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Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 112
Cen
gy
olo
lD
Ge
rat
epar
tment of
Kirtipur
ABSTRACT
The Nakhu RIver is the fifth order main stem which contributes the Bagmati River from the souther part of the Kathmandu
valley. Based on morphologic and hydraulic assessments, the river segments 1, 2 and 3 (fifth order streams), and Segment 4 (fourth
order stream) were classified respectively as C5-, C5-, C4- and C4-streams. C5-streams were sandy meandering streams and C4
streams are gravelly meandering streams. All these segments were moderately entrenched with relatively low bank height ratios
except for Segment 3. These stream segments were laterally unstable and are competent enough to mobilise their riverbed materials.
Currently all the segments are potentially aggrading depending on F-M relationship. However, the relationship may be impaired
by hyman activities. To improve the river further studies and rehabilitation works are required.
85°1730E 85°20E 80
30
C H I N A
27°40N
1935
NEPAL
INDIA Kathmandu
Segment 1
1288 26
0 1 2 Km 86
o 85 o 30
iver
N 85 15
1302 Shivapuri Range
iR
at
m
27 o 45
Nakhudol
g
0 2 4 Km
Ba
Bhainsepati 1338
27 o 45
Segment 2
KATHMANDU
27°3730N
Na kh u Riv er
River
1326
27 o 35
a ti
gm
Study area
Nakh
Ba Lele
27 o 35
Phulchoki
u River
Nallu
o
85 15 85 o 30
1431
Thecho
LEGEND
Watershed boundary
First order stream
Segment 3 Chapagoan
1425 Second order stream
Third order stream
Fourth order stream
27°35N
27°35N
1766
1568
1755 2026
Tikabhairab
Lele
Khola
ola
1636
Kh
la
1595 Lele
ho
uli
Mah
ch
1935
K
adev
run
Khola
uli
nch
Bu
B u ra
1765
1850 2163
Na l
lu K
hola Segment 4 1894
Bhardeu
27°3230N
1685
Bhardeu Khola
27°3230N
2021 2590
Nallu
2341 2070
2270
85°1730E 85°20E 85°2230E
Fig. 1 Location map, drainage order and four surveyed segments of the Nakhu River
2
Morpho-hydraulic parameters and existing stability condition of Nakhu River, southern Kathmandu, Central Nepal
River originating from the northern ranges. The about 14 km. The first, second, third, and fourth
present study sets up the stability condition of the order streams extend for 1.19 km, 0.89 km, and 0.59
one of the major rivers originating from the southern km, 9.31 km, which is measured along the main
ranges of Kathmandu. stem, respectively.
The Nakhu River is a fifth order river fed by
METHODOLOGY two 4th order and one 3rd order major tributaries
The regional watershed parameters & river with three sub-basins viz Nallu Khola, Lele Khola,
planiform were measured from the topo maps and Burunchuli Khola. Among these sub-basin, the
(1:10,000 and 1:25,000) & reconnaissance field visit Nallu Khola sub-basin is the largest of about 22.64
was made along the river. Then four representative km2, the Lele Khola sub-basin with 14.922 km2 and
segments of the Nakhu River were selected (Fig. 1) the Burunchuli Khola sub-basin is the smallest of
based on their planiform, and nature of channel about 4.457 km2.
condition, as segment 1 (Nakhu area), segment 2
(Bhainsepati area), segment 3 (Chapagaon area),
Drainage pattern
In the Nakhu watershed, there are mainly two
and segment 4 (Nallu area). These segments were
kinds of drainage patterns viz dendritic and parallel.
surveyed for cross-sectional and longitudinal profiles
The southern part of the watershed exhibits parallel
using a leveling instrument, staff and a measuring
drainage pattern. The dendritic drainage pattern is
tape. For the characterisation of grain size in segment,
observed in the hills of Bhardeu, Lele, and
Wolmans (1954) pebble counting method was
Burunchuli.
applied in each transects of the four segments. The
median grain size obtained from segment counting Drainage texture
was applied in stream classification after The drainage texture of the Nakhu watershed is
Rogen(1994). The volumetric bar surface samples fine to moderate at the southern part where bed rocks
were sieved separately for grain size parameter and exist, whereas it is coarse to very coarse at the central
stream competence evaluation. The stream segments and the northern parts of the watershed, which is
were classified according to the criteria of Rosgen relatively low-lying terrace fields (Fig. 2a).
