ABB Power Transformer PDF

Power Transformer
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1_114Q07- 1 -
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1_114Q07- 2 -
Power General
Transformers
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF A POWER TRANSFORMER
 Types of transformers
 Transformation ratio
 Insulation class
 Rated output
 Transformer connections
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
 TYPES OF COOLING
 ACCESSORIES/ PRACTICAL ASPECTS
1_114Q07- 3 -
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 4 -
Fundamental considerations
 Static device whose function is to transfer
electrical energy from one circuit to
another whose common link is a magnetic
G
flux.
 B1 B2
Z
 The current and voltage characteristics of

the incoming energy are modified in the
output
 Construction: Magnetic core made of
stacked sheets of ferromagnetic material
and two coils (B1, B2) wounded over the
former.
1_114Q07- 5 -
Fundamental considerations
 Operation: We connect an a.c. generator
at B1 and close B2 through an
impedance Z.
G
 B1 B2
Z  B1 generates a flux owing to the current.
This is a variable one hence it induces a
voltage in B2 which in time generates a
current in the secondary circuit.
 It is only possible with alternating current
(a flux variation is needed)
 The circuit connected to B1 is named
primary and the one connected to B2 is
named secondary
 The related V and I characteristics are
named as well primary and secondary
characteristics.
1_114Q07- 6 -
Fundamental relationships
 Primary energy Secondary energy
 Hence Primary Power Secondary Power
 If the transformer is single phase U1 I1  U2 I2
 And with three phase √3 U1 I1  √3 U2 I2
 At both cases hence U1/ U2  I2 / I1
 On the other hand it is known that Voltage in a coil is proportional to
the generated flux and number of turns
U1= k1 n1 and U2= k1 n2
 From where it is inferred:
U1 / U2 = n1 / n2 and I2 / I1 = n1 / n2
 The ratio n1 / n2 is called Transformation Ratio
1_114Q07- 7 -
 We have then:
U1 / U2 = r1
I1 / I2 = 1 / r1
 The former statements are true in an ideal transformer which complies
with the following
 No reluctance at the magnetic circuit
 No resistance at the windings
 No histeresys, eddy-current or I2R losses
 No leakage flux
 Although this is not accomplished in a real case, all formerly said is
useful to understand the performance of a transformer and to obtain
some approximate values for an elementary calculation

1_114Q07- 8 -
 From:
U1 I1 = U2 I2
 It is deduced that:
 The winding with higher voltage must stand lesser current and
conversely the lesser the voltage the higher the current
 On the other hand from:
I1 n1 = I2 n2
 it is deduced that:
 The winding with higher current will be the one with bigger cross
section but lesser number of turns
1_114Q07- 9 -
Power transformer function
 Transmission of electrical energy is cheaper as far as the transmission
voltage is raised
 let´s have a power P to transmit with a voltage U and a current I.
Losses will be:
Pr = R I²
 If voltage is raised to nU, current, for the same power, will be
reduced to I/n, hence losses in that case will be:
Pr = R I² / n²
 They are hence reduced by the square of the ratio of voltage
raising.
 Or for the same losses the cross section of the wire can be reduced, so
is the cost of the line.
 On the other hand electrical energy is easier and safer to use when
handled at the lowest voltage.
1_114Q07- 10 -
 The power loss p in a 3-phase transmission line with a resistance R per
phase and a current I flowing in each phase is:
 At a system voltage U the transmitted active power is:
 Equation (2) can be rewritten as:
 Inserted in the equation (1) gives:
 Equation (4) indicates that the power loss in the line is proportional to the
square of the transmitted active power and inversely proportional to the

square of the system voltage.
1_114Q07- 11 -
 In other words, the power loss will be lower when the system voltage is
increased.
 The main
application of
transformers is
hence the one
depicted at the
following diagram :
 To raise the
voltage and to
reduce the current
going out from
generation
stations (Step-up
substations).
 To reduce the
voltage on arriving
to the points of
1_114Q07- 12 -
utilization (Step-
Down
substations).
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 13 -
Main characteristics of a Power Transformer
 When choosing a transformer it is necessary to define:

 Type of transformer
 Insulation Class
 Rated output
 Connection
 Also it is necessary to establish:
 Voltage regulation
 Type of cooling
 Accessories
1_114Q07- 14 -
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 15 -
Constructive types
Primario
Primario
Secundario
Secundario
Core-form single phase Core form three phase

