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Networking

Assignment 1

Prepared for :

Mr. Dang Quang Hien

Greenwich University Da Nang

Prepared by:

Le Vo Thang

7 August, 2018
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QUALIFICATION

BTEC DN Diploma in Networking Networking

UNIT CODE GCD0815

QCF LEVEL 5 BTEC HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

CREDIT VALUE

Issue Date: Completion Date: Submitted:

Assignment Title : Networking Introduction

Table of Contents

P1.1. Explain 3 types of network: LAN, WAN, GAN (the Internet) ............................................................... 3
P1.2. Explain the OSI layer model : ............................................................................................................... 4
*Definition : .............................................................................................................................................. 4
*Layers of OSI model: ............................................................................................................................... 4
P1.3. Explain the TCP/IP layer model : .......................................................................................................... 8
*Definition : .............................................................................................................................................. 8
* TCP/IP layer model : .............................................................................................................................. 9
P2.1. The difference between Repeater and Hub, Bridge and Switch : ..................................................... 10
1. The difference between Repeater and Hub :...................................................................................... 10
2. The difference between Bridge and Switch : ...................................................................................... 10
P2.2. Explain the working of Hub : .............................................................................................................. 11
P2.3.Explain the working of Switch :........................................................................................................... 12
P2.4. Explain the working of Router : ........................................................................................................ 12
P3.1.The difference between ADSL and SDSL :........................................................................................... 13
P3.2. The working between DHCP server and DHCP client : ...................................................................... 13
P3.3. The working between DNS server and DNS client : .......................................................................... 15
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P1.1. Explain 3 types of network: LAN, WAN, GAN (the Internet)

LAN WAN
Expand to Local Area Network Wide Area Network
Definition A network that connects a A network that exists over a
group of computers in a small large-scale geographical area.
geographical area. It connects different smaller
networks, including local area
networks (LANs) and metro
area networks (MANs).

Ownership of network Private Private or Public

Design and maintenance Easy Difficult
Propagation Delay Short Moderate
Speed High Moderate
Fault Tolerance More tolerance Less tolerance
Used for School, hospital Small town, city

* The Internet or GAN ( global area network) is a globally connected network system that uses
TCP/IP to transmit data via various types of media. The internet is a network of global
exchanges – including private, public, business, academic and government networks –
connected by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of
information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and
applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.
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P1.2. Explain the OSI layer model :

*Definition :

The OSI model (Open System Interconnection) model defines a computer networking
framework to implement protocols in seven layers. A protocol in the networking terms is a kind
of negotiation and rule in between two networking entities.

*Layers of OSI model:

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1.Physical layer :

The Physical layer is also called as the Layer 1. Here are the basic functionalities of the Physical
layer:

-Send data on to the physical wire.

-Hardware layer of the OSI layer

-Devices like repeater, hub, cables, ethernet work on this layer

-Protocols like RS232, ATM, FDDI, Ethernet work on this layer

2.Data Link layer :

The data link layer is also called as the Layer 2 of the OSI model. Here are the basic
functionalities of the data link layer:

-Read the MAC address from the data packet.

-Convers electrical signals into frames

-The data link layer is divided into two sub-layers

+The Media Access Control (MAC) layer

+Logical Link Control (LLC) layer.

-Devices like Switch work at this layer

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3.Network Layer :

The Network layer is also called as the layer 3 of the OSI model. Here are the basic
functionalities of the network layer:

-Reads the IP address from the packet.

-Switching and routing .

-Creates logical paths between two hosts across the world wide web called as virtual circuits

-Routes the data packet to destination

-Routing and forwarding of the data packets.

-Router works at layer three

-Different network protocols like TCP/ IP, IPX, AppleTalk work at this layer

4. Transport layer :

The Transport layer is also called as the layer 4 of the OSI model. Here are the basic
functionalities of the Transport layer:

-Responsible for the transport protocol and error handling.

