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Reservoir in Bone Basin Use Basin Analysis Method

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PROCEEDINGS
Joint Convention Balikpapan 2015
HAGI-IAGI-IAFMI-IATMI
5–8 October 2015

Reservoir in Bone Basin Use Basin Analysis Method

Wulan Salle Karurung1, Fauziah Nuraini1, Muhammad Fawzy Ismullah M.2
1
Geophysics Program study, Hasanuddin University (UNHAS), Makassar
2
Master Program Geophysical Engineering ITB, Bandung

ABSTRACT
South Sulawesi is one of the areas in Sulawesi, which
has several basins that formed as a result of tectonic
activity of several macro-continents, that Eurasian Plate
and the continental micro continent loose fragments of
the Indian-Australian Plate. The existence of these basins
can be indicated as sediment accumulation potential as
reservoirs of hydrocarbons in petroleum system. One of
that basin is a Bone Basin. Basin analysis showed Bone
Basin formed since time of Palaeogene to Neogene and
the foreland basin. Bone Basin consisted of the
Balangbaru Formation, Kalumpang Formation, Toraja/
Malawa Formation, Langi Formation, Lamasi Formation,
Tacipi Formation and Walanae Formation. Based on
seismic stratigraphy known to internal and external
structure geology of Bone Basin to determine the quality
and distribution of the reservoir. Indication of the
presence of hydrocarbons in Bone Basin include with the
discovery of gas seepage in a few places around Bone
basin such as in Pongko, Malangke and Sengkang.
Sediments in the Bone Basin are derived from the
clastic sedimentary rocks and carbonate rocks from
Toraja Formation and Lamasi Formation. the clastic
sedimentary is from unit of claystone and shale that
indicated as hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Bone Basin.
Keywords: Bone Basin, Basin Analysis, Seismic
Stratigraphy, Formation, Reservoir
INTRODUCTION
50,000 km2 (Camplin et al., 2013). There are several active
hydrocarbon potential in it and proven with the plays of
petroleum system which includes gas field that trapped in
the East Sengkang Basin, and the seepage of oil contained
in Buton Island and also in the Pongko. Bone Basin
Formation consists of Balangbaru Formation, Kalumpang
Formation, Toraja/ Malawa Formation, Langi Formation,
Lamasi Formation, Tacipi Formation and Walannae
Formation (LEMIGAS,2005). The basin is a forearc basin
and covered by the Pre-Tertiary rocks of Formations
consisting of volcanic rocks, metamorphic rocks, and meta-
sediment rocks. Sediments in this basin are from clastic
sedimentary rocks and carbonate rocks of Toraja Formation
and Lamasi Formation. Clastic sediments in the form of
mudstone and shale unit which is indicated as a
hydrocarbon reservoir in the Bone Basin.
There some Sub-basin of the Bone Basin, there are
Bulupulu Sub-basin, Padammarang Sub-basin, Kabaena
Sub-basin, Bonerate High, Selayar trough, Liang-Liang
Sub-basin, Tulang Sub-Basin, and kabaena High. The Basa
High separates the Padamarang Sub-basin from the
Kabaena Sub-basin. East of the Padamarang Sub-basin is
the Maniang High and east of the Kabaena Sub-basin, is the
Kabaena High. The Bonerate High separates the Kabaena
Sub-basin from the Selayar Trough to the west. There are
two other Sub-basins on the east and west sides of Bone
Gulf: the Tulang Sub-basin between the island of Kabaena
and the SE Arm and the LiangeLiang Sub-basin at the
northern end of the Bonerate High (Camplin.D.J et al.
2014) (Fig.2).

South Sulawesi is one of the areas in Sulawesi, which has

several basins that formed as a result of tectonic activity of
Eurasian plate and several micro-continents from Indo-
Australian plate. The existence of these basins can be
indicated from sediment accumulation that had potential as
reservoirs of hydrocarbons in petroleum system. One of
basin is a Bone Basin. Bone Basin formed since time of
Palaeogene to Neogene and was one of forearc basin. The
western and northern arms mainly represent a volcanic arc
terrane, with multiple periods of arc volcanism and
granitoid intrusions between Late Cretaceous to Miocene
and younger, above West and South dipping subduction
zones. Reported ages of volcanics are variable, but
main peaks of activity appear to be Late Cretaceous, M
Eocene, Late Oligocene- E Miocene and M Miocene and
younger (Gorsel.van. J.T., 2013).

