

= Temperature difference across wall 'C

NOTE: For cold rooms having sunlit walls the TD needs to be increased in accordance with table 7.
This allows for eflmn of solar radiation.

2. AIR CHANGE LOAD

Air
- Room
Volume (m3) ' Heat Removed per
Cubic Metreof Air
.
(Table 4)
X
Number of Air
- ChangesperDay(Table3)
Load (W)
86.400 ----
The average number of air changes per day for various w l u m of~ cold room is shown in Table 3. '
The figure of 86,400is the number of seconds in a day. This is introduced to convert from jou lss pw day to
watts.

I
The amount of heat to bq rernpvd'in cop ling
* I
a cubic'metre of air from ambient duwn to the room
.

condition is shown in Table 4.

L

3. PRODUCT LOAD
Product load can be divided into four types
Product temperaturq reduction above freexing
Product freezing
Product temperature reduction below freezing
Product respiration bad

Weight of Product
/

Product Temperature Product Specific

load (W)
= LoBdedpeiDayIkg) Reduction ("C) " Heat ( kJ/kg O C ) (Table 11
. 4
-* 86,400

1 ' 3.2 PRODUCT FREEZING

Weight of Product Latent Heat of

Product
= Loaded ~r Day (kg) Freezing (kJ/kgJ f able 1)
Load IW)
I
86,400

MOTE: It may be specified that the product is to be frozen over a period of less then a day, in which mse
the load will need to be increased accordingly.
The heat load of any product packing material must be included, also any handling equipment such as
trolleys.
 - --
.
C . r

pt ;,&<
a& 65- *
; *
- ,! 7
. .
-
bL4. :'

. a

L. ,3.3 PRODUCT RESPIRATION

' Fresh fruits and vegetables in storage ace alive, consequently their heat of respiration must be included in
5 load calculations.
0.

Product Total Weight of Heat of

= Product in Room (kg) Respiration (kJ/kp)(Table 1)
Load (W)
86,400
* 5.

Table 1 shows specific heat, latent heat and heat of respiration for a wide variety of produce.

4, HEAT EQUIVALENT OF OCCUPANCY

Z
Operatives working in cold rooms will produce a heat load. shown in Table 5 at different cold store
temperatures. The number of operatives working in the room, and hours per day that they are actually
in the room differs with each application and has to be estimated on a common sense basis.

Number of Number of Hours Heat Equivalent

of Occupancy per Occupant (W) (Table 6)
24

5. LIGHTf NG LOAD
Lighting levels vary in different stores, but when information is not available it is reasonable to assume an
intensity of 10 watts per square metre of floor area. Lights would normally be operated by a door switch
so the number of hours per day during which lights are on can t x taken to be the same as the occupancy.

Lighting Hours of
Lighting er X
Power (W 1 Operation
Load IW)

6. MISCELLANEOUS LQADS
When the equipment load is intermittent calculate as follows

- +
4-

,siiscellaneous
=
Equiphent
Output {W1 X '
Hours o f
Oper&ion
Loads (W)

,
If this load,is high in relation to the others it is advisable to consider it as continuous in which case
MISCELLANEOUS LOAD = Equipment Watts

" 7. COOLER FAN LOAD

this bad is continuous and Motor Heat shown in the relevant catalogue must be included.

Running -
- Total Load x 24
Time ihra)
System Capacity

THE SUMMATION OF ALL LOADS GIVES THE TOTAL LOAD; IT CAN BE COMPARED
WITH THE SELECTED SYSTEM CAPACITY TO GIVE DAILY RUNNING TIME.
-
 EXAMPLE
REFRIGERATION LOAD CALC.VLAJ)ON. , . , - - . .. + . .
Appliesliwr MiwU u s g e t a h stor- n Mc,
Prducl ~ t ~ i at g 100 kglday
Outside Ambieht
Rmm Tmmqmmtwr
Room Dimnsiom
lntml bngth 226m Wdth 2.Sm Hdaht 2,2m
Ertrrnd Lngvh 2.4m Width Z.&n H&g?tt2.3m
Rwm Volum 2.25 n 2.66 r 2.2m I f3.tma
* L r k e Arm 4
Outri& w8II8 +
(2.4 2.0) x 2 u 2.36 24.44nr'
floor and Culling 2.4 n 2 6 x 2 13.44m1
Totrl h e r = 37.88d
lnulrtion 80mm Foaned h l y u r l t h a n
IC Value 0.24 w/mZ ' C

$. Alr C m Lord
I - Rrrom Volurm 13.lm3
Wumber of Ch
m w of Air D.y 28.4 .
h a t R m i m d p l r Cubic Mmof Air 70.6 kJ
Lard 1X 1 x 70,W x 28.4
.+. 80,400

3.3 H c t d R r p k r t b n b d
Weipht d all Prduct Storad
lieat of Respiration
w

4. HrlEqulvlknt oirOc#i#n~y
Mat Equhlait par hrrm
Nu& of Persons
)lour of Oeeulmc~
Lond

6. W U ~ S
Liphuno-
Horn d illumination
w

16 hr running

PA ELIMINARY SELECTION TO MATCH A DUTY OF l a 7 IS KBH48 UNIT

P

. 7. Fmlnputhwr (KBH491 180W -

j k l a m plr Day Owration 16

6- L w 1BO r 24

16
Totet Lord = I67B.7W
.

F IMAL SELECTION TO MATCH THE DUTY OF 1679.7W is KIH65, TD 4B0c

,-

- .-
 PRODUCT STORAGE DATA
.
-

.
c. *.
' ,-
PRODUCT ST OR^^ nELaTIvt UPROXIMATL HKHCS~ WCCIFIC WECIFIC L&ltr~ HIAT OT I&K~
yv. HULHDIW ITORA~C r R E E Z ~ W G24-1 * g ~ HEAT
t MLW HRAT ~UI~ATIW
C % LlCC PqIMT f AEtZlWO lllLtZlUO
C Wg'C klMwC URI u m
C' MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS
- , Bacun-Fresh
Frozen
1.1 -4.4
-18
85
90-95
2-6 weeks
4-6 months
-2 1.83 1.1 60

