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CHEMISTRY
SCIENCE Paper - 2
Aims: 3. To acquire skills in proper handling of apparatus
and chemicals.
1. To acquire the knowledge of terms, concepts,
processes, techniques and principles related to 4. To develop scientific temper, attitude and
the subject. problem solving skills.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge of 5. To recognize Chemical Science as having an
contents and principles of chemistry in important impact on the environment
unfamiliar situations. relating to cycles in nature; natural resources,
pollution.
CLASS IX
There will be one paper of two hours duration of 80 terms of molecular motion (particles, atoms,
marks and Internal Assessment of practical work molecules); Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law;
carrying 20 marks. absolute zero; gas equation; simple relevant
The paper will be divided into two sections, calculations.
Section I (40 marks) and Section II (40 marks). The behaviour of gases under changes of
Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer temperature and pressure; explanation in
questions on the entire syllabus. terms of molecular motion (particles, atoms,
molecules). Boyle’s Law (statement,
Section II will contain six questions. Candidates will mathematical form, simple calculations).
be required to answer any four of these six questions.
Charles’ Law; (statement, mathematical
Note: All chemical reactions should be studied with form, simple calculations). Absolute zero;
reference to the reactants, products, conditions, Kelvin scale of temperature. Gas equation P1
observations and the (balanced) equation. V1 / T1 = P2 V2 / T2; simple relevant
calculations based on gas equation.
1. Matter and its Composition: Law of
Conservation of mass (ii) Relationship between Kelvin Scale and
(i) Explanation of change of state of matter on Celsius Scale of temperature; Standard
the basis of Kinetic Theory of Matter. temperature and pressure.
Main postulates of Kinetic Theory of Matter Conversion of temperature from Celsius
and explanation of change of state on the Scale to Kelvin scale and vice versa.
basis of. Inter-particle space and Inter- Standard temperature and pressure. (simple
particle attraction and collision. calculations).
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(c) Ozone depletion 2. Add dilute sulphuric acid to the unknown
Formation of ozone – relevant equations substance, warm if necessary, make observation,
identify the product and make deductions.
Function in the atmosphere.
(a) a sulphide
Destruction of the ozone layer – chemicals (b) a carbonate
responsible for this to be named but
reactions not required. (c) a metal
Gases: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, The experiment would test techniques in
dissolving, filtering or decanting, washing and
Chlorine, Hydrogen chloride, Sulphur dioxide,
weighing. It may be counted out as taking too
Hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia, Water vapour, much time. The weakness could be met by
Nitrogen dioxide. supplying a given weight of the mixture; also by
Candidates are expected to have completed the choosing sand of such grain size that filtering or
decanting will not be slow and yet not so large
following minimum practical work.
that separation of salt and sand cannot be done
simply by sorting out mechanically the sand from
Simple experiments on: the salt. The experiment should take about 20
minutes using 10g mixture (4g sand, 6g salt).
1. Heat the given (unknown) substance, make
observations, identify any products and make 5. Simple experiments based on hard water and soft
deductions where possible. water – identification of hardness – simple
(a) copper carbonate, zinc carbonate softening – by heating the temporary hard water,
using washing soda and advantage of using
(b) washing soda, copper sulphate crystals detergents over soap in hard water.
(c) zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, lead nitrate 6. Find out the sources of pollution of water
(d) ammonium chloride, iodine, ammonium bodies in the locality and determine the
dichromate quality of water.
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CLASS X
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(iii) Relative atomic masses (atomic weight) and (iii)An elementary study of the migration of
relative molecular masses (molecular ions, with reference to the factors influencing
weights): either H=1 or 12C=12 will be selective discharge of ions, illustrated by the
accepted; molecular mass = 2vapour electrolysis of: molten lead bromide;
density (formal proof not required). acidified water with platinum electrodes and
Deduction of simple (empirical) and aqueous copper (II) sulphate with copper
molecular formula from the percentage electrodes; electron transfer at the electrodes.
composition of a compound; the molar The above electrolytic processes can be
volume of a gas at S.T.P.; simple studied in terms of electrolyte used,
calculations based on chemical equations; electrodes used, ionization reaction, anode
both reacting weight and volumes. reaction, cathode reaction, use of selective
Idea of relative atomic mass and relative discharge theory wherever applicable.
molecular mass – standard H atom or 1/12th
of carbon 12 atom. (iv) Applications of electrolysis: electroplating
with nickel and silver; purification of copper;
Relating mole and atomic mass; arriving at choice of electrolyte for electroplating.
