PAPER

INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, CLEAN PRODUCTION, AND LIFE

CYCLE ANALYSIS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Muhamad Rafi Fazan (F34170124)

Maheswara Adhitsaqif Dewariqo Tarigan (F34170130)

DEPARTEMENT OF AGROINDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
IPB UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2019
 PREFACE
The relentless pace of technical and industrial advancement over the last
century has fundamentally transformed the relationship between human society
and the natural world. As the scope and range of human activities have expanded
exponentially, profound and possibly irreversible environmental changes have
been set in motion. For the first time in history, humankind can potentially alter
the basic biophysical cycles of the earth. This paper with the title Industrial
Ecology, Clean Production, And Life Cycle Analysis For Sustainable
Development is written for the assignment of Industrial Environment
Management. It presents the definition and theory of industrial ecology includes
the clean production, and life cycle analysis for impact assesment to the
sustainable development.
Last but not least, with all humility, the author wants to apologize, if there
are still any lacks in working on this paper. The author welcomes all efforts to
improve this research through constructive suggestions. For the attention of Mr. /
Mrs., the author would to say thank you.

Bogor, March 24th 2019

Author
 BACKGROUND
According to Wessels and Sillivant (2015), an organization or consumer that
owns and operates capital assets, a system, incurs three categories of costs:
acquisition, operations, and maintenance. The operations and maintenance costs
are referred to as O&M costs, also known as operations and sustainment.
Operational costs include labor, materials, and overhead expenses for system
functionality and servicing. Sustainment costs include labor, materials, and
overhead expenses for maintenance and logistical support. Maintenance includes
all events that are performed to
1. Restore a system to functionality following a system downing event
2. Prevent an unscheduled system downing event during scheduled system
operation
Logistical support includes all events that provide the resources required to
perform maintenance events. Maintenance personnel, tools, facilities, spare
parts, specialty equipment, and contracted maintenance services are just a few
items involved in logistical support events.
Many biological ecosystems are especially effective at recycling resources
and thus are held out as exemplars for efficient cycling of materials and energy in
industry. The most conspicuous example of industrial re-use and recycling is
industrial district in Kalundborg, Denmark . The district contains a cluster of
industrial facilities including an oil refinery, a power plant, a pharmaceutical
fermentation plant, and a wallboard factory. These facilities exchange by-products
and what would otherwise be called wastes. The network of exchanges has been
dubbed ‘industrial symbiosis’ as an explicit analogy to the mutually beneficial
relationships found in nature and labeled as symbiotic by biologists (Ehrenfield
and Gertler 1997).
Industrial ecology places human technological activity – industry in the
widest sense – in the context of the larger ecosystems that support it, examining
the sources of resources used in society and the sinks that may act to absorb or
detoxify wastes. This latter sense of ‘ecological’ links industrial ecology to
questions of carrying capacity, ecological resilience and to biogeochemistry
(especially the grand nutrient cycles), asking whether, how and to what degree
technological society is perturbing or undermining the ecosystems that provide
critical services to humanity. Put more simply in the words of two pioneers in the
field, economic systems are viewed not in isolation from their surrounding
systems, but in concert with them (Graedel and Allenby 1995). Robert White, as
president of the US National Academy of Engineering, summarized these
elements by defining industrial ecology as the study of the flows of materials and
energy in industrial and consumer activities, of the effects of these flows on the
environment, and of the influences of economic, political, regulatory, and social
factors on the flow, use, and transformation of resources. The objective of
industrial ecology is to understand better how we can integrate environmental
concerns into our economic activities (White 1994).

DISCUSSION

Basically industrial ecology is an environmental management approach

where a system is not seen separately from the surrounding system but is a
mutually supportive part in order to optimize the material cycle when a raw
material is processed into a product (Garner 1995). Industrial ecology is designed
so that a system can integrate between industries resembling ecosystems in nature,
so that interactions between industries in industrial ecological systems take place
in a natural way. Industrial ecology is also a system used to manage the flow of
energy or material to obtain high efficiency and produce less pollution (Manahan
1999). Industrial ecology is a closed groove industrial process, which means
minimizing waste and making waste as an economically valuable resource that
can be a raw material for other industries (Susetyaningsih 2013). Industrial
ecology aims to advance and implement the concept of sustainable development
by reducing the use of pure materials, especially raw materials and natural
resources that cannot be renewed with renewable resources or using waste from
the processing of the industry, so as to reduce pollution caused by waste that not
processed.