Beef -
Fresh 0-1.1. 88-92 . 1-6 w-mks -2 3.2 1.67 231 ,
Frozen -18 90-95 9-t2months
Ham -
Fresh 0 11 85-90 7-12 days -2 2.53 1.46 167
Frozen -18 90-95 6-8 months
Lamb - Fresh
Frozen
1
-18
1 85-90
90-95
5-12dayr
8-10 months
-2 3.0 1,86 216

Lard 7 24-95. 4 - 8 months 2.09 1.42 210

-18 90-95 12-14 months
Liven - Froxan -18 90-95 3-4 months -2
Pork - Fresh 0 - 1 85-80 3-7 days
4-6 months
2.13 1.3 . 128
Frozen -18 90-95
, Poultry- Fmsh 0 85-80 1 week -2.7 33 1.76 246
\. Frozen -18 90-96 8-1 2 months
Rabbit- Fresh 01.1 90-96 1-5dap 3.1 1.67 228
Frozen -18 90-95 0-6 m a n t h
Samager-Frsh 0-1.t 85-90 3-12 days -2 3.72 234 216
Frozen -18 90-95 2-6 months
Veal - Fresh 0-1.1 90-96 5-10days -2 3.08 1.67 223
From -18 90-95 8-10rnonrhs

.. .
I PRODUCT
LWt
R-ARKI

I I C I I I I I 1
FRUIT 4

Apples -1.1-3,3 90 1-45 months -1.5 3.64 1.88 281 1.92 B- same A
Apricots -0.6-0 . 90 1-2 weeks -1.05 3.63 1.92 284
Avocados 72-13 , 85-90 2-4 weeks -0.3 3.01 1.67 219 25.6 A
Bananas
Bladtberries
t3.3-15
-0.6-0
'
90
95
5-lodays
3 days
-0.8
-0.8
3.35
3.68
1.76
1.92
251
284
A'

Cherries -0.6-0 90-95 2-3 weeks -1.8 3.64 1.88 280 1.8
Coconuts 7 80-85 I-2mmths -0.8 2.43 1.42 156
Crankrrier 2.2-4.4 90-95 2-4 mmths -0.8 3.77 1.93 288 1.1 B
Currants -0.6-0 9&95 10-14days -1.0 3.68 1.88 280
Deter Dried -18orO Below75 6-12months -16.7 1.51. 1.08 67
Figs Dried 0-4.4 50-60 9-12 months 1.63 1 . 80
Goosbrries -0.6-0 90-95 2-4 weeks -1.1 3.77 1,93 293
Grapefrult 10-16 85-90 4-6 weeks -1.1 3.81 1,93 293 3.6 B
Gram -1-0 85-90 1-6monthr -2.2 3.60 1.84 270 0.4 B
Lemons 14.4-15.686-88 1-6monchs .-1.4 3.81 1.93 296 4.24 A
Oranges 0-9 85-90 3-12 -0.8 3.77 1.92 288 1.68 3
Peaches , -0.6-0 90 2-4 wwks -0.94 3.77 1.92 288 1.34 8 '
Pears -1.75 O,B 90-95 2-7 weeks -1.5 3.60 1.88 274 0.93 3
Pineapplm
Mature Green 10- 13 06-90 3-4 waeks -1.0 3.68 1.88 283
Ripe 7.2 85-90 2-4 weeks -1.1 3.68 1.88 283
Plum -0.&0 00-95 2-4 weeks -0.83 3.63 1.88 274 0.64 B n

Pamegranates 0 90 2-4 weeks -3.0

Raspberries -0.&O 811-95 2-3 days -0.6 3.56 1.86 284 5.47
Strawberries -0.6-0 90-95 5-7 days -0.8 3.85 1.76 300 3.78
Tmgeriner 0-3.3 96-90 2-4wwkr -1.05 3.77 1.03 290

FISH
Fish-Fresh 0.6-2.0 90-95 5-115 days
Fish-Smoked 4.4-10 WM) 6-8 months
Fish-Brine salted 4.4-1 0 90-95 t k 1 2 months
Fish- Mild c u r d -2.2-1.7 75-90 4-8 months
Fish-Frozen -18 90-95 6-1 2 months
Shell Fish-Fresh . I -1.1-0.6 85-95 3-7 days
Shell Fish-Frozen -18 to-29 90-95 3-8 manths

i Bumr 04.4 80-85 2 months

I Butter-Frozen -18 70-85 8- 12 months
Cheese -1.f-1.7 66-70
Cream -18 - 2-3 months
Lw Cream -18 - 1-2 months
Milk-F luid -.
Pasteurized 0.6 - 7 days
Conden& 4.4 - several months
Evaporated Rmmtemp 1 year
Mil k-Dried
Whole Milk 7-1 3 low few months
Non fat 7-13 low several month
Eggs-shell -1 -7-0 86-90 5-6 manth
Eggs-whole liq. 0 - 1 year

YISCE LLANEOUS
Bmr-UK 12.2 ' 3-6 weeks
Bred -18 4-6 rnmh
Honey Below 10 1 year
HOPS -1.6-0 several months
log -4 -
Mushroom
Spawn-Manure 1.t 8 months
Grain 0-4.4 2 weeks
Nwrery stock 0-2 3-6 months
Salad d l 2 t year
Margarine 2 1 year
 TABLE 2
K VALUES FOR COMMON INSU LATION MATERIALS W/deg C

