Module 11 – AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS AND STRUCTURES

CATEGORY B1 - MECHANICAL Sub Module 11.17 – WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS

MODULE 11

SUB MODULE 11.17

WATER AND WASTE (ATA 38)

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CATEGORY B1 - MECHANICAL
Table of Contents Page
Introduction ................................................................................... 2
Potable Water Systems ................................................................ 2
Pressure Control........................................................................... 4
Water System Distribution ............................................................ 4
Water Heating............................................................................... 6
Waste Water Collection and Drainage.......................................... 8
Quantity Indication ...................................................................... 10
Replenishment / Servicing .......................................................... 12
Potable Water System Maintenance Practices ........................... 14
Sanitizing of Water Tanks........................................................... 14
Cleaning of Waste Water Lines .................................................. 14
Sampling of The Water System .................................................. 16
Potable Water Systems Examples.............................................. 18
Lockheed L-1011 Potable Water System ................................... 18
Boeing 757 Potable Water System ............................................. 22
Introduction ................................................................................. 26
Aircraft Toilets............................................................................. 26
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Sub Module 11.17 – WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
Table of Contents Page
Removable Toilet Assemblies ..................................................... 28
Liquid Flush Toilets ..................................................................... 28
Operation .................................................................................... 30
Vacuum Toilets ........................................................................... 34
Vacuum Toilet Components........................................................ 34
Vacuum Toilet Operation ............................................................ 36
Waste Tanks ............................................................................... 38
Toilet Servicing............................................................................ 40
Special Features ......................................................................... 42
Toilet Safety and Health Precautions .......................................... 42
Maintenance Practices................................................................ 44
Cleaning of Waste Lines ............................................................. 44
Disinfection of The Waste Tanks................................................. 45
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“The training notes and diagrams are

compiled by SriLankan Technical Training
and although comprehensive in detail, they
are intended for use only with a Course of
instruction. When compiled, they are as up to
date as possible, and amendments to the
training notes and diagrams will NOT be
issued”.

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CATEGORY B1 - MECHANICAL
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the potable water system is to supply water for drinking
to the galleys and hot and cold water to the washbasins in the toilets for
use by the passengers and crew.
The potable water system allows several galleys and toilets to be fed
from a single tank, so reducing the servicing time for replenishment. If
vacuum toilets are fitted they are flushed using water from the potable
water system.
POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS
The major components in the potable water system are: -
- a tank for storing the potable water,
- an air pressure system to force the water from the tank,
- distribution lines to deliver the water to the galleys and
lavatories,
- a filling system for tank replenishment through an exterior
service panel,
- a quantity indication system,
- valves to drain the water from the system.
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Sub Module 11.17 – WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
The potable water tank is stored under the passenger floor in a cradle
type structure; the tank is constructed of fiberglass with metal bands
bonded into the fiberglass, these bands act as reinforcement for the
tank and as a means of supporting it in the cradle. Some older aircraft
use stainless steel potable water tanks.
If the aircraft operates in cold climates it may be fitted with an electric
heater blanket to prevent the contents from freezing. The quantity of
water required will depend on the number of passengers carried and the
range of the aircraft.
Various pipelines are connected to the tank components such as the: -
- tank drain,
- fill connection,
- overflow connection (with stand pipe),
- air pressure connection,
- supply lines (to galleys and lavatories).
A quantity transmitter system is installed to indicate the tank's contents;
panels on the ends of the tank enable interior examinations and
inspections to be carried out.
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Water Reservoir