1_114Q07- 16 -
Constructive types
 Core-form construction for single-phase

transformers consists of magnetic steel
punchings arranged to provide a single-path
magnetic circuit.
 High- and low-voltage coils are grouped
together on each main or vertical leg of the
core.
 In general, the mean length of turn for the
1_114Q07- 17 -
winding is comparatively short in the core-

form design, while the magnetic path is long.
Constructive types
Primario
Primario
Secundario
Shell-form single phase Secundario
Shell form three phase

1_114Q07- 18 -
Constructive types
 Shell-form construction for single-phase

transformers consists of all windings formed
into a single ring, with magnetic punchings
assembled so as to encircle each side of the
winding ring.
 The mean length of turn is usually longer
than for a comparable core-form design,

while the iron path is shorter.
1_114Q07- 19 -
Constructive types
 In the design of a particular transformer many factors such as
insulation stress, mechanical stress, heat distribution, weight and cost
must be balanced and compromised.
 It appears that, for well-balanced design, both core-form and shell-
form units have their respective fields of applicability determined by
kva and kv rating.
 In the larger sizes, shell-form construction is quite appropriate; the
windings and magnetic iron can be assembled on a steel base
structure, with laminations laid in horizontally to link and surround the
windings.
 A close-fitting tank member is then dropped over the core and coil
assembly and welded to the steel base, completing the tank assembly and
also securing the core to the base member.
1_114Q07- 20 -
Winding types
AT AT
BT AT
BT BT
Split windings
Concentric windings
1_114Q07- 21 -
Winding types
BT
AT AT
AT
BT
AT
BT
BT BT
Double concentric windings Superimposed windings

1_114Q07- 22 -
Single phase vs. Three phase banks
 A three-phase power transformation can be accomplished either by
using a three-phase transformer unit, or by inter-connecting three
single-phase units to form a three-phase bank.
 The three-phase unit has advantages of greater efficiency, smaller
size, and less cost when compared with a bank having equal kva
capacity made up of three single-phase units.
 When three single-phase units are used in a bank, it is possible to
purchase and install a fourth unit at the same location as an
emergency spare.
 This requires only 33 percent additional investment to provide
replacement capacity, whereas 100 percent additional cost would be
required to provide complete spare capacity for a three-phase unit.
 However, transformers have a proven reliability higher than most other
elements of a power system, and for this reason the provision of

immediately available spare capacity is now considered less important
1_114Q07- 23 -
than it once was.

 Three-phase units are quite generally used in the highest of circuit
ratings, with no on-the-spot spare transformer capacity provided.
 In these cases parallel or interconnected circuits of the system may
provide emergency capacity, or, for small and medium size
transformers, portable substations can provide spare capacity on short
notice.
 If transportation or rigging facilities should not be adequate to handle
the required transformer capacity as a single unit, a definite reason of
course develops for using three single-phase units.
1_114Q07- 24 -
1_114Q07- 25 -

1_114Q07- 26 -

Transformers vs. Autotransformers
 An autotransformer inherently provides a metallic connection
between its low- and high-voltage circuits; this is unlike the
conventional two-winding transformer which isolates the two
circuits. Unless the potential to ground of each autotransformer
circuit is fixed by some means, the low-voltage circuit will be subject
to overvoltages originating in the high-voltage circuit. These
undesirable effects can be minimized by connecting the neutral of
the autotransformer solidly to ground.
1_114Q07- 27 -
 The autotransformer has advantages of:
 lower cost,
 higher efficiency
 better regulation
 It has disadvantages including:
 low reactance which may make it subject to excessive short-circuit
currents
 the arrangement of taps is more complicated
 the low- and high-voltage circuits cannot be isolated
 the two circuits must operate with no angular phase displacement
unless a zig-zag connection is introduced.
 The advantages of lower cost and improved efficiency become less
apparent as the transformation ratio increases, so that
autotransformers for power purposes are usually used for low

transformation ratios, rarely exceeding 2 to 1.
1_114Q07- 28 -
 Three-phase autotransformers for power service are usually star-
star connected with the neutral grounded, and in most of these
cases it is desirable to have a third winding on the core delta-
connected so as to carry the third harmonic component of exciting
current.
 This winding could be very small in capacity if it were required to carry
only harmonic currents, but its size is increased by the requirement that
it carry high currents during system ground faults.
 A widely used rule sets the delta-winding rating at 35 percent of the
autotransformer equivalent two-winding kva rating (not circuit kva
rating).
 Since it is necessary in most cases to have a delta-connected
tertiary winding, it is often advantageous to design this winding so
that load can be taken from it. This results in a three-winding
autotransformer with terminals to accommodate three external