(1994). Because there is no discharge measuring
station, bankfull discharge and velocity were deduced Relative relief
using Mannings equation and continuity equation. The southern part of watershed, which is
The Mannings roughness coefficients were evaluated surrounded by hills, has a low relative relief (Fig.
from the field survey of stream segments. Stream 2b). The northern part, which is a low lying area,
aggrading/degrading potential was evaluated using has a low relative relief. The higher relief in the
F versus M relationship of Schumm (1963). southern part is attributed to active erosion, upliftment
of the ridges, and presence of competent rocks.
MORPHOMETRY
The Nakhu River originates from Phulbaridada
LANDUSE
of the Phulchoki Range located at the SE of the Most of the floodplains, the low-lying land and
watershed, where the river originates as the Bhardeu the gentle slope area are used for farming and
Khola, which transfers to the Nallu Khola at Nallu settlement. The other parts are covered by forest,
village. The Nallu Khola after contribution from the and some of the parts as quarry sites for construction
Lele Khola at Tikabhairav becomes the main stem materials. Most of the southern parts of watershed
Nakhu River. consist of steep to gentle slopes, which are covered
by forest. Also most of the quarries in the area are
Drainage order located in these hills of southeastern to southwestern
The drainage order of the Nakhu watershed part of the watershed. Increase in sediment load
ranges from first order to fifth order (Fig. 1). The from quarry sites causes increase in turbidity of river
fifth order stream has greater length extending for which inturn causes reduction in aquatic life. Other
3
B. Maharjan and N. K. Tamrakar/ Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 112
problem, which is an uncontrolled quarrying, might the soft sediments of the Kathmandu valley. The
generate temporary damming of river due to high Nakhu River originates from the Chandragiri
sediment discharge in river from quarry during a Limestone and traverses over the basin-fill sediments
heavy rainfall. of Bhardeu in the south east. Some tributaries also
originate and flow across the rocks of the Tistung
North of the Tika Bhairab Gorge, landuse is
and the Sopyang Formations in the south, and the
mostly farm land. But with demand for settlement
basinfill sediments at the north of watershed.
for growing population, the landuse pattern has
changed rapidly in the watershed. Most of the huge At southern part of the Nakhu watershed, a thick
floodplains of the Nakhu River from downstream sequence of the Tistung Formation crops out on both
of Bhaisepati (confluence with the Bagmati River) banks of the Nallu Khola. A vertical fault trending
that is used for agriculture have changed rapidly to NWSE and a few lineaments were also reported
build-up area, farm land and industrial area. Because from the Nallu Khola area (Stocklin and Bhattarai,
of these, the banks of Nakhu River have been 1977). The Tistung Formation consists of
suffering from human encroachment. The water metasandstones, metasiltstones and phyllites. The
quality has also been highly degraded due to Sopyang Formation lying between the Tistung
contamination of sewer and solid waste. Formation and the Chandragiri Limestone has a
transitional zone with a mixed lithology of both. At
the Tikabhairav gorge, the Nakhu River flows through
GEOLOGY the thick sequence of the Chandragiri Limestone
The Nakhu watershed comprises of with the main rock type of yellow to brown weathered
metasedimentary rocks of the Phulchoki Group and limestone. The latter appears massive from a distance
85°1730E 85°20E 85°2230E 85°1730E 85°20E 85°2230E
27°40N
27°40N
27°40N
27°40N
1.0 15 30
1.0
2 1 0 2 Km 15
15
2 1 0 2 Km
0.2 0.4
r
r
Rive
Rive
1.6
30
mati
mati
Nakhudol Nakhudol
Relative relief
Bag
Bag
Bhainsepati Bhainsepati
27°3730N
27°3730N
27°3730N
27°3730N
1.2
ver
1.4
ver
1.2
60
Chapagoan Chapagoan
0.8
6
0.
