DESIGN OF CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS FACILITY FOR

WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL PARK

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Course

Industrial Waste Management and Control

By

Donita Rose P. Aguisanda

May 2017
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

May 2017

ENGR. CAESAR POBRE LLAPITAN

Instructor

Chemical Engineering Department

Cagayan State University

Dear Engr. Llapitan:

I am submitting herewith a design report entitled “Design of Conventional Activated Sludge

Process Facility for Wastewater Treatment of an Industrial Park” in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the Course Industrial Waste Management and Control.

The main objective of this report is to present a complete and detailed design of a conventional

activated sludge process facility intended for the treatment of wastewater. The report includes a

description of the process and design calculations where the important biological parameters of

the wastewater were based on the data of a case study.

I hope that this will merit your approval.

Very truly yours,

Donita Rose P. Aguisanda

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES iv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT

1.1 Overview of Wastewater Treatment 1

1.2 Types of Wastewater 1

1.3 Definition of Concepts and Terminologies 2

1.4 Wastewater Characteristics 4

1.5 Levels of Wastewater Treatment 5

1.6 Methods of Wastewater Treatment 6

1.7 Effluent Law Requirements 12

1.8 Amol’s Industrial Park 12

CHAPTER II. PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND DESIGN

2.1 Conventional Activated Sludge Process 13

2.2 Design Parameters 16

CHAPTER III. DESIGN CALCULATIONS

ii
 3.1 Effluent Wastewater Characteristics 17

3.2 Calculations 18

3.2.1 Final Effluent BOD5, S 19

3.2.2 Treatment Efficiency, E 20

3.2.3 Aerator Tank Volume, Va 21

3.2.4 Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT 21

3.2.5 Recirculation Ratio, r 21

3.2.6 Food to Microorganism Ration, F:M 22

3.2.7 Settling Tank 22

CHAPTER IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Summary 24

4.2 Conclusion 26

NOMENCLATURE 27

REFERENCES 28

iii
 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

TABLES

Table 1.4.1 Wastewater Contaminants 4

Table 2.2.1 Typical Design Parameters for Conventional Activated Sludge Process 16

Table 2.2.2 General Loading and Operational Parameters for Conventional Activated

Sludge Process 16

Table 3.1.1 The Characteristics of the Industrial Units Connected to the Amol’s

Industrial Park Wastewater Collection System 17

Table 3.1.2 The average characteristics of Amol’s Park Wastewater 18

Table 4.1.1 Summary of Computed Values for the Aeration Tank 24

Table 4.1.2 Summary of Computed Values for the Settling Tank 25

FIGURES

Figure 1.2.1 Types of Wastewater 1

Figure 1.6.1.1.1 An Activated Sludge System 8

Figure 1.6.1.1.2 Sample picture of an aeration tank 9

Figure 1.6.1.1.3 Sample picture of a secondary clarifier 9

Figure 2.1.1 Block Diagram of Conventional Wastewater Treatment 14

Figure 2.1.2 Schematic Diagram of Conventional Wastewater Treatment 15

iv
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT

1.1 Overview of Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater is water whose physical, chemical or biological properties have been changed

as a result of the introduction of certain substances which make it unsafe for some purposes such

as drinking. Some of the substances include body wastes (feces and urine), hair shampoo, hair,

food scraps, fat, laundry powder, fabric conditioners, toilet paper, chemicals, detergent, household

cleaners, dirt, micro-organisms (germs) which can make people ill and damage the environment.

It is known that much of water supplied ends up as wastewater which makes its treatment very

important. Wastewater treatment is the process and technology that is used to remove most of the

contaminants that are found in wastewater to ensure a sound environment and good public health

(Metcalf and Eddy, 1991).

1.2 Types of Wastewater

Wastewater

Stormwater
Industrial Domestic
Runoff

Greywater Blackwater

Bathroom Urine
Laundry Feces
Kitchen

Figure 1.2.1 Types of Wastewater

1
1.3 Definition of Concepts and Terminology

Activated sludge is a mixture of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and rotifers maintained in

suspension by aeration and mixing.