circuits.
1_114Q07- 29 -
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 30 -
Transformation ratio
 Primary voltage : The most usual value of the voltage at the point of
the network where the transformer is going to be connected
 When this voltage is expected to vary it could be necessary that the
transformer is equipped with an on load tap changer
 Secondary voltage: The desired value at the secondary network
where the transformer will be connected.
1_114Q07- 31 -
Transformation ratio and voltage drop
 The voltage ratio of a transformer is normally specified in no load
condition and is directly proportional to the ratio of the number of
turns in the windings.
 When the transformer is loaded, the voltage on the secondary
terminals changes from that in no load condition, depending on
 the angle φ between the voltage on the secondary terminals of the
transformer U2 and the secondary current I2
 the value of the secondary current I2
 the short-circuit impedance of the transformer Z and its active
and reactive components, r and ±jx respectively
1_114Q07- 32 -
 At no load the secondary voltage is
U20.
 With the load ZL connected, the
voltage at the secondary terminals
changes to U2.
 For example, when a transformer
with values for ur=0,01 and ux=0,06
is loaded with rated current with a
power factor of 0,8 inductive the
voltage on the secondary terminals
decreases to 95,5% of the voltage
at no load.
1_114Q07- 33 -
 Users and installation planners are recommended to take the
variation of the secondary voltage during loading into account when
specifying the transformer data.
 This may be especially important for example in a case where a
large motor represents the main load of the transformer.
 The highly inductive starting current of the motor may then be
considerably higher than the rated current of the transformer.
 Consequently there may be a considerable voltage drop through the
transformer.
 If the feeding power source is weak, this will contribute to an even
lower voltage on the secondary side of the transformer.
1_114Q07- 34 -
Short circuit impedance
 Users have sometimes particular requirements regarding the short-
circuit impedance. Such requirements may be determined by:
 parallel operation with existing units,
 limitation of voltage drop,
 limitation of short-circuit currents.
 The transformer designer can meet the requirements in different
ways:
 The size of the core cross-section. A large cross-section gives a low
impedance and vice versa,
 A tall transformer gives a low impedance and vice versa.
 For each transformer there is, however, a smaller range which gives
the optimum transformer from an economic point of view, that is the
lowest sum of the manufacturing costs and the capitalised value of
the losses.
1_114Q07- 35 -
Short circuit impedance
 Short-circuit impedance Z is often expressed as uz in p.u. or in %
according to the following formulas:
 Formulas (24) and (25) are valid for for single-phase transformers,
where Ir and Ur are rated values of current and voltage on either
side of the transformer. For 3-phase transformers the nominator
must be multiplied with √3.
 Based on measured short-circuit voltage the value of Zk expressed
in ohm can be calculated from the following formula:
 for 3-phase transformers. Sr is the rated power of the transformer.

1_114Q07- 36 -
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 37 -
Isolation class
 Defines the capability of the

transformer to withstand
overvoltages without loosing
its functionality or undue
deterioration
 Overvoltages in networks
could be:
 Temporary ov
 Switching ov
 Lightning ov
1_114Q07- 38 -
Isolation class
 The standard insulation classes and dielectric tests for power
transformers are given in standards. The insulation class of a transformer
is determined by the dielectric tests which the unit can withstand, rather
than by rated operating voltage.
 The test values are:
 Basic impulse level
(lightning)
 Short time Power
frequency
overvoltage
1_114Q07- 39 -
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 40 -
Rated output
 The rated kva output of a transformer is that load which it can deliver
continuously at rated secondary voltage without exceeding a given
temperature rise measured under prescribed test conditions.
 The actual test temperature rise may, in a practical case, be somewhat below
the established limit because of design and manufacturing tolerances.
 The output which a transformer can deliver in service without undue
deterioration of the insulation may be more or less than its rated output,
depending upon the following design characteristics and operating
conditions as they exist at a particular time:
 Ambient temperature.
 Top-oil rise over ambient temperature.
 Hottest-spot rise over top-oil temperature (hottest-spot copper gradient).
 Transformer thermal time constant.
 Ratio of load loss to no-load loss.