MATERIAL DENSITY -
INSULATION THICKNESS mm
kg/m3 20 40 MI 80. (&I20 140 160 180 200
Cork - baked slab 112
144
1.8
2.7
0.925 0.62
1.05 0.70
0.46
0.52
0.37 0.31
0.42 0.35
0.26
0.m
0.23
0.26
0.2
0.23
0.18
0.21
-
Cork baked slab wet 192 2.45 1.22 0.82 0.61 0.49 0.41 0.35 0.31 0.27 0,24
-
Cork raw granulated 80-1 12 2.45 1.22 0.82 0.61 0.49 0.41 0.35 0.31 0,27 0.24
Cork - baked granulated 80-96 1.95 0-97, 0.65 0.49 0.39 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.22 0.19
Glass wool- white 80 1 0.82 0.55 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16
-
Glass wool bitumen bonded 48-80 1.65 0.82 0.55 0.41 0.33 -0.27 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16
Kapox 16 1 0.80 0.53 0.40 0.32 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16
Polystyrene 24 1.65 0.82 0.55 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16
32 1.50. 0.75 -0.50 0.37 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.17,.0.15
64 1-65 0.82 0.53 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16
88 1.75 0.87 0.58 0.44 0.35 0 025 0.22 0.19 0.17
'- Polyurethane - Foamed ,
@ 0.95 0.47 0.32 P.24. 6.7$ 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.10
Polyurethane - cellullar 48 1.90 0.95 0.63 0.47 0.38 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19
Slag wool felted 136 1 0.84 0.56 0.42 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.17
Stag wool loose 176 1.82 0.91 0.61 0.45 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.18
Walt: board insulating 320 2.9 1.45 097 0.72 0.58 0.48 0.41 0.36 0.32 0.29
Wood wool slabs 480 4.7 2.35 1.56 1.17 0.94 0.78 0.67 0.57 0.52 0.47
TABLE 3
AVERAGE NUMBER O f AIR CHANGES PER 24 HOURS FOR STORAGE ROOMS DUE TO W O A OPENING AND
1NFlLTRATlON

ROW AIRCHANGE ROW ,AIRCHANGE ROW AIRCHANGE . ROW AIRC~~ANGES

VOLUME PER 24 HRS VOLUME PER 24 HRS VOLUME PER 24 HRS VOLUME PER 24 HRS
ABOVE OOC

2.6 70 20 22 100 9 6W 3.2

3.0
4.0
5.0
. 63
53
47
30
40
25 19.5
17.5
15.0
15Q
200
250
7
'6
5.3
800
tOOO
1500
28
2.4
I35
7.5 38 50 13.0 300 4.0 20QO 1 -66
10.0 32 80 12.0 4w 4.1 2500 1.45
1SD 26 . 80 10.9 500' 3.6 3000 1.3

N.B. for heavy usage multiply the above values by 2

For long storage multiply the atiovo values by 0.6

TABLE 4
. .
HEAT REMOVED IN COOL~NGAIR to STORAGE R- cmmnms
Wlo joule per eubi m a r l ( k ~ l r n ' ]
WT$tE AIR CONDITION
tnse an. m% ae. B% me.
70%flH 80WH W W H 6 0 M H W H BoKRH
- - 2-77 7.0 18.a 23.3
la5 13.8 la6 B.O 30.87 37.5
228 26.2 333 43.7 50.5
349 37.8 4R8 46.4 W9 62.8
44.6 482 51.2 %8 68.4 73.6
56.8 5a4 61.4 &I 77.0 84.2
64.5 68.2 71.3 76.1 07.2 94.6
734 77.1 80.4 853 M.6 104x3
629 808 80.1 1 107.0 1140
92.6 96.5 99.8 lax) 117.0 125.0
1020 10&0 IlOa Il5.0 127.0 I S 0
113.0 Ill0 121.0 126.0 138.0 147.0

TABLE 5 .
HEAT EQUIVALENT OF OCCUPANCY
AOOPA HEAT EQUlVALENT
TEMPERATURE *C PER PERSON TABLE 6
10"c 210 W HEAT EQUIVALENT OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
5°C 240 W
O*C 270 W W A O FAeTOR MOfOR LOSS FACTOR
PERUNlTWAn PERUNlTWAn
-5'c 3 w W MOTOR AATING IN REF. SPACE OUTSIDE REF. SPACE
- 1oOc - mw 5 0 W - 375W 1.67 1
-15'~ .
-20°c
36OW
390 W -
375W 2.2 kW 1.45 1
2.2 kW- 1 5 k W 1.16 1
-25'~ 420 W
. - TABLE 7
+ ALLOWANCE FOR SOLAR RADlATlON "C
T o be added to T.D. in wall heat gain calculation to compensate for run effect. Not to be used forsair
conditioning design.

TYPE OF SURFACE East Wall South Wall West Wall Flat R w

Dark coloured surfaces such as slate roofing, tar 4,4 2.8 " 4.4 11
rwfing, black paints. .
Medium coloured surfaces, such as unpainted wood, 3.3 3.3 8.3
brick, red tile, dark cement, red, grey or green
paint.

Light coloured surfaces such as white stone, cobured 2.2 1-0 2.2 5
cement, white paint.