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CATEGORY B1 - MECHANICAL
PRESSURE CONTROL
The water tank pressurization system provides air pressure into the tank
to force the water up to the distribution line. The pressurized air is
normally supplied by the aircraft's pneumatic system, but some types of
aircraft also use an electric compressor, which will automatically start
when the pneumatic pressure falls below a predetermined pressure.
The pressurized air passes through the following components before
entering the water tank: -
- filter, this normally uses a 'throwaway' paper element,
- pressure regulator, this reduces and controls the air pressure
to about 30 psi,
- a pressure relief valve, which prevents the over
pressurization of the tank should the regulator malfunction.
These components are usually located around the tank assembly.
On aircraft using a compressor a riser loop or plumber's loop is
incorporated to prevent water entering the compressor, the top of the
loop is higher than the distribution ducting, therefore water will always
go to the distribution lines first. A pressure switch in the air
pressurization line will start or stop the compressor as the tank pressure
varies.
If a compressor is not fitted or for test purposes then an air valve
(Schrader) can be fitted onto the ground-replenishing panel to enable
the tank to be pressurized whilst the pneumatic system is unpowered.
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Sub Module 11.17 – WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
WATER SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION
A main water distribution line is taken from the tank and is routed up into
the cabin ceiling area above the ceiling trim, from their individual supply
lines go to the toilets and galleys. The distribution lines are usually
flexible tubing enclosed in an aluminum shroud.
The flexible tube is normally reinforced with fiber covering to prevent it
from breaking due to freezing. The outer shroud prevents a leaking
water line from dripping onto the ceiling panels and subsequently onto
the passengers. The shroud will conduct any leaking water to the lower
fuselage area via shroud drain tubes, where it can drain out of the
fuselage via the lower fuselage drains.
A quick disconnect fitting is located above each toilet and galley to
enable the supply line to be disconnected from the toilet or galley when
it has to be removed.
A water shutoff valve is installed at each galley and lavatory to isolate
the galleys and lavatories from the potable water system in case of a
maintenance or operational need.
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Distribution system

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WATER HEATING A core plug type pressure relief valve in the water heater is designed to
relieve pressures above a specific value (approx 140 psi). The primary
A water heater with a capacity of about 3 pints is installed under each
purpose of the relief valve is to relieve excessive pressure should the
lavatory sink in the supply plumbing to the hot water tap, and is mounted
heater overheat due to a malfunction of the cycling switch or overheat
to the side of the cabinet on brackets.
switch.
The heater contains electrical elements inserted in the bottom of the
If the water heater requires replacement it can be isolated from the
tank. On the side of the tank is: -
potable water system by the lavatory water shutoff valve.
- a warning light,
- a control switch,
- an overheat reset switch,
- a relief valve.
Normally the heater switch will be 'ON' and the light will illuminate, a
cycling switch in the bottom of the water heater will regulate the water
temperature to about 125oF. As this temperature is achieved the switch
will open but the light remains 'ON' (see Fig. b on the next page). If a
malfunction of this switch occurs and the temperature of the water
exceeds a pre-determined value, the overheat switch will operate and
interrupt the power to the heater and the light.
If an overheat occurs the overheat switch must be manually reset by
pressing a button on the top of the water heater after a cooling down
period. If the reset operation is successful the light will illuminate. The
reset switch is normally covered with a rubber 'bubble'.

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FIG. b

FIG. a

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WASTE WATER COLLECTION AND DRAINAGE

Wastewater collection and drainage vary on different aircraft designs.
On some types of aircraft the wastewater from washbasins in the toilets
and the galley drains is sent overboard via drain masts under the
fuselage.
These masts are normally electrically heated to prevent freezing, and
the forward motion of the aircraft ensures that the wastewater is finely
atomized as it leaves the drain mast.
For the aircraft which use the system illustrated in Fig. b the wash basin
waste enters the toilet tank and is used to assist the flushing fluid into
the rinse ring.
NOTE: NO TOILET WASTE EVER LEAVES THE AEROPLANE
THROUGH THE DRAIN MASTS.
On early types of galley, collection bins were placed under the galley
counter (work surface). These containers are removed, emptied, and
refitted by the catering staff on each galley restock.
On modern aircraft to prevent cabin air leaking overboard through the
drain masts FLOAT type drain valves are introduced in the lavatory and
galley drains system.