1_114Q07- 41 -
Loading Based on Ambient Temperature

Air-cooled oil-immersed transformers
built to meet established standards will
operate continuously with normal life
expectancy at rated kva and secondary
voltage, providing the ambient air
temperature averages no more than 30º
C throughout a 24-hour period with maximum air temperature never
exceeding 40 C. Water-cooled transformers are built to operate
continuously at rated output with ambient water temperatures averaging
25 C and never exceeding 30 C.
 When the average temperature of the cooling medium is different from the
values above, a modification of the transformer loading may be made
according to Table 7.
 In cases where the difference between maximum air temperature and
average air temperature exceeds 10 C, a new temperature that is 10 C below

the maximum should be used in place of the true average. The allowable
1_114Q07- 42 -
difference between maximum and average temperature for water-cooled

transformers is 5 C.
Loading Based on Capacity Factor
 Transformer capacity factor (operating kva divided by rated kva)
averaged throughout a 24-hour period may be well below 100 percent,
and when this is true some compensating increase in maximum
transformer loading may be made. The percentage increase in maximum
loading as a function of capacity factor, based on a normal transformer
life expectancy, is given in Table 8.
1_114Q07- 43 -
Loading Based on Short-Time Overloads
 Short-time loads which occur not more than once during any 24-hour
period may be in excess of the transformer rating without causing any
predictable reduction in transformer life. The permissible load is a
function of the average load previous to the period of above-rated
loading, according to Table 9. The load increase based on capacity
factor and the increase based on short-time overloads can not be applied
concurrently; it is necessary to chose one method or the other.
1_114Q07- 44 -
 Short time loads larger than those shown
in Table 9 will cause a decrease in-
probable transformer life, but the amount
of the decrease is difficult to predict in
general terms. Some estimate of the
sacrifice in transformer life can be
obtained from Table 10(a) which is based
on the theoretical conditions and
limitations described in Table10(b).
1_114Q07- 45 -
 These conditions were chosen to give results containing some probable
margin, when compared with most conventional transformer designs. For
special designs, or for a more detailed check on some particular unit, the
hottest-spot copper temperature can be calculated by the method shown
in section 19, and the probable sacrifice in transformer life can then be
estimated from Table 11.
1_114Q07- 46 -
Loading Based on Measured Oil Temperat.
 The temperature of the hottest-spot
within a power transformer winding
influences to a large degree the
deterioration rate of insulation. For oil-
immersed transformers the hottest-
spot temperature limits have been set
at 105 C maximum and 95 C average
through a 24 hour period; normal life
expectancy is based on these limits.
 The top-oil temperature, together with
a suitable temperature increment
called either hottest-spot copper rise
over top-oil temperature or hottest-
spot copper gradient, is often used as
an indication of hottest-spot
temperature.
1_114Q07- 47 -
Loading Based on Measured Oil Temperat.
 Allowable top-oil temperature for a
particular constant load may be
determined by subtracting the hottest-
spot copper gradient for that load from
95 C. The hottest-spot copper gradient
must be known from design information
for accurate results, though typical
values may be assumed for estimating
purposes. If the hottest-spot copper
gradient is known for one load condition,
it may be estimated for other load
conditions by reference to Fig. 18.
 A conservative loading guide, based on
top-oil temperatures, is given in Fig. 19.
1_114Q07- 48 -
One or several transformers?
 Advantages of several transformers:

 Less spare capacity needed
 No outage of the entire system in case of transformer failure
 Drawbacks:
 Higher cost (spare capacity not considered)
 Higher short circuit capacity if transformers are coupled
...... ......
...... ......
1_114Q07- 49 -
Parallel operation of transformers
 When there are several transformers at the substation it is possible
to couple them or not.
 On the other hand in transmission networks the transformers are
always coupled.
 Advantages: No outage when one of the transformers is
disconnected (providing there is capacity enough at the network)
 Drawbacks: Higher short circuit capacity
 Provisions to be taken before coupling:
 Same transformer ratio
 Matching connection group
 Matching phase rotation direction
 Short circuit voltage inversely proportional to rated output

 Tap changing coordination
1_114Q07- 50 -
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 51 -
Transformer connections
 Star- Star connection (Y-y):
 It stands badly secondary imbalances
 Neutral connection is possible
 Low cost because of reduced number of turns and lower
isolation needed (phase-ground voltage)
 Bigger cross section of conductors because of higher current
which gives more stiffness to windings and better performance
on short circuits
 Star- Star with tertiary winding:
 It solves the problem of imbalances and third harmonic
 Tertiary winding can be used for ancillary services
1_114Q07- 52 -
 Delta- Star connection (D-y):
 Very used in distribution systems
 It stands well secondary imbalances
 Third harmonic is not transmitted to low voltage
 Low voltage Neutral connection possible
 High cost because of bigger isolation and HV turns so it is not
used at high voltages
 Star- Delta Connection (Y-d):
 Very used at high voltages because of lower isolation and HV nº
of turns needed.
 Low voltage neutral connection not possible so they are not
used at distribution systems.
 The delta connection prevents third harmonic flux because third

1_114Q07- 53 -
harmonic current circulates inside the delta windings.