Bone Basin is located in Bone Gulf (Fig. 1), where the

Bone Gulf located between the southern arm and southeast
arm of Sulawesi and covers an area of approximately Figure 1. Locate of Bone Basin (Lemigas, 2005)
PROCEEDINGS
Joint Convention Balikpapan 2015
HAGI-IAGI-IAFMI-IATMI
5–8 October 2015

stratigraphy and petroleum system which indicates

potential hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Bone Basin.

Basin analysis is using the geologist data to determine the

possible presence and extent of hydrocarbons and
hydrocarbon-bearing rocks in a basin and concerned with
any or all facets of a basin's evolution. Techniques used to
study surficial sedimentary rocks include: measuring
stratigraphic sections, identifying sedimentary depositional
environments and based a geologic map.

Source of data used in the writing of scientific papers

obtained through secondary data from journals and
scientific publications, textbooks, articles, and materials
related to the discussion of research on basin analysis,
reservoir, seismic stratigraphy and regional geology course
of the Bone Basin.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Stratigraphy

Based on stratigraphy, Bone Basin generally has a lifespan

from Cretaceous to Pliocen. Here are some important
formations on Bone Basin (LEMIGAS, 2005):
Figure 2. the simplified geology sub-basin of Bone basin
(Camplin.D.J et al. 2014)
Basin analysis is method using seismic stratigraphy data
and reservoir analysis. Sedimentary basin analysis is a
geologic method to revealed the history of a sedimentary
basin. Studying about scheme the sediment fill itself and
aspects of the sediment such primary structures,
composition, and internal architecture and containing a
history of the basin fill and can reveal the formed of the
basin.
Although the Bone Gulf have hydrocarbon potential, needs
to be examined more in-depth analysis of the basin related
to dealing with potential reservoir rock in each formation.
This is necessary because the bedrock in the Bone Gulf has
lithological variations in each section.
DATA AND METHOD
This study began with a look at the state of the oil resources
that exist in Indonesia, where exploration is now focused
on the eastern area of Indonesia that until now, the numbers
of wells that have been discovered and exploited are still
very few. There are some areas that are potentially of
which have been explored but not getting results, among
which are taken Bone Basin as case study. If viewed in
terms of geology and tectonic setting and basin analysis
that has shown the potential possessed. Then to identify
basin analysis problems based on tectonic structure,
1. Balangbaru Formation
This formation consists from flysch sediments
deposited on the ocean trench system. Flysch from
Cretaceous associated with ophiolite, which is linked to
the rest from Cretaceous basin.
2. Kalumpang Formation
These formation overlays the Balangbaru Formation,
this formation consist of sandstones, shales and
claystones interbedded with volcanic conglomerates,
breccias, tuffs, lavas, limestones and marls.
3. Malawa/ Toraja Formation
The Middle-Late Eocene sequence is represented by
deposition deltaic-shallow marine sediment of the
Toraja/Malawa Formation. The Formation have the
Eocene sediments comprises of claystone, sandstones,
conglomerates, coals, limestones and volcanics.
4. Langi Formation
Consist of lava and pyroclastic andesites type with
limestone and shale in the top layer. This formation is
associated with subduction process in this region.
5. Tonasa / Makale Formation
This formation consists of four layers. Consecutively
from the lowest layer is calcarenite, textured limestone
massif, a thin layer of limestone with fossilized
foraminifera and top form detrital limestones and
volcanic material.
6. Camba Formation
The lower part of this formation consists from
sandstone, tuff, agglomerate, volcanic breccia, marl,
limestone and coal. The top of the form agglomerates,
volcanic breccia, lavas and tuff that have an insert with
marine sediments.
 PROCEEDINGS
Joint Convention Balikpapan 2015
HAGI-IAGI-IAFMI-IATMI
5–8 October 2015
Figure 3. Hydrocarbon Play in Bone Basin (LEMIGAS, 2005)
7. Taccipi Formation
Consists of limestones and calcareous shale. The
