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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Mohsin Hamid is a Pakistani novelist and brand consultant. He won a common wealth

writers price in 2008 for The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007). His fiction Exit West (2017) was

shortlisted for The Man Booker Prize. In this work he beautifully portraits about war and love in

a unique way which makes me to select this novel for my research work.

The objective of the present study is to highlight the impact of war and love in one’s life.

Love is a beautiful feeling. A person who has a loving heart is always ready to help others. He is

loved by everyone around as what we give out is what we receive. War is the enemy of all

humanity and human civilization. It can never be glorified in any form. It slows down the pace of

progress of mankind. These aspects are clearly analysed through this work.

Literature is a form or branch of knowledge that helps in the advancement of the mind by

creating recognition and the capability to think freely. The history of literature is the historical

growth of writings in prose or poetry that aim to assign entertainment enlighten to the reader ,

listener , observer as well as the enlargement of the literary techniques used in the

communication of these pieces. Not all writings represent literature. Literature is most important

and valuable part in written works. Literature may be classified according to a variety of rules

and terms. Literature also functions more widely in the universe. Literature is a form of human

thought and expression. Literature is a beautiful art.

Literature is a root of language. Literature is a soul of poems. It gives effective and moral

themes. It is considered to be an art form. Literature may be arranged according to a variety of

systems, including language, historical period, genre, nation origin, and subject matter. It is a
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peculiar culture and religion. It is divided into the class of fiction or non-fiction. Today these are

often autocratic decisions as earliest literature. Literature in all its forms can be seen as written

information whether the literature itself is historical, or mythical. It is still quite possible to

decode facts through things like characters, works and words or the author’s style of writing and

the aim behind the words. It is usually expressed in such a relating form as to make it

understandable and give art pleasure and relief to the mind of common man. Initially subject to

much censure the novel has obtained a ruling position amongst literary forms both widely and

critically.

More tending literature writing is observed to be an art form or any single writing

considered to have artistic or cognitive value; often due to distribute language in ways that differ

from ordinary usage. The value judgement distinction of literature considers it cover entirely

those writings that have high quality or variation, forming part of the so called fine writing

tradition.

Again television, film and radio literature have been modified to printed or electronic

media. Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records whether the literature itself be

truthful or mythical it is still quite possible to translate facts through things like characters

actions and words or the authors’ style of writing and the purpose behind the words. Literature

adds to actuality it does not simply describe it. It enhances the necessary capability that daily life

requires and provides; and in this respect it irrigated the deserts that our lives have already

become. The significance of literature is the war between emotion and wisdom, between life and

death. When literature becomes too intellectual when it begins to disregard the passions the

emotions, it become impotent, silly and actually without solidity.

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A commonwealth is a conventional English term for a political community form for the

common good. A literature written in a language is usually named after that language. But when

a literature is written in a language that is in use in some continents and countries, the problem

arises as to how to name it. We are on the doorstep of twenty-first century, living in the Post-

colonial period. Literature is written in past British colonies in their former ruler's language,

English. These literatures are now several delegates as Commonwealth Literature, Post-colonial

Literature, Third World Literature, and New Literatures in English. The difficulty arises when

we take literatures written in English in the first British colonies as one on the basis of shared

involvement of colonialism and give it one of the four times stated above, for no term seems to

be sufficient. The breach of the British Empire with the resulting development of newly

Independent nations and the defence of an independent cultural and political identity led to the

growth of Commonwealth literature.

Commonwealth literature is mentioned to the literature written in English only in the

commonwealth countries outside The Anglo American tradition. Some of the talent writers in

commonwealth countries declare their right to use English not like British but their own way.

The separation of the British Empire with the resulting growth of newly liberal nations and the

assertion of an independent cultural and political identity led to the extension of commonwealth

literature. Commonwealth literature obtained currency in 1960s.

Despite the sharp distinction in context in which the Commonwealth writers function,

Commonwealth literature presents a great landscape alive with creative energy and imbued with

promise. The term commonwealth literature denotes literature initially written in English in,

former British colonies. Commonwealth literature is wealth in poetry and fiction including short-

fiction but poor in drama, non-fiction, prose and literary criticism. The period commonwealth
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has a long history. Though commonwealth idea came into practice in the mid twentieth century,

there are several elements that were responsible for its growth in the nineteenth century.

Commonwealth literature can be usefully studied under two various classes.

The literature is written in those Commonwealth countries where English is practically a

native language for example in Australia, New-Zealand, and Canada. The literature written in

those countries where English is used as a second language for example in India, Commonwealth

countries in Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe The West Indies, Sri Lanka,

and Bangladesh. The Commonwealth of Nations also known as the Commonwealth or the

British Commonwealth, has demonstrated a distinctive literary development marked by its

cultural and historical variety. In common commonwealth literature is an indistinct term which

defines English language works written in the Erstwhile British colonies or place which had the

status of authorities.

Commonwealth literature, post-Colonial literature in English, New Literature in English,

World Writing in English are neutral some of the locution being used to narrate the writings of

members of the erstwhile British empire. The number of titles however written the grooving

International significance of such writings as indicated this month at the London festival of

Commonwealth literature with writers coming from throughout the globe .Many years after the

period came into being it immobile class dissent according to Professor HenaMaes-jelinek, a

Belgian Oracle on the writing from Britain's first colonies. He attached that the nearest clarity of

Commonwealth literature he could get sounded treat condescendingly because it materialized to

be that body of writing designed in the English language by persons who are not themselves

white Britons or Irish or citizens of the United States of America. But even if Commonwealth

literature does not survive the Commonwealth, it surely does. The Commonwealth of Nations to
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permit it original name is an Association of states containing Britain and its former colonies

along with their outpost.

The original Commonwealth Association established in 1931 and contained Australia,

Canada, South Africa and New Zealand who, while self-governing, honoured adherence to the

British crown. The association was developed and reoriented in 1949, when members decided to

drop both the British and the idea of homage. Today the Commonwealth is a loose alliance of 53

countries, with a merged population of more than one billion. Commonwealth literature is thus

used to cover the literary works from dependencies that were once Part of the British Empire, but

it usually eliminates books from the United Kingdom unless there are assembled by inhabitant

writers who arise from a late Colony.

The Great sarcasm, however, is that much of the best literature that has appeared from

Britain in the last years has been processed by writers from or with roots in territories.

Commonwealth literature is occasionally used mutually with post-colonial literatures although

the final could embrace literatures in other languages as well such as French or Portuguese.

Commonwealth literature is really an academic label which method little to public at substantial.

Perhaps the only that is common to Commonwealth literature is the English language, yet it is

English with a difference. Complicating things, however, is the fact that there are numerous

writers in Commonwealth countries who have chosen not to write in English, either to make a

political statement or to invade those who don’t speak the language .Perhaps in the end, the only

benefit of the term commonwealth literature is to encourage the writing of those who might not

otherwise get attention. In general Commonwealth literature is a indistinct time which describes

English language works written in the former British colonies or place which had the status of
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Dominions. Argues are centred also on the differences similitudes or over lapping of the term

Commonwealth literature and post-colonial literature.

Pakistan literature is an apparent literature that constantly came to be described after

Pakistan obtained nationhood status in 1947 appearing out of literary traditions of the South

Asia. The allocated tradition of Urdu literature and English literature of British India was

inherited by the new state. Over a period a body of literature exclusive to Pakistan has emerged

in nearly all greater Pakistani languages including Urdu, English, Punjabi and Sindhi. The nature

of Pakistan literature soon after liberty aroused altercation among writers due to its being centred

heavily on the negative events related to the freedom movement.

Pakistani literature was supposed to take a new direction along with the new state of

Pakistan at this point. According to some critics it had not only developed its own identity, but

also had played a notable role in recording the hard ships and hopes of Pakistan in the latter part

of the 20th century. Today Pakistani literature has taken a shape of its own by responding the

complicate class system and common man. It also has emerged in consolidating Urdu literary

forms and English literature leading to examination. Many writers of fiction obtain from English

and vice versa. Pakistani literatures main official tribune is the Pakistan Academy of letters

whose work in supervise by a board of governors. Pakistani English literature cites to English

Literature that has been developed and expanded in Pakistan, as well as by members of the

Pakistani diaspora who write in a English language, English is one of the formal languages of

Pakistan and has a history going back to the British colonial rule in south Asia; the national

regional language spoken in the country is known as Pakistani English.

Today it engaged an important and essential part in modern Pakistani literature.

Following independence Pakistan has spared to create a literary tradition which returns the
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specialty of its culture. As Pratik sparsSamantara find the writers who appeared in these

developmental years of Pakistani literature generated a heritage for successive generations of

authors all of whom were eager to illustrate the mind set and spirit of their nation. Pakistan has

sometimes been examined a land deprived of world class authors. However, with the emerging

number of educated Pakistanis who dignity themselves in their ability to look within and carry

their cultural difference, the literary ethos of the country is undergoing a great transformation.

Writers offer an approach on this unique Pakistani society and culture, and have thus enriched to

the development of a shining literary tradition in Pakistan.

Unfortunately, Literature in Pakistan has been used to increase narratives put forward by

the state and have always been under the effect of writers and journalist from the traditional

faction of society. This was how authors who tried to write generally were used if their vision

was distinct from the narrative created and spread by the state. Any writer or journalist who tried

to write singly or with his or her style of reality or theory was termed a kafir or unpatriotic. The

reduce in creativity and incapability to highlight the real issues faced by society, both in fiction

and nonfiction forms, led to the low standards of literature and journalism in the country. Writers

contributed to building a society that lives under a biared and deceitful social order and were

violent fanaticism or praising death is normal and where instead of looking for the solutions of

individual and collective problems running from them in the name of religion are considered

highly considerable.

In Pakistan literature an undeclared, incoherent apartheid has been abled against

progressive literature, or what is known the world over as employed literature. Accordingly in

must books of literary criticism reference to engaged Literature are clear by their absence, unless
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a work is open to some other explanation such as lyricism, imagism, surrealism or even

structuralism, an analogously new beginner in the jargon of our Urdu literature.

Literature both poetry and fiction that talks of the real life around us the difficulty of the

people, their desires and national confusion has been avoided like the plague. It has been

presumed that it would be either against the theory of Pakistan or Islam, or both the two being

mutually entwined in the minds of our anxiety riddled literary critics. Pakistan literature in

English dates back to the prior years of independence but in the last decade, it has grown and

refined quickly and to great critical complement. This has concurred with a rich cultural

flowering of a new Pakistani music and art. At the same time the country has become the focal

point of geopolitics and subject to urban violence and religious fanaticism. This issue

investigates Pakistani English creative writing including translation from the Urdu to apprehend

the significance and complications of Pakistan today. Pakistan came into being as an

independent state out of a part of erstwhile British India, in August 1947. There always was and

has been a presence of writers mostly people belonging to a definite class or educational and

social background who have written and continue to write in English, as their favoured means of

literary/ creative transmission. Actually over the last twenty years this number has grown

numerous as Pakistan's energetic educated middle class has enlarged, and so has the number of

emigrant Pakistanis who have been at the vanguard in popularizing Pakistani writings in English.

The origins of Pakistani English literature or Pakistani Literature in English, or by

whatever name you would call it, goes back to British colonial times. At that time in the

nineteenth century English linguistic and literary studies were introduced in the Indian

subcontinent as a means of producing definite useful Indians of a confirmed mind set and

belonging to a certain lass loyal to British interests to fill up accepted posts in the colonial
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government. Yet in time in the Indian subcontinent as in other parts of the British Empire in the

nineteenth and twentieth century is a procedure took place where by the language of the

colonizers the British was in a sense assume by the colonized.

In the case of the Indian subcontinent the forward writings by Indians were mostly

imitative for quite some time. Mostly object on copying and reproducing British and western

model and styles that too of a somewhat obsolete Victorian type. However following on by the

1920s British India began to develop its own literary troubles mostly connected to the amorphous

freedom struggles against British colonialism and strongly dominated by a sense of nationalism

and an almost romantic spirit that spoke of inspired revolution that hinged for a small but vocal

and politically educated class or section of society their dreams for liberty and freedom.

Pakistani English writings were mostly confined to a small handful of writers. All of them from

stiff English medium. Educational backgrounds and mostly writing for a very small and limited

audience within their own cerebral general circles in many respects cut off from the larger

Pakistani independence movement and other post freedom political and social development.

A close study of the current Pakistan fiction releases that many writers offer French

opinions of the past through their clear narrate to logical modes. They inspect the historical

material with factual and dubious precision using fantasy and fiction for revisualisation of facts.

They treat history for studying the philosophy condition of man in the conditions of post

modernism where every history is contemplated a kind of narrative like the novel. The fiction

has created its art and fit subject note. Fiction have many characteristics in common there are

distinctions which mark the species. To the fiction there is basically no time restrain: it may

subsist of one page or of a thousand pages. In the fiction it is chiefly opinion and events that are
 10

revealed: ever since the reformation of the theories of moralists and philosophers had filtered

into popular literature and in various important examples had done service to fiction.

