Guillermo, Denver V.

BSChE-5
1. Identify at least 5 protected areas (note locations) in Cagayan Valley in the form of
National Parks, Natural monuments, protected landscapes and seascapes, marine and
resource reserves.

Republic Act 7586 otherwise known as the National Integrated Protected Areas System
(NIPAS) Act of 1992 provides the legal framework for the establishment and management of
protected areas in the Philippines. The Law defines protected areas as the identified portions
of land and/or water set aside by reason of their unique physical and biological diversity and
protected against destructive human exploration. The following are the protected areas in
Cagayan Valley:

a) Peñablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape

It is formerly known as the Callao Cave National Park and is the largest protected area
in the province of Cagayan in Northern Philippines. It is located in the municipality
of Peñablanca and covers 118,781.582 hectares (293,515.68 acres) of the northern Sierra
Madre mountain range and its adjacent Pacific coast. The Peñablanca Park is situated just 24
kilometers (15 mi) east of Cagayan's provincial capital of Tuguegarao and some 580
kilometers (360 mi) north of Manila. It is traversed by the Pinacanauan River, a major tributary
of the Rio Grande de Cagayan, which supplies clean water and irrigation to surrounding
communities as well as the nearby city of Tuguegarao. The park is inhabited by three
indigenous groups, namely the Ibanag, Itawes and Aeta. It is also known for its archaeological
relics discovered within its caves. The limestone formations found within its 300 cave systems,
the most popular of which are Callao and Sierra Cave.

b) Magapit Protected Landscape

It is a protected area of forested limestone hills and grasslands in the Cagayan Valley of
northern Luzon in the Philippines. It covers an area of 3,403.62 hectares (8,410.5 acres) in
northeastern Cagayan province straddling the municipalities of Lal-lo and Gattaran. On April
23, 2000, the park was predesignated as a protected landscape area under the National
Integrated Protected Areas System Act through Proclamation No. 285 signed by
President Joseph Estrada. The park is a component of the Northeastern Cagayan Key
Biodiversity Area and also contains the Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens, a proposed World
Heritage Site.
 The park is located some 80 kilometers (50 mi) north of Tuguegarao, Cagayan's capital
and largest city and some 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) south of San Mariano, Lal-lo where
the Northern Cagayan International Airport is being constructed. It is accessible via the Santa
Ana Road from the Port of San Vicente in Santa Ana in the north and from the Pan-Philippine
Highway (AH26) from the west through the Magapit Suspension Bridge.\

c) Fuyot Springs National Park

It is a protected area of the Philippines located in the mountain slopes of Barangay Santa
Victoria in Ilagan, Isabela 405 kilometers northeast from Manila. The park, which also contains
the Ilagan Sanctuary, is 819 hectares in area and extends to the nearby municipality of
Tumauini in the Cagayan Valley. It was established in 1938 through Proclamation No. 327.

The park is a popular draw for hikers, mountaineers, spelunkers and birdwatchers who
come to explore its mountain trails, caves, odd rock formations and aviary. Adjacent to the
park lies the larger Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park which contains even more diverse
wildlife. The Pinzal Falls is another major draw inside the park and provides relaxation to
visitors aside from the park's many natural mountain springs.

d) Batanes Protected Landscapes and Seascapes

Batanes group of islands consist of 10 small islands bounded by the Eashi Channel on
the north, by the Pacific Ocean on the east, by the South China Sea on the west and the
Balintang Channel on the south. It is one of the last remaining areas in the Philippines having
unique natural physiographic features (wave-cut cliffs, cave-like outcrops, secluded white sand
beaches) resulting from its position where strong winds and fast currents have etched out its
distinct morphology. It is an important flyaway for many migratory bird species, and the deeper
portions of the marine environment are the few remaining sites where pink and red corals
(Corallum sp.) are found. The site is the only area in the Philippines where traditional
architecture is of stone in response to the wind and monsoon stresses rather than of the more
typical, tropical, impermanent materials (wood, bamboo, and thatch) commonly used in village
architecture. Due to its isolation from the rest of the country, the traditional culture of the area
has likewise remained intact.

e) Salinas Natural Monument

The Salinas Natural Monument is a natural monument comprising saline springs and
forested mountains in southern Cagayan Valley in the Philippines. It is one of four protected
areas in the landlocked province of Nueva Vizcaya spanning an area of 6,675.56 hectares
 (16,495.7 acres) in the municipalities of Bambang, Kayapa and Aritao. The park was
established on 18 May 1914 as the Salinas Forest Reserve covering the Salinas Salt Springs
and surrounding forest through Executive Order No. 44 signed by Governor-General Francis
Burton Harrison. In 1926, through amendments made in Proclamation No. 53 by Governor-
General Leonard Wood, the forest reserve was re-established as the Salinas Deer
Refuge. Salinas was finally declared a natural monument in 2000 under the National Integrated
Protected Areas System through Proclamation No. 275 by President Joseph Estrada.

