DAYALBAGH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Course Number MEM201. Course Title ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

Class BTech Status of Course: MAJOR COURSE,
Total Credits: 3. Periods (50 mts each)/week: 5 (L:4+T: 1+P:0+S:0), Min.pds./sem :65

UNIT-I
Basic Concepts and Definitions
Introduction and definition of thermodynamics; Dimensions and units. Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches.
System, surroundings and universe. Concept of continuum, Control system boundary, control volume and control
surface. Properties and state. Thermodynamic properties. Thermodynamic path, process and cycle
Thermodynamic equilibrium. Reversibility and irreversibility, Quasi static process. Energy and its forms. Work and
heat Gas laws, Ideal gas, Specific Heats and their calculations
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Temperature and its measurement. Temperature scales.
UNIT-II
First law of thermodynamics
Thermodynamic definition of work. Thermodynamic processes. Calculation of worK in various processes and sign
convention, Non-flow work and flow work, Joules' experiment, First law of thermodynamics, Internal energy and
enthalpy. First law of thermodynamics applied to open systems, Steady flow systems and their analysis, Steady
flow energy equation, Application of equation to Boiler, Condenser, Evaporator, Turbine. Nozzle, Compressor
(Rotary & Reciprocating), Throttling process etc.. Introduction to unsteady processes such as filling and evacuation
of vessels with and without heat transfer. PMM-l
UNIT - III
Second law of thermodynamics
Limitations of first law of thermodynamics Devices converting heat to work. Thermal reservoir. Heat engines
Efficiency. Devices converting work to heat. Heat pump, refrigerator. Coefficient of Performance Reversed heat
engine, Kelvin Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics. Clausius statement of second law of
thermodynamics. Equivalence of two statements of second law of thermodynamics, Reversible and irreversible
processes, Camot cycle and Carnot engine. Camot theorem and it's corollaries. Thermodynamic temperature scale.
PMM-II.
Entropy
Clausius inequality, Concept of Entropy. Entropy change in different thermodynamic processes, Tds equation,
Pnncipie of entropy increase, T-S diagram, Statement of the third law of thermodynamics.
Availability and Irreversibility
Available and unavailable energy. Availabilrty and Irreversibility. Second law efficiency.
UNIT - IV
Properties of steam
Pure substance. Property of steam, Tnple point Cntical point, Sub-cooled liquid, Saturation states. Superheated
states, Phase transformation process of water, Graphical representation of pressure, volume and temperature (P-
V-T surfaces). P-T & P-V diagrams, T-S and H-S diagrams, use of property diagram, Steam-Tables & Mollier charts,
Dryness fraction and its measurement
UNIT-V
Real gases
Deviation of real gases from ideal gases Different forms of the equation of state Reduced properties
Compressibility factors chart Maxwell relations. Joule-Thomson coefficient, Clapeyron's equation.
Engines
Steam Engines: Constructional details and working
Introduction to IC engines: Otto and Diesel cycle (No numencals), Working of compression Ignition engines, spark
Ignition engines, 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines, Theoretical & actual indicator diagrams and valve timing diagrams

Suggested Reading:
1. Engineering Thermodynamics by Cengei & Boles, TMH
2. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics by Sonntag. Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
3. Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics by Van Wylen, John wiley & sons
4. Thermodynamics by J P Holman. McGraw Hill.
5 Engineer'ng Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag, Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub
6. Engineering Thermodynamics by Onkar Singh. New Age International Pub.
7. Thermal Engineering By R K Rajput, Laxmi Publication.
8. Engineering Thermodynamics by CP. Arora
 D.E.I. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, DAYALBAGH, AGRA
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
MEM-201, II SEMESTER
QUESTION BANK
2018-19