The fiction as it came to the sentimental Romance, the story of adventure, the Gothic

Romance and included into it the social disquisition. The novel is it would seem the ideal form

for checking these social and personal stresses which always subsist in some shape or form at all

times in all societies. A scrutiny of a novel can always begin with a wide cogitation of the

characteristic way in which it examines such anxieties. The novel is read as a type of enveloped

autobiography. It must be pointed out though that no critic would focus exclusively on one detail

of a novel examination on language. The novel is struggling to untangle a meaning from the

work. It will only be a real aliment if it can be enforced to all novels. Fiction is any story or

setting that is borrowed from fancy in other words not found strictly on history or fact. Literary

fiction is explained as fictional works that are considered to be of literary value as famed from

most commercial or class fiction. The contrast can be disputable among critics and scholars.

Literary fiction often requires social commentary, political criticism or reflection on the human

condition. In general it centres on introspective in depth character studies of interesting intricate

and advanced characters. A novel is an approximately long work of narrative fiction normally in

prose which is published as a book.

Fiction cites to literature created from the imagination, mysteries, science fiction,

Romance, fantasy, chick lit, crime thrillers is all fiction genres. Literature is created from the

imagination, not gave as fact though it may be based on a true story or case. Novel is a created

prose account of considerable length and a definite difficulty that deals imaginatively with

human experience. Usually through a connected succession of events including a group of

persons are in a particular setting. The novel is a genre of fiction, and fiction may be explicated
 11

as the art or craft of contriving through the written word, presentation of human life that order or

reroute or both.

KamilaShamsie born 13 August 1973 is a British Pakistani novelist. She is the daughter

of journalist and Editor MuneezaShamsie and granddaughter of Begum JahanalaHabibullah. In

2007 she moved to London and is now a dual National of the UK and Pakistan.In 1999, she has

received Prime Minister’s Award for Literature in Pakistan for In the City by the Sea (1998). She

is honoured with 2002 PatrasBukhari Award from the Academy of Letters In Pakistan and 2005

Patrasbokhari Award for Broken Verses (2005).

She has won 2010 Anisfield Wolf Book Award for Fiction for Burnt Shadows (2009) and

2018 Women's Prize for Fiction for Home Fire.Shasie wrote her first novel In the City by the sea

while still in college and it was issued in 1998 when she was 25. Her second novel Salt and

Saffron followed in 2000. After which she was chosen as one of Orange's 21 writers of the 21st

century. Her third novel Kartography (2001) in 2002 received general critical praise hand wash

shortlisted for the John Llewellyn Rhys award in the UK .In 2009 Kamilashamsie donated the

short story The Desert Torso to Oxfam’s on tales project, four collections of UK stories written

by 38 authors. Her story was printed in the air collection. She attended the 2011 Jaipur Literature

Festival where she spoke about her way writing. She joined in the bush Theatre’s 2011 project

66 books with a piece based on a book of the King James Bible. In 2013 she was involved in the

current list of 20 best young British writers. She is a fellow of Royal Society of literature.

Mohammed Hanif born November 1964 is a British Pakistani writer and journalist who

writes a monthly opinion piece in the New York Times. Hanif is the author of the critically

renowned book a case of exploding mangoes which was long listed for the booker prize

shortlisted for the Guardian first book award and won the Commonwealth prize for best book
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.His second book, Our Lady of Alice Bhatti (2011) won the Welcome Book Prize. He also

worked as a correspondent for the BBC News based in Karachi and was the writer for its hailed

drama and the feature film the long Night. His play The Dictator's wife has been performed at the

Hampstead theatre. He is presently participating with composer Mohammed Fairowzon an opera

titled Bhutto. Hanif's style has often been collated with that of author Salman Rushdie.

NadeemAslam born 11 July 1966 in Gujranwala Pakistan is prize winning British

Pakistani novelist. His works Season of the Rain birds(1993), Maps for Lost Lovers (2004), The

Wasted Vigil (2008), Leila in the Wilderness published inGranta 112(2010), The Blind Man's

Garden (2013), The Golden Legend (2017), Webos (2017).His novel Season Of The Rain Birds

(1993) has won Betty Trask Award in 1994, The Authors Club First Novel Award in 1993, The

Mail On Sunday John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and shortlisted for 1994. The Whitbread’s first

Novel Award and Rhys Award in1994. His another work Maps For Lost Lovers (2004) has won

The Encore Award 2005, The Kiriyama Pacific Rim Book Prize 2005 and shortlisted for British

Book Awards Decibel Writer Of The Year 2006 and International IMPAC Dublin Literary

Award 2006. It is long listed for Man Booker Prize 2004.The Blind Man’s Garden has shortlisted

for DSC Prize for South Asian Literature 2014 and Ondaatje Prize. His novel, The Golden

Legend is shortlisted for Jhalak Prize 2018. He is honoured with 2014 Windham Campbell

Literature Prize for Fiction valued at one lakh fifty thousand dollars one of the largest prizes in

the world of its kind for his literary achievements.

Ali Sethi born July 2 1984 is a Pakistani singer and writer. Sethi was universally granted

for his first published novel The Wish Maker. The book was shortlisted for DSC Prize for South

Asian Literature and the Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize Award. Sethi has written various columns

for New York Times, The New Yorker the Caravan and the Friday Times. In 2013 he began
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attracting on his music career and made his film launch as a singer in the Reluctant

Fundamentalist 2013 and emancipated cover single MohabbatKarneWaley later that year. Future

he released four cover singles containing his own version of Reshma's song kithaynain Na Jori

which grossed him critical assessment Sethi taped two songs kyaHogaKya Hogan and AahKo for

Manto (2015) and appeared as a featured artist in the eighth season of Coke Studio.

In 2016 he liberated his first original single MahiMera which was critically censured

Sethi accepted his first Lux style award nomination as a best playback singer male at 2nd ARY

film awards both for AahKo. He also received a Hum award nomination at 4th Hum awards for

Kithay Nain Na Jorain in the best music single classification.

Bina Shah is a Pakistani writer columnist and Blogger living in Karachi. Shah is the

author of four novels. She has been issued in English, Italian, French, Spanish, Danish, Chinese,

German and Vietnamese. Her first novel Where They Dream In Blue was published by Alhamea

in 2001. A second novel The 786 Cyber Café was published by Alhamra in 2004. Shah's third

novel Slum Child was published in India by tranquebaran trace of Westland Tata 2010. Shah’s

fourth novel A Season for Martyrs (2014) was published by delphinium books to critical

commends.

Umera Ahmad was born on December 10, 1976, is a Pakistani author and screenwriter.

She began her writing career in 1998 at the age of 22 with her inceptive stories printed in

monthly Urdu assimilates. She has written 16 books, varing from complete novels to collections

of short stories.Her most famous books are Pir-e-Kamil(2004) and MeriZaat Zara-e-Benishan.

She is much admired by the life of civil service and her many writings have civil servants as

exponents. Later she became an English language lectures for the students of O and A levels at
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Army Public College, Sialkot. However she left her job a few years back in order to assign her

full regard to writing.

Now she is writing a story for the film. In 2007 Ahmad organised a discussion meeting

well ordered by Geo TV concerning new ways of being creative in television. She has won the

first Indus Drama Awards as the best writer for drama serial, Wujood-e-Laraib. She has received

Lux Style Award twice as the best writer for drama serials MeriZaad Zara -E-Baynishanand

Baghi.

MoniMohsin who was born in 1963, is a Pakistani writer based in London United

Kingdom. Mohsin grew up in Lahore, and narrates herself as being from a family of educated

westernised some people. Mohsin left Pakistan at 16 to study at a boarding school in England

and subsequent managed Cambridge University, where she studied anthropology and

archaeology. Later she returned to Pakistan where she established the country’s first nature

magazine. After General Zia’s death she preceded more balance into the public sphere, working

for the independent Friday Times, where she rose to the ranks of characteristics editor. Her book

comprises The Indore Independence her premiere novel Tender Hooks A.K.A Duty Free (2011)

and The Diary of a Social Butterfly (2008). Her writing has also materialized in The Times, The

Guardian, The Washington Post, Prospect, The Nation and other issues.

She now splits her time between Lahore and London where she lives with her husband

and two children. Her sister JuhuMohsin is the publisher of her works The End of Innocence

(2006), Tender Hooks A.K.A Duty Free (2011), The Diary of a Social Butterfly (2008) inThe

Friday Times, an independent Pakistani weekly

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MalalaYousafzai who was born on July12, 1997, is a Pakistani activist for female education and

the youngest Noble Prize Laureate. She is known for human rights propagation mainly the

education of women and children in her domestic swat Vally in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Northwest

Pakistan where the local Taleban had at times banned girls from attending school. Her

promulgation has grown into an International Organisation and allowing to Pakistani Prime

Minister ShahidKhaqanAbbasi, she has become the most renowned citizen of the country. She is

the nominee of 2011 International Children's Peace Prize. She is one among the top 100 global

thinkers published in Foreign Policy magazine in November 2012. She has received Honorary

Canadian Citizenship in 2014. In 2015, Asteroid 316201 Malala is named in her honour. In 2016,

she has become the Honorary president of the students Union of the University of Sheffield. She

is the youngest ever United Nations Messenger of Peace in 2017. In 2018, she has become the

advisor to princess Zebunisa of Swat, Swat Relief Initiative Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey.

SabaImtiaz is a Pakistani author, journalist, music critic and screenwriter from Karachi.

She formerly worked for the news International and the express tribune and now writing for the

New York Times, The Guardian, and the Christian Science Monitor. Karachi, you are Killing

Me is her debut novel first published in 2014. Imtiaz also wrote the script of the romantic

comedy Dekh Maher Pyar Se (2015).Imtiaz found her profession as a freelance journalist and

baluster writer. She had worked for diverse newspapers like the News International and the

Express Tribune. Imtiaz is also a music critic and wrote various articles on music, chiefly, Coke

Studio.

Imtiaz is also a screenwriter her debut calligraphy DekhMagarPyar Se, directed by

AsadUlHaq and displaying HumaimaMalick and SikanderRizvi. The film was emancipated on

August 14, 2015 and was commercial success though it received mixed reviews from critics. As
 16

of 2016 Imtiaz has advanced the script of Noor ,a Bollywood adaption of her own novel Karachi,

You are Killing Me! produced by Bhushan Kumar and showing SonakshiSinha in the lead the

film is set for April 2017 release.

Shaila Abdullah, a Pakistani American author, writer and designer was born in 1971.

Shaila Abdullah has collected the PatrasBukhari Award for English Language, The Golden Quill

Award, The Reader Views Award, The Written Art Award and a grant from Hobson Foundation.

Beyond the Cayenne Wall is received the Jury Prize for Outstanding Fiction which is the highest

award in the Narambega Fiction Awards. Her books incorporate Saffron Dreams (2009), Beyond

the Cayenne Wall(2005) and three other children's books such as Rani in Search of a Rainbow

(2014), My Friend Suhana (2014) and A Manual for Marco(2015). She has also written books

for children with special needs. In 2014, a research team from Washington and Lee University

organised a study in which they found that reading a 3000 word intricate from Saffron Dreams

(2009) can make a person less racist. The novel was cited among 1 to 50 greatest works of

Immigration Literature by Open Education Database.

Mohsin Hamid is a Pakistani novelist writer and brand consultant. He won a common

wealth writers price in 2008 for The Reluctant Fundamentalist. His fiction Exit West (2017) was

shortlisted for The Man Booker Prize. Mohsin Hamid born in 23 July 1971. Hamid spent part of

his boyhood in the United States where he stayed from the age of three to nine while his father a

University professor was registered in a doctorate program at Stanford University. He then

proceeded with his family back to Lahore Pakistan and managed the Lahore American School.

At the age of 18 Hamid returned to the United States to begin again his education. He qualified

from Princeton University summa cum laude in 1993 having calculated under the writers Joyce
 17

Carol Oates and Toni Morrison. Hamid wrote the first order of his first novel for a fiction class

taught by Morrison. He went back to Pakistan after college to start working on it.

Hamid then organised Harvarellaw School passing in 1997. Finding corporate Law tiring

he compensated his student loans by working for some years as a management consultant at

McKinsey& company in New York City .Hamid went to London in the summer of 2001

originally designing to stay only a year. Although he generally returned to Pakistan to write, he

advanced to live in London for eight years becoming a dual citizen of the United Kingdom in

2006. In 2004 he connected the Brand Consultancy Wolffolins working only 3 days a week so as

to keep time to write. He later distributed as managing director of Wolffolins

London office and in 2015 was established the firm’s first ever chief story telling officer.

Hamid’s first novel Moth Smoke (2000) advised the story of a Marijuana smoking ex banker in

post nuclear test Lahore who falls in love with his best friend’s wife and becomes a heroin

addict. It was published in 2000.His second novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007)

confessed the story of a Pakistani man who agrees to leave his high flying life in America after a

declined love affair and the terrorist attacks of 9/11. It was published in 2007.His third novel

How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia was extracted by the New Yorker in their 24 September

2012 concern and was released in March 2013 by riverhead books. Hamid's most current novel

Exit West is about a young couple Nadia and Saeed and their relationship in a time where the

world is taken by storm by emigrants. It was shortlisted for the 2017 Man Booker Prize.

Mohsin Hamid's first novel Moth Smoke was published in 2000, and quickly became a

craze hit in Pakistan and among Indians who speak English. It was also a finalist for the PEN

/Hemingway award given to the best first novel in the US hand was modified for television in

Pakistan and as an Operetta in Italy .Moth smoke (2000) had a new structure using tripartite
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voices, second person trial scenes and essays on such topic. As the role of air conditioning in the

lives of its main characters pioneering a hip current proceed to English language South Asian

fiction. It was examined by some critics to be the most absorbing novel that came out of

generation of subcontinent writing.