Clean production is an environmental management strategy that is directed

towards prevention and integrated to be applied throughout the production cycle.
Clean production is a preventive or preventive and integrated environmental
management strategy that needs to be applied continuously in the production
process and product life cycle with the aim of reducing risks to humans and the
environment. This has the aim of increasing productivity by providing a better
level of efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy and water, encouraging
better environmental performance, through reducing generation of waste and
emissions sources and reducing the impact of products on the environment. Clean
production focuses on efforts to prevent the formation of waste, which is one
indicator of inefficiency. Thus, the prevention effort must be carried out from the
beginning of the production process by reducing the formation of waste and the
utilization of waste formed through recycling. The success of this effort will result
in large savings due to a significant reduction in production costs so that this
approach can be a source of income (Widodo 2017). The main principles in the
clean production strategy are as follows:
1. Reducing and minimizing the use of raw materials, water and the use of toxic
and dangerous raw materials and reducing the formation of waste at its source
so as to prevent and or reduce the occurrence of problems of pollution and
environmental damage and the risks to humans.
2. Changes in the pattern of production and consumption, apply both to the
process and the products produced, so it must be understood correctly the
analysis of product life cycle.
3. This clean production effort will not be successfully implemented without any
changes in the mindset, attitudes and behavior of all parties involved both
government, society and business circles. Besides that, it is also necessary to
apply management patterns in industry and government that have considered
environmental aspects.
4. Applying environmentally friendly technology, management and standard
operating procedures in accordance with the stipulated requirements. These
activities do not always require high investment costs, even if they occur often
the time needed to return investment capital is relatively short.
5. The implementation of this clean production program is more directed at self
regulation than the command and control settings. So the implementation of
 this clean production program does not only rely on government regulations,
but rather is based on awareness to change attitudes and behavior.
The principles in clean production are applied in the form of activities
known as 4R, including reuse, or reuse is a technology that allows a waste to be
reused without experiencing physical / chemical / biological treatment. Reduction,
or reduction of waste at the source, is technology that can reduce or prevent
pollution in the beginning of production, for example substitution of raw materials
with B3 with B9 no segregation. Recovery, is a technology to separate a material
or energy from a waste and then return it to the production process with or
without physical / chemical / biological treatment. Recycling, or recycling, is a
technology that functions to utilize waste by processing it back into its original
process which can be achieved through physical / chemical / biological treatment.
Sustainable development is a development that emphasizes optimal
economic activity, but still maintains environmental sustainability as part of
efforts to maintain such development in a long period of time. Sustainable
development has the principle of fulfilling current needs without sacrificing the
fulfillment of future generations' needs, which means that the use of natural
resources is not only in the present, but remains optimal in the future. Sustainable
development does not only concentrate on environmental issues. But sustainable
development is broader than that, because it covers 3 policy spheres, including
social development, economic development, and environmental protection.
Sustainable development as a process of continually improving the welfare of the
wider community of a nation and in the intergenerational period. Sustainability of
development refers to the ability to grow and change continuously so that people
enjoy at least the same welfare from time to time and from generation to
generation (Raharjo and Ishartono).
Clean production has 4R principles, namely reuse, reduce, recycle, and
recover. Therefore clean production has an impact on sustainable development
and is included in industrial ecology. So that was formed EIP (Eco Industrial
Park). Eco-Industrial Park or environmentally sound industrial area is a collection
of industries that synergize with each other and pay attention to the sustainability
of these industrial activities (Djajadiningrat, 2004). The sustainability of the Eco-
Industrial Park is considered by the three main pillars of sustainability, namely
economic, ecological and social. Development of Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) is a
matter that must be an option, given the environmental damage caused by
industrial activities and the negative impact of development in the form of
poverty. EIP must fulfill two concepts of sustainable development, namely the
concept of needs and the concept of limitations (Kristanto, 2002). The
implementation of development, for example industrial activities is a necessity
that must be done especially to overcome poverty which is still a world
development issue. On the other hand in carrying out development, resources are
needed whose existence is increasingly limited. The principle of natural
ecosystems is applied in inter-industrial relations, so that the energy used is not
wasted and the waste produced can be reused or utilized by other industries as raw
material. In addition, the community is also included in EIP development so that
the industrial area will be sustainable.
Sustainability is the foundation for today’s leading global framework for
international cooperation – the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and
its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Each of the 17 SDGs has specific
targets to be achieved by 2030. The goals and targets are universal, meaning they
apply to all countries around the world, not just poor countries. Reaching the
goals requires action on all fronts – governments, businesses, civil society and
people everywhere all have a role to play. The relationship between industrial
ecology and production and sustainable development is to produce an industry
that can carry out closed processes or use waste as raw material to produce clean
production so that it can achieve sustainable development.

