International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics

Anomaly In Foot Recognition

Through Human Gait Using Hybrid Approach
Rajkumar Patra Rohit Raja Tilendra Shishir Sinha
Sr. Lecturer Lecturer Professor and Head
Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science &
Engineering, Engineering, Engineering,
Shri Shankaracharya College of Shri Shankaracharya College of Shri Shankaracharya College of
Engineering and Technology, Bhilai, Engineering and Technology, Bhilai, Engineering and Technology, Bhilai,
Chhattisgarh, India Chhattisgarh, India Chhattisgarh India
patra.rajkumar@gmail.com rohitraja4u@gmail.com tssinha1968@gmail.com

Abstract
From the literature it has been observed that most of
the work through Gait has been carried out for the detection of
various medical problems. The present paper deals, Hybrid
approach (A combination of ANN and GA) for Anomalous
Foot Recognition (AFR). The work has been carried out in
two phases. In the first phase, a knowledge-based model called
AFR_MODEL has been formed. The model has been formed
by considering an input gait image that has been enhanced for
the removal of distortion along with loss-less compression.
Later on it has been segmented along with the detection of the
region of interest. Hence the relevant geometrical parameters
of GAIT have been extracted from that ROI. Each parameter
has been stored in the form of corpus. For this, Artificial
Neural Network (ANN) has been employed in the work. In the
second phase, the AFR_MODEL has been utilized for AFR.
For this an algorithm called HAAFR (Hybrid Approach
Anomalous Foot Recognition) has been proposed and has
been also tested with 15 subjects of varying age groups on a
flat and plain surface without carrying weights. The result has
been found very satisfactory with the tested data sets.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Genetic
Algorithm (GA), Anomalous Foot Recognition (AFR),
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discrete Cosine
Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT).
1. Introduction
The systematic study of human walking is called as
GAIT. It is used for diagnosis and the planning of treatment in
people with medical conditions that affect the way they walk.
Biometrics such as automatic face and voice recognition
continue to be a subject of great interest. Gait [1] is a new
biometric aimed to recognize subjects by the way they walk.
However, functional assessment, or outcome
measurement is but one small role that quantitative gait
analysis can play in the science of rehabilitation. If the
expansion on gait analysis has been made, then ultimate
complex relationships between normal and abnormality gait
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can be easily understood [2]-[3]. The use of quantitative gait
analysis in the rehabilitation setting has increased only in
recent times. Since past five decades, the work has been
carried out for gait abnormality treatment. Many medical
practitioners along with the help of scientists and engineers
[1]-[4] have carried out more experimental work in this area. It
has been found from the literature that two major factors: time
and effort, are playing a vital role. These two factors have
been kept as a major objective in the present work. In the
present paper, a unique strategy has been adopted for further
analysis of gait using above two factors for Anomalous Foot
Recognition (AFR). Many researchers from Engineering field
till 1980 have not carried out the work for GAIT analysis. In
the year 1983, Garrett and Luckwill [5], carried the work for
maintaining the speech of walking through Electromyography
(EMG) and Gait analysis. In the year 1984, Berger and his
colleagues [6], detected angle movement and disturbances
during walking. In the year 1990, Yang et al.[7], further
carried the experimental work for the detection of short and
long steps during walking. In the year 1993 Grabiner et al. [8]
investigated that when a obstacle is placed in the path of a
subject, how much time is taken by the subject to recover its
normal walking after hitting the obstacle. In 1994 the work has
been carried out by Eng et al. [9] with little modifications for
the detection of foot angles. In the year 1996 Schillings et al.
[10] modified the work of Grabiner et al. [8] and calculated
the angles of movement. In the year 1999 Schillings et al. [11]
further carried the work that was done in the year 1996 with
little modifications. In the year 2001 Smeesters et al. [12]
calculated the trip duration and its threshold value by using
GAIT analysis. From the literature, it has been observed that
very little amount of work has been carried out using Neuro-
Genetic approach for RAF through human GAIT. The
schematic diagram for the formation of knowledge-based
model, that is, AFR_MODEL has been shown in figure 1,
below.
From Fig. 1, it has been shown that a known image
has been fed as input. Then it has been pre-processed for
enhancement and segmentation. The enhancement has been
done for the filtering any noise present in the image. Later on
it has been segmented using connected component method
[13]-[14]. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) has been
employed for loss-less compression. DCT has a strong energy
compaction property. The main property is that it considers
real-values and provides better approximation of an image
with fewer coefficients.