The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007) was short listed for the Man Booker prize won

assort awards including the Anisfield Wolf Book Award and the Asian American Literary Award

and was translated into over 25 languages. The Guardian selected it as one of the books that

explained the decade. Like Moth Smoke (2000) The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007) was also an

innovative work of Hamid. The novel used the uncommon device of a dramatic monologue in

which the Pakistani proponent continually addresses an American listener who is never heard

from directly. In an interview in May 2007, Hamid has commented on The Reluctant

Fundamentalist: "I’d rather people read my book twice than only half-way through."As with his

previous books How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia twists (2013) conventions of both genre

and form. Described in the second person it tells the story of the protagonist’s journey from

exhausted rural Boy to magnet in an unnamed current city of rising Asia and of his interest on

the nameless pretty girl whose path repeatedly crosses but never quite articulates with his taking

its shape from the self-help books consumed by progressive youths all over rising Asia.

The novel is playful but also quite intense in its depiction of the thirst for aspiration and

love in a time of breaking economic and social overthrow. In New York Times Michiko

Kakutani reviewed the novel stating it as ‘deeply moving' and ‘reaffirms place as one of his

generations most creative and gifted writers'.

Hamid has also written on politics, art, literature, travel and other topics most freshly on

Pakistan's intramural division and fanaticism in an Op-ed for the New York Times. His
 19

journalism essays and stories have published in TIME, The Guardian, Dawn, The New York

Times, The Washington Post, The International Herald Tribune, the Paris Review and other

publications. In 2013, he was named one of the world’s 100 leading global thinkers by Foreign

Policy Magazine. Hamid shifted to Lahore in 2009 with his wife Zahra and their daughter Dina.

He now cleaves his time between Pakistan and abroad living between Lahore New York London

and Mediterranean countries including Italy and Greece. Hamid has narrated himself as a

Mongrel and has said of his own writing that a novel can often be a divided man's discussion

with himself.

Exit West, a novel almost immigration and transmutation, complete of worm holes and

splits in realism, bring into being as it generally does not go on. A man and a woman meet at an

evening class on corporate identity and product branding now, though, this unnamed city is vast

with emigrants. Radicals are forming turbulence. The old world was neither glory nor

netherworld one of its country park accepts early morning junkies and gay lovers who had left

their houses with more time than they wanted for the shops they had said they were heading out

to complete but its horrors are driving out those with determination and contacts. Saeed and

Nadia get on a voyage that, like the dream reason of a primitive journey, takes them to Mykonos,

London, and San Francisco. All the same, the novel is frequently solidest in its certification of

life throughout war time, there are no explanations of life or death voyages in the reverses of

wagons or on fragile crafts.

Almost self-contradictory environment of Nadia and Saeed’s numerical life whose

comprehensive group self-determinations divergence with the road blocks, pointed line and

encampments they face in what permits for realism. Most of all there is prayer, prayer for the
 20

loss that bonds humankind, unites every human being, the fleeting nature of our being ness, and

our shared sorrowfulness, the anguish we each convey.

The research work on Exit West is to find and critically analyse the impacts of love and

war on the lives of Saeed and Nadia. Their lives have been greatly driven by the love and war.

The struggles and pains of war have made their living critical in their own land and made them to

immigrate to some other country. The difficulties of immigration have been overcome by the

love between them. The love sustained their spirit to go further and to lead a struggle-free life.

The fore coming chapter deals with such issues.

 21

CHAPTER II

ADORE AND CONFLICT IN MOHSIN HAMID’S EXIT WEST

Exit west 2017 is a work of fiction by Pakistan writer Mohsin Hamid. His fourth work is

Exit West that appeared in 2017 and was nominated for the Man Booker Prize. This novel is

about the grim difficulties of forced migration. Exit west discover the ins and outs of refugee life,

inspecting the trails in which people are prejudiced by their familiarities as migrants.

The novel begins in an unnamed country, but its characters are quickly forced to

immigrate to Mykonos, London, and finally Marin, California. Each time Saeed and Nadia

immigrate to a new country, they have to fight with their short coming into new settings, and

each of these fights eventually builds itself into its own climax.

In a city inflated by emigrates but still mostly at peace, or at least not yet openly at a war,

young man met a young woman in a class room and did not speak to her for many days. His

name was Saeed and her name was Nadia. He had a beard, not a full beard, more ardently

continued straw. She was always dressed from the tips of her toes to the bottom of her neck nick

in a flowing black robe. Both of them meet for the first time while taking a course on corporate

identity and product branding. At first they do not perception each other, except that he notes that

Nadia wears long black robes that cover nearly her whole body. Because the citizens of the city

are not forced at this point to dress or behave according to devote principles, she resolve to wear

such clothing literally implies something about Nadia character.

His name was Saeed and her name was Nadia and he had a beard, not a full beard,

more a studious maintained stubble, and she was always clad from the tips of her

toes to the bottom of her jugular notch in a flowing black robe. Back then people
 22

continued to enjoy the luxury of wearing more or less what they wanted to wear,

clothing and hair wise, within certain bounds of course, and so these choices

meant something.(1)

Sitting in class one day he notices beauty mark on her neck that sometimes dances with

the pulse of her heart, and this inspires him to speak to her, they decided to go cafeteria after the

evening class. They spoke about some general things in their life styles.

In the stairwell he turned to her and said, ‘Listen , would you like to have a

coffee,’ and after a brief pause added, to make it seem less forward, given her

conservative attire, ‘in the cafeteria?’. . . Nadia looked him in the eye. ‘you don’t

say your evening prayers?’ she asked.(2)

A meeting is when two or more people come composed to chat about one or more

matters.After their perplexing discussion about prayer, Saeed cannot stop thinking about Nadia.

Meanwhile, Saeed goes to a bakery to get bread for dinner, which he will have with his parents

with whom he lives. This is common amongst independent-minded single men in his city with

decent posts and good educations. And in any case, Saeed likes his parents. His mother has the

commanding air of school teacher, and his father has the moderately lost bearing of a university

professor. Although his mother no longer works, his father still teaches, despite the fact that he is

forced to acquire lower wages and lesser positions because he’s past the age of retirement.

Saeed and his parents live in a small apartment in a building that used to be beauty and fussy,

though it is now collapsing and overcrowded because it is in a highly commercial area. When

they finally get coffee, Saeed asks Nadia why she dresses long black robes even though she

doesn’t pray. Both of their phones are on the table, relaxing face-down between them like the
 23

weapons of renegades at parley. Nadia laughs, takes a sip of coffee, and tells, so men don’t fuck

with me.

He was an independent –minded, grown man, unmarried, with a decent post and

an education, and as was the case in those days in his city with most independent-

minded, grown men, unmarried, with decent posts and good educations, he lived

with his parents. Saeed’s mother had the commanding air of a schoolteacher,

which she formerly was, and his father the slightly lost bearing of a university

professor, which he continued to be –though on reduced wages, for he was past

the official retirement age and had been forced to seek out visiting faculty work.

(8)

Nadia grew up in a resolutely holy house where the walls were lined by extracts of dedicated

texts. Nadia has not spoken to her family since leaving home, though everyone her father

comprised remorse this. These days, Nadia works at an insurance company and lives alone in an

apartment above her landlord, a widow. When Nadia acquired her flat, she implied her widowed

landlord that she too was a widow, asserting her husband was killed in war. In order to avert the

landlord’s intuition, then, she cannot have men over, a difficulty she evades by going upstairs

and dropping down to Saeed a key cloaked in a black robe, which he puts on and uses to cover

his head. In this manner, Saeed creeps into the building and into Nadia’s flat, where they watch

to old American vinyl records. When Nadia asks him if he had like to smoke a joint, he receives

and even provides to roll it.

The art in Nadia’s childhood home consisted of religious verses and photos of

holy sites, framed and mounted on walls. . . But she had a job at an insurance

company, and she was determined to survive, and so she did. She secured a room
 24

of her own atop the house of a widow, a record player and small collection of

vinyl. (21, 22)

For the first two weeks of the check in time, Nadia and Saeed do not look each other on the

sabbatum because battling between their territories creates trip impassable. Lastly, though, Saeed

is able to see on the third Dominica’s when the pair acquires in to Nadia’s bed and shares off

their costumes. After a slight while, Nadia requests if Saeed has carried a prophylactic, but he

informs her he doesn’t consider they should have sex until they were espoused. She whoops at

this, but he simply waves his head. Then appearing down, she laughs and looks that Saeed is

displease by her opinion, it’s okay, she states we can see.

A week after, all cell phone use in the city evaporates. An edict is made on TV that the

administration has determined to do this as a transitory anti rebels check. Deficit internet system

also vanishes. Because neither Saeed nor Nadia have working phone lines, they immediately

discover themselves cut off from one another, destitute of the entrances to each other and to the

globe gave by their cell phones. Fast in their flats each night because of the limit, they start to

perceive stranded and alone and much more fearful.

But one day the signal to every mobile phone in the city simply vanished, turned

off as if by flipping a switch. An announcement of the government’s decision was

made over television and radio, a temporary anti- terrorism measure, it was said,

but with no end date given. Internet connectivity was suspended as well. Nadia

did not have a landline at home. Saeed’s landline had not worked in months. (55)

Saeed and Nadia talk in phones which assist them to escape from everyday life and from

their relationship too. Certainly, while they trust deeply upon text messaging in the early phases

of their engagement to build their promise, it is not long before Saeed and Nadia eagerly divert
 25

themselves from one another by looking at single shades. As such, dependent upon the

environment in which they were used, these plans take on the twin authority of tying and

extrication, basically expressive the feeble, delicate ways persons bond with or impulsion each

other away.

Meanwhile, murmurs spread completely the city about exits that can take people elsewhere,

usually to places distance away, well displaced from this death snare of a country. A common

door, some public speak, can become an especial door without caveating. As such, the city’s

occupants also start to see at their exits variously, viewing them as probable gate ways that might

someday dark them away.

Nadia and Saeed, too, discussed these rumours and missed them. But every

morning, when she woke, Nadia looked over at her front door, and at the doors to

her bathroom, her closet, her terrace. Every morning, in his room, Saeed did much

the same. (70)

Nadia and Saeed expend more time together presently that they do not have works, and Saeed

implies that Nadia impel in with him and his family, reporting her they don’t have to get

espoused to dwell in the similar flat. The only thing is that they’d want to prevail pure under his

parent’s dome. Although indecisive at first, Nadia lastly decrees to go in with Saeed

when Saeed’s mother is killed by a drift hefty-gauge round fleeting through the windscreen of

her family’s cab. When Nadia looks how fraught Saeed and his father are at the burial, she

decides to halt with them for the eventide to proffer what console and support her. From then on,

she never expends other night in her own flat. She might have waited much longer had saeed’s

mother not been killed, a stray heavy calibre round passing through the windscreen of her

family’s car and taking with it a quarter of Saeed’s mother’s head not while she was driving.
 26

The commonly committal and stately lamenting procedure for Saeed’s mother is shortened by

the city’s menacing situations. The congeners who attend do so only concisely, since it’s perilous

to voyage through the roads. During these inflicts, Nadia over busies herself with offering the

hosts, and no one asks about the nature of her relation with Saeed, though it is simple they need

to know.

Saeed’s mother not been killed, a stray heavy- calibre round passing through the

windscreen of her family’s car and taking with it a quarter of Saeed’smother’s

head, not while she was driving, for she had not driven in months, but while she

was checking inside for an earring she thought she had misplaced, and Nadia,

seeing the state Saeed and Saeed’s father were in when Nadia came to their

apartment for the first time, on the day of the funeral, stayed with them that night

to offer what comfort and help she could and did not spend another night in her

own apartment again. (72)

Terror and brutality are all around them. Nadia and Saeed decide to discover an avenue

out of the city. One of their consorts puts them in touch with a liaison who asserts to have

approach to the obscure exits that convey people to other lands, so they settle out one evening

dressing the clothes and designs get by the militants. Petrified, they pass a dropping body and try

to bring them honestly, perceiving all the while that they’re being observed by slouches flying

overhead. When they arrive at the place they were informed to go, the agent reports them not to

move existent, accessing them from next and requesting that Nadia discover her head. When the

trustee demands for the cash, Saeed allows it to him and admires whether he is making a down

remittent or being defraud.

 27

While Saeed and Nadia expect to listen back from the agent who’s hustle researching for

a new unprotected door way many public leap over exits extant the world. Still neither Saeed nor

Nadia assume how Saeed’s father senses about the anticipation of leaving; when a report appears

from the agency telling a door way is open and that they must happen him the following day,

Saeed’s father says: You two must go, but I will not come. Beside himself, Saeed scares to bring

his father over his shoulder, forcing the old man to go, but this does not work. When Saeed says

him why he wants to halt, he retorts, your mother is here. At this, Saeed complies,

compassionating what it denotes for his father to stay in the city, and the two men allocate the

last night of their lives together.