formation widely distribution in north-south orientation
over the western margin of Bone Basin.
8. Walannae Formation
Composed from calcareous mudstone and arenaceous.
The Walanae Formation is formally divided into the
Tacipi Limestone, Burecing Marine Mud, Samaoling
Sandy Marine, and Beru Fluvial Clastic Members
(Suyono et al. 2010)
Sengkang Basin and Bone Basin have the relationship
(Fig.3) and visible that which upper Miocene Tacipi
carbonate play analogous to discoveries and a producing
field in the adjacent onshore Sengkang Basin in South
Sulawesi, and discoveries in the Senoro-Matindok area in
Northeast Sulawesi. Petroleum system modeling suggests
potential for oil charge in the offshore area of Bone Bay,
incontrast to the gas-prone Sengkang basin. Identified Bone
Bay as a potential Eocene rift basin, a proven petroleum
system across Indonesia, west of Bone Bay. Although there
is uncertainty in petroleum system parameters for this rank
frontier basin, stochastic basin modeling using available
constraints indicates the potential for oil charge in the
offshore Tacipi carbonate play. The Toraja Formation is
one of the most important formation in the west area of
Bone Basin, because of its extensive distribution especially
in the west, with thickness is not less than 1000 meters and
depositional environment from fluvio-deltaic to bathyal
condition (Siagian. H.P et al., 2008).
occurence of some leads, such as gas seepages in pongko
and malangke villages, gas discovery in sengkang block, oil
and gas discovery in tomori block, the present of closure
indicated that the bone basin may contain a significant
potential hydrocarbon resources.
Petroleum System
A petroleum play is initially by the depositional or
erosional limit of its gross reservoir unit. A reservoir rock
must be porous enough to constitute a “tank” of petroleum
within the trap (Allen. P.A et al. 2006), the hydrocarbon
play in Bone Basin (Fig.3) from the characteristic of good
reservoir Petroleum geology evaluation of the South
Sulawesi region show that Eocene carbonaceous shales or
coals of the Toraja/ Malawa Formation are postulated to be
the source rocks for hydrocarbon generated in the most the
Tertiary basin in this area.
Generally the outcrops sample indicate that Toraja/ Malawa
Formation have source rock potential with average TOC
values for the black shale are 11%. Coal with 33% TOC
have type III vitrinitic kerogen and may deposited in the
basin composed of mudstone and a thick sequence of
marine calcareous claystone (LEMIGAS, 2005). The
potential reservoir has the several sources among which
Toraja/Malawa Sandstone Reservoirs, Oligocene
Limestone Reservoir, Tacipi Limestone Reservoir,
Walannae Clastic Reservoir. Various seal intervals are
available in this basin, the upper portion of the Middle-Late
Eocene sediment which is mainly formed shales/
mudstones of the deep water (bathyal) deposit may acted as
good seal potential for Eocene reservoirs in this area. main
hydrocarbon trap for basin-slope and basin floor reservoirs
target of the Eocene Clastic and Miocene (equivalent to
Late Miocene Walannae Formation) reservoirs in the
northern part of the basin. In contrast to the northern part of
the basin, the main hydrocarbon entrapment in the southern
part of the Bone Basin is related to the tilted fault block
trap (Yulihanto, 2004).
Occurence of some leads, such as gas seepages in Pongko
and Malangke villages, gas discovery in Sengkang block,
oil and gas discovery in Tomori block, the present of
closure indicated that the Bone Basin may contain a
significant potential hydrocarbon resources. An integrated
seismic stratigraphy has been produced with attempts to
link the seismic units to onshore lithostratigraphy. These
sediments may have source rock potential, particularly in
the central axis of Sub-basins where thick accumulations
are present. The Bonerate High and Liang-Liang Sub-basin
are thought to be stratigraphically similar to the East
Sengkang Basin and therefore may have dry gas potential.
The Bone Canyon system is expected to have coarse
deposits preserved at the base of canyon fills, which could
reservoir hydrocarbons with stratigraphic seal. Interpreted
 PROCEEDINGS
Joint Convention Balikpapan 2015
HAGI-IAGI-IAFMI-IATMI
5–8 October 2015