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FIG. a

FIG. b

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QUANTITY INDICATION - an empty tank will illuminate the empty light,

Although some aircraft use a simple sight gauge by the side of the tank - a 1/4 full tank will illuminate the empty light and the 1/4 full
to indicate the level of its contents, on large aircraft the tank, which is light,
usually buried in the lower fuselage, requires a sensor fitted in the tank
- a 1/2 full tank will illuminate the empty light 1/4 and 1/2 full
to signal a remote quantity indicator in a location convenient for the
lights,
cabin staff.
- a 3/4 full tank will illuminate the empty light, 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4
One method of indication is to use a gauge, inside the cabin on the
full lights,
attendant's panel, and a corresponding gauge, which is fed from the
same float and electrical transmitter on the replenishment/drain panel. - a full tank will illuminate all the lights.
See Fig. a on the next page, for typical quantity gauge indications. If the button is pushed and no lights illuminate, not even the empty light,
Another common method of indicating the tank contents is to use a then it is an indication that there is no power to the circuit.
series of lights controlled by magnetic floats installed in the water tank
as shown in Fig. b on the next page. In this case the indicators consist
of five lights, which will illuminate when the button on the panel is
pressed. There is a light for each of the following quantities: -
- empty,
- 1/4 full,
- 1/2 full,
- 3/4 full,
- full tank.
The transmitter is a probe in the tank. A float, circular in shape, and
containing magnets will move up and down the probe following the
water level in the tank.

Fitted inside the probe are reed switches. As the float, and therefore the
magnets, moves up and down the probe, it will open or close each reed
switch that it passes.
These reed switches are connected to the lights so that: -

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FIG. b
FIG. a

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REPLENISHMENT / SERVICING
Replenishment of the potable water tank is usually required after each
flight, or when the cabin log is annotated for the tank to be refilled.
Potable water tanks are normally replenished to their full capacity,
however, some airlines with a limited number of passengers on a flight
may specify a lesser quantity.
Replenishment is carried out at the servicing panel, which is situated on
the lower skin of the fuselage.
A typical servicing panel is shown in Fig. a on the next page it is
normally covered with a flush fitting panel.
The servicing panel shown in Fig. a contains: -
- a water fill connection,
- a water drain connection,
- a water/vent valve handle,
- a drain valve handle,
- a quantity gauge.
The water fill connection, under a dirt excluder cap, is where the potable
water rig is plugged in to replenish the tank; it is a standard size
coupling.
The drain valve handle will allow the potable water tank and the supply
lines to be drained through the water drain connection, a pipe is
normally fitted to the connection prior to draining to carry away the
drained water.
The quantity gauge will only be required for part loads otherwise the
tank is replenished until it overflows. Quantity gauges can be in
gallons/liters as required by the operator.
If cold conditions are encountered whilst the aircraft is parked for long
periods (i.e., overnight) it will be necessary to drain the water system to
prevent fractures caused by frozen lines. If frost damage is to be
avoided all the delivery lines and the tank must be" emptied.
A vent valve is incorporated to prevent a vapor lock occurring in the
wash basin taps by opening the tap lines to atmosphere, later aircraft
have self venting taps which will automatically relieve the vapor lock,
(American manufactured aircraft refer to taps as faucets).
WARNING: IF THE WATER SYSTEM IS DRAINED ENSURE
ALL THE WATER HEATERS ARE TURNED OFF.
On modern aircraft for water tank-servicing quantity pre-selection via a
panel located in the cabin is available. This is made possible by
automatic closure of fill valves when selected quantity is reached. This
optimizes aircraft performance and eases servicing of aircraft.

When the tank is at its full capacity the water flows up a stack pipe in the
tank and overflows through the overflow connection onto the ground,
which is remote from the panel.
To enable the tank to be vented of pressurizing air and to open the fill
valve in the tank, the water/vent handle is pulled.
If the aircraft has an electrical compressor, pulling this handle will also
shut off the compressor while the tank is being vented. (See Fig. b on
the next page).