Blackwater is wastewater generated in toilets. Blackwater may also contain some flush water

besides urine and faeces (excreta). Urine and faeces together is sometimes referred to as night

soil.

Conventional sewerage systems can be combined sewers (where wastewater is carried with

storm water) or separated sewers.

Domestic wastewater also known as municipal wastewater is basically wastewater from

residences (homes), business buildings (e.g. hotels) and institutions (e.g. university). It can be

categorized into greywater and blackwater.

Effluent is the liquid stream which is discharged from a wastewater treatment plant or

discharge from a unit process or operation.

Faecal sludge refers to all sludge collected and transported from on-site sanitation systems

by vacuum trucks for disposal or treatment.

Food to Microorganism Ratio (F:M or F/M) is the amount of food (BOD5) provided to the

microorganisms (MLVSS or MLSS) in the aeration basins.

Greywater also known as sullage is liquid waste from washrooms, laundries, kitchens which

does not contain human or animal excreta.

Industrial wastewater is liquid waste from industrial establishments such as factories,

production units etc.

Influent is wastewater which is yet to enter in a wastewater treatment plant or liquid waste

that is yet to undergo a unit process or operation.

2
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid (MLSS) is the amount of suspended solids in an aeration

tank, expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L). MLSS consists mostly of microorganisms and

non-biodegradable suspended matter.

Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS) is the amount of organic or volatile

suspended solids in an aeration tank, expressed in mg/L. This volatile portion is used as a

measure of the microorganisms present in the aeration tank.

Return Activated Sludge is the settled activated sludge (biomass) that is collected in a

secondary clarifier and returned to the secondary treatment process to mix with incoming

wastewater. This returns a concentrated population of microorganisms back into the aeration

basin.

Secondary Treatment is a term to describe the biological treatment of wastewater. Activated

sludge is a type of secondary treatment.

Septage is the term used for blackwater if it ends up in a septic tank.

Septic Tank is an on-site system designed to hold blackwater for sufficiently long period to

allow sedimentation. It is usually a water tight single storey tank.

Sewage is the term used for blackwater if it ends up in a sewerage system.

Sewerage system is the arrangement of pipes laid for conveying sewage.

Sludge is the semi-solid slurry from a wastewater treatment plant.

Sludge Age is the theoretical length of time a particle of activated sludge stays in the treatment

plant, measured in days.

Stormwater Runoff is water from streets, open yard etc. after a rainfall event which run

through drains or sewers.

Unit Operation: this involves removal of contaminants by physical forces.

3
 Unit Process: this involves biological and/or chemical removal of contaminants.

Wastewater Treatment Plant is a plant with a series of designed unit operations and

processes that aims at reducing certain constituents of wastewater to acceptable levels.

Waste Activated Sludge is an activated sludge (excess biomass or cell mass) removed from

the secondary treatment process. For most treatment plants, this will be a portion of the Return

Activated Sludge (RAS) flow stream.

1.4 Wastewater Characteristics

Wastewater has different characteristics depending on its source. Industrial wastewater with

characteristics of municipal or domestic wastewater can be discharged together. Industrial

wastewater may require some pretreatment if it has to be discharged with domestic wastewater.

The characteristics of wastewater vary from industry to industry and therefore would have different

treatment processes. In general, the contaminants in wastewater are categorized into physical,

chemical and biological. Some indicator measured to ascertain these contaminants are shown in

the table below (Peavy, Rowe and Tchobanoglous, 1985 & Obuobie et al., 2006).

Table 1.4.1 Wastewater Contaminants

Physical Chemical Biological

Electrical Conductivity (EC) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Total coliforms (TC)

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Biochemical oxygen Faecal coliforms (FC)

demand (BOD)

Suspended solids (SS) Chemical oxygen demand Helminth analysis

(COD)

4
1.5 Levels of Wastewater Treatment

There are three broad levels of treatment: primary, secondary and tertiary. Sometimes,

preliminary treatment precedes primary treatment.