gram atomic mass and then gram atom;
atomic mass is a number dealing with one Reasons and conditions for electroplating;;
atom; gram atomic mass is the mass of one names of the electrolytes and the electrodes
mole of atoms. used should be given. Equations for the
reactions at the electrodes should be given
Relating mole and molecular mass arriving for electroplating, refining of copper.
at gram molecular mass and gram molecule
– molecular mass is a number dealing with (v) Acids, bases and salts as electrolytes:
a molecule, gram molecular mass is the mass reference should be made to the activity
of one mole of molecules. series as indicating the tendency of
metals, e.g. Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, to form ions.
Molecular mass = 2vapour density
(questions will not be set on formal proof but 7. Metallurgy
may be taught for clear understanding);
- simple calculations based on the formula. (i) Definition of Metals and Non-metals.
Self-explanatory.
Deduction of simple (empirical) and
molecular formula from the percentage (ii) Position of the metals (alkali metals and
composition of a compound. alkaline earth metals) in the Periodic table
and general characteristics applied to these
6. Electrolysis elements with reference to the following –
(i) Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. occurrence, nature, bonding, action of air,
action of water, action of acids.
Definitions and examples.
Self-explanatory.
(ii) Substances containing molecules only, ions
only, both molecules and ions. (iii) Comparison of Metals and Non-metals.
Substances containing molecules only, General properties with special reference to
ions only, both molecules and ions. physical properties: state, lustre, melting
Examples; relating their composition with point, density, ductility, malleability,
their behaviour as electrolyte (strong and brittleness, conduction of electricity
weak), non-electrolyte. (exceptions to be specifically noted - e.g.
graphite, mercury); chemical properties: a
Definition and explanation of electrolysis,
metal forms at least one basic oxide; non-
electrolyte, electrode, anode, cathode, anion,
metal, an acidic or neutral oxide; discharge
cation, oxidation and reduction (on the basis
of metallic ions at the cathode from fused
of loss and gain of electrons).
metallic chlorides (link with bonding and ion
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formation); many metals liberate hydrogen Description of the changes occurring,
from dilute HCl and H2SO4.In the physical purpose of the substances used and the main
properties of metals and non-metals, reactions with their equations.
atomicity and valence electrons should also (a) Uses of iron, aluminium and zinc and their
be included; suitable examples must be given alloys.
for basic, acidic and neutral oxides;
formation and discharge of ions at the Uses of iron, aluminium and zinc and their
alloys. Composition of their alloys – steel,
cathode (metallic) and anode (non-metallic)
duralumin, brass.
should be explained with examples.
(b) Other important alloys – bronze, fuse metal
(iv) Reduction of metallic oxides; some can be and solder.
reduced by hydrogen, carbon and carbon
monoxide (e.g. copper oxide, lead oxide, Uses only.
iron (II) oxide) and some cannot (e.g. Al2O3,
8. Study of Compounds
MgO) - refer to activity series).
Hydrogen Chloride
Equations with conditions and observations
should be given. Hydrogen chloride: preparation of hydrogen
chloride from sodium chloride; refer to the
(v) Extraction of metals based on the activity density and solubility of hydrogen chloride
series. (fountain experiment); reaction with
Extraction of metals: principle of extraction ammonia; acidic properties of its solution.
of metal from its compounds by reduction – Preparation of hydrogen chloride from
carbon reduction, electrolytic reduction. sodium chloride; (the laboratory method of
Active metals by electrolysis e.g. sodium, preparation can be learnt in terms of
aluminium (reference only). reactants, product, condition, equation,
diagram or setting of the apparatus,
(vi) Corrosion of iron and its prevention. procedure, observation, precaution,
Experiment to illustrate that moisture and collection of the gas and identification).
oxygen in air are responsible for the Simple experiment to show the density of the
corrosion. Reaction of corrosion. gas (Hydrogen Chloride) –heavier than air.