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Anomaly In Foot Recognition Through Human Gait Using Hybrid Approach
Figure 1: Schematic diagram for AFR_MODEL
Segmentation is the fundamental step in any image
processing work. This has been carried out for detecting the
boundaries of the objects present in the image and also used in
detecting connected components between pixels. Hence the
Region of Interest (ROI) has been detected and the relevant
GAIT features have been extracted. The relevant features that
have been selected and extracted in the present paper are
based on the physical characteristics of GAIT of the subject.
The GAIT and physical characteristics that have been
extracted are: foot_angle, step_length, knee to ankle (K_A)
distance, foot_length and shank width. Based on these features
relevant parameters have been extracted. The relevant
parameters are: mean, median, standard deviation, range of
parameter (lower and upper bound parameter), power spectral
density (psd), auto-correlation and discrete wavelet transform
(DWT) coefficient, eigen_vector and eigen_value. The
relevant feature based parameters that have been extracted are
fed as an input to an Artificial Neuron (AN) as depicted in
figure 2, below.
Figure 2: An Artificial Neuron (AN)
From figure 2, each neuron has an input and output
characteristics and performs a computation or function of the
form, given in equation (1):
Oi = f (Si) and Si = WT X (1)
where X = (x1,x2,x3,….,xm) is the vector input to the neuron
and W is the weight matrix with wij being the weight
(connection strength) of the connection between the jth
element of the input vector and ith neuron. The f (.) is an
activation or non-linear function (usually a sigmoid), Oi is the
output of the ith neuron and Si is the weighted sum of the
inputs. A single neuron, as shown in figure 2, by itself is not a
very useful tool for AFR_MODEL formation.
The real power comes when a single neuron is
combined into a multi-layer structure called neural networks.
The neuron has a set of nodes that connect it to the inputs,
output or other neurons called synapses. A linear combiner is a
function that takes all inputs and produces a single value. Let
the input sequence be {X1,X2,…,XN} and the synaptic weight
be {W1,W2,W3,….,WN}, so the output of the linear combiner,
Y, yields to equation (2),
113
N
Y=
∑i=1
X iW i (2)
An activation function will take any input from
minus infinity to infinity and squeeze it into the range –1 to +1
or between 0 to 1 intervals. Usually an activation function
being treated as a sigmoid function that relates as given in
equation (3), below:
f(Y) = 1 (3)
1 + e −Y
The threshold defines the internal activity of the
neuron. This has been kept fixed to –1. In general, for the
neuron to fire or activate the sum should be greater than the
threshold value.
The learning capability is a result of the ability of
the network to modify the weights through usage of a learning
rule. In the present work, feed-forward network has been used
as a topology and backpropagation as a learning rule for the
formation of corpus or knowledge-based model called
AFR_MODEL. The understanding of this model has been
shown in figure 3, below, for AFR.
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram for understanding the
AFR_MODEL for AFR
This model has been optimized for the best match of
features using Genetic Algorithm (GA) for Anomalous Foot
Recognition (AFR). GA has been adopted because it is the
best search algorithm based on the mechanics of natural
selection, crossover, reproduction and mutation. They
combine survival of the fittest features with a randomized
information exchange. In every generation, new sets of
artificial features are created and are then tried for a new
measure after best-fit matching. In other words, GA’s are
theoretically and computationally simple on fitness values.
The crossover operation has been performed by combining the
information of the selected chromosomes (GAIT features) and
generates the offspring. The mutation and reproduction
operation has been utilized by modifying the offspring values
after selection and crossover for the optimal solution. Here in
the present work, a AFR_MODEL signifies the population of
genes or GAIT parameters.
 International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics

The paper has been organized in the following yields to the equation of the form,
manner, section 2 proposes mathematical formulation for AFR M −1 N −1
and its solution methodology, section 3 proposes the I(u,v)= ∑ ∑i(m, n) exp
m=0 n =0
(− j2π (um/ M + vn/ N ) (8)
experimental results and discussions, section 4 gives the
conclusions and further scope of the work and final section for u=0,1,2,…,M-1 and v = 0, 1, 2, ……..,N-1
gives all the references made in completing the present work. In order to compute the magnitude and power
spectrum along with phase angle, conversion from time
domain to frequency domain has been done. Mathematically,
2. Mathematical formulation for AFR and its this can be formulated as, Let R(u,v) and A(u,v) represent the
solution methodology real and imaginary components of I(u,v) respectively.
A biometric system operates in two phases – The Fourier or Magnitude spectrum, yields.
training phase and recognition phase. In the training phase a
knowledge-based corpus has to be formed using Artificial [
I (u , v ) = R 2 ( u , v ) + A 2 (u , v )
1/ 2
(9) ]
Neural Network (ANN). This model has been termed as The phase angle of the transform is defined as,
AFR_MODEL. In the recognition phase, this model will be  A(u , v ) 
used for understanding of an unknown gait for Anomalous φ ( u , v ) = tan −1
 R (u , v ) 
(10)
Foot Recognition (AFR) using GA. The size of the corpus  
may be kept limited at initial stage of the work. The testing The power spectrum is defined as the square of the magnitude
has to be performed on different environments like plain flat spectrum. Thus squaring equation (9), it yields,
P ( u , v ) = I ( u , v ) = R 2 ( u , v ) + A 2 ( u , v ) (11)
2
surface, rough surface, slippery surface and so on. An
algorithm has to be developed for AFR using Neuro-Genetic
Due to squaring, the dynamic range of the values in
approach. This algorithm has to be tested with the following
the spectrum has been found very large. Thus to normalize
constraints: walking by carrying some weights and walking
this, logarithmic transformation has been applied in equation
without carrying any weight. The paper aims to analyze and
(9). Thus it, yields.
discuss experimentally the aforesaid problem in the
subsequent subsections. I (u , v ) = log( 1 + I ( u , v ) )
normalize
(12)
A. Mathematical Analysis The expectation value of the enhanced image has been
Based on the assumption that the original image is computed and it yields to the relation,
additive with noise. To compute the approximate shape of the E[I(u,v)] = 1
M −1 N − 1

wavelet (i.e., Any real valued function of time possessing ∑ ∑ I (u , v )

MN u = 0 v = 0
(13)
some structure), in a noisy image and also to estimate its time
of occurrence, two methods are available, first one is a simple where ‘E’ denotes expectation. The variance of the enhanced
structural analysis and the second one is the template matching image has been computed by using the relation,
technique. For the detection of wavelets in noisy image, Var[I(u,v)] = E{[I(u,v) – I’(u,v)]2} (14)
assume a class of wavelets, Si(t), I = 0,...N-1, all having some The auto-covariance of an enhanced image has also been
common structure. Based on this assumption that noise is computed using the relation,
additive, then the corrupted image has been modeled by the Cxx(u,v) = E{[I(u,v) – I’(u,v)][I(u,v) – I’(u,v)]} (15)
equation -: Then the power spectrum density has been computed from
X(m,n) = i(m,n) + G d(m,n) (4) equation (15),
M −1 N −1
where i(m,n) is the clean image, d(m,n) is the noise and G is PE ( f ) = ∑ ∑C xx (m, n)W ( m, n) exp( − j 2πf ( m + n)) (16)
the term for signal-to-noise ratio control. To de-noise this m =0 n=0
image, wavelet transform has been applied. Let the mother where Cxx(m,n) is the auto-covariance function with ‘m’ and
wavelet or basic wavelet be ψ(t), which yields to, ‘n’ samples and W(m,n) is the Blackman window function
ψ(t) = exp (j2πft – t2/2) (5) with ‘m’ and ‘n’ samples.
Further as per the definition of Continuous Wavelet transform The data compression has been performed using discrete
CWT (a,τ), the relation yields to, cosine transform (DCT), given below,