1.5.1 Preliminary treatment

Preliminary treatment removes coarse suspended and grits. These can be removed

by screening, and grit chambers respectively. This enhances the operation and

maintenance of subsequent treatment units. Flow measurement devices, often

standing-wave flumes, are necessary at this treatment stage (FAO, 2006).

1.5.2 Primary treatment

Primary treatment removes settleable organic and inorganic solids by

sedimentation and floating materials (scum) by skimming. Up to 50% of BOD5,

70% of suspended solids and 65% of grease and oil can be removed at this stage.

Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and heavy metals are also removed.

Colloidal and dissolved constituents are however not removed at this stage. The

effluent from primary sedimentation units is referred to as primary effluent (FAO,

2006).

1.5.3 Secondary treatment

Secondary treatment is the further treatment of primary effluent to remove residual

organics and suspended solids. Also, biodegradable dissolved and colloidal organic

matter is removed using aerobic biological treatment processes. The removal of

5
 organic matter is when nitrogen compounds and phosphorus compounds and

pathogenic microorganisms are removed. The treatment can be done mechanically

like in trickling filters, activated sludge methods rotating biological contactors

(RBC) or non-mechanically like in anaerobic treatment, oxidation ditches,

stabilization ponds etc.

1.5.4 Tertiary treatment

Tertiary treatment or advance treatment is employed when specific wastewater

constituents which cannot be removed by secondary treatment must be removed.

Advance treatment removes significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy

metals, biodegradable organics, bacteria and viruses. Two methods can be used

effectively to filter secondary effluent—traditional sand (or similar media) filter

and the newer membrane materials. Some filters have been improved, and both

filters and membranes also remove helminths. The latest method is disk filtration

which utilizes large disks of cloth media attached to rotating drums for filtration

(FAO, 2006). At this stage, disinfection by the injection of Chlorine, Ozone and

Ultra Violet (UV) irradiation can be done to make water meet current international

standards for agricultural and urban re-use.

1.6 Methods of Wastewater Treatment

There are conventional and non-conventional wastewater treatment methods which have

been proven and found to be efficient in the treatment of wastewater. Conventional methods

compared to non-conventional wastewater treatment methods has a relatively high level of

6
automation and usually have pumping and power requirements. They require skilled labor for

operation and maintenance of the system.

1.6.1 Conventional methods

Examples of conventional wastewater treatment methods include activated sludge,

trickling filter, rotating biological contactor methods. Trickling filters and Rotating

Biological Contactors are temperature sensitive, remove less BOD, and trickling filters cost

more to build than activated sludge systems. Activated sludge systems are much more

expensive to operate because energy is needed to run pumps and blowers (National

Program on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL), 2010).

1.6.1.1 Activated sludge

Activated sludge refers to biological treatment processes that use a

suspended growth of organisms to remove BOD and suspended solids. It is based

on the principle that intense wastewater aeration to forms flocs of bacteria

(activated sludge), which degrade organic matter and be separated by

sedimentation. The system consists of aeration and settling tanks with other

appurtenances such as return and waste pumps, mixers and blowers for aeration

and a flow measurement device. To maintain the concentration of active bacteria

in the tank, part of the activated sludge is recycled.

Primary effluent (or plant influent) is mixed with return activated sludge

to form mixed liquor which is aerated for a specified length of time. By aerating

the system, activated sludge organisms use the available organic matter as food,

thereby, producing stable solids and more organisms. The suspended solids

7
produced by the process and the additional organisms become part of the activated

sludge. The solids are then separated from the wastewater in the settling tank and

are returned to the influent of the aeration tank (return activated sludge).

Periodically the excess solids and organisms are removed from the system (waste

activated sludge) to enhance the performance of the system.