Prevention by painting and galvanization. Solubility of hydrogen chloride (fountain
experiment); (setting of the apparatus,
(vii)Metals and their alloys: common ores of procedure, observation, inference) – method
iron, aluminium and zinc. Extraction of of preparation of hydrochloric acid by
Aluminium. dissolving the gas in water- the special
arrangement and the mechanism by which
Metals and their alloys: Occurrence of the back suction is avoided should be learnt.
metals in nature - mineral and ore. Common
Reaction with ammonia
ores of iron, aluminium and zinc. Dressing of
the ore – hydrolytic method, magnetic Acidic properties of its solution - (reaction
separation, froth flotation method, chemical with metals, their oxides, hydroxides and
method by using chemical - NaOH for carbonates to give their chlorides;
purifying bauxite – Baeyer’s Process. decomposition of carbonates, hydrogen
carbonates, sulphides, sulphites,
Extraction of Aluminium: the constituents in thiosulphates and nitrates).
the charge, method of electrolytic extraction
(flow chart to be used); structure of Ammonia
electrolytic cell and reason for using
cryolite, electrolyte, electrodes,, electrode (i) Ammonia: its laboratory preparation
reaction. from ammonium chloride and collection;
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ammonia from nitrides like Mg3N2 (ii) The catalytic oxidation of ammonia, as
and AlN and ammonium salts. the source of nitric acid; (refer to
Manufacture by Haber’s Process; Ostwald process) simple diagram for a
density and solubility of ammonia catalytic oxidation of ammonia in the
(fountain experiment); aqueous solution laboratory (with conditions and reactions
of ammonia; its reactions with hydrogen only).
chloride and with hot copper (II) oxide
Self-explanatory.
and chlorine; the burning of ammonia in
oxygen; uses of ammonia.
Nitric Acid
Laboratory preparation from
ammonium chloride and collection Nitric Acid: one laboratory method of
(the preparation can be studied in terms preparation of nitric acid from potassium
of, setting of the apparatus and diagram, nitrate or sodium nitrate. Nitric acid as an
procedure, observation, collection and oxidizing agent.
identification). Nitric Acid: Laboratory method of
Manufacture of ammonia on a large preparation of nitric acid from
scale - reference should be made to potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate; the
Haber Process for the manufacture of laboratory method can be studied in
ammonia. terms of reactant, product, condition,
equation, setting, diagram, precaution,
Ammonia from nitrides like Mg3N2 and collection, identification.
AlN and ammonium salts; the reactions
can be studied in terms of reactant, As an oxidising agent: its reaction with
product, condition, equation. copper, carbon, sulphur.
Density and solubility of ammonia Sulphuric Acid
(fountain experiment); the property can
Sulphuric Acid: its behaviour as an acid
be learnt in terms of setting of the
when dilute, as an oxidizing agent when
apparatus, procedure and observation
concentrated - oxidation of carbon and
and inference.
sulphur; as a dehydrating agent - dehydration
Aqueous solution of ammonia - reaction of sugar and copper (II) sulphate crystals; its
with sulphuric acid, nitric acid, non-volatile nature.
hydrochloric acid and solutions of
iron(III) chloride, iron(II) sulphate, lead Manufacture by Contact process (reference
nitrate, zinc nitrate and copper sulphate. only). Detail of the process to be avoided.
Its reaction with: hydrogen chloride, hot Its behaviour as an acid when dilute -
copper (II) oxide, with chlorine in excess reaction with metal, metal oxide, metal
and ammonia in excess, burning of hydroxide, metal carbonate, metal
ammonia in oxygen; all these reactions bicarbonate, metal sulphite, metal
may be studied in terms of reactants, sulphide.
products, condition, equation and Concentrated sulphuric acid as an oxidizing
observation; reference should be made agent - the oxidation of carbon and sulphur.
to preparation of nitrogen from air and
from ammonium nitrite. Concentrated sulphuric acid as a
dehydrating agent- (a) the dehydration of
Uses of ammonia - manufacture of
sugar (b) Copper(II) sulphate crystals.
fertilizers, explosives, nitric acid,
refrigerant gas (Chlorofluro carbon – Non-volatile nature of sulphuric acid -
and its suitable alternatives which are reaction with sodium or potassium chloride
non-ozone depleting), cleansing agents, and sodium or potassium nitrate.
source of hydrogen.
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ethylene dibromide). Only main properties,
particularly addition products with hydrogen
8. Organic Chemistry and halogen namely Cl, Br and I; structural
(i) Introduction to Organic compounds. formulae of hydrocarbons. Structural
Unique nature of Carbon atom – tetra formula must be given for: alkanes (up to
valency, catenation, formation of single, butane), alkene (C2H4); alkynes (C2H2). Uses
double and triple bonds, straight chain, of methane, ethane, ethene, acetylene.
branched chain and cyclic compounds. (vi) Alcohols: ethanol – preparation, properties
(ii) Structure and Isomerism. and uses.