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FIG. a

FIG. b

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CATEGORY B1 - MECHANICAL
POTABLE WATER SYSTEM MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
It should always be remembered that potable water systems are for
human consumption, and therefore strict hygiene precautions should be
exercised at all times.
Whenever supply lines are disconnected for maintenance they must be
immediately blanked to prevent the ingress of dirt. If the aircraft has
been left standing for excessive periods, or if complaints are received of
foul tasting water the system will have to be disinfected and sterilized.
This action is laid out in the Maintenance Manual in Chapter 38
(Water/Waste). Water carts should always be operated at the specified
pressure.
SANITIZING OF WATER TANKS
Basic procedures are as follows: -
- drain the water system, turn off water heaters,
- remove any water filter cartridges (if fitted),
- charcoal filters are sometimes fitted under the toilet
washbasin.
- close all valves and refit filter cases,
Replenish the water system with a chlorine solution; this can be
achieved by one of three methods: -
- A concentrated chlorine solution may be introduced first and
then diluted by adding clean water.
- Chlorine may be mixed with clean water and then pumped
into the system.
- Chlorine can be added as the system is being filled.
NOTE: Do not add more chlorine than is directed as the water
system will then taste of chlorine.
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Sub Module 11.17 – WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
Once the system has been refilled to overflow,
- close the fill vent valve.
- leave the solution in the system for the specified time
(usually 1 hour),
- open all wash basin and galley taps until the solution flows
through,
- drain off the chlorine solution,
- refill and drain with clean drinking water testing the tap
outflow until the water no longer tastes of chlorine (this fill
and drain operation to remove the chlorine taste, may need
to be repeated three or four times).
- finally, replace the charcoal filters (if fitted),
- replenish the water system,
- turn on the water heaters.
Always put on rubber gloves, goggles and protective clothes to prevent
infection during this work.
Obey the manufacturers instructions when you use special materials, as
they could be harmful.
Do not get the water with the disinfectant solution on your skin or in your
eyes.
Put a guard around the water faucet outlet to prevent spray from the
solution getting on adjacent surfaces.
CLEANING OF WASTE WATER LINES
It is a good practice to clean the wastewater drains (overboard drains) at
frequent intervals to prevent drain blockage during operations. A
procedure commonly used is described below. Manufacturers
instructions must be followed always if applicable.
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- Put the one end of the drain hose equipped with a shut off
valve in drain line of each drain mast.
- Ensure that all connections of the waste water system are
tightened. If the connections are loose liquid will flow into the
lower fuselage.
- Put the other end of the drain hose assemblies in a
container.
- Close the shutoff valves on the drain hose assemblies.
- Make a solution of vinegar and water (mix 10 l of vinegar with
190 1 of water).
- Pour the mixture or approved cleaning material slowly into
the most forward washbasin(s) connected to the drain
mast(s) until it is full.
- Leave the mixture in the wastewater lines for about 1 hour.
- Then, open the shutoff valves on the drain hose assemblies
and drain the mixture from the lines.
- Flush each wastewater drain with clean water.
- When the flow of water has stopped, remove the drain hose
assemblies from the drain masts.

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SAMPLING OF THE WATER SYSTEM Germs Max. Allowed quantity per

milliliter/Usfl. Oz.
It is necessary for an airline to test the quality of water at intervals
recommended by the manufacturer or as mandated by the aviation
No. of germs increase at 20 1000 /1 ml
authorities. One must always follow instructions of the manufacturer a
deg.C (68 deg.F) for 48 hours 1000/0.034Usfl.oz.
general guide to accomplish this task is given below.
Make sure that the equipment you use for this procedure is clean and No of germs increase at 36 100/1ml
Approved for the potable water system. If not it can cause contamination deg.C (96.8 deg.F) for 100/0.034Usfl. oz.
of the potable water system. 48hours
Only qualified persons are permitted to take samples.
Get samples from the water faucet at these locations: Table 1
- at a galley, Germ increase rate
- at a lavatory.
Echerichia Coli 0/100 ml
It is generally recommended to get the two samples at the farthest point 0/3.38 Usfl.oz.
from the potable-water tank.
Apply a disinfectant to the outlet of the water faucet with a -spray gun or Coliform Bacteria 0/100 ml
Soak a lint-free cloth with disinfectants and clean the outer surface of 0/3.38 Usfl.oz.
the Water faucet and wait for approximately 1 minute. Use sterile rubber
gloves.
Position the sterile glass sample bottle in front of the lavatory water- Table 2
faucet outlet, before you operate the faucet.
Carefully operate the water faucet, and then fill the clean sterile glass
sample bottles with water. Seal the glass sample bottles and make sure
that no contamination goes into the bottles. Put a tag on the glass
sampling bottles. Write down the aircraft registration, the system, the
location, the date and the time on the tag. Send all the water sample
bottles to a hygienic institute for analysis. Listed below is a typical water
analysis table wherever applicable the national standards should be
adapted. Sampling should be carried out at the source, water bowser
and the aircraft outlets.
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STUDENT NOTES