-Protocols like SPX, TCP, UDP work here

5. Session layer :

The Session layer is also called as the layer 5 of the OSI model. Here are the basic
functionalities of the Session layer:

-Responsible for establishment, management and termination of connections between

applications.

The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues
between the applications at each end.

-Protocols like NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL work at this layer.
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6. Presentation layer :

The Presentation layer is also called as the layer 6 of the OSI model. Here are the basic
functionalities of the presentation layer:

-Responsible for data representation on your screen

-Encryption and decryption of the data

-Data semantics and syntax

-Layer 6 Presentation examples include encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG,
MIDI.

7. Application Layer :

The Application layer is also called as the layer 7 of the OSI model. Here are the basic
functionalities of the Application layer:

-Application layer supports application, apps, and end-user processes.

-Quality of service

-This layer is responsible for application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network
software services.

-Protocols like Telnet, FTP, HTTP work on this layer.

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P1.3. Explain the TCP/IP layer model :

*Definition :

TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of communication

protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a
communications protocol in a private network (an intranet or an extranet).

TCP/IP specifies how data is exchanged over the internet by providing end-to-end
communications that identify how it should be broken into packets, addressed, transmitted,
routed and received at the destination.
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* TCP/IP layer model :

TCP/IP is divided into four layers, each of which include specific protocols :

-The application layer provides applications with standardized data exchange. Its protocols
include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office
Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP).

-The transport layer is responsible for maintaining end-to-end communications across the
network. TCP handles communications between hosts and provides flow control, multiplexing
and reliability. The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is
sometimes used instead of TCP for special purposes.

-The network layer, also called the internet layer, deals with packets and connects
independent networks to transport the packets across network boundaries. The network layer
protocols are the IP and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which is used for error
reporting.

-The physical layer consists of protocols that operate only on a link -- the network component
that interconnects nodes or hosts in the network. The protocols in this layer include Ethernet
for local area networks (LANs) and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
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P2.1. The difference between Repeater and Hub, Bridge and Switch :

1. The difference between Repeater and Hub :

1.1 Repeater :

A repeater is a 2 port device works at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over
the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted. Repeaters do not amplify
the signal, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original strength.

1.2. Hub :

A hub is basically a multiport repeater. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all
connected devices. Because they do not have intelligence to find out best path for data packets
so it leads to inefficiencies and wastage.

2. The difference between Bridge and Switch :

-Switches are basically multiport bridges. Although both types of devices perform a similar
function, segmenting a LAN into separate collision domains, there are some differences
between them:

+Most bridges have only 2 or 4 ports. A switch can have hundreds of ports.

+Bridges are software based. Switches are hardware-based and use chips (ASICs) when making
forwarding decisions, which makes them much faster than bridges.

+Switches can have multiple spanning-tree instances. Bridges can have only one.

+Switches can have multiple broadcast domains (one per VLAN).

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P2.2. Explain the working of Hub :

- A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model.

- Hub works in a half-duplex communication mode, and there is always a chance of data
collision in a half duplex mode of communication.

- It does not understand any data format, sees the data in the form an electrical signal.

- It broadcasts (sends to all) every data it receives to every connected PC/node in the network
on every single time. Other words, Hub cannot unicast the data.

Hub in a star topology

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P2.3. Explain the working of Switch :

A PC or other networked device sends a frame to another device through the switch, the switch
captures the source MAC address of the frame. The initial communication to a switch is an
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request. The inbound ARP contains the sender’s MAC
address, and the switch adds that address to its lookup table.

A switch will flood the single frame out all of its other ports when it cannot find the destination
MAC address in the switch’s lookup table.

When a switch has learned the locations of the devices connected to it, the switch is ready to
either forward or filter frames based on the destination MAC address of the frame and the
contents of the switch lookup table.

If the switch has already found the port of device A by its MAC address ff ff ff ff ff ff and switch
port number 2. The switch will receive the incoming frame, examine the destination address of
the Ethernet frame, and check its lookup table. The switch will then make a decision to forward
the frame out port 2, and only port 2.