Structure of compounds with single, double Preparation of ethanol:
and triple bonds; Isomerism – structural hydration of ethene;
(chain, position) by hydrolysis of alkyl halide;
(iii) Homologous series – characteristics with Properties – Physical: Nature, Solubility,
examples. Density, Boiling Points. Chemical:
Alkane, alkene, alkyne series and their Combustion, Oxidation with acidified
gradation in properties and the relationship Potassium dichromate, action with
with the molecular mass or molecular sodium, ester formation with acetic acid,
formula. dehydration with conc. Sulphuric acid
with reference to Ethanol.
(iv) Simple nomenclature.
Denatured alcohol:
Simple nomenclature - of the hydrocarbons
with simple functional groups – (double Important uses of Ethanol.
bond, triple bond, alcoholic, ether, (vii) Carboxylic acids (aliphatic - mono
aldehydic, keto, carboxylic group) longest carboxylic acid): Acetic acid – preparation,
chain rule and smallest number for properties and uses of acetic acid.
functional groups rule – trivial and IUPAC
names. Preparation of acetic acid from Ethyl
alcohol.
(v) Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes.
Alkanes - general formula; methane Properties of Acetic Acid: Physical
(greenhouse gas) and ethane - methods of properties – odour (vinegar), glacial acetic
preparation from sodium ethanoate (sodium acid (effect of sufficient cooling to produce
acetate), sodium propanoate (sodium ice like crystals). Chemical properties –
propionate), from iodomethane (methyl action with litmus, alkalis and alcohol (idea
iodide) and bromoethane (ethyl bromide). of esterification).
Oxidation of methane and ethane in presence Uses of acetic acid.
of oxygen under suitable conditions, reaction
of methane and ethane with chlorine through INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF
substitution. PRACTICAL WORK
Alkenes – (unsaturated hydrocarbons with a Candidates will be asked to observe the effect of
double bond); ethene as an example. reagents and/or of heat on substances supplied to
Methods of preparation of ethene by dehydro them. The exercises will be simple and may include
halogenation reaction and dehydration the recognition and identification of certain gases and
reactions. ions listed below. The examiners will not, however,
Alkynes -(unsaturated hydrocarbons with a be restricted in their choice to substances containing
triple bond); ethyne as an example the listed ions.
of alkyne; Methods of preparation Gases: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,
from calcium carbide and 1,2 dibromoethane Chlorine, Hydrogen chloride, Sulphur dioxide,
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Hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia, Water vapour, 4. Use of pH in soil analysis, water analysis,
Nitrogen dioxide. medical field – simple identification with
universal indicator.
Ions: Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc and
Ammonium, Carbonate, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphide, EVALUATION
Sulphite and Sulphate.
The assignments/project work are to be evaluated by
Knowledge of a formal scheme of analysis is not the subject teacher and by an External Examiner.
required. Semi-micro techniques are acceptable but (The External Examiner may be a teacher nominated
candidates using such techniques may need to adapt by the Head of the school, who could be from the
the instructions given to suit the size of the apparatus faculty, but not teaching the subject in the
being used. section/class. For example, a teacher of Chemistry of
Candidates are expected to have completed the Class VIII may be deputed to be an External
following minimum practical work: Examiner for Class X Chemistry projects.)
1. Make a solution of the unknown substance: add The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner
sodium hydroxide solution or ammonium
will assess the assignments independently.
hydroxide solution, make observations and give
your deduction. Warming the mixture may be
Award of marks (20 Marks)
needed. Choose from substances containing
Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Zn2+, NH4+. Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner) 10 marks
2. Supply a solution of a dilute acid and alkali. External Examiner 10 marks
Determine which is acidic and which is basic,
The total marks obtained out of 20 are to be sent to
giving two tests for each.
the Council by the Head of the school.
3. Add concentrated hydrochloric acid to each of
the given substances, warm, make observations, The Head of the school will be responsible for the
identify any product and make deductions: entry of marks on the mark sheets provided by the
(a) copper oxide (b) manganese dioxide. Council.
NOTE: According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC),
the groups are numbered from 1 to 18 replacing the older notation of groups IA ….. VIIA, VIII, IB …… VIIB
and 0. However, for the examination both notations will be accepted.
Old IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
notation
New 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
notation
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