It might seem surprising that even in such circumstances Saeed’s and Nadia’s

attitudes towards finding a way out were not entirely straightforward. . . Saeed’s

father then summoned Nadia into his room and spoke to her without Saeed ,

whom he called daughter, must, like a daughter not fail him, whom she called

father, she promised, and it was an easy promise to make because she had at that

time no thoughts of leaving Saeed. (89, 93)

After assuming his son to let him dwell, Saeed’s father calls Nadia to his room and

speaks he’s charging her with his son’s life, and she, whom he calls daughter, must, like a

daughter, not flop him, whom she calls father, and she must look Saeed through to protect, and

he believes she will one day wed his son and be called mother by his grandchildren, but this up

to them to agree. All he asks, he tells, is that she lives with Saeed until they’re out of risk. Nadia

forms the oath, but in doing so feels as if she is leaving the old man, departing him to die.

They slept little that night, the night before their departure from the city,

and in the morning Saeed’s father embraced them and said goodbye and
 28

walked off with moist eyes, but without faltering, the old man thinking it

best he leave the young people rather than make them agonize over

steping through the front door with him watching from behind. (95)

Saeed’s father states his goodbye to his son and Nadia the coming day, balancing the

home without saying them where he is preparing so that they cannot pursue him. After dual-

testing that they have everything, the pair vacates the home, too, moving to the purlieu point and

admiring all the while if the agent has set them up and sold them out to the combatants, which

they know is a probability. When they come, they find that the meeting place is in a discarded

dentist’s office, an office that has long since been assaulted of its medicines and other drugs.

Inside, they squabble at a man wear quite further more to a militant, but he only tells them to sit

in the expecting room with many others, all of whom are too tense to speak.

When Saeed and Nadia are arrived into the dentist’s office, the agent stands on rostrums

before a black door that used to guide to a give cabinet. You go first, he tells to Saeed, and

although Saeed initially arranged to go lead of Nadia, he abruptly turns his mind, assuming that

it’s possibly more hazardous for her to go second. No, she will, he proclaims, but the agent does

not response, simply signalling and seeing at Nadia, who walks toward the door not having

examined ahead of schedule who would go first and is battered by its gloom, its obscurity, the

way that it does not confess what is on the other side, and also does not reverse what is on this

side, and so feels equivalence like a starting and an end. Nadia walks to Saeed, restraints his

hands, and moves through the door.

But he merely took the balance of their payment and told them to sit, and so they

sat in that crowded room with a frightened couple and their two school-age

children, and a young man in glasses, and an older woman who was perched
 29

erectly on her seat as though she came from money, even though her clothes were

dirty, and every few minutes someone was summoned through to the dentist’s

office itself, and after Nadia and Saeed were summoned they saw a slender man

who looked like a militant. (96, 97)

This is what Nadia feels as she steps through the darkness, panting and scrambling to arise on the

other side, where she lies cold and hurt on a bathroom ground. Right behind her, Saeed battles to

come through. As he does so, Nadia sees around and looks that they are in a people rest room.

Once Saeed completely gates the entry, the pair hug until they feel their power retort, at which

mark they deny. Saeed wheels around, as if desiring to go back through the door, but he

commonly stops in look of it before walking away.

but then he strode forward and they made their way outside and found themselves

between two low buildings, Perceiving a sound like a shell held to their ears and

feeling a cold breeze on their faces and smelling brine in the air and they looked

and saw a stretch of sand and low grey waves coming in and it seemed

miraculous, although it was not a miracle, they were merely on a beach. (98, 99)

Saeed and Nadia go outside, appearing betwixt two small buildings and feeling a cool

breath on their faces while listening to the sound of a sheath, it held to their ears. Before long,

they recognize they were close a beach, which smacks them as somehow magical as they catch

in the redolence of briny water. Nearby, they look a coast team and different pubs and hashers

marked with signals in English and various European dictions. Soon a light-skinned man neighs

and scoots them down the beach, swing his arms at them as if he is inversing in a universal lingo

accent of mime language. As they lead along the beach, they finally look a deportee mob camp
 30

with hundreds of canopies and huts and public of many colours and tinge many colours and tints

but largely falling within a bond of hazel.

Nadia and Saeed still search out a group of feller countrywomen and men, who say them

that they have ranged the Greek island of Mykonos, a target that intrigues vacationist in the

summery and evacuees in the winter. Like omnipresent more, Mykonos has its possess doors that

can extract people to even wealthy locations, but they are stiffly protected, though the doors to

ordinary places are easy to pass through, since no one stands seem over them, perhaps in the

belief that crowd will go return to where they came from although almost no one ever does or

perhaps because there are simply too several doors from too much poorer places to protect them

all.

They walked away from the beach club and in the lee of a hill they saw what

looked like a refugee camp, with hundreds of tents and lean-tos and people of

many colours and hues-many colours and hues but mostly falling within a band of

brown. Nadia and Saeed quickly located a cluster of fellow country women and-

men and learned that they were on the Greek island of Mykonos, a great draw for

tourists in the summer. (99,100)

The trip itself goes especially on exchanging, like a trading post in past -time gold

rush. Nadia and Saeed absorb from their fellow epigrams that almost everything is obtainable in

this deal, from cardigans to cell phones to penicillin’s to, quietly, sex and medicines. The folk,

they were said, are chiefly fine and protect, though there are clans of young men with an eye on

the accessible. Still, the island is granted elegant safe, exclude when it isn’t, which puts it like

sore areas. Either way, Saeed and Nadia are said that it’s aware to be in the tent after nightfall

rather than on the foreshore or in the mounds.

 31

Nadia and Saeed purchase aqua, meal, a spread, a knapsack, a Hogan, and local

connection for their cellphones. After doing this, they put up the new wigwam on the limit of the

trip, moderately raised on the beach’s rocky mound, where it is not too airy or too rocky. While

surrounding up, Nadia feels like she’s sporting house, while Saeed senses like he is a bad son.

Stopping in her composes; Nadia instantly bends under a back wood and spokes Saeed to the

equal. When he does, she kisses him lower the open sky. Saeed canes his face away in

exasperation but then desperately excuses and sets his cheek to Nadia’s. And though she

attempts to rest with their faces urged together, Nadia is gotten aback by Saeed’s resentment,

since she is never seen him act like this and assumes that a bitter Saeed would not be Saeed at

all.

The camp was in some ways like a trading post in an old-time gold rush, and

much was for sale or barter, from sweaters to mobile phones to antibiotics to,

quietly, sex and drugs. . . The first things Saeed and Nadia bought, Nadia doing

the negotiating, were some water, food, a blanket, a little tent that folded away

into a light, and electric power and local numbers for their phones. . . In the late

afternoon, Saeed went to the top of the hill, and Nadia went to the top of the hill.

(103)

Meanwhile, a young woman arrives home from work in Vienna. Seemingly, militants

from Saeed and Nadia’s nation accessed the city the past week, blasting Austrians to arouse a

response across expatriates from their own part of the world. Unhappily, they have

accomplished, because displease Austrians are scheming to charge a group of immigrants living

close the zoo. Luckily, another group is planning to compose a human barrier to save them.

Liking to support, the young woman sodalities a train to the zoo while carrying a defection
 32

sympathy insignia, but she notes herself confined in a car with the fanatical freckle. These white

faces see upon her, jeering and thrusting until she feels a basal, animal fear and leaps off at the

another stop. Despite this distressing action, though, she settles to extend her trip to the zoo,

walking there as the sun sinks in the sky.

Nadia and Saeed awake in their restricted tent one morning and listen to crowd moving

out of the trip. Bounding to their feet, they follow the people to a special door that has unlocked

in town, one reputed to ahead to Germany. Just as the public passes it, though, they look fighters

protecting it, and so Nadia and Saeed drop back, seeing as many expats attempt fail to move next

the patrols, though no one requires pain. After a while, the people frustratingly files back to the

bivouac and waits for another chance.

As Saeed was coming down from the hill to where Nadia again sat by their tent, a

young woman was leaving the contemporary art gallery she worked at in Vienna.

. . They were furious, and they were staring at her and thought that anything could

happen. . . Without warning people began to rush out of the camp and Saeed and

Nadia heard a rumor that a new door out had been found, a door to Germany.

(105,107)

To struggle off the apathy of life in the trip, Nadia and Saeed declare to inspect the

island. They look perverse groups of men, but they otherwise like wandering through town and

along the coast. One day, they see an old friend of Saeed’s who says them he can assist them

require off the island because he realizes all the insides and outsides. He even allows them a

concession on his paces because Saeed is a companion. After the duo grants the man their

amount, though, they never hear from him repeat and are unable to trail him down. For a while,
 33

Saeed grants the man the welfare of the qualm, even requesting for his security. Shortly enough,

though he accords up believe, composing himself to the truth that the man cape their money.

During this period, Saeed asks Nadia why she still dresses her black robes even though

they are no protract in a city that needs women to wear in this highly moderate holy trend. She

thinks him that she didn’t have to dress the robes before the activists entered to their country but

that she did anyhow, since the robes grant a indicate. This sign, she says him, is still something

she needs to circulate. A signal even to me He requests, and she laughs and responses: Not to

you, you have seen me with nothing.

Because fund is compact, Saeed gets a fishing rod to save their foods. One evening, he and Nadia

are fishing after gloom when they look a group of men arriving toward them. They determine to

vacate, moving fast in the other side, but the men continue even as they quick up, winding up the

seashore’s hill. At one point, Nadia skids and crop her arm on a rock, but the pair moulds on,

discharging their pertaining to go quickly. Fling the fishing rod; they scamper up the peak,

making only to discover a tiny house safe by warriors, meaning that the house gets a door to an

advisable spot. The soldiers yelp at them to stay, and so they endure confined between guards

and a group of ominous men. Luckily, the group of men never attains the mound tip, and the duo

sounds their tepee where they stand.

There funds were growing thinner, more than half the money with which they had

left their city gone. . . They began to curtail their wanderings to conserve energy,

and thus reduce their need for food and drink. . . The days were growing warmer,

and spring was stuttering into being in Mykonos, with buds and scattered flowers.

. . They dashed inside and there was a door. They turned and stepped through the

door and left Mykonos behind. (111,114)

 34

As spring comes in Mykonos, Nadia and Saeed see a health clinic in town, where a

nineteen year old volitional cleans and treats Nadia’s arm wound, though she has no official

medical coaching. As she does so, she and Nadia begin speaking and finally make a connection.

The volunteer says she had eager to safe the couple, asking what she can do, and Saeed and

Nadia say her they need a path off the island. Not long thereafter, after Nadia comes to the clinic

to smoke joints with the girl on a daily basis, the voluntary takes them to a home with an

entrance. Greeting them good luck, she hugs Nadia, who compresses her stiffly. To Saeed’s

wonder, the girl’s eyes are tearful as she murmurs something into Nadia’s ear. Their hug ends

longer than anticipated, and then Nadia and Saeed move through the door side.

Saeed and Nadia struggle their path into a pretty bed chamber with a glaring aspect of the

city out line at night. Outside, they look excellently continued white homes and bloomed cherry

trees. Certain they were in a rich inn, they step into a hallway and then down a grand escalator,

asserting their way to a kitchen side with almost no meal in it. Returning on a TV, they find they

were in London, though they still do not recognize what sort of structuring they were in. Before

long, a man arrives into the kitchen room seeing just as lost as they are before walking away

again. By the coming evening, immerse itinerant’s entries downstairs from the same room

through which Nadia and Saeed arrived. Most of them are from Nigeria, though there are also

folks from Somalia and the militaries between Myanmar and Thailand.

They emerged in a bedroom with a view of the night sky. . . They clicked on a

television to see if they could discover where they were, and it was soon clear to

them that they were in London . . . When it was dark people began to emerge

from the upstairs room where Nadia and Saeed had themselves first arrived; a
 35

dozen Nigerians, later a few Somalis, after them a family from the border lands

between Myanmar and Thailand. (120)

Answering to this onslaught of fresh comers, Saeed and Nadia assert a bedchamber on

the first floor with a loggia from which they can leap into the courtyard’s orchard if they ever

want to abscond. They form that they were not in inn, but in a lengthy, desolate manor. Exciting

in the rich bedchamber, Nadia takes a long shower, bathing herself under the rigid water force.

Cleaning like this makes her feel fresh, as if she’s remaining to herself, but when she moves to

wear on her dresses again, she can’t haul to put the mucky robes, so she fresh them in the bathing

tub. Saeed tells later battering on the door side, which Nadia understands she hooked. He hotly

recalls her that this is not their home and denounces about how long she is getting. I want five

more minutes, she tells. I have to clean my dresses.

Nadia began to put her folded clothes back on but all of a sudden could not bear

to, the stench from them was overpowering, and so she was about to wash them in

the tub when she heard a banging on the door and realized she must have locked

it. Opening up, she saw a nervous and annoyed and dirty-looking Saeed. He said,

‘What the hell are you doing?’ (122)

When Nadia closes the bathroom door again, the remarkable contents of the racy

bathroom have faded. Upon completing cleaning her dresses, she walks into the bedroom with a

towel around her body and another on her head, arranged to let the small confliction

with Saeed go. A declaration that dazes and thwarts Saeed, who goes into the bathroom and

cleans and wipes his own dresses before lying down on the single bed with Nadia for the night,

who again confined and grudging to touch one another desire a couple that is more and sad

married, a duo that creates out of chances for happy, sorrow.