UNIT – 1
1. What do you understand by thermodynamics? Discuss the scope of engineering thermodynamics in
the field of energy technology?
2. Explain the concept of macroscopic and microscopic view point as applied to the study of
thermodynamics. How does classical thermodynamics differ from statistical thermodynamics?
3. Differentiate between open system, closed system and isolated system. What do you understand by
phase? Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.
4. State the difference between extensive, intensive and specific properties of a thermodynamic
system. Explain the terms state, path, process and cycle.
5. What is the concept of continuum? Define pressure and volume in this light. Under what
circumstances does the concept of continuum become invalid?
6. What is thermodynamic equilibrium? Discuss its various aspects. Explain the significance of a quasi-
static process.
7. Define and explain the Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Why it is so called? What is temperature
scale? How is it established? What specifications are necessary for a temperature scale?
8. Explain the concept of thermodynamic work. What are positive and negative work interactions?
What is difference between work transfer and heat transfer?
9. How can a closed system and its surroundings interact? Show that the work and heat transfer are
path functions.
10. Why does free expansion have zero work transfer? Calculate pdV work in a quasi-static process, in
which pVn = C, where n is a constant.
11. Differentiate between absolute and gauge pressure. A vessel of cylindrical shape, 50 cm diameter and
75 cm height, contains 4 kg of a gas. The pressure gauge mounted on the vessel indicates 620 mm of
mercury above atmosphere. If the barometer reading is 760 mm of mercury, calculate the absolute
pressure of the gas in bar. Also determine the density and specific volume of the gas.
[P=1.841 bar, ρ=27.21 kg/m3, v=0.0367 m3/kg]
12. The gauge pressure in a steam boiler is 30 bar, the rarefaction in the condenser as indicated by a
vacuum gauge is 0.95 bar. Find the absolute pressure in the steam boiler and condenser if
atmospheric pressure of air is 1.01 bar. Express these pressures in kN/m2.
[Pboiler=3101kN/m2, Pcondenser=6 kN/m2]
13. Two thermometers, one Centigrade and the other Fahrenheit, are immersed in a fluid. After the
thermometers reach equilibrium with the fluid, it is noted that both the thermometers indicate the
same numerical value. Find the identical numerical value shown by thermometers. What would be
the corresponding temperature of the fluid expressed in degrees Kelvin and degrees Rankine?
[TK=233.16°K, TR=419.67°R]
14. A fluid at a pressure of 3 bar and with specific volume of 0.18 m3/kg is contained in a cylinder behind
a piston. The fluid expands reversibly to a pressure of 0.6 bar according to the law p=C/v 2, where C is
a constant. Calculate the work done by the fluid on the piston. [29.84 kJ/kg]

2
15. One kg of a certain fluid is contained in a piston-cylinder assembly at a pressure of 10 bar. The fluid is
allowed to expand reversibly behind the piston until the volume becomes two-times of its initial
value. During the expansion process, the relation between pressure and volume is given by
pv2=constant. The fluid is then cooled reversibly at constant pressure until the piston regains its
original position. Finally, the fluid is supplied heat reversibly with the piston firmly locked in position
and the fluid pressure rises to initial value of 10 bar. If the fluid has an initial volume of 0.05 m 3, make
calculations for the net work done by the fluid. [Wnet=12.5kJ]
16. A 20 cm inside diameter metal sphere is weighted to contain 6.75 g of a gas filled at a pressure of 10
bar and a temperature of 25°C. What is the likely gas in the sphere? [Helium]
17. An inelastic flexible balloon originally folded completely has been inflated to a volume of 0.75 m 3 by
compressed helium gas withdrawn from a storage bottle. Sketch the system before and after the
process, and calculate the work done by the system comprising the gas initially in the bottle. Given
that the balloon is light, requires no stretching and that the barometer reads 750 mm of mercury.
Take, density of mercury as 13,590 kg/m3. [W=74991 J]
18. Determine the work done by air which enters an evacuated bottle from the atmosphere when the
valve is opened. The atmospheric pressure is 1.01325 bar and 0.5 m 3 of air measured at atmospheric
conditions enters the bottle. Sketch the system before and after the process. [W=-50.6625 kJ]
19. Derive a relation between two specific heats of a gas and characteristic gas constant.
20. Show that for a given mass of perfect gas, in a reversible adiabatic process, pvγ=constant.
21. A cylinder fitted with a movable piston contains 0.04 m3 of air at 10 bar pressure and 400 K
temperature. The air expands according to the law p= [A/V 2 – B/V] to a final pressure of 1 bar and 0.2
m3. Determine the work done, change in internal energy and heat absorbed or rejected during the
expansion process. Take CV = 0.7178 kJ/kg K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K. [W=44 kJ, ∆U=-50 kJ, Q=-6 kJ]
22. Develop the following expression for the heat transfer from a mass of gas undergoing reversible
expansion process following the law, pvn=constant.
Q1-2 = [(γ-n)/ (γ-1)] x polytropic work