∫ x(t ) ψ{(t-τ)/a} dt
DCTc(u,v)= M − 1 N − 1  2π T (m + n )  (17)
CWT (a, τ)=(1/ a ) (6) ∑ ∑ I ( m , n ) cos  
m =0 n=0  MN 
The parameters obtained in equation (6) has been Further for the computation of principal components (i.e.,
discretized, using Discrete Parameter Wavelet transform, Eigen Values and the corresponding Eigen Vectors), a pattern
, τ = n τ0 a m . Thus
m
DPWT (m, n), by substituting a = a vector pn , which can be represented by another vector qn
0 0
equation (6) in discrete form results to equation (7), of lower dimension, has been formulated using (8) by linear
DPWT (m, n) = 2-m/2 ∑ k ∑ l x ( k , l ) ψ(2-mk – n) (7) transformation.
where ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the integers, a0 and τ0 are the sampling Thus p n = [M ] q n (18)
intervals for ‘a’ and ‘τ’, x(k,l) is the enhanced image. The where [M ] = [I (m, n)] for m= 0 to M-1 and n = 0 to N-1.
wavelet coefficient has been computed from equation (7) by
substituting a0 = 2 and τ0 = 1. and qn = min([M]), such that q n > 0
Further the enhanced image has been sampled at regular time Taking the covariance of equation (18), it yields, the
interval ‘T’ to produce a sample sequence {i (mT, nT)}, for m corresponding Eigen vector, given in equation (19),
= 0,1,2, M-1 and n=0,1,2,…N-1 of size M x N image. After P = cov( p n ) (19)
employing Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT) method, it

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Anomaly In Foot Recognition Through Human Gait Using Hybrid Approach

and thus P . M i = λ i . M i (20) GM1 = {D s 1 , µ s 1 , σ s 1 } (27)

where ‘λI’ are the corresponding Eigen values.
Segmentation of an image has been performed using
connected component method. For mathematical formulation,
let ‘pix’ at coordinates (x,y) has two horizontal and two
vertical neighbors, whose coordinates are (x+1,y), (x-1,y),
(x,y+1) and (x,y-1). This forms a set of 4-neighbors of ‘pix’,
denoted as N4(pix). The four diagonal neighbors of ‘pix’ have
coordinates (x+1,y+1),(x+1,y-1),(x-1,y+1) and (x-1,y-1),
denoted as ND(pix). The union of N4(pix) and ND(pix), yields
8-neighbors of ‘pix’. Thus,
N8(pix) = N4(pix) ∪ ND(pix) (21)
A path between pixels ‘pix1’ and ‘pixn’ is a sequence
of pixels pix1, pix2, pix3,…..,pixn-1,pixn, such that pixk is
adjacent to pk+1, for 1 ≤ k < n. Thus connected component is
defined, which has been obtained from the path defined from a
set of pixels and which in return depends upon the adjacency
position of the pixel in that path.
To compute the net input to the output units, the delta rule for
pattern association has been employed, which yields to the
where GM1 means a gait model of the first feature vector, Ds1
means the distance, μs1 means the mean and σs1 means the
standard deviation based on step_length. Let wnorm and wabnorm
be the two target classes representing normal foot and
abnormal foot respectively. The clusters of features have been
estimated by taking the probability distribution of these
features. This has been achieved by employing Bayes decision
theory. Let P(wi) be the probabilities of the classes, such that, I
= 1,2,….M also let p(β/wi) be the conditional probability
density. Assume we have an unknown gait image represented
by the features, β. So, the conditional probability p(wj/β),
which belongs to jth class, is given by Bayes rule as,
p ( β /w j ) P ( w j )
P(wj/ β ) = (28)
p (β )
So, for the class j = 1 to 2, the probability density function
p(β), yields,
2
P(β) =
∑
j =1
p (β / w j )P (w j ) (29)