TABLE 8
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Specific
PRODUCTS Density Hsat
kdm'
1
kJ/kg mlC
Aluminium
Bakelite laminated '

0 rass
Brickwrk r ,,
Concrete
Copper
Cork -Baked slab

J 011s - crown
Flint
Pyrex

Iron - Grey Cast

Wrought
Lead 11328 0.12
Nickel 8880 0.42
paw 928 1.34
Polythene 958 2.3
Polystyrene 1048 t .26
Rubber I504 2.00
Steel 7808 0.50
fin 7328 0.2 1

Wood - Fir 400 2.72

Oak 752 2.39
Pine 544 2.80

Zinc 7088 0.38

TABLE 9
RAPID SELECTION TABLES
+Z'C COLD ROOM
wmaE ROOM INSIDE ROOM n o w TOTAL COOLER
DtMENSIONS DIMENSIONS VOLUME LOAD SELECTION
mLxWxH ~ L x W X H m3 W
1.2xl.Bx2.15 1,05x1,46x2.0 3.0 700 SU21 SELECTION DATA
1.2xZOx2.15 1 . 0 5 ~ 1 . 8 6 ~ 2 . 0 29 770 SU28 AMBl ENT 3 0 ' ~60% RH
f . 6 x t,8 n2.15 1.45,~1 . 4 5 ~ 2 0 4.2 800 SU28
INSULATION FOAMED POLYURETHAK
1.6~ 20a2.15 1,45x 1BSx2.0 5.4 915 SU28 THICKNESS 75 mrn
1.8~2,4~2,161.45~2.26~2.0 8 6 loOO SU35 PRODUCT LOAD 16 kg PER CUBIC
2 . 0 ~ 2 . 0 ~ 2 ~ 3 15. 8 6 ~ 1 . 8 5 ~ 2 . 2 7,6 1100 SU35
METRE PER DAY COOLEL
2.0 M 2.4 x 2.35 1 . 8 5 ~2.25 x 2.2 9.2 1140 sU36 THROUGH 6-c
2.4x2.4x2.35 2 . 2 5 ~ 2 , 2 6 % 2 , 2 11.1 1230 SV35 PROOUCTSPECIFICHEAT 38kJ/kgdegC
2.4 x 2.0 x 2.35 226x 2.65 x 2.2 13.1 1420 K6H46 LIGHTINGLOAO t0Wlrn2 FLOOR AREA
2.4 n 3.2 x 2.55 2.25 x 3.05 x 2.4 16.5 1620 K6H45 RUNNING TIME 76 HOURS
*
2.8 3.2x 2.55 265 x 3,05 x 2 4 19.4 .t 720 K6H45
2.8 x BB x 2.68 2.65 x 3.46 x 2.4 22.0 1840 K6H45
3.2 x 4.0 x 2*65 305 x 335 x 2.4 28.2 2100 K6H65
3.2 ~t4.4 x 2.95 3.05 x 4.26 x 2.8 76.3 2360 KIHGS
3 . 2 ~ 6 . 2 ~ 2 . 8 5 3 . 0 6 x S . d 5 ~ 2 . 8 43.1 2910 KBHHb
3.8 x 5.6 x 2.95 3.45 x 5.45 x 2.8 52.6 3210 KW8b
3.6x7.2x2.95 3 . 4 5 ~ 7 . 0 5 ~ 2 . 8 BB.1 3670 K6H86

SELECTION DATA
AMBIENT 30°c W R H
INSULATION FOAM= POLYURETHANl
THICKNESS 76 mm
PRODUCT LOAD 16 kg PER CUBIC
METRE PER DAY COOLEE
THROUGH BOC a .
PRODUCT SPEC1 FIC HEAT t.8 kJlkg dsg C
LIGHTlMG LOAD 1 0 ~ l r nFLOOR
~ AREA
DEFROSTHEAT RECKQNEDASW
OF HEATER LOAD FOR
2 HOURS PER DAY
RUNNING TIME 18 HOURS

SELECT16N DATA
AMBIENT 300~60% RH
INSULATION FOAMED FOLYURETHAN:
TH tCKNESS 100 rnm
PRODUCT LOAD 16 kg PEH CUBIC
METRE PER DAY COOLEL
THROUGH ~ O C
PRODUCTSPECFFtC HEAT 0. t 8 kJlkg d q C
LIGHTINO LOAD 1OW/mq FLOOR AREA
DEFROST HEAT RECKONED AS SO?6
OF HEATER LOAD FOR
2 HOURSPER DAY
RUNNING TIME 18 HOURS
'
 REFRIGERANT PIPING SELECTION DATA
-The tables of refrigerant piping selections are based on the following conditions:-
Liquid temperature entering evaporator 38"C
Condensing temperature 40"C
'
Suction temperature for liquid line and delivery lineselection
'

tables -15°C

The selection should give the following maximum refrigerant equivalent temperature drops in the lines.
Suction and delivery l i n g
la) R12, R22, R602
(bl R717 1NH3).
Llquid lines R 12, R22, R502, R717(NH3)
The columns headed C/R an the liquid line charts are reoomnaencled sizes for condenser to receiver
connections. They will give a maximum refrigrant velocity of 0,s mis. On at1 the tables the figure shown
in the WATTS column represent the eveporator duty at the specified conditions. For any other
conditions, the system evaporator duty must%bemultiplied by the relevant correction factor M o r e using
the table.