UNIT – 2
1. What was the contribution of J.P. Joule in establishing the first law of thermodynamics? State the first
law for a closed system undergoing (i) a cycle (ii) a change of state.
2. Define internal energy? How is energy stored in molecules and atoms? Show that internal energy is a
property of system.
3. Define specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure. Why should specific heat not be
defined in terms of heat transfer?
4. Define enthalpy? Why does the enthalpy of an ideal gas depend only on temperature?
5. Which property of a system increases when heat is transferred: (a) at constant volume, (b) at
constant pressure? What is PMM1? Why is it impossible?
6. The work output and heat input involved by a system in process A are 20 kJ and 15 kJ respectively.
Another process B between the same end conditions involves a heat input of 10 kJ. Determine the
change in internal energy involved and also the work done in process B. Show that if a cycle is formed
using processes A and B, the given data is consistent with the first law. [∆U=-5kJ, ∆W=15 kJ]
7. A mixture of powdered coal and air at 10 bar pressure and 300 K temperature is contained in an
insulated rigid vessel. When the mixture is ignited, heat energy is liberated which causes a rise in
both pressure and temperature; the temperature attains a value of 550 K. (a) Evaluate the increase in
energy of the system comprising the vessel and the contents. (b) Upon removal of insulation, a heat

3
 transfer of 50 kJ causes the temperature to drop to the initial value of 300 K. What will be the
decrease in energy of the system during the process? (c) If the initial energy of the system is 30 kJ,
write down the energy values after the processes (a) and (b). [(a) ∆E=0, (b) ∆E=-50 kJ, (c) -20kJ]
8. A closed system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four separate and distinct processes.
The heat and work transferred in each process are tabulated below:
Process Heat Transferred in kJ/min Work Transferred in kJ/min
1-2 0 -10,500
2-3 30,000 0
3-4 -3,000 30,000
4-1 -9,000 -1,500
Show that the data is consistent with the first law of thermodynamics and evaluate (i) the net work
output in kW, (ii) thermal efficiency of the cycle and (iii) the change in internal energy for each
process.
[(i) 300kW (ii) 60% (iii) 10500 kJ/min, 30000 kJ/min, -33000 kJ/min, -7500 kJ/min]
9. A piston and cylinder machine contain a fluid system, which passes through a complete cycle of four
processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfer is -150 kJ and the system completes 100 cycles
per minute. Complete the following table and calculate the net rate of work output.
Process Q (kJ/min) W (kJ/min) dU (kJ/min)
1-2 0 2,150 ---
2-3 20,000 0 ---
3-4 -2,000 --- -36,000
4-1 --- --- ---
10. Consider a system taken from state 1 to state 2 along the path
1-a-2; 100 kJ of heat flows into the system and the system
does 40 kJ of work.
(a) Evaluate the heat that flows into the system along the
path 1-b-2 if it is accompanied by 20 kJ of work transfer
from the system.
(b) Calculate the work done and heat exchanged if the
system returns to the initial state 1 along the straight
path 2-1.
(c) Make calculations for the heat absorbed in the processes
1-b and b-2 if internal energy values at state point 1 and
b are given to be 0 and 50 kJ respectively.
[(a) 80 kJ, (b) W=-30 kJ, Q= -90 kJ (c) Q1-b = 70 kJ, Qb-2 = 10 kJ]
11. A closed rigid vessel containing 10 kg of oxygen at 290 K is supplied heat until its pressure becomes
twice that of initial value. Identify the process and calculate the final temperature, change in internal
energy and enthalpy, and heat interaction across the system boundary. Take molecular weight of
oxygen = 32 and CV = 0.65 kJ/kg K. [T=580 K, ∆U=1885 kJ, ∆H=2638.42 kJ, Q=1885 kJ]
12. A system consists of stone having a mass of 10 kg and a bucket containing 200 kg of water. Initially
the stone and water are at the same temperature and then stone falls into water at a height of 90 m.
Calculate (i) the change in internal energy, (ii) the change in kinetic energy, (iii) the change in
potential energy, (iv) the heat transferred, and (v) the work transferred, for the following cases:
(a) At the instant the stone is about to enter the water.
(b) Just after the stone comes to rest in the bucket.
(c) Heat is transferred to the surroundings at such a rate that stone and water remain at a
temperature at which they were initially.

