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CE-444 PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE
Samadar Salim
Lightweight Concrete
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Definition: Concrete having a 28-day compressive strength greater
than 17 MPa and an airdried unit weight not greater than 1850
kg/m³.
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“ Lightweight aggregates that used in structural lightweight concrete
are typically expanded shale, clay or slate materials that have been fired in a
rotary kiln to develop a porous structure.Other products such as air-cooled
blast furnace slag are also used.
There are other classes of non-structural LWC with lower density made with
other aggregate materials and higher air voids in the cement paste matrix,
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such as in cellular concrete.
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Types of Lightweight Concrete
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1. Lightweight Aggregate CONCRETE
Porous lightweight aggregate of low specific gravity is used in this concrete.
such as pumice, scoria and most of volcanic origin and the artificial aggregate
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such as expanded blast-furnace slag, vermiculite and clinker aggregate
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compacted lightweight aggregate concrete is mainly used for two
purposes that is for precast concrete blocks or panels and cast in-situ roofs
and walls. The main requirement for this type of concrete is that it should
have adequate strength and a low density to obtain the best thermal
insulation and a low drying shrinkage to avoid cracking
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Structural lightweight aggregate concrete is fully compacted
similar to that of the normal reinforced concrete of dense aggregate.
It can be used with steel reinforcement as to have a good bond
between the steel and the concrete. The concrete should provide
adequate protection against the corrosion of the steel
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Pumice – is used for reinforced concrete roof slab, mainly for industrial roofs
Foamed Slag – was the first LWA suitable for reinforced concrete.
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name Lytag.
Expanded Clays and Shales – capable of achieving sufficiently high
strength for prestressed concrete
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“ 2) AERATED CONCRETE
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The first method is to inject the gas into the mixing during its plastic
condition by means of a chemical reaction.
The second method, air is introduced either by mixing-in stable foam or
by whipping-in air, using an air-entraining agent.
Concrete of this type has the lowest density, thermal conductivity and
strength.
Aerated concrete used as a structural material usually of high-pressure
steam-cured. It is thus factory-made and available to the user in precast
units , for floors, walls and roofs. Blocks for laying in mortar or glue are
manufactured without any reinforcement. Larger units are reinforced
with steel bars to resist damage through transport, handling and 7
superimposed loads.
AERATED CONCRETE
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3) NO-FINES CONCRETE
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uniformly distributed voids throughout its mass.
No-fines concrete usually used for both load bearing and non-load
bearing for external walls and partitions.
The structure of NFC makes it ideal for use as a drainage layer under
reservoir and basement floors. It can also serve as an insulating layer and as
a damp-proofing material , is NOT suitable for drainage purposes where the
water is soft or aggressive to concrete.
Although the strength of no-fines concrete is considerably lower than that
of normal-weight concrete, and increases as the cement content is
incre9ased
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The differences between the types of light weight concrete are very much related
to its aggregate grading used in the mixes
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Type Of
LightweightConcrete
Type Of Aggregate Grading of Aggregate (Range
of Particle Size)
Partially compacted Clinker May be of smaller nominal single
lightweight Foamed slag sizes of combined coarse and
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aggregate concrete
Expanded clay, fine (5mm and fines) material to
shale,slate,
produce a continues but harsh
vermiculite and perlite
grading to make a porous
Sintered pulverized-
concrete
fuelash
and pumice
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“ Classification
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“ 1. LOW DENSITY CONCRETE
These are employing chiefly for insulation purposes. With low unit
weight, seldom exceeding 800 kg/m³, heat insulation value are
high. Compressive strength are low, regarding from about 0.69 to
6.89 N/mm². ”
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2. MODERATE STRENGTH CONCRETE
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concrete. Compressive strength are approximately 6.89 to 17.24
N/mm² and insulation values are intermediate.
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“ 3. STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
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“ Advantages of Using LWC
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sections, decreased story height, smaller size structural members,
less reinforcing steel, and lower foundation costs
concrete will give thermal insulation about 4 times greater than that of a
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point is illustrated
230mm clay brick by fact that a 125mm thick solid wall of aerated
wall.
The bond between the aggregate and the matrix is stronger in the case
of LWAC than in normal concrete. 18
Disadvantages of LWC
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Very Sensitive with water content in the mixture .
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“ HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE
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protection against radiation.
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“ COMPOSITION
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pertaining to concrete-making metarials for biological shielding, the
standard specifications should be consulted: ASTM C 637
(specification for aggregates for radiation shielding concrete) and
ASTM C 638(nomenclature of constituents of aggregates for
radiation shielding concrete).
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These are pressure vessels that operate at higher stress levels and
tempratures than conventional structures, and concrete is subject to
appreciable thermal and moisture gradients. In such cases, inelastic
deformations such as creep and thermal shrinkage should be minimized
because they can cause microcracking and loss of prestres. Obviously, the
elastic modulus of aggregate and compatibility of coefficients of thermal
expansion between aggregate and cement paste should be considered to
minimize microcracking.
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The reactor vessels are usually designed to operate with concrete
temperatures up to 71°C, but higher accidental tempratures and
some thermal cycling is expected during the service life.
Considerable strength loss can occur when concrete is subjected to
wide and frequent fluctuations in temperature; hence PCRV
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concrete is designed not only for high density but also for high
strength. In a study at the Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment
Station, using 430 to 575 kg/m³ Type I portland cement, 12 mm or 38
mm maximum magnetite or ilmenite aggregate, and an 0.30 to 0.35
water-cement ratio, heavyweight concretes (3680 kg/m³ unit
weight) were produced which gave 52 to 65 MPa compressive
strength at 7 days, and 62 to 76 MPa at 28 days.
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The ideal property of normal and high density concrete are high modulus of
elasticity , low thermal expansion , and creep deformation
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“ USES OF HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRET
They are mainly used in the construction of radiation shields
(medical or nuclear power plants). Offshore, heavyweight
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concrete is used for ballasting for pipelines and similar structures
It is also used for bridge counter-weight and for weighting down
underwater pipelines
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THANKS FOR
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LISTENING
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