Factors such as temperature, return rates, amount of oxygen available,

amount of organic matter available, pH, waste rates, aeration time, and wastewater

toxicity affect the performance of an activated sludge treatment system. A balance

therefore must be maintained between the amount of food (organic matter),

organisms (activated sludge) and dissolved oxygen (NPTEL, 2010).

Activated Sludge systems require less space compared to trickling filter

and has high effluent quality. The disadvantage is that BOD is higher at one end

of the tank than the other. The microorganisms will be physiologically more active

at that end than the other unless a complete mixing activated sludge system process

is used (Obuobie, et al., 2006).

Fig. 1.6.1.1.1 An Activated Sludge System

8
 Fig. 1.6.1.1.2 Sample picture of an aeration tank

Fig. 1.6.1.1.3 Sample picture of a secondary clarifier

9
1.6.1.2 Trickling filter

It is a growth process in which microorganisms responsible for treatment

are attached to an inert packing material. Trickling filters are efficient in that

effluent quality in terms of BOD and suspended solids removal is high. Its

operational costs are relatively low due to low electricity requirements. The process

is simpler compared to activated sludge process or some package treatment plants.

Its operation and maintenance requirements is however high due to the use of

electrical power. Skilled labor is required to keep the trickling filter running

trouble-free (e.g. prevent clogging, ensure adequate flushing, control filter flies). It

is suitable for some relatively wealthy, densely populated areas which have a

sewerage system and centralized wastewater treatment; also suitable for greywater

treatment. It also requires more space compared to some other technologies and has

potential for odor and filter flies (NPTEL, 2010).

1.6.1.3 Rotating Biological Contactors

Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) consist of vertically arranged, plastic

media on a horizontal, rotating shaft. The plastics range from 2 – 4 m in diameter

and up to 10 mm thick (Peavy, Rowe ad Tchobanoglous, 1985). The biomass-

coated media are alternately exposed to wastewater and atmospheric oxygen as the

shaft slowly rotates at 1–1.5 rpm (necessary to provide hydraulic shear for

sloughing and to maintain turbulence to keep solid in suspension), with about 40%

of the media submerged. High surface area allows a large, stable biomass

population to develop, with excess growth continuously and automatically shed and

10
 removed in a downstream clarifier. Thickness of biofilm may reach 2 – 4 mm

depending on the strength of wastewater and the rotational speed of the disk. RBC

systems are relatively new, though it appeared to be best suited to treat municipal

wastewater (Peavy, Rowe ad Tchobanoglous, 1985), they have been installed in

many petroleum facilities because of their ability to quickly recover from upset

conditions (Schultz, 2005). The RBC system is easily expandable should the need

arise, and RBCs are also very easy to enclose should volatile organic content

containment become necessary. RBCs have relatively low power requirements and

can even be powered by compressed air which can also aerate the system. They

follow simple operating procedures and thus require a moderately skilled labor.

RBCs are however capital intensive to install and sensitive to temperature.

1.6.2 Non-conventional Methods

These are low-cost, low-technology, less sophisticated in operation and

maintenance biological treatment systems for municipal wastewater. Although these

systems are land intensive by comparison with the conventional high-rate biological

processes, they are often more effective in removing pathogens and do so reliably and

continuously if system is properly designed and not overloaded (FAO, 2006). Some of the

non-conventional methods include stabilization ponds, constructed wetlands, oxidation

ditch, and soil aquifer treatment.

11
1.7 Effluent Law Requirements

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 aims to protect the country’s water bodies from

pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and

community/household activities). It provides for a comprehensive and integrated strategy to

prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving

all the stakeholders. This act pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with

the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of fresh, brackish and marine water.

From section 7 of DAO-2016-08, General Effluent Standards, states that discharges

from any point source shall at all times meet the effluent standards set forth from section 7.1

to maintain the required water quality per water body classification. The GES shall be used

regardless of the industry category. All sources of sewage and septage are required to comply

with the law.