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POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS EXAMPLES distribution lines to permit isolation of galley facilities for maintenance
purposes.
LOCKHEED L-1011 POTABLE WATER SYSTEM
A 3/4" fill connection at the water service panel provides for attachment
The potable water system, shown in Figure a, distributes drinkable
of a water supply line from ground servicing equipment. Water enters
water to lavatory sinks, drinking fountains and coffee makers in the
the tank through the open fill/overflow valve, which can be operated
galleys. Chlorinated potable water is stored in a fiberglass 150-gallon
remotely at the service panel through a remote control cable, or directly
tank located in the lower galley sidewall area. Tank quantity, which
at the valve by the valve handle. When the tank water level reaches the
varies between airlines, is determined by the length of a standpipe in the
standpipe, overflow water returns to the service cart via the overflow
overflow line, as shown in Figure b
line. When closed the fill/overflow valve enables pressurization by
The air space above the water level is pressurized through the air interconnecting the fill port/line with the standpipe/overflow line.
supply port by two on-board compressors, illustrated in Figure c, or by a
The normally closed drain valve can be opened by operating its handle
ground air source connected at the service panel. Compressor output
at the service panel. When the drain valve and supply shutoff valves are
passes through position indicating check valves, which monitor the
open. The entire system can be drained to a holding cart attached to the
output pressure and cause annunciators at the flight station to illuminate
overflow/drain connection. The system must be drained if the aircraft is
if a 5-psi differential is sensed. Air then enters the tank through a screen
going to be parked without electrical power in below freezing weather for
filter, relief valve, and check valve. The filter contains a red indicator,
any length of time.
which is displayed when the filter is 80% clogged.
Compressor control switches monitor pressure in the tank to turn on the
associated compressor when tank pressure is less than 30 psi, and turn
off the compressor when tank pressure reaches 35 psi. The air is
directed to the tank through a 35-psi regulator and a check valve. If both
compressors are inoperative, water can be made available to the user
system by half filling the tank with water and pressurizing the remaining
air space from a ground source. On demand, water under pressure exits
the tank through an outlet at the lower center, which is plumbed, to all
using facilities.
The material composition of most distribution lines is corrosion resistant
steel; however, titanium, Monel and flexible Teflon© hoses are used in
some areas.
To prevent freezing, some distribution lines are heated by wrap-around
heater blankets; heater jackets protect the fill/overflow valve and the
drain valve. Two manually operated shutoff valves are located in the
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FIG. a

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FIG. b

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FIG. c

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BOEING 757 POTABLE WATER SYSTEM Although some of the distribution lines are heated, they are fabricated of
materials that will sustain freezing without rupture or permanent
The major sub-systems of the potable water system are distribution,
distortion. System pressure is maintained automatically and is designed
stowage, pressurization, quantity indication and fill/drain (servicing). The
so that system pressure shall not drop below 10 psig with one lavatory
distribution system consists of lines that extend from the stowage tank
faucet open for full flow.
to all the lavatories and galleys.
The water pressurization system interfaces with the left pneumatic
The water tank shown in Figure a is filled with potable water from a
distribution system. When pressurized, the left pneumatic distribution
ground cart through an exterior service panel. The tank is pressurized
system provides air to pressurize the water system.
by an electric driven compressor or the engine bleed pneumatic
manifold.
Once pressurized, the water is forced from the tank through distribution
lines to the galleys and lavatories. In the lavatories, some of the water is
diverted through an electric water heater before being delivered to the
hot water faucets.
The water heater, located under the washbasin in each lavatory.
consists of a one and one-half quart cylindrical tank containing three
140 watt heating elements to heat the water, and a cycling thermal
switch which regulates the water temperature to approximately 125°F.
(52°C).
The water distribution system shown in Figure b is located below the
passenger compartment floor for the aft galley complex and above the
passenger compartment ceiling for all the lavatories and forward galley
complex.
Waste water from the galleys and from the lavatory sinks is directed
overboard through forward and aft drain masts. All supply and drain
lines below the level of the passenger floor are protected from freezing
by the use of heater tape. The drain masts are also electrically heated.
The quantity indication system uses a transmitter located on the tank
and indicators located on the servicing panel and in the forward galley
area. All components of the water system are constructed of corrosion
resistant materials suitable for use with superchlorinated water.