4
 [(a) ∆KE = 8.82 kJ, ∆PE = -8.82 kJ (b) ∆PE = -8.82 kJ, ∆U = 8.82 kJ (c) ∆U = 8.82 kJ, Q = -8.82 kJ]
13. One kg mass of air expands reversibly from 6.5 bar and 0.0135 m2 to a final volume of 0.1 m3. Find
the final pressure, final temperature, work done, change in internal energy and heat interaction, if
the expansion is: (a) adiabatic, (b) polytropic with n= 1.3, (c) isothermal.
[(a) P2 =0.394 bar, T2=13.73 K, W=12 kJ, ∆U=-12 kJ, Q=0 (b) P2=0.481 bar, T2=16.76 K, W=13.21 kJ,
∆U=-9.92 kJ, Q=3.3 kJ (c) P2=0.877 bar, T2=30.57 K, W=17.57 kJ, ∆U=0, Q=17.57kJ)]
14. A closed system consists of a fluid inside a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston. When the fluid
was stirred by a paddle wheel, 120 kJ of mechanical work was supplied along with 40 kJ of energy in
the form of heat. At the same time, the piston moved in such a way that pressure remained constant
at 200 kPa and the volume changed from 2 m3 to 4 m3. Make calculations for the change in internal
energy and enthalpy of the fluid system. [∆U=-240 kJ, ∆H=160 kJ]
15. Air initially at 60 kPa pressure, 800 K temperature and occupying a volume of 0.1 m 3 is compressed
isothermally until the volume is halved and subsequently it undergoes further compression at
constant pressure till the volume is halved again. Sketch the process on p-V plot and make
calculations for the total work done and total heat interaction for the two processes. Assume ideal
gas behaviour for air and Take CP = 1.005 kJ/kg K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
[W=-7.159 kJ, Q=-14.655 kJ]
16. 2 kg of an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically from pressure 100 kPa and temperature 220 K to a
final pressure of 400 kPa. Make calculations for: (a) initial volume, (b) final volume and temperature,
(c) work performed, (d) heat added to or subtracted from the system, and (e) change in internal
energy. It may be presumed that for the given ideal gas: CP = 1 kJ/kg K and CV = 0.707 kJ/kg K.
[V1=1.289 m3, V2=0.484 m3, T2=330.4 K, W=-156 kJ, Q=0, ∆U=156 kJ]
17. 3 kg of air kept at an absolute pressure of 100 kPa and temperature 300 K is compressed
polytropically until the pressure and temperature become 1500 kPa and 500 K respectively. Evaluate:
(a) polytropic index, (b) final volume, (c) work of compression, (d) change in internal energy, and (e)
heat interaction. Take R = 0.287 kJ/kg K and γ= 1.4.
[n=1.23, V=0.287m3, Wc =-742.5 kJ, ∆U=430.5 kJ, Q=-312 kJ]
18. A piston cylinder arrangement contains a gas of amount 2 kg and expands from an initial pressure of
6 bar and volume 0.2 m3 to a final pressure of 1 bar. The process of expansion follows the law
pv1.2=constant. The internal enrgy is related by u = 240 pv + 1840, where u is in kJ/kg, p is in bar, v is
in m3/kg.
(i) If the expansion is frictionless, find the changes in heat transfer, internal energy and work
transfer.
(ii) If during expansion 33 kJ of heat is transferred to the system, find the work done.
(iii) Explain the difference in work for the above two cases.
[(i) ∆U=-7680 kJ, W=160 kJ, Q=-7520 kJ (ii) W=7713 kJ]
19. What is steady flow process? Explain the system approach and the control volume approach in the
analysis of a flow process. Explain the concept of flow work.
20. Obtain the steady flow energy equation (per unit mass of fluid and per unit time) for a single stream
entering and a single stream leaving a control volume and explain the various terms in it.
21. Make an energy analysis of the following devices:
Nozzle and Diffuser, Throttling Device, Boiler, Condenser, Evaporator, Steam Turbine, Rotary
Compressor, Reciprocating Compressor
22. A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At the inlet to a nozzle, the
fluid parameters are: Enthalpy=2850 kJ/kg; Velocity=50 m/s; Area=0.1 m 2; Specific volume=0.18
m3/kg. At the discharge end, the Enthalpy=2650 kJ/kg; Specific volume=0.49 m 3/kg. Make calculations