1.8 Amol’s Industrial Park

Amol’s Industrial Park is located in the southern part of Amol in the province of

Mazandaran, Iran. This Park is constructed on the 20 hectare land. It contains more than 70

industrial plants including poultry, meat, dairy product and fruit juice processing, paperboard

factory, glass making, tomato cannery and many other plants. The effluents from all plants were

collected by the gravity collection system and discharged to the wastewater treatment plant

(WWTP). Significant variations in the composition of the wastewater arising from a cluster of

industries have created difficulties in ensuring the efficiency and the effectiveness of the WWTP.

But it is economical to have just one plant for the entire Park instead of designing and constructing

a number of treatment plants for any specified industry.

12
 CHAPTER II

PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND DESIGN

2.1 Conventional Activated Sludge Process

By definition, activated sludge refers to “the active population of micro-organisms that are

used to treat wastewater.” Through a series of controls, pumps, and tanks, the sewage

undergoes various processes in separate basins or tanks; these processes include: primary

settling, aerobic biological treatment, secondary settling, disinfection, and discharge.

It is rather a unique biotechnological process which consists of an aerated suspension of

mixed bacterial cultures which carry out the biological conversion of the contaminants in the

wastewater. The aeration tank, while having many possible configurations, basically retains

the influent wastewater for a number of hours (or days) in a well-mixed/aerated environment,

before forwarding the effluent for further settling to the secondary clarifier. The end products

of the clarification process are clarified effluent that is discharged to the open water bodies and

sludge. A fraction of the sludge is returned to the aeration tank and is called returned activated

sludge. The sludge contains a high density of biomass and an active population of

microorganisms is always maintained in the tank. The influent wastewater provides the basic

food source for the microorganisms in the aeration tank. This biodegradable organic material

is converted into new bacterial cells and other end products include CO2, NO3 and SO4.

13
Figure 2.1.1 Block Diagram of Conventional Wastewater Treatment

14
Figure 2.1.2 Schematic Diagram of Conventional Wastewater Treatment

15
2.2 Design Parameters

These design parameters are the general standards used as basis for planning and designing

of a conventional activated sludge system.

Table 2.2.1 Typical Design Parameters for Conventional Activated Sludge Process
Aeration time, Organic loading, OL F:M Recycle ratio, r MCRT or

t (kg BOD/m3-day) (kg BOD/kg- Sludge age, SA

(hours) MLSS-day) (days)

4-8 0.3 – 0.6 0.2 – 0.4 0.25 – 0.50 5 - 15

Table 2.2.2 General Loading and Operational Parameters for Conventional Activated
Sludge Process
BOD LOADING Average Return Sludge Rates
Lb BOD 1000 ft3/daya Lb BOD/day/lb of MLSS

30 - 40 0.2 – 0.5 30
a
1.0 lb/ 1000 ft3/day = 16 g/m3-d

16
 CHAPTER 3
DESIGN CALCULATIONS

There are series of parameters that need to be calculated in order to evaluate and effectively

design any wastewater treatment system. Activated sludge systems in particular have specific

parameters that need to be calculated in order to ensure the requirements of the system are met

through proper design.

3.1 Effluent Wastewater Characteristics

The determination of effluent wastewater characteristics is important for the correct

evaluation in the treatment of wastewater.

Table 3.1.1 The characteristics of the industrial units connected to the Amol’s industrial park
wastewater collection system.
Average
flow Average COD Total pollution Pollution
Number of
Industry type industries m3 d-1 mg l-1 kg d-1 %

Chemical 15 2.65 2200 87450 4.6

Food processing 27 25 2500 1687500 88
Nonmetallic mineral 6 5.35 600 19260 1
Metallic 13 2.41 600 18798 1
Electronic 2 5.04 600 6048 0.4
Cellulose 5 3.06 3200 49600 3
Textile 5 7.23 1000 36150 2

17
Table 3.1.2 The average characteristics of Amol’s Park Wastewater
Parameter Flow rate TSS BOD COD
m3/d pH mg l-1 mg l-1 mg l-1

Value 450-650 4.5-6.5 400-500 1000 2000

3.2 Calculations

Basis:

Influent flow, Qo = 500 m3/day

So = BOD5 = 1000 mg/L

Assumptions and Conditions:

 Temperature is at 27oC

 Influent volatile suspended solids to reactor are negligible.