 36

She tried to recover her former good mood, and not be angry with Saeed, who she

told herself was not erring in his own way, just out of rhythm with her in this

moment and when she emerged from the bathroom wrapped in her towel, her

towels, for she had one around her body and a couple that was long and unhappily

married, a couple that made out of opportunities for joy, misery. (122,123)

Two days after, a housemaid comes to the manor and is awed to discover immigrants

stayed fully the house. The police officers visit not long thereafter, vans of officers in row cog

and flame-proof endows. As the officer’s whoop warns over an amplifier, entreating the migrants

to vacate the home, a type of comradeship creates amongst the exiles, a link that would perhaps

not take place if they were merely in the streets together. And although some settlers choose to

vacate, most dwell inside. What is even more exceptional is that public come in great numbers to

stand behind the officers, a various people that cracks cookware and shouts in much kind of

languages until the police abate and extract.

The next morning, Nadia is awoken by a call to prayer and discovers herself perplexed

and surprising where she is, especially as Saeed gets out of bed to pray. Rejected residences all

over the city in the rich relations are taken up by the deportees group. What is many, entrances

begin seeming all over the city, and though asylums out flow in, many people also flow away,

like a British actuary who plans to move through, agrees when it shows in his bedroom. Just as

he is about to consign suicide, the door way to his house’s hosted room goes darkness, opening

up onto the unknown. At first, he snatches a hockey stick to protect himself, but he soon

recognizes there’s no point in guarding himself, since he plans to death anyway. As such, he

goes about lining up his bathtub, aspiring to progress with his idea of slashing his hands. But the
 37

door’s darkness returns him of something about his mother, and this concept hurls him into deep

remembrances about his childhood.

Feeling about his mother’s sickness and his father’s withdrawn character and his own

childhood, the analyst resolves to go through the door way just once, to look what is on the

another way. Sometime later, his daughter and his close companion recollect texts from him,

images of him on a beach somewhere in Namibia. The following message notifies them that he

won’t be repeating but that he they shouldn’t fret because he has felt something for an alteration.

With that he was gone, and his London was gone, and how long he remained in Namibia it was

hard for anyone who formerly knew him to say.

Nadia and Saeed behave motley to existing in the hall with the other refugees. For Nadia,

the involvement is somewhat honouring, and she takes happy in the aim that a group might form

amongst the immigrants. Saeed, though, discovers it more complicate to tangle into the different

teams. In Mykonos, he always presented to halt on the outskirts of the travel, but in the manor

this isn’t an option. Plus, he realizes rueful about taking a place he does not own. When other

outcasts start taking things from the home that are beneficial, he objects. In move, Nadia scolds

him, saying him that his situation is ridiculous and that it is treacherous for him to take such an

attitude. She says him not to be a fool, and this jolts him. Nonetheless, he observes by her

guidance, though he admires if this present way of speaking to one another has become simple.

One night, the mansion comes under charge by a Young Turk

crowd. Saeed and Nadia are just retorting from having eaten out, and they each comfort small

wounds. Apparently, uproars like this one ran fully all of London, and the next day Saeed and

Nadia awake up hurt and marked, stumbling oppose one another uneasily in their single bed
 38

Nadia impels Saeed with her hip to make gap, and, in re-enter, Saeed jolts her back. Annoyed,

they return to see at each other and Saeed touches Nadia’s expanded eye and they both of them

begin to smiling, accepting to not start the morning with a conversation.

But the nearby blackness unsettled him, and reminded him of something of a

feeling. . . Later his daughter and his best friend would receive via their phones a

photo of him on a seaside that seemed to have no trees, a desert seaside, or a

seaside that was in any case dry with towering dunes, a seaside in Namibia, and

how long he remained in Namibia it was hard for anyone who formerly knew him

to say. . . The residents of the house Nadia and Saeed now occupied wondered if

they had won. (127,128)

Rumours spread uncontrolled whole the city that a big plan is in the works to regain

London for Englanders. Nadia and Saeed absorb that the goal will be accomplished by both law

application executives and anxious social policies that a large-scale charge is on the skyline.

These ideas cause the pair to examine their choices, sitting in their bedroom at night discussing

whether or not they should live in London. During these evenings, they think closer to one

another than they’ve been realizing in the recent weeks, planning to treat each other more kindly

from here on. Even so, the British management gate ways the area from above, flying in hums

and helicopters over public like Nadia and Saeed, who have move from battle previously, and do

not know where next to go, and so are staying, like so many others.

Rumours began to circulate of a tightening cordon being put in place, a cordon

moving through those of London’s boroughs with fewer doors, and hence fewer

new arrivals . . . and around this zone were soldiers and armoured vehicles, and

above it were drones and helicopters, and inside it were Nadia and Saeed, who
 39

had run from war already, and did not know where next to run, and so were

waiting, waiting, like so many others. (134,135)

Despite so many volunteer tries and step from pathetic Londoners, Saeed and Nadia can’t

protect but realize the pre-quarrel feeling governing over London. During this period, they look a

fox in the backyard, and an old woman says them that this fox isn’t really a fox, but slightly

Saeed and Nadia’s love. Well-planned as this statement is, it makes the pair uneasily because

they have been struggling to return romantic. They’ve even taken to moving their own ways

during the day, though they know that if the jingo condemns declines while they’re part, they

may never be able to discover one another. Still, relaxing time lonely somewhat increases their

relationship, and they sit on the loggia in the evenings, sometimes even holding hands or kissing.

And every so often, they go into the bedroom and try to revive an otherwise decreased fire by

suffering each other’s bodies, never having sex.

One night, the fox in the backyard looks a mucky chisel and hauls it around, bearing it

left and right and making a disorder of scats. On that same night, the current is cut off by the

rulers, jumping the residences filled with refugees into fully blackness. With the lights out

in Saeed and Nadia’s part of the city, killers and rapines and spanks take place. Although some

guilt the nativist knaves, others fault the expats. In this moving weather, a team of senior

Nigerians in Saeed and Nadia’s mansion form a delegation that unites in the courtyard. Nadia is

the only person in presence who is apparently non-Nigerian. Some are shocked to look her and

don’t know whether or not to agree her into the team, but then an older woman whom Nadia oft

assists ascend the stairs asks her to stand with her, thereby placing everyone at allay and

welcoming Nadia into the senate.

 40

One night a fox appeared in the garden of the house where Saeed and Nadia were

staying. . . That night the electricity went out, cut off by the authorities. . . The

elder Nigerians of these three houses would meet in the garden of the property to

the right of Saeed and Nadia’s, and this meeting they called the council. Women

and men both attended, but the only obvious non-Nigerian who attended was

Nadia. (137,139)

At first, Nadia has worry backing what takes place during the assembly congregations, but

finally she’s skill to trail the discussions because most people say some form of English. She

absorbs that not everyone in the compound is really Nigerian, but rather from places that border

line Nigeria, ensconcing that each person tells a moderately different kind of English. Together

in this assemble they spoke in a language that was built in great part from English.

Unlike Nadia, Saeed is unbearable in the mansion; hate the reality that he’s the single male

delegate of his country. Those classifying him up were from another country, and there were far

more of them, and he was alone. This touched upon something basic, something tribal, and

evoked tension and a sort of suppressed fear. Feeling this way, Saeed doesn’t know when he can

relax or if he even can relax.

Together in this group they conversed in a language that was built in large part

from English, but not solely from English and some of them were in any case

more familiar with English than were others. Also they spoke different variations

of English, different English . . . he was uncertain when he could relax, if he could

relax, and so when he was outside his bedroom but inside the house he seldom felt

fully at ease. (144,146)

 41

One evening, while Nadia is in the backyard with the council, Saeed is controlled in the

hallway by the woman in the leather jacket, her foot scattered on the hedge, excepting him from

processing. Excuse me; he speaks, to which she responses, she also gives something else, but he

can’t realize what she says. Behind him, he listen a firm-glancing Nigerian man, a man he’s

listen has a gun. Just as Saeed begins to really worry, the woman in the leather jacket gets her

foot from the wall and lets him to move, though in command to do so he must broom across her

body an action that forms him observe crippled. Once in the bed chamber, he wants to yell and

crowd in a spot, though he doesn’t do either of these things.

Saeed finds that an encircling mansion is completely of people from his country, so he

starts come the house on a frequent base, discovering support in meeting usual dialects and

speeches and the common stench of the cooking. One afternoon he pleads with a group of senior

men in the courtyard of this mansion and feels that prayer is distinct here, somehow. It creates

him realize like he’s part of something, not just divine, but something mortal, part of this team.

For an awful incident, he feels of his father, but a bearded man next to him absents him by

touching his hand around him and telling, as such, Saeed naps gained by this house and ask the

bearded man if he and Nadia can come live with them. The bearded man says yes, though they’ll

have to halt in other rooms.

Once, he was alone, arriving home while Nadia was at a meeting of the

council, and the woman in the leather jacket stood in the hall, blocking his

way with her narrow, jagged form, her back leaning against one wall, a

foot planted on the other. . . But he realized at the moment that there was a

man behind him, a tough-looking Nigerian man. (146,148)

 42

That night, Saeed says Nadia what the bearded man said, forming it as great news. Nadia,

though, is confused. “Why would we like to move?” she tells. To be among our own kind,

speaks Saeed. When Nadia questions why these men are their own sort, Saeed spells out that

they’re all from the one country. From the country we utilized to be from, Nadia says, advising

Saeed that they depart that site. That doesn’t mean we have no contact, Saeed objects. They’re

not like me, Nadia declares, and moves to assure Saeed that it would be unwise to give up their

own bedroom to go stay in common rooms with their countrymen. After, Saeed understands it’s

strange that he would think to give up their bedroom for a couple of individual rooms, with an

obstacle between them, as when they lived in his parent’s home.

That day Saeed felt he was really accepted be this house, and he could ask the

man the first residents but it was the only civilized way to cram as many people

into the house as they had managed to do, as was righteous to do. When Saeed

told Nadia this good news she did not act like it was good news at all. (149)

Still waiting the social policy savage, the government argues whether or not returnees

should quarrel back when the battle takes place. The team concludes to manage the position

peacefully, but Nadia again not willing if this is the best plan, dubious about around

entirely. Saeed senses same way, though he hears to the bearded man report a much vary

information to his countrymen. Indeed, the bearded man supporters a circling together of

newcomers along holy ideas, cutting across partition of lineage or language or country, for what

do those disunities matter now in a world completely of doors. He upholds that divine men have

a responsibility to guard the people who search approach through the doorways, no incident

what. This message deep with Saeed, but it also roughly reminds him of the kinds of things the

militants in his kingdom used to say, and this makes him feel like he’s decaying from within.
 43

The bearded man grants Saeed a gun from the house, which is totally of pistols. In his

heart he would not have been able to say if he carried the gun because it would make him secure

from the Young Turk or from the Nigerians, his own adjacent. Unclothing that night, Saeed

doesn’t hide the gun from Nadia, who looks it and tells nothing. When he acquires into bed, they

extend for each other while also going lightly away, and in their coupling they feel a general

attack, a form of collapsed, almost hurtful shock at one another. Afterward, as he’s going to

down asleep, Saeed understands he doesn’t even know how to operate a gun and concludes to

grant it back the coming day.

There were guns in the house of his fellow country-folk, more arriving each a day

through the doors. Saeed accepted a pistol, but not a rifle, but also he did not hide

it from Nadia, and upon seeing the pistol he thought she would fight with him, or

at least argue . . . he consider that he had no idea how to use or maintain a pistol,

not the faintest clue, beyond the fact that pulling the trigger should make it free.

(153,154)

Particular migrants discover paths to funnel power to charge phones, permitting Saeed

and Nadia to study the news. For Nadia, this is an upsetting involvement because there’s so

much speech in the media about relocation and nationality. The rage of those nativists promoting

extensively butcher was what affected Nadia most, and it struck her because it appeared so

common, so much like the ferocity of the militants in her own city. Because of this, she admires

if she and Saeed have even skilled anything by going. When she thinks like this, though, she sees

surrounding and views the various dissimilar kinds of people surrounding her, all the disparate

quests and societies assembling in one place, and she notices that she was suppressed in the place
 44

of her born for essentially her whole life and that a modern period is here, one she hails with an

open mind.

As Saeed and Nadia stay sadly for the nativist attack, a woman appears through a door in

a cantina in Tijuana. Once she’s totally through the exit, she goes up a mound to a tiny

foundation called the House of the Children, where she finds her daughter, who is now closely a

mature woman and who only realizes her because she has seen her on digital shows, on the

visuals of phones and computers. The next day, the mother and daughter offer farewell to the

others in the refuge and walk back down the mound, where together they go in to the burette and

pass through the door.

For others to the doors that came as a release. In the hills above Tijuana was an

orphanage called simply the House of Children . . .? There she located another

young woman or rather a grown girl and the young woman hugged the girl, whom

she recognized only because she had seen her on electronic displays on the

screens of phones and computers. . . The mother who had returned on this day

spent the night at the orphanage so her daughter could say her farewells.