5
 for the velocity of fluid at the exit of nozzle, mass flow rate of the fluid, and the exit area of the
nozzle. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it.
[V2=634.4 m/s, m = 27.78 kg/s, A2=214.6 cm2]
23. Air is expanded reversibly and adiabatically in a turbine from 3.5 bar and 260 oC to 1.03 bar. The
turbine is insulated and the inlet velocity is negligible. The exit velocity is 150 m/s. Calculate the work
output of turbine per unit mass of air flow. For air, CP = 1.005 kJ/kg K and γ= 1.4. [146.88kJ/kg]
24. Air at 290 K temperature passes through a heat exchanger at 30 m/s velocity and its temperature
gets raised to 1100 K. Subsequently the heated air enters a turbine with the same velocity and its
expansion continues till the temperature drops to 900 K. After exit from the turbine at 45 m/s,
further expansion occurs in a nozzle and the temperature falls to 790 K. if mass flow rate is 2 kg/s,
determine: (i) rate of heat transfer to air in Heat Exchanger, (ll) power output from the turbine (iii)
velocity at exit from the nozzle. Take cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K for air.
[(i) 1628.1 kJ/s, (ii) 400.88 kW, (iii) 473.36 m/s]

UNIT – 3
1. State the limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics.
2. State the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and establish
the equivalence between them.
3. What is a thermal energy reservoir? Explain the term ‘source’ and ‘sink’. What is PMM2? Why is it
impossible?
4. Explain the operation of a cyclic refrigerator plant with a block diagram. What is a heat pump?
5. Define COP of a refrigerator. Show that the COP of a heat pump is greater than the COP of a
refrigerator by unity.
6. Explain the working of Carnot engine and derive the expression for the efficiency of Carnot cycle.
Discuss the impracticability of Carnot engine.
7. State and prove Carnot theorem.
8. Prove that the efficiency of an engine working on a reversible cycle depends only on the temperature
of source and sink and is independent of the working fluid.
9. What is a thermodynamic temperature scale or absolute temperature scale? Explain the
establishment of such a scale.
10. Establish the inequality of Clausius.
11. Prove that entropy is a property of the system.
12. Explain the principle of increase of entropy.
13. What is high grade and low grade energy? Explain the terms available energy and unavailable energy.
14. A domestic food refrigerator maintains a temperature of -10oC whilst the ambient air temperature is
-30oC. The heat leakage into the freezer is estimated to be at the continuous rate of 2 kJ/s. Determine
the least power needed to pump out this heat continuously. [0.304 kW]
15. An engine mounted on a ship has a thermal efficiency 80% of that of the corresponding Carnot cycle.
The engine receives heat from sea at 300 K and rejects heat to atmosphere at 280 K. The work output
from the engine is dissipated through an agitator to heat 500 kg of sea water to 355 K. What quantity
of heat must be extracted from sea water to provide the required heating effect? [2159.756 MJ]