Desequilibrio 2º 3º Armonico Posibilidad neutro Coste aislamiento Coste Cu

Y-y M M B B B
D-y B B B R B
Y-d R B M B B
Y-z B R B B R
D-d R B M M M
Y-y-3º B B B B R
1_114Q07- 54 -
1_114Q07- 55 -
Control
Power Voltage
Transformers
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 56 -
Voltage control
 The modern load tap changer had its beginning in 1925.
 Since that time the development of more complicated transmission
networks has made tap changing under load more and more
essential to control the in-phase voltage of power transformers.
 Tap-changing-under-load equipment is applied to power
transformers:
 to maintain a constant secondary voltage with a variable primary
voltage;
 to control the secondary voltage with a fixed primary voltage;.
 Various types of tap-changing equipment and circuits are used
depending upon the voltage and kva.
 Under-load-tap-changers are built for 8, 16, and 32 steps, with the
trend in recent years being toward the larger number of steps so as
to give a finer degree of regulation.
 The usual range of regulation is plus 10 percent and minus 10

1_114Q07- 57 -
percent of the rated line voltage, with plus and minus 71/2 percent
and plus and minus 5 percent being second and third, respectively,
in popularity.
Voltage control
 Figure illustrates schematically the operation of one type of
mechanism for changing taps under load.
 Taps from the transformer winding connect to selector switches 1
through 9. The selector switches are connected to load transfer
switches R, S, and T.
 The connections for the tap changer positions are shown on the
sequence chart.
 The sequence of switching is so coordinated by the tap changing
mechanism that the transfer switches perform all the switching
operations, opening before and closing after the selector switches.
All arcing is thus restricted to switches R, S, and T, while switches 1
to 9 merely select the transformer tap to which the load is to be
transferred.
1_114Q07- 58 -
Voltage control
 When the tap changer is on odd-numbered positions, the
preventive auto-transformer is short-circuited.
 On all even- numbered positions, the preventive auto-
transformer bridges two transformer taps.
 In this position, the relatively high reactance of the preventive
auto-transformer to circulating currents between adjacent taps
prevents damage to the transformer winding, while its relatively
low impedance to the load current permits operation on this
position to obtain voltages midway between the transformer
taps.
1_114Q07- 59 -
Voltage control
 The operation in this case of the selector and transfer switches is
exactly as described for the former.
 But this type also has a reversing switch which reverses the
connections to the tapped section of the winding so that the same
range and number of positions can be obtained with one-half the
number of tap sections, or twice the range can be obtained with
the same number of taps.
 The reversing switch is a close-before-open switch which
operates at the time there is no voltage across its contacts.
1_114Q07- 60 -
Voltage control
 This type of load tap changer
is applied to small power
transformers and large
distribution transformers.
 The transfer switches are
eliminated, and each selector
switch serves as a transfer
switch for the tap to which it
is connected.
 The schematic circuit
diagram and operations
sequence chart is shown in
Fig.
1_114Q07- 61 -
Load Tap changing.
 The tap changer is in position 4
 The tap selector without current

prepares the new position to
4 3
6 5
change (from 3 to 5)
6
3
Par Impar
1_114Q07- 62 -
Load Tap changing.
 The transition switch begins the
new operation connecting in
parallel the initial position (4)
with the final one (5)
 The transition resistances clear
4 3
away the energy stored at the
6 5
coil to be transferred preventing
6 overvoltages ( on the turns to
5
be taken off ) either contribute
4
to that the establishment of the
3
current, at the turns to add, is
Par Impar
in a smooth way.
1_114Q07- 63 -
Load Tap changing.
 The transition switch

interrupts the current through 4 3
6 5
the initial tap (4) and pass on
it definitely to the final one (5) 6
Par Impar
1_114Q07- 64 -
1_114Q07- 65 -
Autotransformers tap changers