(157,158)

When the assault on the migrant slum in which Saeed and Nadia understand themselves

starts, a commander is suddenly blast in the leg, aggravating tensions so that the authorities begin

firing their weapons. Outside when the fighting begins, Saeed rushes to the door, which Nadia

quickly opens and pulls him through. They recoil to their room, shove the cushion across the

window, and wait. They listened gunfire’s and helicopters above and look, when they peep

through the space between the mattress and the window, thousands of brochures falling from the
 45

sky. Later, they smell smoke, but the sounds lastly abate. Finally, they hear that at minimum two

hundred migrants have been blazed alive in a cinema that the powers burned. They also hear

about other areas where huge numbers of immigrants have been murdered, but there is at least no

more shooting that night.

Time moves after the savage, and the nativists don’t pursue their brutality. Perhaps they

had distinct they did not have it in them to do what would have wanted to be done, It is probable,

he notes, that the nativists have come to realize that the entrances can’t be locked, that their

attempts are vain. And so, regardless of the cause, decorum on this instance won out, and

courage, for bravery is called not to charge when afraid. Power and water is replaced to all places

of London, and Saeed and Nadia along with their home mates and neighbourshonour this good

fortune.

Or perhaps the sheer number of places where there were now doors had made it

useless to fight in any one. . . and so irrespective of the reason decency on this

occasion won out, and bravery, for courage is demanded not to attack when

afraid, and the electricity and water came on again, and negotiations ensued and

word spread. ( 164,165)

By summer, Saeed and Nadia are living in an agreement called London Halo, a place

neighbouring the city that utilized to be guarded from construction by the government but is now

one of many new cities gaining construct to help the huge inundation of refugees into England.

They dwell and labour in an employee group, resting in a camp and working on building

unalterable structures for migrants. In exchange for their worker in directing land and building

base and congregating residences from crafted complexes, emigrants were affirmed forty meters

and a pipe: a house on forty square meters of ground and a link to all the advantage of modernity.
 46

That summer it seemed to Saeed and Nadia that the whole planet was on the move

. . . the London Halo it was here that Saeed and Nadia found themselves in those

Warmer months, in one of the worker camps, laboring away, a home on forty

square meters of land and a connection to all the utilities of modernity. (167,168)

There is a waiting list to live in the new buildings, and Saeed and Nadia aren’t along from

the top most, though first they have to help build the dwellings. Overall, though, existing in

Britain has become comparatively secure, though Saeed and Nadia must part a one bed, where

one night Nadia hopes about the voluntaries from Mykonos. In the dream, she has gone back to

the island, and when she awakes up, she’s almost gasping and her body senses live, or shocked,

nonetheless altered. Henceforth, she occasionally holds herself thinking about the volunteer.

Saeed, on another hand, spends his time feeling about his father, whom he absorbs from a cousin

has died of pneumonia. In reaction to this news, Saeed enacts himself to working, putting up for

other shifts to keep him busy, for he’s not confident how he should deplore.

For his part Saeed often had dreams of his father, whose death had been reported

to Saeed by a cousin who had recently managed to escape from their city, and

with whom Saeed had connected by social media, the cousin having settled near

Buenos Aires. This cousin told Saeed that Saeed’s father had passed away from

pneumonia. (169,170)

Nadia is also extremely afflicted by the fleeting of Saeed’s father, but she isn’t

conforming how to expose it. Her tries to talk to Saeed about it fall, since she doesn’t know what

to tell and Saeed himself keep silent. Because of this spirit, she feels herself pleased when she’s

working her shift because it means she isn’t with Saeed feelings that alarms her and forms her

suffer ashamed. When Saeed connects a group of people to plead for his father, Nadia comes to
 47

combine the group, even if only to sit there in unity. In answer, Saeed says her she doesn’t want

to be there, but her assures on staying. As they request, though, she realizes for the first time

uninvited. Or perhaps uncommitted.Or perhaps both.

Saeed did not ask Nadia to pray with him for his father, and she did not offer, but

she stayed any way next to Saeed on the naked earth that had been stripped of

plants by hundreds of thousands of footsteps and rutted by the tires of

ponderously heavy vehicles, feeling for the first time unwelcome. Or perhaps

unengaged.Or perhaps both. (171)

Meanwhile, in Amsterdam, a man lazes on his balcony overseeing a backyard with elegant

implants. Rolling a cigarette, he thinks about his former lover who has left him and looks other

old man visiting out of the courtyard’s farming shack. This second man wear in sultry dressing

moves throughout the courtyard, groups back to the shed, returns, sheds his cap to the smoking

man, and escapes again into the hut. This scene replicates the coming day, but this time the

smoking man lifts a glass of wine to him. On the third day, the smoking man come the toured up

for a drink, and even though the smoking man doesn’t talk European and the traveler doesn’t talk

Dutch, they have a delightful period, finally sharing a kiss that one of the neighbors, a

photographer, unexpectedly captures on camera, though she deletes it for their motive.

On Prinsengracht in the centre of Amsterdam an elderly man stepped out on to the

balcony of his little flat. . . The elderly man looked at this wrinkled man and did

not speak. . . on the third day the elderly man asked the wrinkled man if he would

care to join him on his balcony, and though the elderly man could not speak

Brazilian Portuguese and the wrinkled man could not speak Dutch. (174,175)
 48

As Nadia and Saeed both become deep complicated with their own teams at work, they

gather more. Indeed, they barely even touch on their single cot. They put their lack of speech

down to fatigue. Instead of spending time with one another, they pay attention to their phones,

because phones themselves have the innate power of distancing one from one’s physical

surroundings. That whenever a couple goes, they start, if their observation is still worn to one

another, to look each other variously. This, it looks, has occurred to Saeed and Nadia. In the area

of the labor group, Nadia listens that Saeed has fatten even better looking, so handsome that

other women stare at him as he moves. And yet, Nadia herself is peculiarly unstirred by his

attractiveness. He also prays on a general basis, few times up to three times per day. But when he

tells to Nadia, he only implications work and politics, never revealing anything about his feelings

or about how he loses his parents. Still, he finds himself moving toward public from his country,

and Nadia starts to feel that the farther they get from home, the more Saeed tries to support his

relationship to it.

Every time a couple moves they begin if their attention is still drawn to one

another to see each other differently. . . To Nadia, Saeed was if anything more

handsome than he had been before his hard work and his gauntness suiting him. . .

when he spoke he spoke of paving and positions on waiting lists and politics, but

not of his parents, and not any more of travel, of all the places they might one day

see together, or of the stars. (186,187)

Saeed also thinks Nadia in this fresh surrounding, finding that she sees the same, though

perhaps more tired. Still, she again to dress her black robes, a truth that begins to vex him, since

she doesn’t even pray, passionately averts talking their parted language, and even goes out of her

path to not waste time with their people. Well take it off then he needs to scream, but this is an
 49

emotion that creates him realize guilty and irritate with himself, since he feels he’s expected to

love and thus honour her. He wants more than anything to love Nadia the way he used to, but he

can’t see to do this, a think that departs him feeling afloat, astray in a globe where one could go

anyplace but still find nothing. She talks him she’s heard of a door that takes people to Marin,

California, a place situated in the mountains outside San Francisco. To her shock, he suddenly

accepts, believing that in this new place they’ll be able to revive their relationship, to re-join with

their relationship, and to evade, through a gap crossing a third of the world, what it looks in risk

of becoming.

He was drawn to people from their country, both in the labor camp and

online . . . but it was inexplicable that she continued to wear her black

robes, and it grated on him a bit, for she didn’t pray, and avoided speaking

their languages, and she avoided their people, and sometimes he wanted to

shout, well take it off then. . . He wanted to feel for Nadia what he had

always felt for Nadia, and potential loss of this feeling left him unmoored.

(187,188)

Saeed and Nadia stay high in the hills of Marin, above the camps of other fugitives who

came to California before them. With a vision of the Golden Gate Bridge and San Francisco,

they rage a shack out of furrowed alnico and packing coffers. Nadia discovers work by walking

down the hills through the ever-presence mist to a meal collaborative nearby. And although there

are many poor refugees living in Marin, the agreement is pointedly less brutal than the area’s

most of these new comers escaped in the first place. Still, Saeed becomes even gloomier than he

was before, a disposition that leads him into an even more great country of quiet spiritual and

prayer.
 50

One night, Nadia gets herb from a co-worker. Walking home, she understands she

doesn’t know how Saeed will behave of course, they’ve smoked joints before, but so much has

changed since then, and Saeed has become especially religious. She sometimes felt that his

praying was not impartial towards her; in fact she thought it moved a suggestion of reproof,

though why she felt this she could not say. When she’s about to convey Saeed the marijuana,

then, she realizes that how he cares is a matter of ominous important to her. Sitting on a car seat

they use as a settee, she touches his leg; he presents her a small, drained smile. This, she thinks,

is cheering. She then opens her hand to leak the weed and waits for his response. After a short

wait, he starts smiling almost silently, telling, super.

In Marin, the higher up the hills one went, the fewer services there were, but the

better the scenery . . . and though the Golden Gate Bridge of San Francisco and

the bay, when it was clear . . . Marin was overwhelmingly poor, all the more so in

comparison to the sparkling affluence of San Francisco . . . one night Nadia

brought back some weed a co-worker had given her. She didn’t know how Saeed

would react. (191,192)

Saeed rotates a joint as Nadia internally cheers, dizzy at his positive action. Smoking the

joint, she feels that American weed is much more string than what she’s used to. In agreement

with this, she finds herself almost not able to talk. And then, not seeing at each other, they began

to smile, and Nadia laughed until her weeps .That most of the natives in Marin have died out or

were killed long ago. At the same time, though, he indicates that it’s not quite fact to say there

are almost no inherits, nattiness being a respective matter. Indeed, many people treat themselves

citizens of Marin, meaning that they or their parents or their grandparents or the grandparents of

their grandparents were born here. Still, the idea of nattiness in America is more involved by the
 51

truth that there exists a third surface collected of people who decline from those brought from

Africa to this ascetic years ago as servants. Saeed gets to know one such person who leads a

common prayer at a local place of devotion. Apparently, this priest’s ended wife basically came

from Saeed’s country, meaning that the preacher can somewhat talk Saeed’s language and knows

his attitude to worship.

By which they meant that they or their parents of their grandparents had been

born on the strip of land. . . The preacher was a widower, and his wife had come

from the same country as Saeed, and so the preacher knew some of Saeed’s

languages and his approach to religion was partly familiar to Saeed, while at the

same time partly novel, too. The preacher did not solely preach. (195,196)

The preacher walks a production worked by volunteers that spreads people and coaches

English. Before long, Saeed unities the association and works with the preacher’s daughter, to

whom he misses saying because his exhale takes when he views upon her fair, a response that

creates him realize ashamed. Nadia discerned the existence of this woman not in the make of a

separating by Saeed, as might have been awaited, but rather as a sweltering up and extending

out. Together, they happily smoke joints in the evenings, and Nadia feels parts of the old Saeed

arriving. However, she cannot call the old Nadia, finding her physical activity to him wanting.

This is not because her amorous emotions have died away in fact, they’re fully alive, as proofed

by the truth that sometimes, when Saeed’s asleep, she excites while considering about the

volunteer from Mykonos.

Saeed worships often wholly the day. For him, devotion is a way to connect his parents,

who cannot otherwise be joined. When he was a child, he used to observe his parents pray and

admire what it was like. When he asked his mother, she instructed him how to pray, and so until
 52

the end of his days, prayer sometimes notes him of her. It also reminds him of his father and his

father’s friends, since when he was an adolescent he began following his father to general

prayers. As such, prayer for him became about being a man, being one of the men, a custom that

joined him to adultness and to the idea of being a peculiar kind of man, a noble person, a gentle

man, a man who stood for circle and confidence and kindliness and decorum, a man, in other

words, like his father.

When Saeed was a child he had first prayed out of curiosity. He had seen his

mother and father praying, and the act held a certain mystery for him. . . As he

was entering his teens Saeed’s father asked Saeed if he would like to accompany

him to the weekly communal prayer. . . a gentle man who stood for community

and faith and kindness and decency a man in other words like his father.

(199,200)

Saeed request is because it feels like a way of replacing to human kind a sense of union.

As such, he prays as mourn, as a solace, and as a believer. However, he feels helpless of

communicating this to Nadia, despite how main it is to convey this secret that prayer connects

him to, which he discovers himself able to effective to the preacher’s daughter when she asks

him during a memory for her deceased mother to report her mother’s country to her. This

question shows to a long, valid discussion that previous late into the night

.Neither Saeed nor Nadia tell about the truth that they’re gathering apart, since they don’t need to

impose a fear of desertion, though they both feel the dread of the disconnecting of their tie, the

end of the world they have built together, a world of parted incidents in which no one else can

share. At the similar time, what obtains them together is also an eager to form sure that the other
 53

first creates him or herself as a single in Marin. And although they remain to discuss and become

envious now and again, they mostly grant each other space.

While smoking a joint one night, Nadia casually indicates that she goes

out. Saeed doesn’t speak anything as he observes her grip in a cloud of smoke. When she wakes

the next morning, she notes him seeing at her. He holds her face softly and tells he should be the

one to move, though as he speaks this he recognizes different, feeling that his kind touch of

Nadia’s face is wrong a simple act of love. Still, he understands this might be the last time he’s

able to hold her like this. Likewise, Nadia feels both happy and unhappy by his hand as she talks

he that she should be the one to leave if anyone is going to do so, though she realizes that the

motive is one of if, not of when, and that when will be soon. Luckily, Saeed and Nadia both

accept that it’s more to half ways now, before their join change awful. As Nadia goes the shack,

they don’t hug or kiss, but rather face one another for a long, long time, any signal seeing

insufficient. Then, with unavoidable decision, Nadia turns and steps into the hazy dribble, which

shows across her face and forms her feel; survive as she departs Saeed footing in the shed’s

doorway.