 Ratio of MLVSS to MLSS is 0.75

 MLSS = 5000 mg/L

 MLVSS = 3500 mg/L

 Return Activated Sludge (RAS) concentration = 10000 mg/L of SS

 Solid Retention Time (SRT) θc = 5 days

 Effluent contains 70 mg/L of biological solids which 65% is biodegradable.

 BOD5 = 0.70 BODL

 Wastewater contains adequate N, P, and other traces nutrients for biological growth.

 Peak hourly flowrate is 2.5 times the average flowrate.

18
3.2.1 Final Effluent BOD5, S

Given: BOD5 of industrial wastewater entering primary clarifier, So = 1000 mg/L

Assumptions:

a) BOD5 removal efficiency of activated sludge system (based on total BOD 5 in

the effluent from the secondary clarifier) = 90%

b) BOD5 removal efficiency of primary clarifier ranges from 30% - 40%. Assume

BOD5 removal efficiency of 35%.

Solution:

a) Effluent Suspended Solid BOD5

Biodegradable portion of effluent biological solids = (0.65)(70 mg/L)

= 45.5 mg/L

1.42 mg O2 consumed
Ultimate BODc of biodegradable effluent solid = (0.65)(70)
mg cell oxidized

= 64.61 mg/L

Effluent Suspended Solid BOD5 = (0.70)(64.61)

= 45.227 mg/L

b) Effluent soluble BOD5 escaping treatment, S

Primary effluent BOD5 = So (1-0.35)

= (1000 mg/L)(0.65)

19
 = 650 mg/L

Required effluent BOD5 = (650 mg/L)(1-0.90)

= 65 mg/L

Required (BOD5)eff = S + Effluent SS BOD5

65 mg/L = S + 45.227

S = 19.773 mg/L

3.2.2 Treatment Efficiency, E

a) BOD5 removal efficiency

𝑆𝑜 −𝑆
E (%) = ×100
𝑆𝑜

1000−19.773
= ×100
1000

= 98.02%

b)Overall plant efficiency

𝑆𝑜 −𝑆
E (%) = ×100
𝑆𝑜

1000−65
= ×100
1000

= 93.5 %

20
3.2.3 Aerator Tank Volume, Va

Solution:

𝜃𝑐 𝑄𝑜 𝑌(𝑆𝑜 −𝑆)
Va =
𝑋(1+𝑘𝑑 𝜃𝑐)

(5)(500)(0.5)(1000−19.773)
=
5000(1+(0.096)(5))

= 165.579 m3

3.2.4 Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT

Solution:

𝑉𝑎
𝜃=
𝑄𝑜

165.579 𝑚3
𝜃=
500𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝜃 = 0.33 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ≈ 7.92 hours

Typical aeration times for conventional activated sludge process = 4 - 8 hrs. The computed

value is acceptable because it falls within the typical range.

3.2.5 Recirculation Ratio, r

Solution:

𝜃 0.3
1−𝜃 1− 5
𝑐
𝑟 = 𝑋𝑤 = 10000 = 0.50
−1 3500
−1
𝑋𝑣

21
 Typical recycle ratio values of CASP = 0.25-0.50. The computed ratio is 0.50 which is still

within the range.

3.2.6 Food to Microorganism Ration, F:M

Solution:

(𝑆𝑜 ) (1000)
F:M = (𝜃)(𝑋) = (.33)(5000) = 0.303/day

Typical F/M values for conventional activated sludge process is 0.2 – 0.4 kg BOD/kg

MLSS-day. The computed value is acceptable because it falls within the range.