1_114Q07- 66 -
No load tap changer

1_114Q07- 67 -
On load tap changers

1_114Q07- 68 -
Three phase on load tap changer

1_114Q07- 69 -
Three phase on load tap changer

1_114Q07- 70 -
Single phase on load tap changer

1_114Q07- 71 -
Transition switch
1_114Q07- 72 -
Cooling
Power Types of
Transformers
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 73 -
Types of cooling
 Cooling is needed to transfer the heat produced by losses so as

not to damage isolation
 Two main types of isolation exist:
 Dry Transformers, air refrigerated
 Oil immersed Transformers
 In Substations the most used is the second one
 Dry type are only used for low output and when fire hazard is a big
concern
1_114Q07- 74 -
Types of cooling
 Several types of cooling are possible with oil immersed

transformers:
 Oil immersed Self cooled (ONAN)
 Oil Immersed Self Cooled/Forced-Air Cooled (ONAF)
 Oil immersed Forced cooled/Forced air cooled (OFAF)
 Oil immersed Water cooled (ONWN-OFWF)
1_114Q07- 75 -
Oil inmersed Self cooled (ONAN)
 In this type of transformer the insulating oil circulates by natural
convection within a tank having either smooth sides, corrugated
sides, integral tubular sides, or detachable radiators.
 Smooth tanks are used for small distribution transformers but because
the losses increase more rapidly than the tank surface area as kva
capacity goes up, a smooth tank transformer larger than 50 kva would
have to be abnormally large to provide sufficient radiating surface.
 Integral tubular-type construction is used up to about 3000 kva and in
some cases to larger capacities, though shipping restrictions usually
limit this type of construction at the larger ratings.
 Above 3000 kva detachable radiators are usually supplied.
 Transformers rated 46 kv and below may also be filled with Inerteen
fire-proof insulating liquid, instead of with oil.
 The ONAN transformer is a basic type, and serves as a standard for

rating and pricing other types.
1_114Q07- 76 -
1_114Q07- 77 -
Oil inmersed Self cooled (ONAN)

Oil-Imm Self-Cooled/Forced-Air Cooled (ONAF)
 This type of transformer is basically an ONAN unit with the addition of
fans to increase the rate of heat transfer from the cooling surfaces,
thereby increasing the permissible transformer output.
 The ONAF transformer is applicable in situations that require short-
time peak loads to be carried recurrently, without affecting normal
expected transformer life.
 This transformer may be purchased with fans already installed, or it may
be purchased with the option of adding fans later.
 The higher kva capacity attained by the use of fans may be calculated
as follows :
 For 2500 kva (OA) and below: kva (FA)=l.l5Xkva(OA).
 For 2501 to 9999 kva (OA) single-phase or 11 999 kva (OA) three-phase :
kva (FA) = 1.25 X kva (OA).
 For 10 000 kva (OA) single-phase and 12 000 kva (OA) three-phase, and
above : kva (FA) = 1.333Xkva (OA). (22)
1_114Q07- 78 -
 These ratings are standardized, and are based on a hottest-spot copper

temperature of 65 degrees C above 30 degrees C average ambient.
Oil-Imm Self-Cooled/Forced-Air Cooled (ONAF)
1_114Q07- 79 -
Oil imm. forced cooled/Forced air cooled (OFAF)
 The rating of an oil-immersed transformer may be increased from
its OA rating by the addition of some combination of fans and oil
pumps.
 Such transformers are normally built in the range 10 000 kva (OA)
single-phase or 12 000 kva (OA) three-phase, and above.
 Increased ratings are defined as two steps, 1.333 and 1.667 times the
OA rating respectively.
 Automatic controls responsive to oil temperature are normally used to
start the fans and pumps in a selected sequence as transformer loading
increases.
 A variation of this is a type of transformer which is intended for use
only when both oil pumps and fans are operating, under which
condition any load up to full rated kva may be carried.
 Some designs are capable of carrying excitation current with no fans or

pumps in operation, but this is not universally true. Heat transfer from
1_114Q07- 80 -
oil to air is accomplished in external oil-to-air heat exchangers.

1_114Q07- 81 -
1_114Q07- 82 -
Oil immersed water cooled (ONWN-OFWF)
OW-Oil-Immersed Water-Cooled
 In this type of water-cooled transformer, the cooling water runs
through coils of pipe which are in contact with the insulating oil of
the transformer.
 The oil flows around the outside of these pipe coils by natural
convection, thereby effecting the desired heat transfer to the cooling
water. This type has no self-cooled rating.
FOW-Oil-Immersed Forced-Oil-Cooled With Forced-Water
 Cooler-External oil-to-water heat exchangers are used in this type
of unit to transfer heat from oil to cooling water.
1_114Q07- 83 -
Oil immersed water cooled (ONWN-OFWF)
1_114Q07- 84 -
1_114Q07- 85 -
Cooling systems. Radiators