6
16. A refrigerator operating on a reversed Carnot cycle consumes 150 W power in summer when the
ambient atmosphere is at 310 K. The heat leakage into the refrigerator through the door is estimated
to be at the continuous rate 15 W per degree temperature difference between the ambient air and
the cold space of the refrigerator. For continuous operation of the refrigerator, determine the
temperature at which the cold space is maintained. [T=259.1 K]
17. Which is the more effective way to increase the efficiency of a Carnot engine: to increase the source
temperature T1 while the sink temperature T2 is held constant or to decrease the sink temperature by
the same amount while the source temperature is held constant? How this result would be affected
in case of a Carnot heat pump? [Case2, Case1]
18. A reversible engine works between three heat reservoirs A, B and C. The engine receives equal
amount of heat from reservoirs A and B at temperatures TA and TB respectively and rejects heat to
the reservoir C at temperature TC. If the efficiency of the engine is α times the efficiency of a
reversible engine operating between two reservoirs A and C only, show that
TA/TB = 2(1- α)TA/TC + (2α – 1)
19. An inventor claims that his engine absorbs 300 kJ of energy from a thermal reservoir at 325 K and
delivers 75 kJ of work. The inventor also states that his engine has two heat rejections: 125 kJ to a
reservoir at 300 K and 100 kJ to a reservoir at 275 K. Check the validity of his claim. [not possible]
20. A household refrigerator absorbs heat at 2oC and rejects heat to the surroundings at 50 oC. Its
compressor is driven by 3 kW motor and 50 MJ/hr are absorbed at the low temperature. Evaluate the
amount of heat rejected per hour and the irreversibility in J/hr.
[Q=60800 kJ/hr, Irr.=6.416x103 J/hr)]
21. A reversible heat engine receives heat from two thermal reservoirs maintained at constant
temperatures of 750 K and 500 K. The engine develops 100 kW and rejects 3600 kJ/min of heat to a
sink at 250 K. Determine thermal efficiency of the engine and heat supplied by each thermal
reservoir. [η=62.5%, Q750K=7200 kJ/min, Q500K=2400 kJ/min]
22. A reversible heat engine is supplied 900 kJ of heat from a heat source at 500 K. The engine develops
300 kJ of net work and rejects heat to two heat sinks at 400 K and 300 K. Determine the engine
thermal efficiency and magnitude of heat interaction with each of the sink.
[η=33.3%, Q400K=-240kJ, Q300K=-360kJ]
23. A reversible heat engine operates between 875 K and 310 K and drives a reversible refrigerator
operating between 310 K and 255 K. The engine receives 2000 kJ of heat and the net work output
from the arrangement is 350 kJ. Make calculations for the cooling effect. [4364.3kJ]
24. One kg of ice at - 5°C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20°C. The ice melts and comes into
thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere. (a) Determine the entropy increase of the universe. (b)
What is the minimum amount of work necessary to convert the water back into ice at - 5°C? cp of ice
is 2.093 kJ/kg K and the latent heat of fusion of ice is 333.3 kJ/kg. [0.0949kJ/K, 28.5kJ]
25. Three identical finite bodies of constant heat capacity are at temperatures 300, 300, and 100 K. If no
work or heat is supplied from outside, what is the highest temperature to which any one of the
bodies can be raised by the operation of heat engines or refrigerators? [400 K]
26. A fluid undergoes a reversible adiabatic compression from 0.5 MPa, 0.2 m 3 to 0.05 m3 according to
the law, pv1.3 = constant. Determine the change in enthalpy, internal energy and entropy, and the
heat transfer and work transfer during the process.
[∆H=223.3kJ, ∆U= 171.77kJ, ∆S=0, Q=0, W=-171.77kJ]