2. What are the latest fuel specs/ standards that are set in the market?
Fuel Quality Standards Development (Gasoline)
GASOLINE (E10) E-GASOLINE (E10)
PROTECTED
CLEAN AIR ACT CLEAN AIR ACT BIOFUELS ACT
E10 EURO 4-PH
Property 2000 2001a 2003 2005 2009 2006 2009 2012
Distillation Temperature, 0 °C at:
10% recovered, max 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70
50% recovered 75-121 75-121 75-121 75-121 75-121 70-110 70-110 70-110 70-110
90% recovered, max 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
End point, max 221 221 221 221 221 215 215 215 215
Residue, % vol., max 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Hydrocarbons:
Alcohols (C2 to C4), % vol., max.b 10 10 10 10 0.4 9.5-10 9.0-10 9.0-10 9.0-10
Aromatics, %vol., max. 45 45 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
Benzene, %vol., max 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Ethers (e.g. MTBE), %vol., max. 10 10 10 2c 2c 2c 2c
Lead Content, g/L., max 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
Octane Rating, min.
81/87/ 81/87/ 81/93/ 81/93/ 91/93/
93 93 93/95 91/95/97
Research Octane Number (RON) 93/95 93/95 95 95 95
Anti-Knock Index (AKI) 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5
Vapor Pressure, @ 37.80°C, kPa, max. 62 85/62 85/62 85/62 85/62 62 62 68/62 68/62
Sulfur, %mass, max. 0.10 0.2/0.1 0.2/0.1 0.05 0.05 0.5 0.05 0.05 0.005
a b c
multi-grade gasoline ethanol allowable contamination tolerance only. International
addition not permitted for both imported and locally-produced gasoline.
Notes: E10 standards also provide minimum reference specifications for base gasoline.
 Fuel Quality Standards Development (Automotive Diesel)

CLEAN AIR ACT BIOFUELS ACT

DIESEL OILS FAME BLENDED DIESEL OIL
2000 2003 2007(B1) 2009(B2) 2012(B2)
Property ADO IDO ADO IDO ADO IDO ADO IDO ADO IDO EURO 4-PH
Calculated cetane index min. Or 48
15
Centane number, min. Or 48 50 50
50 50
Derived centane number, min.
Carbon Residue on 10%
Distillation residue, %mass, max. 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.35 0.15
2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.5 5.0 2.5
Color, ASTM max. min. max. min. max. min. max. min. max.
Copper strip corrosion, 3h at 50 °C, max No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1
0.820- 0.880- 0.820- 0.880- 0.820- 0.880- 0.820-
0.8650 0.880 0.8600 0.880
Density at 15 °C, kg/L 0.860 max. 0.860 max. 0.860 max. 0.860
Distillation, 90% recovered, °C, min 375 Report 370 Report 370 Report 370 Report 370 Report 370
FAMEa, content, %volume. 0.7-1.2 0.7-1.2 1.7-2.2 1.7-2.2 1.7-2.2 1.7-2.2 1.7-2.2
Flash point, Pensky-Martens, °C, min. 52 52 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
Kinematic viscosity, mm2/s at 40° C 2.0-4.5 2.0-4.5 2.0-4.5 1.7-5.5 2.0-4.5 1.7-5.5 2.0-4.5 1.7-5.5 2.0-4.5 1.7-5.5 2.0-4.5
Lubricity, (HREF), wear scar dia. @ 60 °C,
460 460 460 460 460
micron, max.
Methyl Laurate (C12 ME), % mass, min 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Sulfur, % mass max 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.005
Water, % volume, maxb 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Water and sediment, %volume, max. 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Note: FAME blended diesel oils also provide minimum reference applications for base diesel.

FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS DEVELOPED

A. Biofuels and Blends

PNS/DOE QS 008:2012 E-Gasoline (E10)

PNS/DOE QS 004:2012 FAME-Blended Diesel Oils (B2)
PNS/DOE QS 007:2014 Anhydrous Bioethanol & Bioethanol Fuel
(E100 E98)
PNS/DOE QS 002:2015 Coconut Methyl Ester (B100)
PNS/DOE QS 010:2015 High FAME-Blended Diesel Oils (B5)

B. Conventional Petroleum, etc.

PNS/DOE QS 001:2009 Unleaded Motor Gasoline

PNS/DOE QS 003:2003 Two-stroke (2T) Lubricating Oils
PNS/DOE QS 005:2016 LPG as Non-Motor Fuel
PNS/DOE QS 012:2016 LPG as Motor Fuel
PNS/DOE QS 006:2005 Fuel Oils (Bunker)
PNS/DOE QS 009:2007 Kerosene
PNS/DOE ASTM D 910:2010 AvGas Grade 100