Standard Practice for Statistical Procedures AASHTO Designation: R 4-97 (2009) | ‘stead fs ben dco TS80 Rat "AASHTO (©2011 by the American Amoi of Ste Hight ad Tanspataton Os Alright rested Dpletion i vila fsa neStandard Practice for Selection and Use of Emulsified Asphalts AASHTO Designation: R 5-08 ASTM Designation: D 3628-06 AASITTO R 5-08 is identical to ASTM D 3628-06 excopt that all veferences to the ASTM standards listed in the following table shall be replaced with the corresponding ‘AASHTO standard S28 Req AASHTO (©2011 by the Amin Associaton of State High abd Traospration Ofc ‘Miri reserved: Dupleaton baton of apcStandard Practice for Evaluation of Transportation-Related Earthborne Vibrations : i) AASHTO Designation: R 8-96 (2009)' Se 1. SCOPE 14 ‘This standard practice isto provide guidance forthe assessment of potential o alleged strctral 2A, 22, 23, 2A, a oper xe due (oearthbome vibrations related to transportation facility constuction, maintenance, oF INTRODUCTION The construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities generate vibrations, \whieh are transmitted through the air and earth and are subsequently received or “sensed” by structures or inhabitants. Only earthborne vibrations are addressed inthis standard practice (see Section X28, Appendix X2) Currently accepted practice in monitoring earthborne vibrations considers two parameters—earth particle velocity and wave frequeney—determined atthe ste of concern (Siskind etal. 1980; see Figure 1), Sensing instruments are usually set out on the ground adjacent tothe subject structure. For determination ofsafe vibration control limits, special eoncerns may dictate placement of sensors drecllyon specific parts ofa structure such as the Foundation, a supporting column, ora wall Much ofthe data concerning structural damage have been determined ftom blasting activities, Blasting is a commonly used construction-related procedure thet produces vibrations characterized hy aawide frequency range and potentially high intensities but of very short duration, ‘Transportation-rlated activites, such as vehicular or rail traffic, may be the source of repetitive, cyclical vibrations of much lower intensity than those caused by blasting. There may be concern in this egard because of potential for fatigue of structural components, Documentation of specific damage due to such transportation-related vibrations is seare (Whiffin and Leonard 1971; ‘Ames etal, 1976). People “sense” or respond toa much broader range of vibration frequencies and intensities than do structures, Intrusive vibration levels ean annoy humans at much lower intensities than levels considered critical for structures (see Figure 2) Such sensitivity causes concern for structural «damage potential even atthe extremely low levels of vibration that are a recognized nuisance to ‘people, Various threshold limits have been recommended in standards aimed at minimizing damage to various structures, Recommended safe vibration limits ae based upon the appearance of “threshold cracks” or cosmetic cracking. Such eracks appear at lower vibration levels than do architectural or minor damage, The applicability of spevific limitations is often the subject of Ttigation requiring expert witness opin, TS Ret ‘AASHTO (©2011 byte American Asean of Sate High and Transporation OMe igh reseived:Dopleton i ilo of apse a