relation, Equation (29) gives a posteriori probability in terms of a priori

n

∑xw
probability P(wj). Hence it is quite logical to classify the
y-inj = (22)
i ij signal, β, as follows,
i , j =1
If P(wnorm/ β) > P(wabnorm/ β), then the decision yields β Є
where ‘y-inj’ is the output pattern for the input wnorm means ‘normal foot’ else the decision yields β Є wabnorm
pattern ‘xi’ and j = 1 to n. means ‘abnormal foot’. If P(wnorm/ β) = P(wabnorm/ β), then it
Thus the weight matrix for the hetero associative memory remains undecided or there may be 50% chance of being right
neural network has been calculated from equation (22). For decision making. The solution methodology with proposed
this, the activation of the output units has been made algorithms has been discussed in the next section for the
conditional. complete analysis made till now.
+ 1 if y − inj > 0 B. Solution Methodology
yi =  (23) Proposed HAAFR Algorithm for “Biometrics”
 0 if y − inj = 0
Main program {starts}
− 1 if y < 0
 − inj 1. Read the unknown gait image of twelve frames with left-
The output vector ‘y’ gives the pattern associated with the leg and right-leg movements alternatively.
input vector ‘x’. The other activation function may also be 2. Set the frame counter, fcount = 1
used in the case where the target response of the net is binary. 3. Do while fcount <= 12
Thus a suitable activation function has been proposed by, 4. Read the gait_image[fcount]
5. Enhance the image
1 if x>0 6. Apply loss-less Compression
f(x) =  (24)
0 if x <= 0 7. Compute the connected components for segmenting the
image
Considering two measures, Accuracy and Precision has been 8. Corp the image for locating the Region of Interest
derived to assess the performance of the system, which may be 9. Compute the step_length, K_A (Knee to Ankle) distance,
formulated as, Foot_length, Shank_width, Foot_angle and walking
Accuracy = Correctly Re cognized feature (25) Speed
Total number of features 10. Compute the genetic parameters using the relation as,
Precision = TPR (26) UB=(((mmax–mmean)/2)*A)+mmean
TPR + FPR LB=(((mmean–mmin)/2)*A)+mmin
where TPR = True positive recognition and FPR = False where ‘A’ is the pre-emphasis coefficient, mmax is the
positive recognition. maximum value and mmean is the mean value and mmin
Further the analysis has been done for the is the minimum value, UB is the upper bound value and
recognition of the abnormal foot with two target classes LB is the lower bound value
(normal and abnormal). Starting from the AFR_MODEL, Store the feature vectors in a look-up table.
which has various states, each of which corresponds to a 11. Perform the best-fit matching with the data set of
segmental feature vector. In one state, the segmental feature GAIT_MODEL (stored in a master file) using Genetic
vector is characterized by eleven parameters. Considering only algorithm
three parameters: the step_length: distance, mean, and the 12. Employ classification for a two-class problem and then
standard deviation, the AFR_MODEL is composed of the make decision
following parameters 13. End do

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 International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics

14. Display the result with ‘NORMAL FOOT’ and

‘ABNORMAL FOOT’
Main program {ends}

3. Experimental Results with Discussions

The proposed algorithm called HAAFR (Hybrid Fig. 8: Step_length and Knee to Ankle measure in walking
Approach Anomalous Foot Recognition) has been tested with mode of the subject
necessary test data considering 15 subjects. The efficiency of The probability distribution of the GAIT features extracted has
recognizing the abnormalities of foot has been kept at a been plotted in figure 9, below, during Abnormal Foot
threshold range of 90% to 100% and verified from the trained Recognition process.
data stored in the master file. For each unknown gait image,
the distance measures have been done with the dataset
(AFR_MODEL) and hence employed genetic algorithm for
the best fit or match. Figure 4, shows the original image of one
subject along with the segmented portion of the GAIT in
standing mode.

Figure 4: Segmented image in standing mode

Figure 5, shows the original image of one subject along with
the segmented portion of the GAIT in walking mode. Figure 9: Probability distribution of GAIT features extracted
during walking mode on a plain surface without carrying
weight of one subject
Table 1, depicted below describes the GAIT features extracted
in standing and walking mode of subject #1. From Table 1, it
has been observed that minimum variations have been found
from one frame to other. This has been plotted in figure 10,
Figure 5: Segmented image in walking mode
below, for the graphical analysis.
After segmentation of gait image in walking mode,
extraction of features using relevant mathematical analysis has
been done. Some of the distance measures of subject #1 have
been shown in figure 6, below,

Fig. 6: GAIT feature measure in walking mode of subject #1

Similarly, distance measures of subject #1 have been shown in
figure 7, below,
Table 1. Gait Features Extracted In Standing And Walking
Mode Of Subject #1

Fig. 7: GAIT feature measure in walking mode of subject #1

The relevant GAIT feature, that is, step_length and knee to
ankle distance has been shown in figure 8, below, Figure 10: Graphical representation of GAIT features
extracted in standing and walking mode of subject #1