GORRECTION FACTOR TABLES

1. TABLE 10 Suction tine Sizes LIQUID TEMPERATURE
TO EVAPORATOR 'C
XI 30 40 50 60
CORRECTION R12, R22, R502 0.83 0.92 1.O2 1 .I 3 126
i FACTOR R717{NH3) 0,92 0,97 1 -02 1.06 1-09

TABLE 1 1 Delivery Line Sizes

(2) R12, R22, R502 ( b ) Ammonia R717(NH3)

LIQUID TEMPERATURE 'C

20 30 4Q 50
5 1.35 I,l2 0.92 0.78
0

2 -5 1.42 1.10 0.96 .O.&l

1
1.48 1.23 1.00 0.82
c 2 -15
<z c -25
-35
1.54
1.58
1.27
1.30
1.03
1.06
0.84
0.86

3. TABLE 1 2 Liquid Line Sizes

(a) R12, R22, A502 (b) Ammonia R717( NH3)

LIQUl D TEMPERATURE 'C LIQUID TEMPERATURE "C

20 30 40 50 80 20 30 40 50
v 5 0.77 0.84 0.93 1.05 1.18 0 5 0.87 0.89 0.98 1.05
O2
9
-5 0.79 0.87 0.98 1.10 1.24 i 1
-5 0.88 0.94 1.00 1.07
Z -5 0.82 0.91 1.03 1.16 1.31 5 0.89 0.95 1.00 1.08
.-E g
5k -25 0.86 0.95 1.07 1.21 1.36
1g -5 9 0
0.91
0.96
0.97
1.02
1.03
1.10
1.11
m k -35 0.91 0.99 1.15 1.28 1.45 mj- -35
 P M R- . W R B ~ P S S B 8 8 8 8 8 -8 8 mm mm w -1,
7 F

% 8 9 R R R m o $ 8 8 Z 8 % 8 8 - 8 8 R R
LO 0
- + 7 r

7 8 E R i f 1 3 f i % % S 8 S 8a-. ma ma m
8 8 8 8 g P *L 7 F

8 S Z a % R R % $ $ 8 8 8 % % % % 8 8 8 F --
Z 5 E Z Z l 8 R % 8 % 3 S 8 8 8 % % 8 8 8 7 7

--
7

8 S F l a R R R # 8 8 8 3 8 % % 8 g 8 8 N
-
7

$ 5 f l a f l 8 % 8 $ $ 3 8 8 % % % . 8 8 8 8 y 7

m
N
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R E E E a 3 R % m m o S 8 8 E % % 8 8 8
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m r n o
7

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R 'a In cn
p p m ~ c c

g 8 -" % 2 8 a ; 1 8 + # S $ % B S 3 8 8 8 8 -, 8
a
F

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7 " W 5 E ? ? M W ~ : ~ 3 3 8 P 8 5 1 8 8 $-8 8
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I-
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~ ~ FN -
N Y - ) FL D- r
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3 ---.

S S ? " E Z N % %l ~ , o..'rto, o! ~ P rEo t n

n m P oO S ~ O ~
J .'
,'P s 4 +C J-L-D m
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m mF -. - ~ . )- -m - mm rR nR m% mm rn m mS S S 8 8 3 %
1

~ ~

- - F F - - - f l w m R R 8 F , w m* 8o 8o % 8
O N N N l n C V r n C V N O O

S 3C Y~r n- r n- ~- a -n tms l ~c D wa D# ? # % 3 3 8 5 ? ~ % 8 %
$,,,,,C V I n m L n m N
N a 3 R % % ~ S % 3 8 3 mm 0m
In m - - . - - - - ~ R w mm - . m
O C Y N L n l O l D Q 3 N m m ~ n o o o Lnlflu)
+ m e e * 8 a m a

- --- -
8 " " - " m * w a a % W 3 8 % g % 8 Sln : rnw ( P
7 7

- F N W R F S 8 % $ m: 0
g o ~ e ~ m , ~ c l r n ~ a o ~
F F w m
F
0
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7

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R R iU i 8 # 8 G8 d ~
6 G8 8 ~ ~ ~ ~
- s ---,,sdsSi-S F
 TABLE 15

SUCTION LINE SIZES R22

Multiply Evaporator Duty by Correction F & ~ M
Table 10 b f o r s using fable

SUCTION TEMPERATURE *C

TOTAL EQUIVALENT LENGTH - METRES

WATTS 10 20 30 40 50110 20 30 40 60110 2Q 30 40 50110 20 30 40 5 0 1 1 0 20 30 40 50
 TABLE 16
\
SUCTION LINE SIZES R502
Multiply Evaporator Duty by Cormion Factw Table 10 before using Table

SUCTION TEMPERATURE "C

+5 I -5 - -1 5 I -25 -35

TOTAL EQUIVALENT LENGTH - METRES

WATTS 10 M 30 40 50110 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 SO 10 20 30 40 50 1 0 2 0 30 40 50
800 10 12 I2 12 12 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 15 15 12 15 15 15 15 t 5 15 18 18 18
lo00 10 12 12 12 12 .I2 12 12 15 15 12 12 15 15 15 15 15 18 18 18 15 I8 .18 22 22
1200 12 12 12 12 12 12 -12 '15 I5 15 12 15 15 15 18 15 18 18 I8 22 18 18 22 22 22
1500 12 12 12 15 15 12' 15 15 15 15 12 15 15 18 18 15 18 18 22 22 18 22 22 28 28
2000 12 12 15 15 15 12 15 15 18 18 15 18 18 18 22 18 18 22 22 22 22 22 28 28 28
2500 1.2 15 15 15 18 15 15' 18 18 18 15 18 18 22 22 18 22 22 28 28 22 28 28 28 28
3000 12 15 15 18 18 I5 18 18 22 ' 2 2 18 18 22 22 22 18 22 28 28 28 22 28 28 36 35
4500 15 18 18 18 22 18 22 22 22 28 18 22 28 28 28 22 28 28 28 35 28 35 35 35 40
6000 18 18 22 22 22 18 22 22 28 28 22 28 28 28 28 28 28 35 35 35 28 35 35 40 40
8000 18 22 22 28 28 22 28 28 2 8 - 2 8 28 28 28 35 35 28 35 35 40 3 5 4 0 40 50 50
10,000 22 22 28 28 28 22 28 28 . 3 5 35 28 28 35 35 35 28 35 40 40 40 35 40 50 50 50
12,000 22 28 28 28 28 28 28 2 8 ' 3 5 35 28 35 35 35 40 35 4040 40 50 4040 50 50 50
15,000 22 28 28 35 35 28 28 35 35 35 28 35 40 40 40 35 4040 50 50 4 0 5 0 50 50 50
20,000 28 28 35 35 35 28 35 35 40 40 35 40 '40 50 50 40 50 50 50 50 50 =
50 66 65
25,000 2835352540 35 3 5 4 0 ~ 4 0 3 5 4 0 ~ 5 0 5 0 45 00 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 65 6 5 6 5
30.000 2835354040 3 5 4 0 4 0 ~ 5 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 6 5 6 55 0 0 6 6 6 6 8 0
45,000 35 40 40 50 50 40 50 50 50 50 40 50 50 €6 65 50 6 5 6 6 65 80 6565 80 80 100
60,000 4 0 4 0 5 0 S O 5 0 4 0 ~ S O 5 0 6 5 4 0 S O 6 5 ~ ~ 5 0 ~ 8 0 8 €06 880 100 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
80,000 40 50 50 50 65 50 50 65 65 65 50 66 65 80 80 65 80 80 80 IOO 80 100100 100 100
100,000 50 50 50 65 65 60 65 65 65 80'66 65 80 80 80 65 80100100100 80 100100100 125
 .'