3.2.7 Primary Settling Tank

For primary settling tanks to treat a maximum flow of 500 m3/day, using a design

settlement velocity of 0.30 mm/s and a retention time, t of 4 h.

Overflow rates (surface loading rate) shall be from 20 to 30 m3/m2-day at maximum daily

flow.

Solution:

Surface loading rate = (0.30 x 8.64x104)/(1000) = 25.92 m3/m2-day

Flow in one tank, Qc = Q/n

where Q = total flow; n = number of tanks

Qc = (500 m3/ day)/1 = 500 m3/day

Volume = Qt = (500m3/day)(4 hrs)(1day/24 hrs) = 83.33 m3

22
Surface Area

Base the surface area on an overflow rate of 25.92 m3/m2-day in order to design the

most efficient basin.

A = Qc/ O.R = (500 m3/day)/( 25.92 m3/m2-day) = 19.29 m2

Depth = V/A = 83.33 m3/ 19.29 m2 = 4.32 m

Length = 4W

A = LxW = 4W x W = 4W2

19.29 m2 = 4W2

W = 2.2 m

Width = 2.2 m

Length = 4 (2.2m) = 8.8 m

23
 CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Summary

Aeration Tank

Table 4.1.1 Summary of Computed Values for the Aeration Tank

Flow rate 500 m3/day

Influent BOD, S 1000 mg/L

Effluent BOD, So 19.773 mg/L

BOD Removal Efficiency 98.02 %

Overall Plant Efficiency 93.5 %

Tank Volume, Va 165.579 m3

Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT 0.33 day

Sludge age 5 days

Recirculation Ratio, r 0.50

Food to Microorganism Ratio, F:M 0.303/day

Yield coefficient 0.5

MLVSS 3500

Decay constant 0.096

24
Settling Tank

Table 4.1.2 Summary of Computed Values for the Settling Tank

Surface Loading Rate 25.92 m3/m2-day

Number of Tanks 1

Flow in one tank 500 m3/day

Volume 83.33 m3

Surface Area 19.29 m2

Depth 4.32 m

Length 8.8 m

Width 2.2 m

25
4.2 Conclusion

Wastewater is and will always be with us because we cannot survive without water. When

water supplied is used for the numerous human activities, it becomes contaminated or its

characteristics is changed and therefore become wastewater. Wastewater can and must be treated

to ensure a safe environment and foster public health. There are conventional and non-

conventional methods of wastewater treatment and the choice of a particular method should be

based on factors such as characteristics of wastewater whether it from a municipality or industry

(chemical, textile, pharmaceutical etc.), technical expertise for operation and maintenance, cost

implications, power requirements among others.

A wastewater treatment system for Amol’s Industrial Park was designed using conventional

activated sludge process. The wastewater treatment system consists of primary settling tank,

aeration tank, and secondary settling tank.

26
NOMENCLATURE

Qo - Flow rate, m3/d

Va - Working volume of the aerated vessel, m 3

S0 - BOD5 influent, mg l-1

S - Final BOD5 effluent, mg l-1

HRT - Hydraulic retention time, d

E - Treatment efficiency, %

X - Biomass concentration, mg l-1

F/M - Food to microbe ratio, dimensionless

Y - Biomass yield, dimensionless

θc - Mean cell residence time (SRT), d

kd - endogenous decay coefficient, d-1.

27
REFERENCES
Amoatey, P., & Bani, R. (2011). Wastewater Management.
Hosseini, B., Darzi, M., Sadeghpour, M., & Asadi, M. (2008). The Effect of the Sludge Recycle
Ratio in an Activated Sludge System for the Treatment of Amol's Industrial Park
Wastewater.
Magtibay, B. (2006). Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater Systems,
International Edition.
Philippines Sanitation Sourcebook and Decision Aid. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/philippines_sanitation.pdf.
Sperling, M. v. (2007). Volume Five: Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors. IWA
Publishing.
Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standard of 2016. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://server2.denr.gov.ph/uploads/rmdd/dao-2016-08.pdf.

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