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Anomaly In Foot Recognition Through Human Gait Using Hybrid Approach
From figure 10, it has been observed that during
standing mode of the subject, there are no so much variations.
But during switching time from standing mode to walking
mode, there are some variations. Only during walking mode
this variation is almost same. In the work, odd (left-leg at the
back and right-leg at the front) or even frames (left-leg at the
front and right-leg at the back) are considered separately for
the analysis. As per the proposed algorithm called NGBRAF,
for most of the cases ‘NORMAL FOOT’ has been achieved,
because of minimum variations. If high variations have been
detected through the proposed algorithm then ‘ABNORMAL
FOOT’ may result.
4. Conclusions and further scope of the work
Thorough mathematical analysis has been carried out for
the detection of anomaly in foot in the present paper. The
problem has been defined and its solution has been achieved
using Hybrid approach, which means the combination of ANN
and GA. In order to recognize anomalies in the foot of any
subject on a plain surface without carrying any weight an
algorithm called hybrid Approach Anomalous foot
Recognition (HAAFR) have been proposed in the present
paper. Limited number of GAIT features has been extracted.
Few more features have to be extracted from the upper torso
of the subject for achieving better results. Other environments
like rough surface, slippery surface and so on have to be
considered for further study and analysis.
5. References
1. Cunado, D., Nixon, M.S., and Carter, J.N., “Using gait as
a biometric, via phase-weighted magnitude spectra”, in
the proceedings of First International Conference,
AVBpA’97, pp. 95-102, Crans-Montana, Switzerland,
March 1997.
2. Huang, P.S., Harris, C.J., and Nixon, M.S., “Recognizing
humans by gait via parametric cannonical space”,
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359-366, October 1999.
3. Huang, P.S., Harris,C.J., and Nixon,M.S., “Human gait
recognition in canonical space using temporal templates”,
IEEE Procs. Vision Image and Signal Processing, Vol.
146, No. 2, pp. 93-1000, 1999.
4. Scholhorn,W.I., Nigg,B.M., Stephanshyn,D.J., and
Liu,W., “Identification of individual walking patterns
using time discrete and time continuous data sets”, Gait
and Posture, Vol. 15, pp. 180-186, 2002.
5. Garrett M. and Luckwill E. G., “Role of reflex responses
of knee musculature during the swing phase of walking in
man.”, Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 52(1), pp 36-
41, 1983.
6. Berger W., Dietz V. and Quintern J., “Corrective
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bilateral leg muscle activity during gait.”, The Journal of
Physiology, 357, pp 109-125, 1984.
7. Yang J. F., Winter D. A. and Wells R. P., “Postural
dynamics of walking in humans.”, Biological
Cybernetics, 62 (4), pp 321-30, 1990.
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9. Eng J. J., Winter D. A. and Patla A. E., “Strategies for
recovery from a trip in early and late swing during human
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349, 1994.
10. Schillings A. M., van Wezel B. M. and Duysens J.,
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treadmill walking.”, Journal of Neuro Science Methods,
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11. Schillings A. M., van Wezel B. M, Mulder T. and
Duysens J., “Widespread short-latency stretch reflexes
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6. About the authors
Rajkumar Patra is working as Senior
Lecturer at Shri Shankaracharya College
of Engineering and Technology, Bhilai,
Chhattisgarh, India. He has received B.E,
M.E degree in Computer Science and
Engineering. His main research interest
includes Gait analysis using DIP, Face
recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing,
Signal Processing, Computer Graphics and Multimedia and
Networking.
Rohit Raja is working as Lecturer at Shri
Shankaracharya College of Engineering
and Technology, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh,
India. He has received his B.E, M.E degree
in Computer Science and Engineering. His
main research interests are in Digital
Image Processing, Signal Processing and
Networking.
Tilendra Shishir Sinha received his Ph.D
degree in Computer Science &
Engineering from National Institute of
Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal,
India in April, 2009. He is currently
working as professor and head of the
department, CSE at Shri Shankaracharya
College of Engineering and Technology,
Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, Bhilai., India. He has published more
than 20 papers in International and National Journals and
Conferences. He has also reviewed two papers in two
International Journals. His main research interests are in
speech and speaker recognition, image processing, soft-
computing techniques and pattern recognition.