, TABLE 19
DELIVERY LINE S l f ES ,RIP, R22, RM12, R717 (NH3) -
Multiplq Evaporator Duty by ,Correction Factol Table 11 before using Tables
1 .
L
. . REFRIGERANTS

I
C

R12 R22 - RSM R717(NH3)

r
I TOTAL EQUIVALENT LENGTH - METRES 1
 TABLE I8
LIQUID LINE SIZES R12, R22, RW2, R717(NH3)
Multlply Evaporator Duty by Cormtiam Factar Table 12 M a r e using Tables

REFRIGERANT

R12 I R22 R502 1 R717(NH31

TOTAL EQUIVALENT
LENGTH METRES -
W A ~10 rO 30 a0 50 C/R 10 -20 30 40 50C/R 10 20 30 40 SO C/R10. 20 30 4 0 ' 5 0 W R
800 6 6 6 1 0 t b 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 0 6 8 8 8 8 8 8
loo0 6 6101010'6 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 0 1 0 1 0 6 ..

1200 6 10 10 10 10 6 6- 6 6 10 10 6 6 6 tO 10 10 10
1500 6 10 10 10 10 10 '6 6 10 10 tO 6 6 10 10 10 10 10
MOO 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2500 10 j O 10 10 10 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
3000 10 10 10 12 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10, 12 12 10
4
m 10 1 2 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 12 12 12 10 12 12 12 12 12
10 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 12 12 12- 12 10 I2 12 12 5 15
8000 ' 12 12 15
, 15 15- 15- 10 12 12 12 ' 1 2 12 12 12 12 15 16 15
10,000' 12 12 15 15 1.6 12 12 12 12 15 15
15 12. 12 1 5 . 15 15 18 .

12,000 12 15 15 15 18 18 - 12, * 12 12 15 15 15 12 15 16.15 18 18

15.000 15 ;5 '15 18 18 18- 12 1 2 15 15 15 18 12 15 (3 18 1 8 22 ,

20,MK) !,5 t5 18 18 22 22- 12+,15I5 15 18 22 16'18.18 1 8 " ~ ~:-28

25.000 ' 15 18 22 22 22 28 15 15 18 18 18 22 15 18 18 22 2 2 28
30,WO 18 18 22 22 28 28 15 15 18 1 8 12 18 18 18 22 22 22 28 8 8 8 8 8 8
45.000 22 22 3 28 28 35 15 18 22 22 22 28 18 22 18 la 18 35 8 8 8 8 8 10
60,000 22 28 28 28 35 35 18 Z2 28 28 28 35 22 28 28 28 28 35 8 8 8 8 8 1.5
80,000 28 28 35 35 36 38 22 28 28 28 28 38 22 28 28 35 35 50 8 10 10 10 10 76
1W.000 128 36 35 35 35 50 22 B 28 36 35 38 28 28 35 35 35 50 8 10 10 10 10 15
*
 -
- 4
TABLE 20
I.. -
MINIMUM CAPACITIES TO CARRY OIL UP PIPING - CAPACITIES ARE IN KW
R12 Suction Lines
Pipe Sixe EVAPORATING f EMPERATURE 'C Pipe Size
mm -35 -25-15-5 5 mm
-
12 12
15 I5
18 18
22 22
28 28
35 35
32 32
-. 40 40
50 50
65
80
100
125 126
150 .- 150

R22 Suction Lines R22 Delivew Lines

.
I Pipe Size
-

Pipe Size EVAPORATING TEMPERATURE "C

mni -35 -25 -15 -5 5
12 0.68 0.72 0.77 0.82 087
15 1.29 1.37 1.47 1.56 1.66
18 1,96 2.08 2.22 2.33 252
22 3,OS 3.25 3.46
3.M 3.92
28 5.48 5.82 6.20 6.61 7.03
35 9.78 10.4 11.1 . 11.8 I26
32 13.1 13.9 14.9' 15.9 16.8
40 17.9 19.0 20.3 21.7 23.0
' 50 34.3 36.3 38.7 41.3 44.0
65 64.5 68.4 73.0 78.0 82.6
80 99.4 105 113 120 127
100 198' 211 225 239 256
125 340 361 385 41 1 437
150 517 549 586 624 664

Liquid Temperature O C 20 30 40 50 60

Correction Factor 1.16 1.07 0.98 0.89 0.80

 t i 1d ! b.. t'IPELINES DURING
T A B L L L ~ OPE RAT^^‘ , -
. . I :802, R717 (NH3) kg per 100 METRES

TABLE 22
LIQUIDLINES
Amwnt of subcooling rsquird to ~~npematm for liquid Mis
Amrunt of sdxooIing requird is exp& as 'C per meke of lift.