7
 UNIT – 4
1. What is a pure substance? What are saturation states? What is the critical state? Explain the terms
critical pressure, critical temperature and critical volume of water.
2. Explain the process of steam generation at constant pressure. Show the various stages on p-v, T-s and
h-s diagrams.
3. What do you understand by the degree of superheat and the degree of subcooling?
4. What is meant by quality of steam? Explain the procedure followed to determine its value by using a
throttling calorimeter.
5. Sketch and explain the construction and working of a separating and throttling calorimeter used for
determining the dryness fraction of steam in a boiler.
6. Calculate the total heat of 5 kg of steam at a pressure of 8 bar having dryness fraction of 0.8. Also
calculate heat in kJ required to convert this steam into dry and saturated steam.
[11790.5 kJ, 2047 kJ]
7. (a) Determine the quality of steam at a pressure of 16 bar, if it contains 2500 kJ/kg of heat.
(b) Determine the dryness fraction of steam weighing 4.7 kg if the total heat of sample is 11000 kJ.
The steam pressure is 5 bar. [0.849, 0.806]
8. If 250 kJ per kg are added to 0.8 dry steam at 7 bar pressure, determine the condition of steam after
heat addition. [0.921]
9. Find the total heat of superheated steam at a pressure of 15 bar and temperature 250 oC, if specific
heat of superheated steam is 2.5 kJ/kg K. Find the heat required to raise 3 kg of this steam from
steam at 3.5 bar and dryness fraction 0.88. [2919.15 kJ, 1335.67 kJ]
10. Determine the state of steam i.e. whether it is wet, dry or superheated in the following cases:
(a) Steam has a pressure of 10 bar and specific volume 0.175 m3/kg.
(b) Steam has a pressure of 15 bar and temperature 220oC.
(c) Steam has a pressure of 20 bar and if 2700 kJ/kg of heat is required to generate the steam from
water at 0oC. [(a)wet steam, (b)superheated steam, (c)wet steam]
11. 4 kg of 0.5 dry steam at 6 bar pressure is heated so that it becomes:
(a) 0.95 dry at 6 bar pressure
(b) Dry and saturated at 6 bar pressure
(c) Superheated to 300oC at 6 bar pressure
(d) Superheated to 250oC at 8 bar pressure.
Determine in each case the quantity of heat to be supplied.
[(a) 3753 kJ, (b) 4170.4 kJ, (c) 5582.4 kJ, (d) 5014.4 kJ]
12. Determine the quantity of heat required to generate one kg of steam at a pressure of 7.8 bar from
water at temperature of 25oC, when
(a) The dryness fraction is 0.88
(b) Steam is just dry
(c) It is superheated at constant pressure to 270oC, assuming mean specific heat of superheated
steam to be 2.5 kJ/kg K. [(a)2416.9 kJ, (b)2663.1 kJ, (c)2914.6 kJ]
13. Calculate the external work done during evaporation and the internal latent heat of steam at a
pressure of 10 bar and of dryness fraction 0.9. [Wex =174.6 kJ, Lint=1639 kJ]
14. Find the internal energy of one kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 12 bar and temperature
250oC. If this steam is expanded to 1.2 bar and dryness fraction 0.9, find the change in internal
energy. [u=2713 kJ/kg, ∆u=-408.2 kJ/kg]

8
15. Calculate volume, enthalpy, internal energy and entropy for 5 kg of steam at 7.8 bar under the
following conditions:
(a) Dry and saturated,
(b) Wet steam having wetness of 37%,
(c) Superheated steam at 250oC.
[(a) V=1.23m3, H=13840.5kJ, U=12881.1 kJ, S=47.18 kJ/K; (b) V=0.775m3, H=10045kJ, U=9440.5kJ,
S=24.78kJ/K; (c) V=1.509m3, H=14754kJ, U=13577kJ, S=35.25kJ/K]
16. One kg of steam at a pressure of 1 bar is compressed in a cylinder to a pressure of 2 bar absolute
following the law of compression pv1.25=constant. Find the final condition of steam and heat which
passes through the cylinder walls in kJ. The steam is 0.85 dry at the commencement of compression.
[x2=0.934, Q=135.58 kJ]
17. (a) Steam at a pressure of 7 bar and dryness fraction 0.8 is throttled to a pressure of 4 bar absolute.
Find the final condition of steam using Mollier diagram. [x2=0.82]
(b) Steam at a pressure of 8.5 bar and dryness fraction 0.98 is subjected to throttling expansion to 1
bar. Find the final temperature of steam using Mollier diagram. Assume CP for superheated
steam to be 2.2 kJ/kg K. [Tsup=125°C]
18. Steam at a pressure of 8.5 bar and 200oC is throttled to 3 bar and then expanded adiabatically to 0.5
bar. Find out the change in entropy and enthalpy during these two processes. Use Mollier diagram.
[∆sthrottling=0.427kJ/kg.K, ∆hthrottling=0, ∆sadiab.pr.=0, ∆hadiab.pr=336kJ/kg]
19. A vessel of volume 0.04 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at a
temperature of 250oC. The mass of the liquid present is 9 kg. Find the pressure, the mass, the specific
volume, the enthalpy, the entropy and the internal energy.
[psat=3.973 MPa, m=9.575 kg, v=0.00418 m3/kg, h=1188.32 kJ/kg, s=2.9895 kJ/kg K, u=1171.72 kJ/kg]
20. Steam initially at 0.3 MPa, 250oC is cooled at constant volume. (a) At what temperature will the
steam become saturated vapour? (b) What is the quality at 80 oC? What is the heat transferred per kg
of steam in cooling from 250oC to 80oC? [T=123.9oC, x2=0.234, Q=-1890.2 kJ/kg]
21. Steam initially at 1.5 MPa, 300oC expands reversibly and adiabatically in a steam turbine to 40oC.
Determine the ideal work output of the turbine per kg of steam. [W=885.03 kJ/kg]
22. In an experimental determination of dryness fraction of steam by the throttling calorimeter, the
following results were observed:
Pressure of steam before throttling: 4.5 bar absolute
Temperature after throttling: 102oC
Pressure after throttling: 1 bar absolute
Calculate the dryness fraction. Take CP for superheated steam as 2 kJ/kg K. [0.97]

