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Wunavailable = T0 ∆Suniverse
The energy that is unavailable for doing work because of an irreversible
process is where ∆Suniverse is the total entropy change of the universe and T0 is the
Kelvin temperature of the coldest reservoir.
∆Suniverse – total entropy changes of the universe (J/K)
T0 – Temperature in Kelvin (K)
Wunavailable – energy that is unavailable for doing work (J)
∆E ∆Q ∆W
14. = −
∆t ∆t ∆t
∆W
The rate at which the body does work on its environment is denoted by .
∆t
The rate at which the body absorbs heat from its environment is described by the
∆Q ∆Q
term . Knowing the heat capacity of air enables us to find . The rate at which
∆t ∆t
chemical energy is lost by the system, because of the breakdown of food and the
∆E
production of waste products such as CO2 and urea, is represented by . This is a
∆t
negative quantity called the catabolic rate, which is contributed to, for example, by
the breakdown of glucose and fat.
∆E
= rate at which chemical energy is lost by the system (J/s or W)
∆t
∆Q
= rate at which the body absorbs heat from its environment (J/s or W)
∆t
∆W
= rate at which the body work on its environment (J/s or W)
∆t
The catabolic rate in kilocalories per mole per second can now be related to
the oxygen consumption rate of the person tested:
∆E ∆ O2 L
15. = 4.9
∆t ∆𝑡
∆E
= catabolic rate (J/s or W)
∆t
∆ O2 L
= volume of oxygen (in liters) consumed per second (L/s)
∆𝑡