1_114Q07- 86 -
Cooling systems. Air-refrigerator

1_114Q07- 87 -
Cooling systems. Hydro-refrigerator

Accessories Power
Practical aspects
Transformers
1_114Q07- 88 -
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 Rated output
 VOLTAGE CONTROL
1_114Q07- 89 -
Accesories
 Pressure relief valve
 Gas detector relay. Buchholz
 Non return valve
 Dehydrating breather
 Oil expansion tank
 Temperature detectors
 Thermostat and oil level indicator
 Bushing current transformer
 Bushings
1_114Q07- 90 -
1_114Q07- 91 -
Accesories. Pressure relief valve

Accesories. Gas actuated relay (Buchholz)
 The gas generated in a
transformer during a fault is
collected in the gas relay.
 The gas will displace the liquid in
the relay and minor gas
generation will cause the closing
of the alarm contact. If an
extensive amount of gas is
generated or the oil level falls,
then the alarm contact will close
first, followed by the tripping
contact.
 A heavy liquid flow from the transformer into the liquid conservator
(conservator type only), will cause the immediate closing of the tripping
contact. If the tripping contacts operate the transformer will be

immediately disconnected from the network.
1_114Q07- 92 -
Accesories. Gas actuated relay (Buchholz)
 Operation of some protective equipment such as gas relay or
differential relay does not always mean that the transformer is
damaged.
 The gas relay can operate for example when:
 An air bubble has been left under the transformer cover. An air bubble is
colourless and odourless.
 A short-circuit current has passed the transformer. No gas bubbles.
 However if the gas has colour or smell, the transformer is damaged.
1_114Q07- 93 -
Accesories. Non return valve. Dehydrating breather
1_114Q07- 94 -
1_114Q07- 95 -
Accesories. Oil expansion tank

1_114Q07- 96 -
Accesories. Temperature detectors

Accesories. Thermostat / Oil level indicator
1_114Q07- 97 -
1_114Q07- 98 -
Bushing current transformer

1_114Q07- 99 -
Accesories. Bushings
Installation. Handling and lifting
 Only approved and suitable lifting equipment shall be used.
 Use a forklift only on transport pallets or transformer bottom.
 Do not apply load to corrugated fins or radiators and their supports.
 Use the provided lifting lugs only.
 When lifting a transformer with cable boxes on the cover, special
care must be taken.
 When hydraulic jacks are used, only provided jacking points shall be
used, and in such a way that twisting forces on the transformer tank
are avoided.
1_114Q07- 100 -
1_114Q07- 101 -

1_114Q07- 102 -

Transport
 The transformer is supplied filled with liquid and normally all
accessories fitted, except for the largest units. The radiators may be
dismantled during transport.
 During transport the following should be considered:
 Angle of tilting exceeding 10º must be specified in the contract,
 Prevention of damage to bushings, corrugated panels or
radiators and accessories,
 Larger transformers should preferably be positioned with the
longitudinal axis in the direction of movement,
 Secure against movement by means of e.g. wooden blocks and
lashes,
 Adapt vehicle speed to the road conditions,
 Vehicle capacity shall be adequate for the transport weight of the

1_114Q07- 103 -
transformer,
1_114Q07- 104 -
Transport
1_114Q07- 105 -
Transport
1_114Q07- 106 -
Transport
1_114Q07- 107 -
Transport
Maintenance
 Inspection and maintenance during operation
 Inspection during operation shall only be performed after taking
safety measures into consideration:
 If there is a maximum indicator on the thermometer the
maximum temperature should be recorded,
 Inspection for contamination, especially on bushings,
 Inspection of surface condition,
 Dehydrating breather. The silicagel shall be changed when
approx. 2/3 of the silica gel has changed from blue to red colour
(old type), or from pink to white, respectively. (Conservator type
only),
 Inspection for liquid leakages.
 For personal safety reasons, only a limited amount of maintenance

1_114Q07- 108 -
activities should be performed on the transformer when it is in

operation.
Maintenance
 Inspection and maintenance during downtime
 Before starting maintenance work, the transformer has to be
disconnected from the network and earthed. When the
disconnectors have been opened, they shall be locked in open
position to prevent them inadvertently closing during maintenance
work.
 Items to be considered are:
 Bushing gaskets; if leaks occur, tightening usually will help, if the
gasket has lost its elasticity, it must be replaced. The reason for
loss of elasticity can be excessive heating or aging,
 Cover gaskets, valves and gaskets of the tap changer. If there
are leaks, tightening will usually help,
 Welded joints. Leaking joints can be repaired only by welding. A

skilled welder and a welding instruction are required.,
1_114Q07- 109 -
Maintenance
 Cleaning contaminated bushings (cleaning agent e.g.
methylated spirit),
 Cleaning glasses on gas relay, thermometer and liquid level
indicator,
 Functional inspection of applicable accessories,
 Move tap changer through all positions a few times, all types of
tap changers,
 Liquid sampling from bottom drain valve for larger units as
required,
 Check drying material in the dehydrating breather. (Conservator
type only),
 Amend surface treatment defects.
 In heavily contaminated installations more frequent inspections may