UNIT – 5
Real Gases
1. Write down the Van der Waal’s equation of state. How does it differ from ideal gas equation?
2. Explain the factors which were taken into account by Van der Waal in modifying the ideal gas
equation.
3. Define the terms reduced pressure and reduced volume. Explain the Van der Waal’s equation of state
in terms of reduced parameters.
4. Develop the following form of Van der Waal’s equation in terms of reduced parameters:
(pr + 3/vr2) (3vr – 1) = 8 Tr
5. Define compressibility and explain its significance.

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6. Determine the value of compressibility factor Zc for the gas obeying Van der Waal’s equation of state.
7. One kg of CO2 has a volume of 1 m3 at 100oC. Compute the pressure by (a) Van der Waal’s equation
(b) Perfect gas equation. The constants have the following values: a = 362850 Nm4/(kg mol)2 and
b=0.0423 m3/kg mol. Also, Ro=8314 Nm/kg-mol K. [(a)p=70361N/m2,(b)p=70480N/m2]
8. A cylinder of volume capacity 0.1 m3 is filled with 1.35 kg of ammonia at 2 MPa pressure. Using Van
der Waal’s equation of state, determine the temperature at which ammonia exists in the cylinder.
The constants have the following values: a=422.55 x 103 Nm4/(kg mol)2 and b=37 x 10-3 m3/kg mol.
[Tvw=333 K, Tig=302.92 K]
9. The vessel of 2.75 m3 capacity contains 5 kg of oxygen at 300 K. (a) Determine the pressure exerted
by oxygen using Van der Waal’s equation. (b) Compare the result obtained if oxygen is treated as
ideal gas. The constants appearing in the Van der Waal’s equation have the values: a = 139.35 x 103
Nm4/(kg mol)2 and b=0.0314 m3/kg mol. [pVW=1.424 bar, pig=1.417 bar]
10. One kg-mol of oxygen undergoes a reversible non-flow isothermal compression and the volume
decreases from 0.2 m3/kg to 0.08 m3/kg and the initial temperature is 60oC. If the gas obeys Van der
Waal’s equation, find (a) the work done during the process (b) the final pressure. For O2 : a = 139250
Nm4/(kg mol)2, b=0.0314 m3/kg mol, Ro=8314 Nm/kg-mol.
[W=-2524723 Nm/kgmol, p= 10.736 bar]

Engines
11. Describe the working of simple steam engine with the help of a neat sketch.
12. A simple steam engine works on which cycle? Explain the Rankin cycle in detail.
13. What is the significance of air standard cycle? List the assumptions made in the analysis of air
standard cycles.
14. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of Otto cycle.
15. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle in terms of compression ratio, cut
off ratio, and the adiabatic index. Show that the efficiency of this cycle is less than that of Otto cycle
for the same compression ratio.
16. Classify internal combustion engines taking various factors into consideration.
17. State the purpose of the following parts of an IC engine:
Cylinder, Piston, Piston rings, Connecting rod, Spark plug, Crank and crank shaft, Flywheel
18. Differentiate between two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines.
19. Describe with neat sketches, the sequence of events in the working of a two/four stroke petrol/diesel
engine.
20. Draw and explain the valve timing diagram for a two/four stroke petrol/diesel engine.

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