Fig 1. The Sustainable Development Goals 2030

 In the natural system there is a mutualism symbiosis that benefits not only
the two parties working together but also has a positive impact on the
environment. In addition, in natural systems there is also a process of change or
transformation, changes from complex molecules to simple elements that can be
absorbed by cells or the union of simple elements into complex molecules that can
be utilized by living things to obtain energy. Peoses are known as metabolic
processes. In industrial ecology it is also expected to occur in the process of
industrial symbiosis and metabolism. Industrial metabolism is derived from the
notion of economic metabolism, by changing matter and energy through a certain
process that will benefit living beings and minimize results that have a negative
impact on the environment. Industry which is a linear activity, utilizes natural
resources as inputs and produces output that is utilized and output that is not
utilized (waste) that will be disposed of into the environment. Industrial activities
like this of course will deplete existing resources and will damage the balance in
the environment. Therefore industrial activities must be made to imitate processes
that exist in nature, which form a cyclical process.

This vision has emphasized the role of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
methods, (see, for example, Guin´ee et al. 2002), which are frequently used with
the purpose of accounting for environmental impacts of products and services.
These methods show practical limitations, considering that each industry is
dependent, directly or indirectly, on all other industries. Consequently, this
approach is expensive and timeconsuming because resource input and
environmental discharge data have to be estimated for each of the modeled
processes of the life cycle of a product or service (Suh 2009). Life cycle
assessment is a technique for assessing the environmental aspects associated with
a product over its life cycle. The most important applications are these:

 analysis of the contribution of the life cycle stages to the overall

environmental load, usually with the aim to prioritize improvements on
products or processes
 comparison between products for internal use
 According to Suh (2009), the LCA based model has the following advantages:
it is accurate within a defined system boundary; it is independent from price
fluctuation, and it facilitates unit process level analysis. The disadvantages of this
model are related with its high cost for complex product systems, and inherently,
it provides incomplete system boundary, as the process inventory associated to the
life cycle analysis has to be broken at a given point, there are no infinite
boundaries.
According to ISO 14040 from Iyyanki et al. (2017), in LCA study consists of
four stages:
 Stage 1: Goal and scope aims to define how big a part of product life
cycle will be taken in assessment and to what end will assessment be
serving. The criteria serving to system comparison and specific times are
described in this step.
 Stage 2: In this step, inventory analysis gives a description of material
and energy flows within the product system and especially its interaction
with environment, consumed raw materials, and emissions to the
environment. All important processes and subsidiary energy and
material flows are described later.
 Stage 3: Details from inventory analysis serve for impact assessment.
The indicator results of all impact categories are detailed in this step; the
importance of every impact category is assessed by normalization and
eventually also by weighting.
 Stage 4: Interpretation of a life cycle involves critical review,
determination of data sensitivity, and result presentation.

Fig 2. Gives the four stages under the ISO 14040 guidelines
 For the example is about CPO production process. According to Suprihatin et
al. (2015), the analysis of environmental impact of CPO production process is given
at all stages of its life cycle, starting from the nursery, oil palm plantation, FFB
transportation, and FFB processing (or CPO extraction), including scenarios of the
capturing and utilization of methane from anaerobic degradation of wastewater,
integration of oil palm plantation with cattle farm, and utilization of solid waste as
an organic fertilizer. A further significant improvement of CPO production process
performance can be achieved through the integration of the oil palm plantation with
cattle farm and the utilization of solid waste as an organic fertilizer.
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