She felt she was beginning to belong and when one told her about the option of

living at the cooperative and that she could avail herself of it if her family was

oppressing her or another added quickly even if she just felt like a change the

possibility struck Nadia with a shock of recognition as though a door was opening

up a door in this case shaped like a room. . . It was into this room that Nadia

moved when she separated from Saeed. (214,215)

Nadia safes a room above the meals are common where she works, which is open to

emigrants when they want it. In common, she feels somewhat lonely amongst the other
 54

cooperative employees, since they grant her too more individual place because of her black

robes. This alterations, however, when a light-colored symbol man arrives in while she’s

working the record one day. Putting a gun on the counter, not knowing what to do, Nadia waits

still and tells nothing, merely teaching her eyes on his chin. Often, this time was less faith.

Lastly, behind an apparently endless instant of peace, he scoops the pistol up from the counter

and goes without attacking anyone or taking nothing.

He placed a pistol on the counter. Nadia did not know what to say and she said

nothing, not challenging his gaze but not looking away either. Her eyes focused

on a spot around his chin, and they stood like this, in silence, for a moment, and

the man repeated himself a bit less steadily the second time and then without

robbing the cooperative or shooting Nadia he left taking his gun and cursing and

kicking over a bushel of lumpy apples as he went. (214)

In the wake of the tattooed man’s appearance, Nadia’s colleagues start to embrace her,

either because they were attracted by her mettle in the face of harmful or because they have

improved their wise of who is a risk and who danger is. In this way, Nadia starts to feel like she

exists. In unit with this feeling, the Marin group begins to bloom into a spirit society, which

some public take to choosing a new trade age, since a person can walk around Marin and look all

form of groups, persons with humans, human beings with connections, dark skin with light skin

with shining ore and dull plastic, digital music and magnified music and even people who put

masks or hide themselves from view.

For although she was woman and a cooperative was run and staffed

predominantly by woman. . . and so few of her colleagues had really reached out

to her until the day that pale skinned tattooed man had come. . . Whether it was
 55

because they were impressed by her mettle in the face of danger or because they

recalibrated their sense of who was threat. (213,214)

Nadia saw the head cook from the cooperative, a handsome woman with strong arms, the

cook was of course an expert in food and over the coming weeks and months she introduced

Nadia to all sorts of old cousins, and to new cuisines that were being born for many of the

Worlds foods were coming together and Nadia never before delighted in tastingas she did in the

company of the cook who reminded her a bit of a cow boy, and who made love, when they made

love ,with steady hand and a sure eye and a mouth that did little but did it so very well.

Saeed and the preacher’s daughter likewise drew close and while there was some

residence by others to this ,Saeed’s ancestors not having under gone the experience of slavery

and its aftermath on the continent , the effects of the preachers particular brand of religion

diminished this resistance and with time camaraderie did too, the work Saeed did alongside his

fellow volunteers and then there was the fact that the preacher had married a woman from

Saeed’s country, and so the couples closeness even if it promoted unease in some quarters, was

tolerated, and for the both themselves closeness carried pair spark of the exotic and a comfort of

familiarity, as many couplings do, when they first begin .Saaed would seek her out in the

mornings when he arrived for job, and they would speak and laugh sidelong ,and she might touch

his elbow and they would sit together at the lunch, and the evening when their work was done for

the day they would walk through Marin, hike up and down the paths and the streets that were

forming and once they walked past Saeed’s shanty, and he said her it was his and the next time

they walked by she asked to look the inside of it and they went in and they shut the plastic flap

behind them.
 56

At the food cooperative where Nadia worked there were rooms available. . . Saeed

and the preacher’s daughter likewise drew close. . . Neither much enjoyed

catching unexpected glimpse of their former lover’s new existence online, and so

they distanced themselves from each other on social networks, and eventually a

month went by without any contact, and then a year, and then a lifetime.

(213,217)

In the hills of Marrakesh, a servant whose husband and daughter have both vacate the

country works in a big house owned by a man who might once have been called a prince and a

woman who might once have been called a foreigner. Perhaps because she can’t speak, the maid

declines to go her home country. Although she doesn’t know her age, she’s sure that she’s

younger than the woman she works, who unalike her still impresses the attitude of men. When

the maid’s daughter comes to see during the same summer of Nadia and Saeed’s give up, the

young woman goes to talk her mother to leave Marrakesh, but the maid simply touches her hand

on her daughter’s, laughs, and shakes her head. One day she might go, she supposes but not that

day.

Outside Marrakesh, in the hills, overlooking the palatial home of a man who

might once have been called a prince and a woman who might once have been

called a foreigner, there was a maid in an emptying village who could not speak

and, perhaps for this reason, could not imagine leaving. . . The maid placed her

hand on her daughter’s hand and brought it to her lips and kissed it, the maid

smiled and shook her head. (222,225)

Nadia went to her home city for the first time in the half a century after she utmost

saw Saeed. The blazes she had seen in her youth have now blazed themselves out, and she
 57

discovers herself able to examine the city, which is concurrently usual but also unusual. As she

meanders her way through the streets, she’s certified of the closeness of Saeed, and after

standing unmoving for a significant time she conveyed with him, and they accept to meet at a

nearby café. As they sit together and talk about their lives, they faithfully climax and ban parts of

their several stories.

Half a century later Nadia returned for the first time to the city of her birth. . . they

met a café near her old building, which still stood, though most of the others close

by had changed, and they sat beside one another on two adjacent sides of a small

square table. (227)

Fortunately, they were able to renew an accent with one another, in part because they

parted all those years before on good times, all matters reviewed. Imagine how difficult life

would be if I had accepted to wed you, Nadia says. Imagine how different it would be if I had

accepted to have sex with you, replies Saeed, to which Nadia tells, we were having sex. After a

time, Saeed laughs and admits, talking. As they complete their coffees, Nadia asks Saeed if he

ever wound up visiting the Chilean deserts to look the shining stars. Inclining, he speaks her that

if she ever has a free evening, he would love to take her because the view is amazingly pretty.

Closing her eye most Nadia says she’d love to do this, and they stand, hug, and go their own

ways, not knowing whether or not that evening will ever come.

That their last meeting takes place in their native country underscores the ways in which

their love waned as they travelled further from their home city, ultimately explaining the extent

to which immigration and the deterioration of community bonds can impact the most personal of

relationship.
 58

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Literature is a word used to define written and sometimes spoken substantial. Derivative

from Latin meaning writing made with letters. Literature most generally denotes to works of the

inspired, fancy, with Fiction, Non-Fiction, poetry, drama and in some occurrences, song. In the

effort to explain the term Literature, one can differentiate between two general directions: a

board and a fine definition. The broad definition combines everything that has been written down

in some form or another, all the written appearance of a culture.

English literature describeschangedspecial effects in dissimilarenvironments. Literature

beginnings from the Latin word literal which resourcesknowledgeable with letters. All

significances of literature decide that English literature comprises literary works like novels,

stories, poems, nonfiction and plays composed in English. At the college or progress level,

English literature inclines to refer to British literature.

While in high school and general practice, English literature often denotes

toanyliteraturewritteninEnglish.Literature, letter denotes toartistic words wellmeaning of beingre

membered. In the biggest intellectliteratureholds any kind of writings onany substance: the literat

ure of remedy;generally, however, it assets the form ofartistic writings ofa country or historical t

hatare considered by beauty of expressionand form character:

Where the literature at the broadest side by side is concerned, there was silent a form of

writing accredited as Commonwealth Literature in 1970. During the foregoing twenty years or so

uncertain writers had established to make an inspiration on world literature from countries that

were forward colonies in the British Empire. Main amongst these was the West Indies, India, and
 59

Pakistan, the region of Africa, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. During the sequence of

decolonisation, Kingdom was let go and the more constitutionally detailed period developed

British Commonwealth.

More on, even that accessiblemethod and the time British was excepted altogether .So

Commonwealth Literature developed its habitat along with English, American, French, Spanish,

Russian or German literature. It was not worked in the unoriginalconservatoire that

unconnectedareas had formedsuitableoriginality, proportions, material and effect to be named

literatures in their own right. So that up to and correct whole the getting on sixties, influencing

over into 1970, for example, there was still yet no such thing as West Indian, African or Indian

Literature. They were all assimilated under Commonwealth Literature and in that style,

established their place on university lists .In common, Commonwealth literature is an indefinite

period which defines English-language works written in the previous British colonies or place

which had the importance of provinces. Likewise standard as New English Literature, it is a

body of fictional works assembled together because of the underlying indigenous history and

convincedinsistentarrangements. As Commonwealth writers come from awidedifference of

provinces, they win repute in the Anglo-American world because of their outlandish setting and

characters.

Pakistani literature that is, the literature of Pakistan, as a characteristic literature

progressivelycreated into being after Pakistan prolonged its nationhood as a self-governing

state in 1947, while left over basically in the admirer of Indian English Literature. The common

and united resolution of Urdu literature and English literature of India was inherited by the new

state. Above an age of period, a body of literature fashionable to Pakistan has looked in basically

all main Pakistani languages, comprising Urdu, English, Punjabi, Blotch, Pashto and Sindhi. The
 60

surroundings of Pakistani literature speedily later freedomactivateddifference amongst writers in

arrears to its being entered extremely on the criticalreports connected to the India-Pakistan

barrier. According to Gilani Kamran GC University, Pakistani literature was assessed to continue

a new way along with the new state of Pakistan at this view, but did not immediately see this

confidence.

Pakistani English literature states to English literature that has been conventional and

improved in Pakistan, as well as by followers of the Pakistani diaspora who write in the English

language. English is one of the certified languages of Pakistan the other being Urdu and has a

history going back to the British colonial rule in South Asia the British Raj; the national patois

spoken in the country is known as Pakistani English. Today, it surmountsanchief and energetic

part in modern Pakistani literature. Dr.AlamgirHashmi announced the term Pakistani Literature

initially written in English with his Prologue to his launch book Pakistani Literature: The Current

English Writers New York, 1978; Islamabad, 1987 as well as through his other intellectual work

and the conferences and expansionstrained by him in many universities since 1970's. It was

renowned as an academic amendment in the world result his clue and further work by other

academics and it is now a far and wideestablished field of study.

Love is defined as a solidattachment, profoundsupplement and generousrealistic and

gentlealarm for others. Love is so not the same for each single person. Love is bottomless and more

sensitive than just physical or sexual attraction. Love is a feeling a desire. It is too much and happy

and block up a person with thrilling joy. It is outstanding than at improvement or good convention,

the truthfulinteractivefriendliness and to the greenestsatisfaction. Ancient Greek theorists well-

defined five forms of love; ancestral love, approachable love, dreamy love, visitant love and

heavenly love. Also modern writers concentrating more kind of love, crazy love, egotism, and
 61

chivalrous love. Love has further spiritual or spiritual connotations. The word love can have a

collection of associated but different meanings in numerous structures.

Defining love is like essential aindividual colour to a person who has never been capable

to see colour: you have to feeling it to know what it is. The goal it is sturdy to brighten real love

is because you cannot evidence it with your contemplation, and taxonomies are of the

thoughtfulness. Real love is of the sensation, and is a feeling that is the effect of your purpose to

love. This is very different than the objective to be loved. The yearning to be loved comes from

the sense of self injured part of ourselves, the part that dependences us essential to get love from

others in mandate to dimple complete and creditable that real love is about we get fairly than

something we are and something we share. This is what makes the misinterpretation concerning

love.

Genuine love is what you are, what your seriousness is, and a vulgar of the Heavenly

within. Love is what God or Spirit is. When your heartfelt wish is to love to yourself and others,

this pining opens your heart and you change full with the love that is as ever-present as the air

you breathe. This is real love within andtreaties you know that you are never independently. All

of us have missingwidespread a fight historical on the long, windy, weary road to sighting love.

But there’s anadjustment between troubled to find love and fight love being the ordinary. See

struggle love is that never an direct of compromise Every woman gets confined up maybe once

in a generation in a situation like that, but if the laterperformances are shared for you, it is time to

do granderboo and open the deliberation to the viewpoint it does not have to be like this. Love is

indestructible, but not this damn firm.

The most factors for breakup are expectation. Anticipations are good but their other is

exceedingly hurtful to the relationship. True love is all the time unrestricted. Love is neither a
 62

professional nor provides and proceeds relationship. Love brings many beliefs. We persist in the

hearts of others who loveus, but we know that when they are away, so are we. However we

struggle to be singular, none of us leaves behind much of a footmark to mark our passage up the

world.

In all ages war has been a main dispute of analysis. In the final part of the moments of

two world wars and in the adherent of fissionable, normal, and compound holocausts, further

was written on the issue than ever before. Endeavours to understand the nature of war, to

articulate some theory of its sources, ways, and preclusion are of great importance, for theory

shapes human beliefs and decides mortal demeanour. The various schools of mentors are

generally aware of the attentive result they can use upon life, and their works commonly

comprise a solid normative part, for, when accepted by agents, their thoughts can concede the

sorts of self-fulfilling assessments. The analysis of war may be parted into some establishments.