REFfllGERANT LlOUlO TEMPEAAT WRE "C

R 12 0.818 0.650 0523 0.423 0.345

R22 0.466 0.364 0.293 0,202
R502 0.475 0.370 0.298 OZ4'
0.245 0.1 97
Ammonia 0217 0.168 0.135 0.106 -
' * .REFRIGERANT PIPEWORK LAYOUT
- (a) Suction Lines
Suction lines should be arranged so as to prevent:-
(1) Oil or liquid csrryover from evaporator affecting expansion valve phiah
(2) Oil trapping in an idle evaporator in a multiple installation.
(3) Refrigerant flow from one valve in a multiple imtallation affecting the phial of another one,
(4) Liquid drainage into compressor.
- ,b
5'

a Compressor above evaporator

he trap ensures that liquid refrigerant and oil drain away from expansion valve phial. Make trap as short
as possible to minimise the amount of oil.

The loop prevents liquid from draining back to compressor. This can be eliminated if system has automatic
pump down.

- .,
(c) Multidection evaporator C o m p t m b l o w
Flow from upper evaporator can not affect valve phial of lower evaporator,
 Id) Multi saction wapora tor, Compressor abow
Fit double pipe risw if necessary.

(e) Multiple waporators at different Ievds, Compressor atma

The inverted traps at the main suction prevent oil drawing into an idle evaporator.
I 1

(f) Multiple evaporators at different levels, Compressor below ' , -

Eliminate loops if automatic pump down is used.
-. - . .
 Multiple

, HORIZONTAL SUCTION LINES SHOULD BE PITCHED TOWARDS COMPRESSOR DOUBLE

PIPE RISER
Table 21 gives minimum loadings on suction and delivery lines, to ensure oil return u i vertical piping.
Should there be a possibil i ty that under partial loading, the capacity of the pipelins is too great to return
the oil, then a double pipe riser shw Id be installed
The double pipe riser consists of two risers of different diameters, operating in parallel, with an oil trap
between the two legs. The capacity of the rikrsshould be such that the combined capacity is equal to the
maximum system ldad add the capacity of the smaller risers should be sized so as to return oil under minimum
load conditions.

Under part load conditions the gas will pass up both risers until such times as the trap fiHs with oil. Gas will
then,onty go up the small riser. On return to full duty, the pressure drop up the small r i m will be so great
that the oil in the trap will be forced up the large riser by the pressure difference across it It will flow , . ,
into the main suction and the system is now back to normal operation.
 CW~AN619rhlVALVE P H M L AND E ~ R R gQU&tllrbb
~L ~MYh~ldbl~ I '
Ifkmflf/#
~ ~ ! b e x p r n i o n v 8 l v e p h l akcurm3f/ylocated,
r 1oen&f8h0v&#IOmWdhwr&%#y. h
should be located so that it is not influencd by any chilled oil droplets, or liquid refrigerant carryover from -
the coil. This implies that itmust bclocated out of the path normally taken by such influences. T h e
external equaliser connection, where fitted. should normally be located a few inches downstream of the phia I,
rather than upstream. This eliminates the effect of any leakage of liquid refrigerant from the valve along
the equaliser line. .

DELIVERY LINES
' /
Delivery lines should be selected for a practical pressure drop, but must not be oversized to the extent wherk
oil will not be carried up defivery line riwrs. If the system is to operate under partial load, and designing ,

, . delivery lines to carry oil up riser at minimum loading means that pressure drop would be excessive ,
under full load, then either an oil V a r a t o r or a double pipe riser should be fitted
$

Whenever the condenwr is located above the compresor, the delivery line should loop towards the ffaor,
- immediately aftar the c m p ~before , rising to the condenser. This prevents any refrigerant which has
wndenkd in the delivery line from draining back to the compressor head,
Horizontal pipes should be pitched in the diration af flow to help circulate the oil around the system.

If the condenser is located in a position where the

ambient can be higher than a t the compwssor, a
check valve should be installed in the deliwry l ins
close to the condenser to prevent refrigerant
boiling off in the condenser and condensing in the
delivery line and compressor during the off
cyct e,

"5.', . . CONDENSER TO RECEIVER PlPiNG

Liquid piping from condenser to receiver should allow free draining of liquid. Pipe runs should be as short
as possible, and sized for a maximum of 0.5mls refrigerant velwity. Pipes should be pitched towards the
, receiver with a minimum slope of mmm per metre.

Liquid lines must be sized for a practical pressure drop and precautions must b taken to prevent flash gas
forming.
Liquid lines normally run through areas which are cooler than the liquid, so flashing due to heat gain in the
liquid llne and should present no problems.
'
Liquid leaving air cooled condensers normally has about 3°C subcooling, so provided pressure drop due to
,

, . friction isnotexcessiveandthere isonly asmallliquidlift, then theliquidshouldarriveat theexpansion

j valve slightly subcooled.
I-' If however, there is a large lift, then the liquid has to have additional sub-cool ing either by fitting a
, . sub-cooling section at the condenser or by installing a suction line/l iqu id line heat exchanger.
 k

- -
SUCTION LINE - LIQUID LINE HEAT INTERCHANGERS
- The advantages of incorporating a suction Iinelliquid line heat exchanger are as follows:-
1. Subcooled liquid o
: a)Eliminatesflashinginliquidlinecausedbyexcessivepressuredropduetofrictionorliquidlik
b) Reduce amount of flash gas after expansion valve leaving more liquid available for cooling.
u
, c) Ensure that expansion valve performs a t full capacity and reduces wear on valve seat.