1
0.8 120
27°35N
27°35N
27°35N
27°35N
Charghare
0.8
0.6
240
0.4 240
240
1
0.6 0.8
0.6
Lele 240
Kho
120 la
l
a
0.6
Lele Kh o Lele
ola
Kh
Mah
li
240 adev
chu
0.8
uli
6 0.4 Khola
0.
ch
r un
0.9
run
1.2
Bu
Bu
1.2 1.0
0.6 240
Nallu 0.4 Bhardeu Nallu Bhardeu
0.4 Khola Khola Bhardeu Khola
27°3230N
27°3230N
240
27°3230N
27°3230N
Bhardeu Khola
0.4
0.6
(a) (b)
Fig. 2 (a) Drainage Texture Map and (b) Relative Relief Map of the Nakhu watershed (In both figures the first order streams are
not shown for clarity of the figure)
4
Morpho-hydraulic parameters and existing stability condition of Nakhu River, southern Kathmandu, Central Nepal
but is always well bedded and is quite platy at close MORPHOLOGIC PARAMETERS
view (Stocklin, 1981). The fluvio lacurtrine deposit
covers the central & northern part of the watershed. Planiform Geometry
The Lukundol and Kalimati Formations are fine-
grained deposits exposed mainly in the central and The results of planiform geometry are listed in
the norther parts of the watershed at low-lying areas. Table 1. The sinuosity (K) of segment 2 exceeds 1.4
The Chapagoan Formation is the Holocene alluvial whereas other segments have values below it.
fan deposit (DMG ,1998), which is distributed in Segments 1, 3 and 4 are low sinuosity river segments,
the central part at the higher levels compared to and segment 2 is somewhat sinuous river segment.
fine-grained deposits. It is characterized by cobble Segment 1 and 2 have relatively large meander
pebble gravel composed of metasandstone, length (L m ) compared to other two segments.
metasiltstone, phyllite, shale, and limestone clasts. Segment 2 exhibits the largest radius of curvature
Table 1: LPlaniform and hydraulic parameters of the Nakhu River
Pattern
Length of channel thalweg, L tw (m) 1510.90 2605.00 1792.24 1570.00
Length of valley, L valley (m) 1290.00 1708.88 1500.48 1260.00
Sinuosity, K = L tw /Lvalley (m/m) 1.17 1.52 1.19 1.25
Meander length, L m (m) 607.30 574.84 460.22 400.00
Belt width, Wblt (m) 263.11 356.36 255.29 211.43
Radius of curvature, R c (m) 177.62 201.94 137.53 107.09
Riffle Cros-section
Width at bankfull, Wbkf (m) 17.64 17.82 19.53 12.88
Bankfull x-section area, A bkf (m 2 ) 11.62 8.39 9.20 5.82
Max depth at bankfull, Dmax (m) 1.00 0.77 0.77 0.72
Flood prone height, D fph (m) 2.00 1.53 1.53 1.44
Width flood prone area, Wfpa (m) 57.52 72.12 51.83 36.92
Max depth top low bank, D tob (m) 2.44 1.81 4.24 1.98
Mean depth at bankfull, D bkf = Abkf /Wbkf (m) 0.62 0.44 0.40 0.42
5
B. Maharjan and N. K. Tamrakar/ Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 112
(Rc) and segment 4 has the smallest radius of segment 1 with slightly narrow channel with
curvature (Rc). Segment 2 has high meander belt maximum depth.
width (Wblt) compared to other segment. Therefore,
The entrenchment ratios in all the four segments
segment 2 is potential to lateral accretion, whereas
have nearly same value and all segments are
Segments 3 and 4 have nearly same magnitude of
moderately entrenched. Segment 2 has the greatest
meander length and meander belt width.
ER (4) showing greater affinity towards flooding
Riffile and pool cross-sectional areas range from than other segments.