Cogent, opinionated, financial, mechanical, legal, sociological, and mental approaches are

constantly illustrious. These differences require the variable considerations of curiosity and the

unlike analytical categorizations working by the scholar, but most of the actual concepts are

varied because war is an outstandinglymanifold social amount that cannot be make clear by any

only characteristic or over any particular defiance.

Modern thoughts of the explanations of war rift moderately into two main schools. One

appearances war to sure essential natural and sensitiveinspirations or energies, the other traits it

to firm social relatives and institutions. Both schools enclose idealists and pessimists regarding

the inevitability of war. Most trust that a better societal adjustment of persons would

savingimpediment, anxiety, and terror and would decline the prospect of war. All of them trust in

the point of study and education. Still, the limits of such procedures arise from their
 63

definitesimplification. Also, whether the sensitive premises are encouraged or destructive about

the Mother Nature of man, one cannot contempt the power upon communalmanner of public and

essentialcreations that give man the diagnoses to work out his attired or

dissipated propensities and to implementbonds upon him.

Patriotism not only makes wars but, completed the spitefulness of its effect, makes

definition the middle ground and reception of takeover harder. Faithfully, however, this is the

definite only of inspired, inexpert nationalisms, for individuality has determined to be a main

reason of struggle and war.

Human migration is the determination by people from one place to another with the goals

of settling, eternally or briefly in a new situate. The association is often over long disinterests and

from one country to another, but internal migration is also potential; definitely, this is the central

form universally. People may meander as societies, in family foundations or in large groups. A

person who travels from their home to another place because of natural cataclysm or civil

disruption may be definite as a refugee or, exclusively within the same country, a displaced

person. A person looking for refuge from civil, religious, or other forms of persecution is usually

labeled as an asylum seeker.

It naturally embraces movements over long expanses and from one country or authority

to another. Historically, early human migration encirclements the peopling of the world,

migration to world districts where there was heretofore no human inhabitation, throughout

the Upper Pal Eolithic. Since the Neolithic, most migrations excluding for the peopling of

shelteredconstituencies such as the Arctic or the Pacific, migration was predominantly warlike,

containing of downfall on the part of growing inhabitants. Colonialismincriminatespostponement

of sedentarypeople into earlier only occasionally settled places or territories with no

 64

stableoverheads. In the modern period, human migration has principally taken the form of

migration withinand between predominant sovereign states, either well-ordered legal

immigration or uninhibited and in despoliation of immigration laws illegal immigration.

Migration can be volunteer or involuntary. Uncontrolled migration comprehends forced

displacement in a number of methods such as deportation, slave trade, trafficking in human

beings and flight war refugees, ethnic cleansing. The English word contentious is both

an adjectiveand a noun, and is mostly used to mean

enthusiastically active, combative and aggressive, definitely in looking after of a reason, as in

militant protestors.

It comes from the fifteenth century Latin soldierly meaning to accommodate as a soldier.

The related modern hint of the militia as a vigilantfriendship beside assaulters grew out of the

Anglo-Saxon ford. In times of misfortune, the militiaman left his disinterestedburdens and

became a warrior until the different was over, when he compensated to his citizencareer.

Migration is a way to move from one place to another in order to live and work.

Undertaking of people from their home to another city, state or country for a profession,

accommodation or some other motives is called migration. Migration from bucolic areas to

borough areas has enlarged in past few years in India. Nowadays, many people resolve to migrate

to have a better life. Engagementopenings are the most corporateobject due to which people

migrate. Excepting this, lack of breaks, better education, manufacture of dams, globalization,

natural adversity flood and dearth and sometimes gathermiscarriageenforced villagers to migrate

to cities.

People who move from one place to another in pursuit of work or somewhere to stay are

called migrants. Most of the times migrants people are not capable or cultivated therefore stakes
 65

employees who are paid at the end of each day, for their service area. Theycommonlylabour as

dailystakes do not get plentiful money for the continued existence of their families and anguish

from many complications such as they do not have enough food to eat, hygiene, hygiene, a

suitable place to live etc. Migration is becoming a very significant subject for the life of cities.

Many openings and desirability of big cities wrench large figures of people to big cities.

Migration can have encouraging as well as destructive effects on the life of the migrants.

The remaining meaning of contentious does not commonly refer to a listed soldier: it can

be anyone who funds to the idea of using resilient, sometimes excessive, effort to be successful

an dispassionate, generally governmental. A "militant original" would be assessed to be more

thought-provoking and disparaging than an unconventional not definite as militant. Militancy

may or may not comprise of physical viciousness, armed combat, forcefulness, and the like.

The Trotskyist Militant group in the United Kingdom published a newspaper, was active in work

point of view, moved firmness in political meetings, but was not based on influence. The

insistence of the Christian Church Militant is to affrayalongside sin, the devil. Militant is from

time to time used as a euphemismfor addicted or armed insubordinate.

Militant is habitually used within some religious circlets to epitomise the

continuousskirmish of Christians as church participant or the Christian Church in their fight

alongside sin. In detailed, the Roman Catholic Church parts between Church militant and church

triumphant. Ellen G. White, one of the controllers of the Seventh day Adventist church, says now

the church is militant. Now we are throw down the gauntlet with a world in despair, almost

totally given over to respect. Such pious meaning must not be cluttered with the word belligerent

used to define far-reachingdutifuldeeds found in some who, created on their uncertain religious
 66

views or judgments, take up arms and become complex in contest, or who necessitate acts of

passion or militancy in an power to develop up front their precarious religious programmes. Such

rebel groups can be Christian, Muslims, Jewish, or of any other religious connotation.

There are many poles part religions, each with a different set of views. The beliefs are about the

world and the people in it, about how they arose into being, and what their persistence is. These

principles according to some spiritual sects are often connected to supernatural beings such

as God, an amount of gods or spirits. They may also be connected to knowledge such as a track

that the essence of each person should take towards golly, truth and duty. This they

called sanctity. Each belief has diverse designs about these things. Each religion also has a

moral code which is a set of principles about how creatures should act. Each conviction

habitually has their type of "holy rites" when people devotion or pray. They often

have rituals superior things that are always done in the same way for convinced times of the year

or positive times of a person's life. Other words that are used for faith are assurance and trust

system. In all, supporters of religious conviction can be known as, advocates or the realistic. Few

people monitor more than one creed at a time. Preachers are communal during most principles.

They can take the arrangement of a Christianminister on a Sunday morning, or an Islamic Imam.

A Muslim preacher in over-all is devoted to as a, while one giving discourses

A curfew is an order which confines people in their activities. It is very often an order which

prevents people to be out on the streets after dim. Curfews may be made by managements in

times of war or civil unrest. This is hypothetical to stop violence.Curfews may also be dispensed

to young people. They are told that they have to be at home after a sure time. Curfew resources

cover the fire. It was hand me down to express the historical when all focuses and set light to had

to be passed out.
 67

Refugeeindicates any banished, poor, automatic migrant who has bridged a borderline

and no longer holds the protection of his former board. Prior to the nineteenth century the effort

from one country to another did not need passports and visas; the right to asylum was

ordinarilycustomary and appreciative. Although there have been profuserollers of refugees

during the course of history, there was no refugee challenging until the manifestation of fixed

and closed state frontiers in the late nineteenth century. By the 1920s and ’30s the ritual of

political refuge had disparagedprominently, partly because of growing inattentiveness to human

grief and comparatively because of outstanding numbers of refugees.

For several centuries, refugee happenings were a magnitude of devout and cultural

dedication. Entire groups were moving on, colonial or emigrant by secular or religious founding

in an effort to implement traditional values. Examples of such action consist of the

marginalization of Jews from Spain in the late fifteenth century, the departure of Huguenots from

France after the elimination of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and the expulsion of Jews from

Germany, Austria, and Sudetenland now in the Czech Republic in the 1930s.Politically driven

refugee travels, persistent in modern times, have happened sporadically since the enlargement of

organisations potent enough to containpeculiarcitizens.

Since the 1960s great considerations of refugees have been found in Africa and Asia.

While the numbers poles apart from year to year, each of the two states accounted for more than

three million refugees in 2005. In the undistinguishable year, the total number of refugees

collective was esteemed to be erratically nine million.

A refugee, universally talking, is a displaced person who has been prescribed to irritated

national boundaries and who cannot return home strongly for more factor see legal definition.

Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until organized refugee status by the
 68

compressingstate or the UNHCR if they publically make anallegation for asylum. The lead wide-

reachingunionorganization refugee safekeeping is the United Nations Office of the United

Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR. The United Nations have a second Office

for deportees, the UNRWA, which is distinctivelyliable for acquaintance the large popular

of Palestinian refugees.

The Refugee Resolvedesignation is used by the Australian Government to limit whether

our country has securitycommitments towards asylum seekers. If an asylum seeker is an initiate

to be a refugee, Australia is gratified under international law to offer fortification and to certify

that the person is not sent back against your better judgment to their country of origin. The

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is assigned by the United Nations to

lead and synchronize international action for the worldwide shelter of refugees and the

steadfastness of refugee problems. Its resolution is to protection the rights and wellbeing of

refugees and seek lasting clarifications to their plight. The terms refugee, asylum seeker and

migrant are often used interchangeably, principally in the media. However, there are

imperativepeculiarities in their characterisations. Refugees are able to spread over for nationality

of their country of abode or another after meeting habitationrequests. In Australia, if you hold

have aeverlastingsafety visa, you can apply for Australian residency after two years of

perpetualhabitation.

Mohsin Hamid is a Pakistani novelist. He plays an important role in developing Pakistani

literature in an optimistic way and in building new futures in it. He is a kind of writer who breaks

the type casted literary styles and introduces new forms and styles in Pakistani literature. His

narrative style in ExitWest is third person point of view. Through which he exposes the insight

pain and difficulties of immigrants.

 69

In the first chapter, the researcher has given a detailed description of the meaning of

literature, an introduction to commonwealth literature, origin and development of Pakistani

literature, description of some noteworthy contemporary writers, and biography of Mohsin

Hamid and all his works with a detailed study of ExitWest. In the second chapter, the researcher

has analysed the plot and protagonists, Saeed and Nadia in the novel, Exit West. The way their

lives have been in roller coast all of a sudden due to war and immigration and how they

overcome all these difficulties with love are critically analysed. In the third chapter the

researcher has given the findings of the research and the suggestions regarding the impacts of

love and war in ExitWest and also in general life.

Exit west, written by MohsinHasmid deals with the lives of Saeed and Nadia who are

completely different characters. They both join hands to escape from their native city as it is

severely affected due to war. This novel explores not only the struggles of war and emigration

but also the love and bonding between religious and conservative, Saeed and independent and

modernistic, Nadia.

Saeed and Nadia meet and eventually fall in love with each other. As the war has broken

out, their lives are under threat. Moreover Saeed's mother has lost her life during one of the

attacks by the militants. That creates a situation to be escaped from their motherland for not

being killed. With great difficulties, they tread on many secret doors and land on London. They

find a place to reside and start to work there for their livelihood. After sometime, they resume

their journey to move further and reach California. It is in California they mutually get separated,

find their own life partners and settled in life. Many years later, they come back to their native

land which is peaceful at present. Saeed and Nadia meet again and he takes her to watch the stars

in Chile.
 70

From the beginning of the novel, it is an evident that Saeed and Nadia have better

understanding and good care for each other. Though they are completely different personalities,

they have love and bonding that existed even at the time of hardships like at the time of war,

during their secret escape and till they find a place to live with peace. Unfortunately, they got

separated without any serious issue which is unexpected. They act as a supporting system and

helped for each other to escape from the militants and to establish a hopeful life in non-native

land. Instead of continuing their love and bonding they decided to be apart from each other

which are unfair. They might have lived together as they have good rapport and deep love for

each other.
 71

WORKS CITED

PRIMARY SOURCE:

Hamid, Mohsin. Exit West. Haryana: Penguin Books, 2017. Print.

SECONDARY SOURCES:

Cross, Wilbur L. The Development of the English Novel. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and

Distributors, 2001. Print.

Das, Bijay Kumar. Aspect of Common Wealth Literature. New Delhi: Creative Books,

1995.Print.

Dhawan, R.K., ed. Contemporary Commonwealth Literature. New Delhi:Prestige Books, 2006.

Print.

Dhawan R.K, Damija P.V, and Srivastava A.K. Recent Common Wealth Literature.New Delhi:

Prestige Books, 1989. Print.

Peck, John. How to Study a Novel. New Delhi: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1995. Print.

Rahman, Tariq. A History of Pakistani Literature in English: 1947-1988. Karachi: OUP

Pakistan, 2015. Print.

Shekhar, Sudhendu. History and Fiction. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 2004. Print.

Singh, Ram Bhagwan. Commonwealth Literature. Jaipur: Yking Books, 2011. Print.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES:

Bukhari, Syed S.G. History of Pakistani English Literature.Hamariweb, 17 Nov. 2013. Web. 5

Aug. 2018. <hamariweb.com/articles/39838>

 72

Creighton, A.I. The Evolution of Commonwealth Literature.Stabroeknews.com, 24 Jan. 2016.

Web. 2 July. 2018.

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