2 Superheated Suction Gas, -2

a) Permits lower expansion valve superheat setting due to fact that any liquid carry over wilt be vaporised
in tRe heat emhanger. This results in improved cooler performance as more of the coil surface is effective
for cooling work.
b) Superheating suction gas could eliminate the need for insulating suction line.
c) Superheating the sqction gas will improve thevolumetric efficiency of 612, R22, and RM12
compressors.

It can be reckoned that system performances can be increased by approximately 1% for each 1°C of
subcool ing.
n.
'.
 . *
,-
-
TlWeRATURE COW ERSlaN I * *:-*-F\
* *-

c F 'C F' 'c F' 'C 'F

-273
-2118 -m
-27.2 - 17 1.1 14.4 58 I= 5&l 133 2fi.4 '=\,
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16.7
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276.8
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-- 1011 1z.z 17.8 64 147.2 59.4 rw az.2
140 18.3 66 149D c, + g0.0 140 m.0
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-223
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159.8
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- -164 400
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1 302 23.3 74 165.2 EL0 $48
fw
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-Ib -270 -4b1 -1111 3 33.4 25.6 70 172,4 67.2 153 37.4
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-123 -1W -130 -11.7 11 518 3RO Sl 1888 71.7 181 9tb
-118 -1M -B2 - 1 1.1 12 530 #).8 81 188.6 72.2 162 3238
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+ -la -202 -13 17 62.8 3J.3 81 187.8 750 787 332.6
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918 244.4
889
89,4
1OZ
183
377.6
379.4
-3.0 - 31 -23+fl 6-3 U 111.2 483 It0 24&2 gad 1M at.2
- - JO rza 1106 ma
-- 29#
-3+4 -22.0 7.2 1 113.0 9.9 240.0 90.6
1H
-3%8 -20.2 7.8 48 114.1 4m 24e.8 91.1 m B
PI 116.8 WO 122 251.6 1 . 187 36.6
L ,
-W -1B.4 8.3
-32.8 -p7 -la6 8.9 4I l la4 50.6 123 253A 922 IS8 388.4
-321 - 24 -14.0 9.4 48 120.2 51.1 121 255.2 92.a
D3.3
t80
m
380.2
392.0
-31.7 -a -13.0 10.0 60 122.0 I 1s 257.0
- 201 3918
-3I.i - 24
-11.2 70.6 61 l23.8 52.2 218 93.9
-3P.6 - 23 - 9.4 11.1 82 125.6 52.8 127 280.6 94.4 ma 395.3
-30.0 - 22 - 7.6 9~h0 XOJ
a? 1N 31.4
11.7 W 127.4 5x3 28ZA
-29.4 - 21 - 5.8 12.2 64 129.2 53.9 129 264.2 96.6 209 '89.2
-lea - 2a 4a - 178 M 131JY 4 130 266.0 1 205 401.0
-a83 - 10 - 2.2 tW # 132.8 55.0 131 267,B 9 aw da2a
-278 - 11 - 0.4 1&9_ 51 13.6 556 131 m.8 97.2 207 4W.6

,;.. Find the known temperature in the centre column. read right to convert Centigrade t o Fahrenheit,
vefi F~hrqnheitto Centigrade.

1
c

,
"
-. ...-- . -- -
.7---
.I
.'
-r*. r

-.
 c.-
- - ' 7
'

TABLE 24

CONVERSION FACTORS
'k,
4
S.1. Unit Quantity Metric Unit Imperial Unit

Metre (m) Length - m xl.0 Foot x 0.305

Millimetre Imm) m m x 1.0 Inch x 25 4
mi Area rn' x 1.0 Square feet x 92.9 x70"
m3 Volume x 1.0 ft3 x 28.3 x
Litre 11) Ga Ilon x 4.55
Seconds (sl Time Smonds Seconds
m31s Volume flow rate mJ/min x 1.67 x 10-I ft3/min x 0.472 x lo-'

h
Gal/min x 75.8 x
Kilcgramme (kg) Mass . kg x 1.0 Pound x 0.454
Newton (N) = kg m/s2 Force kgf x 9.807 I b force x 4.45
N/m7 Pressure mm w.g x 9.807 Ib force/inz x 6.9 x 10'
kgf/cm2 x 9.807 x 1O4 in water x 249
m/s Velocity m/s x 1.0 ft/min x 5.08 x lo-'
Kg/m ' Density kglm3 x 1.0 Ib/ft3 x 16
Kg/s Mass flow rate kds x 1.0 Ib/h x 0.126 x lo-"
degCaT Temperature diff. " C A T X1.0 O F x 0.555
Joule {J) Energy kcalh x 4.187 x 103 Btu x 1.055 x f03
Watt (W) Heat Flow k d / h x 1.!63 Btulh x 0.2931
Horse power x 745.7.:
Ton refrigeration x 3.517
(kcallh x 1.163)
Wlrn deg C Thermal conductivity kcal/h/m°C x 1.163 Btu in/h/ftf degF x 0.144
W/mz deg C Heat trans coeff. kal/h/m2 O C x 1.163 Btu/h/ft2 d q E x 5.678
J/kg Specific enthatpy kcallkg x 4.187 x 103 B t d b x 2.326 x 10"
Jlkgdeg C + Specific heat, x kcal/kg°C x 4.187 x 10' Btullb deg F x 4.187 x 10'
Jlkg . Latent heat kcal/kg x 4.1 87 x lo3 Btullb x 2.326 x lo3
*