shallow water carbonates located on the Maniang high,
Kabaena High and Bonerate High provide excellent
stratigraphic traps, although in many places the
sedimentary cover is relatively thin. Extension and strike-
slip features have produced possible structural traps,
although recent tectonic uplift and faults cutting the seabed
suggest active fault movement in many places, which may
have caused breach of some traps.
Allen. Philip A. And Allen. John R., 2006, Basin Analysis:
Principle and Aplication, Blackwell Publishing Company.
Australia.
Siagian. H.P and Widijono. B.S., 2008, The Possibility Of
Hydrocarbon Trap And Its Potential In The North Bone
Basin, Based On Geological And Geophysical Data. Center
of Geology Survey. Bandung.

Reservoir of hydrocarbon rock that have a high Gorsel.van. J.T., 2013, Bibliography Of The Geology Of
permeability which is covered by seal and formed a trap, Indonesia and Surrounding Areas: Sulawesi.
where play hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Bone basin was
found that the Formation of Toraja have properties that Camplin. David J. and Hall. Robert., 2014, Neogene history
indicate their origin and reservoir rocks for gas. of Bone Gulf, Sulawesi, Indonesia.
the reservoir rock are ecpected to be the clastics and
carbonate rocks of the Toraja formations and the volcanic Yulihanto B., 2004, Hydrocarbon Play Analysis of the
clastics of the Lamasi formation. this period is also Bone Basin, South Sulawesi, Proceedings, Deepwater and
characterized by the formation if structural traps. the Frontier Exploration In Asia & Australasia Symposium.
majority of oils within the basin might be derived from
fluvio-deltaic and marine shale source rock. LEMIGAS, 2005, Petroleum Geology of Indonesia’s
Sedimentary Basin: Bone Basin. Patra Nusa Data.
CONCLUSIONS
Suyono and Kusnama, 2010, Stratigraphy and Tectonics of
Bone Basin consisted of the Balangbaru Formation, the Sengkang Basin, South Sulawesi. Geological survey
Kalumpang Formation, Toraja/ Malawa Formation, Langi Institute. Bandung.
Formation, Lamasi Formation, Tacipi Formation and
Walanae Formation. Based on petroleum system, shale and Camplin. David J. and Hall. Robert., 2013, Insights Into
coal from Toraja Formation are postulated to be the source The Structural And Stratigraphic Development of Bone
rock. The clastic sedimentary is from claystone and shale Gulf, Sulawesi. Proceeding IPA.
that indicated as hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Bone Basin.
Sudarmono, 2000. Tectonic and stratigraphic evolution of
Hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Bone Basin was found that the Bone Basin, Indonesia: insights to the Sulawesi
the formation of Toraja have properties that indicate their collision complex. In: Indonesian Petroleum Association,
origin and reservoir rocks for gas. The reservoirs consist of Proceedings 27th Annual Convention
Toraja/ Malawa Sandstone, Oligocene Limestone, Tacipi
Limestone, Walannae Clastic Rocks. Eocene and Miocene
Clastic frorm Walannae Formation may act as seal. the
majority of oils within the basin might be derived from
fluvio-deltaic and marine shale source rock. Various seal
intervals are available in this basin, the upper portion of the
Middle-Late Eocene sediment which is mainly formed
shales/ mudstones of the deep water (bathyal) deposit may
acted as good seal potential for Eocene reservoirs in this
area.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special acknowledgment to all people that give author

strength to can finished this paper. Specially to Mr. Fawzy
Ismullah,S.Si., Mr. Muhammad Arif, Mr. Rahmat Hidayat,
Ms. Aulia Kahar, and Ms. Fitriani. Special thanks for
Geophysics Laboratory Hasanuddin University.

REFERENCES

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