5.81 to 11.62 m2 and from 4.24 to 5.9m2, respectively
W/D ratio is in the range of 30 to 40 for segments
(Table 1). The width (Wbkf) is highest in segment
1, 2 and 4. Segment 3 has almost twice the W/D
3, with value 19.53 m and is lowest (5.8 m) in
ratio (75.66) compared to other segments. Segment
segment 4. Segment 1 has the greatest maximum
3 also has the greatest bank height ratio (BHR) of
depth (1 m) and the mean depth (0.62 m), segment
5.28. The downstream segments possess
4 has the least maximum depth (0.72 m) and the
comparatively low value of BHR and are vulnerable
mean depth (0.42 m). Segments 2, 3 and 4 have
to lateral shifting of river and flooding.
almost similar bankfull depth. The floodprone width
of segment 2 is the highest (72 m) and segment 4 The meander length ratio (MLR) varies from
is the least (36 m). The cross-sectional area and 18.05 (segment 3) to 34.4 (segment 1). The
width increase from segment 4 to segment 3, and downstream push of the channel is greater in
decrease slightly in segment 2, and are greatest in segments 1, 2 and 4 compared to segment 3. The
L TO B Segment 3
R TO B
Cultivated
land
0 2 4 6m
L TO B Segment 2
R TO B
0 2 4 6m
1st Order
L TO B Segment 1 R TO B
2nd Order
Cultivated Cultivated
3rd Order
land land
4rd Order
5th Order
15m
0 2 4 6m
Elevation (m)
1000
Nallu Chapagoan Bhainsepati Nakhhu
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance (km)
Fig. 3 Longitudinal Profile of the Nakhu River and cross-sections of its four segments
6
Morpho-hydraulic parameters and existing stability condition of Nakhu River, southern Kathmandu, Central Nepal
meander belt width ratio (MWR) ranges from sand to pebble grade material are relatively poorly
14.91(segment 1) to 25.50 (segment 3) showing that sorted than very fine sand and cobble grade materials.
the magnitude of meandering is large in the segments In all the segments, pebble-cobble and mud are the
2 and 3 compared to segments 1 and 4. dominant bed materials.
from the frequency percent of clasts (Table 2). Based Entrenchment ratio, E/R 3.05 4.00 2.52 3.37
on median size, the sediments of segments 1 and 2 W/D ratio 30.19 39.94 90.79 31.26
are very fine sands, and those of segments 3 and 4 Sinuosity, K (m/m) 1.17 1.52 1.19 1.25
are pebble-grade bed material. The size distribution Slope (m/m) 0.012 0.013 0.015 0.017
of segment 1 is very poorly sorted and of segments
Bed material, D50 (mm) 0.12 0.12 24.25 28.84
2, 3 and 4 are extremely poorly sorted (Table 3).
Sorting, sI (f) 3.96 4.08 4.23 4.34
Segment 3 indicates five sub-populations whereas
Rosgen stream type C5 C5 C4 C4
other segments represent four sub-population. Fine
7
B. Maharjan and N. K. Tamrakar/ Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 112
99.999 99.999
99.99 Segment 1 99.99 Segment 2
99.9 99.9
Cumulative frequency %
Cumulative frequency %
99 99
95 95
90 90
50
50
10
10
1
1 0.1
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(a) Grain size (f-scale) (b) Grain size (f-scale)
99.999 99.999
99.99 Segment 3 99.99 Segment 4
99.9
Cumulative frequency %
99.9
Cumulative frequency %
99 99
95
90 95
90
50
50
10
10
1
0.1 1
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(c) Grain size (f-scale) (d) Grain size (f-scale)
Fig. 4 Grain size distribution of Nakhu River: (a) Segment 1; Nakhu, (b) Segment 2; Bhainsepati, (c) Segment 3; Chapagaon, and
(d) Segment 4; Nallu
with bed material of gravel and silt/clay mixture riparian vegetation, bank encroachment, extremely
with little sand. Point bars, point bars with a few high effluent discharge from settlement areas, and
mid channel bars and side bars characterize the encroachment of river banks for extending roads.