1_114Q07- 110 -
be needed.
Maintenance. Transformer liquid and insulation
 The task of liquid in a transformer is to act as an electrical insulation
and to transfer heat from the transformer’s active parts into coolers.
 Liquid acts as a good electrical insulation only as long as it is
satisfactorily dry and clean.
 Humidity balance between the oil and the insulation implies that
most of the humidity will gather in the paper insulation.
 Testing of liquid in transformers should normally be performed 12
months after filling or refilling, subsequently every six years.
 Testing of oil in on load tap changers must be performed according
to the tap changer supplier’s recommendations.
 To take liquid samples from hermetically sealed transformers is
normally not necessary. The liquid in this type of transformers is not
in contact with the atmosphere, and less exposed to moisture.
 Especially for large transformers, liquid regeneration may be

1_114Q07- 111 -
economically motivated. Liquid regeneration implies drying, filtering,

de-gassing and possibly addition of inhibitor.
Maintenance. Bushings and joints
 The porcelain insulators of transformer bushings ought to be
cleaned during service interruptions as often as necessary. This is
particularly important for places exposed to contamination and
moisture.
 Methylated spirit or easily evaporating cleaning agents can be used
for cleaning.
 The condition of external conductor and bus bar joints of
transformer bushings shall be checked at regular intervals because
reduced contact pressure in the joints leads to overheated bushings
etc. and may cause the adjacent gasket to be destroyed by the
heat.
1_114Q07- 112 -

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Power Transformer

‫ﻣوﺳوﻋـــــــــﺔ اﻟﮭﻧدﺳـــــــــــﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﯾــــــــــﺔ‬

‫ﻣوﺳوﻋـــــــــﺔ اﻟﮭﻧدﺳـــــــــــﺔ اﻟﻛﮭرﺑﯾــــــــــﺔ‬

 The current and voltage characteristics of

some approximate values for an elementary calculation

 At a system voltage U the transmitted active power is:

 Equation (2) can be rewritten as:

 Inserted in the equation (1) gives:

square of the transmitted active power and inversely proportional to the

 When choosing a transformer it is necessary to define:

Core-form single phase Core form three phase

 Core-form construction for single-phase

winding is comparatively short in the core-

Shell-form single phase Secundario

Shell form three phase

 Shell-form construction for single-phase

than for a comparable core-form design,

Double concentric windings Superimposed windings

elements of a power system, and for this reason the provision of

than it once was.

Single phase vs. Three phase banks

Single phase vs. Three phase banks

autotransformers for power purposes are usually used for low

autotransformer with terminals to accommodate three external

 for 3-phase transformers. Sr is the rated power of the transformer.

 Defines the capability of the

 Ratio of load loss to no-load loss.

average air temperature exceeds 10 C, a new temperature that is 10 C below

difference between maximum and average temperature for water-cooled

 Advantages of several transformers:

 Short circuit voltage inversely proportional to rated output

 The delta connection prevents third harmonic flux because third

harmonic current circulates inside the delta windings.

Desequilibrio 2º 3º Armonico Posibilidad neutro Coste aislamiento Coste Cu

 The usual range of regulation is plus 10 percent and minus 10

 The tap changer is in position 4

 The tap selector without current

 The transition switch

Autotransformers tap changers

No load tap changer

On load tap changers

Three phase on load tap changer

Three phase on load tap changer

Single phase on load tap changer

 Cooling is needed to transfer the heat produced by losses so as

 Several types of cooling are possible with oil immersed

 The ONAN transformer is a basic type, and serves as a standard for

Oil inmersed Self cooled (ONAN)

 These ratings are standardized, and are based on a hottest-spot copper

 Some designs are capable of carrying excitation current with no fans or

oil to air is accomplished in external oil-to-air heat exchangers.

Cooling systems. Radiators

Cooling systems. Air-refrigerator

Cooling systems. Hydro-refrigerator

Accesories. Pressure relief valve

contact. If the tripping contacts operate the transformer will be

Accesories. Oil expansion tank

Accesories. Temperature detectors

Bushing current transformer

Installation. Handling and lifting

Installation. Handling and lifting

 Vehicle capacity shall be adequate for the transport weight of the

 For personal safety reasons, only a limited amount of maintenance