P2.4. Explain the working of Router :

Routing is the process during which data packets are forwarded from one machine or device (a
node) to another on a network until they reach their destinations.

When data is transferred from one device to another on an IP network, the data is broken
down into smaller units called packets. These units carry, along with the data, a header that
contains a lot of information that help them to reach their destination. This information
includes the IP addresses of the source and destination devices, packet numbers and some
other technical information.

These data packets have to cross through a lot of routers to reach their destination .The work
these routers do is called routing. Each of the intermediate routers consults the IP address of
each packet received. Based on this, each will know exactly in which direction to forward the
packet

The packets go through different networks and take different paths. They all finally get routed
to one last destination machine.

On receiver's machine, the destination address and the machine address will match. The
packets will be consumed by the machine, where the IP module on it will reassemble them and
send the resulting data above to the TCP service for further processing.
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P3.1.The difference between ADSL and SDSL :

-ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) and SDSL (Symmetric Subscriber Digital Subscriber
Line) are the two different groups in broadband internet connections. The most major
difference between these two groups is in how much bandwidth they allocate to the user.
Because SDSL is symmetric, they provide downstream bandwidth equal to upload bandwidth
for the user while ADSL provides higher downstream bandwidth to the user than upload
bandwidth.

-ADSL can have a telephone unit on the same line while SDSL cannot

-ADSL is a standardized technology while SDSL is proprietary and was never standardized

P3.2. The working between DHCP server and DHCP client :

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol used to provide quick, automatic, and
central management for the distribution of IP addresses within a network.

DHCP is also used to configure the proper subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server
information on the device.

DHCP provides an automated way to distribute and update IP addresses and other
configuration information on a network. A DHCP server provides this information to a DHCP
client through the exchange of a series of messages, known as the DHCP conversation or the
DHCP transaction.
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1.DHCP discovery :

The client computer broadcasts messages on the physical subnet to discover available DHCP
servers. This client computer creates a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packet with the default
broadcast destination of 255.255.255.255 or the specific subnet broadcast address if any
configured.

2.DHCP offer :

When a DHCP server receives an IP lease request from a client, it reserves an IP address for the
client and extends an IP lease offer by sending a DHCP offer message to the client. This message
contains the client's MAC address, the IP address that the server is offering, the subnet mask,
the lease duration, and the IP address of the DHCP server .

3.DHCP request :

In most companies, two DHCP servers provide fault tolerance of IP addressing if one server fails
or must be taken offline for maintenance. So client could receive DHCP offers from multiple
servers, but it will accept only one DHCP offer. In response to the offer Client requests the
server. The client replies DHCP Request, unicast to the server, requesting the offered address.
Based on the Transaction ID field in the request, servers are informed the offer of client has
accepted.

4.DHCP acknowledgement :

When the DHCP server receives the DHCP request message from the client, the configuration
process enters its final phase.The acknowledgement phase involves sending a DHCPACK packet
to the client. This packet includes the lease duration and any other configuration information
that the client might have requested. At this point, the IP configuration process is completed.
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P3.3. The working between DNS server and DNS client :

The Domain Name System is maintained by a distributed database system, which uses the
client–server model. The nodes of this database are the name servers. Each domain has at least
one authoritative DNS server that publishes information about that domain and the name
servers of any domains subordinate to it. The top of the hierarchy is served by the root name
servers.

DNS systems allow network clients to convert URLs (Universal Resource Locators) into IP
addresses. This is a key part of network operation, as computers and other devices need to
know each other's IP address in order to communicate over a network. The client side of the
DNS is called a DNS resolver. A resolver is responsible for translate a domain name into an IP
address. DNS resolvers are classified by a variety of query methods, such as recursive, non-
recursive, and iterative. A resolution process may use a combination of these methods.

When a network client contacts a resolver, that resolver contacts multiple authoritative name
servers -- the servers that actually hold the IP address information -- in order to get the
necessary IP address. DNS requests may involve name servers all over the world.
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I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and research
sources are fully acknowledged.

Student signature: Date:

Thang 7/8/2018

Le Vo Thang