deposition pattern of this stream. Riparian vegetation Segment 2 has a broad valley with terraces
along the river corridor is poor, and constitutes associated with well defined flood plains. Segment
mainly shrub and grass, and minorly few trees (Fig. 2 is slightly entrenched (ER=4.0) with well defined
5). Most of the reaches of the corridor are meandering channel (K=1.52), high W/D ratio
accompanied by cultivated and built-up areas. The (39.94), and low gradient (<0.02 m/m). The bed
river segment has been affected by clearing of the material comprises fine sand with gravel. Deposition
Fig. 5 Downstream view of the segment 1 at Nakhu Fig. 6 Downstream view of the segment 2 at Bhainsepati
8
Morpho-hydraulic parameters and existing stability condition of Nakhu River, southern Kathmandu, Central Nepal
Fig. 7 Downstream view of the segment 3 of the Nakhu River Fig. 8 Downstream view of the segment 4 of the Nakhu River
at Chapagaon area at Nallu area
9
B. Maharjan and N. K. Tamrakar/ Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 112
10
Mean depth at bankfull, D 0.62 0.44 0.44 0.42
Slope (m/m) 0.012 0.013 0.015 0.017
Morpho-hydraulic parameters and existing stability condition of Nakhu River, southern Kathmandu, Central Nepal
Table 5: Results of calculation of shear stress, F-factor and sediments from the source rocks. Compared to the
M-factor Bishnumati and the Manahara River, the Nakhu
Parameters Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4
River is more capable of carrying huge volume of
d50 (m) 0.00012 0.00012 0.02425 0.02884
sediments considering its competency. The fourth
ds50 (m) 0.020420 0.034070 0.017430 0.024415
d10 (m) 0.094 0.135 0.155 0.201 (Segment 4) and fifth (Segments 1, 2 and 3) order
d10/ds50 4.601 3.971 8.917 8.228 segments of this river are aggrading in nature.
t (N/m2) 7.386 5.827 6.761 7.200
tcr 0.022 0.025 0.012 0.013
Dc 0.285 0.430 0.212 0.259
CONCLUSIONS
Sc 0.005 0.013 0.007 0.010
F-factor = W/D ratio 28.350 40.047 44.386 30.324
The Nakhu River is the fifth order main-stem
M-factor 50.464 52.952 36.645 37.609 river draining the watershed, and the latter is
characterized by dendritic and parallel drainage
patterns. The drainage texture ranges from very
M = [(Sr.Wbkf)+(Sb.2Dbkf)]/(Wbkf+2Dbkf) (9)
coarse in the northern part where relative relief is
where, Sr is percentage of silt and clay in wetted low, and fine to moderately fine in the southern part
perimeter of a riffle cross-section and Sb is percentage where relative relief is high.
of silt and clay in a bar material.
Grain size distributions of stream segments
Fig. 10 shows the F versus M relationship. The indicate that the d50 of the river bed sediments of
plots of all the four segments of the Nakhu River segments 1, 2, 3 and 4 are respectively, 0.120 mm,
lie on the aggrading field of this diagram. 0.122 mm, 24.25 mm and 28.84 mm. Segments 1,2,3
and 4 of the Nakhu River is classified as C5-, C5-,
DISCUSSIONS C4- and C4-stream types, respectively. C5-stream
is characterized by less entrenched meandering
The four segments which have been surveyed channel on low gradients with high W/D ratio and
indicate that they are moderately entrenched. The fine sand with gravel in the channel. C5- and C4-
fifth order segments of the Nakhu River are relatively stream types are characterized by broad valleys with
more entrenched than those of the Manahara River, terraces associated with flood plains and slightly
but the fifth and sixth order segments of the entrenched segments with well defined meandering
Bishnumati River are even more entrenched (Table channels.
6). Among the three rivers, W/D ratio of the Nakhu
River is intermediate between high ratios of the
Manahara River and the low of the Bishnumati 1000
1 Segment 1
River. Sinuousity, is highly variable, but the fourth 2 Segment 2
order segment of the Nakhu River shows the least 3 Segment 3
sinuosity. Remarkably, radius of curvature of the 4 Segment 4
Nakhu River is highest among the rivers. Considering 100
the slope, the fifth order segment of the Nakhu River 3
shows the highest slopes among the rivers. The 2
meander length and meander belt width of the Nakhu 4
F-factor
1
F
10 AGGRADING
25
11
B. Maharjan and N. K. Tamrakar/ Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 112
Table 4: Summary of classification of the Nakhu River have impacted morphological and dynamic function
5th order 4th order
of the river. Tendency of morphological changes in
Attribute stream stream C5-stream is pronounced due to recently built-up
Entrenchment ratio, *Bishnumati River 1.37 4.78
road alignment along the right bank of the Nakhu
E/R **Manahara River 1.3912.22 1.43 River. To improve the river function, futher studies
Nakhu River 2.5214.00 3.37 and river rehabilitation works are required.
W/D ratio Bishnumati River 26 12
Manahara River 6685 48
Nakhu River 2844 30 REFERENCES
Sinuosity, K (m/m) Bishnumati River 1.16 1.34 DMG, 1998, Engineering and Environmental Geological
Manahara River 1.142.11 1.43 Map of Kathmandu Valley, Department of Mines and
Nakhu River 1.171.52 1.25
Geology, Lainchaur, Kathmandu.
Radius of Bishnumati River 51 89 Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G. and Miller, J.P., 1964.
curvature, Rc Manahara River 103125 98
Fluvial processes in geomorphology. W. H. Freeman
Nakhu River 138202 107
& Co., San Fransisco, U.S.A., 522p.
Slope (m/m) Bishnumati River 0.004 0.008
Manahara River .0060.024 0.030
Rosgen, D.L., 1994. A classification of natural rivers,
Nakhu River 0.0120.015 0.017 Cantenna, V. 22, pp. 169-199.
Rosgen, D.L., 1996, Applied River Morphology, Wildland
Bed material, Bishnumati River 0.874 3.73
D50 (mm) Manahara River 2.003.00 12.00
Hydrology, Pasoga, Spring, Colorodo, 390p.
Nakhu River 0.12124.25 28.84 Sakai, H., 2001. The Kathmandu Basin: an archive of
Meander Bishnumati River 235 100
Himalayan uplift and past monsoon climate. Jour.
length, Lm Manahara River 450760 400 Nepal. Geol. Soc., Special Issue, v. 25, pp. 18.
(m)
Nakhu River 460607 400 Schumm, S.A., 1963. A tantative classivication system
Meander belt Bishnumati River 160 540 of alluvial rivers. Circular 477, U.S. Geological survey,
width, Wblt Manahara River 160670 210 Washington, D.C.
(m)
Nakhu River 255356 211 Shrestha, P. and Tamrakar, N.K., 2007. Streambank
Rosgen stream type Bishnumati River F5 C4 erodibility and lateral instability hazard in the Manahara
Manahara River F4, C4, C4 B4 River, Kathmandu basin, Nepal, Jour. Nepal Geol.
Nakhu River C5, C4 C4 Soc., v. 35, pp. 55-66.
Stocklin, J. & Bhattarai, K.D. (1977), Geology of
The Nakhu River segments are all competent Kathmandu area and central Mahabharat range, Nepal
Himalaya: A Report of Department Mines and
enough to mobilise their sediments present on
Geology/ UNDP (Unpublished).
channel and bars during the bankfull flows. During
Stocklin J. (1981), Geology of Kathmandu area and
the high magnitude flood, even larger clasts of central Mahabharat range, Nepal Himalaya, HMG-
boulder sized may be mobilised. All the river UNDP, Mineral exploration project, Kathmandu Nepal.
segments fall in aggrading categories showing that Tamrakar, N.K., 2004, Disturbances and Instabilities in
the river is not only capable of mobilising the the Bishnumati River Corridor, Kathmandu Basin.
sediments but also capable of depositing its load The JUSAN (Japan University Students Association
effectively. Nepal), v. 9, issue 16, pp. 718.
Tamrakar N.K and Bajracharya R., 2009, Fluvial
At present, the natural condition of the Nakhu
Environment and Existing Stability Condition of the
River has been pervasively impaired due to human
Manahara River, Central Nepal, Journal of Nepal
influence, e.g., quarrying of bedrocks, human Geological Society, v. 39, (Press).
settlements and extension of road alignment. In Wolman, M.G., 1954, A method of sampling coarse river-
segment 4, it is due to mining activities, whereas in bed material. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, v. 35, pp.
other segments, human settlements and their lifestyles 951956.
12