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FIG. a

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FIG. b

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STUDENT NOTES

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INTRODUCTION
The three types of toilet are: -
The provision of aircraft toilets is an essential requirement for any
aircraft carrying passengers over long distances. Without toilet facilities - removable toilet assembly,
an aircraft's range would be much reduced. Although considered - liquid flush type,
somewhat of a joke, aircraft toilets must be maintained and serviced
with care, there is no need for a toilet or its compartment to give off - vacuum toilet assembly.
smells if it is properly maintained. The passengers' comfort and health
must be protected. It is a sign of the airline's diligence if the toilets are
working correctly, and they are clean and odor free.
AIRCRAFT TOILETS
There are three types of toilet fitted to aircraft. The type used will
depend upon the number of passengers the aircraft can carry, and also
the age of the aircraft. In all cases it is essential that the relevant health
precautions be observed whenever the toilet is serviced. Due to the
nature of the fluids carried in the toilet, protection must also be given to
the structure of the aircraft to protect it from corrosion caused by these
fluids.

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PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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CATEGORY B1 - MECHANICAL
REMOVABLE TOILET ASSEMBLIES
The removable, or carry out toilet is the simplest type of aircraft toilet.
This type of waste storage device is often called an Elsan toilet, and is
simply a storage bin, which is filled with a strong chemical deodorant. A
seat is fitted to the top rim of the bin and when installed in the aircraft
the bin is covered by a decorative laminate material.
After the toilet has been used, the bin is removed complete with its
contents from the aircraft and the contents are disposed of in an
approved dumping site. The storage bin is refilled with the correct
amount of disinfectant and replaced in the aircraft, and recovered with
the decorative shroud.
Most removable toilet assemblies are secured by a quick release
method of attachment such as pip-pins to facilitate removal and fitting.
The carry out toilet is usually fitted to the smaller types of aircraft that
operate over short ranges.
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Module 11 – AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS AND STRUCTURES
Sub Module 11.17 – WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
LIQUID FLUSH TOILETS
Liquid flush toilets are the most common type of toilet found in
passenger aircraft, each toilet is completely self contained, having its
waste collection tank mounted directly below the toilet bowl, as shown in
Figure on the next page.
The toilet bowl and the top of the waste tank are normally covered by a
decorative laminate shroud, which also contains the toilet seat and
cover. The waste tanks are shaped to fit into the structure of the aircraft
and attached to the structure by tie-rods. Directly below the waste tank
is a drain fitting.
The toilet bowl is constructed of stainless steel and the tank units can be
of stainless steel or fiberglass laminate. The tank capacity will vary
depending on the number of passengers carried and the number of
toilets fitted to the aircraft; the usual capacity is 20 gallons.
The tanks are filled with a precharge of a strong chemical which is a
disinfectant, dye and deodorant of about 3 gallons, this will enable the
toilet to be used about 100 times, after which the toilet should be
emptied, cleansed and recharged.
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Toilet assy

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Figure on the next page shows the equipment that is fitted to the toilet OPERATION
tank and includes the: -
The toilet is an electrically powered flushing unit. It collects waste
- motor and pump, material in the toilet tank, disinfects, deodorizes, dyes and separates the
liquids in the waste and uses these liquids for flushing purposes.
- filter,
Toilet flushing is initiated by pushing the toilet flush button; this
- hinged separator,
energizes an electric timer which runs the motor in the waste tank for a
- rinse ring, 10 second cycle. The motor is attached to a pump and a mechanical
- flush line, self-cleaning filter. The pump impeller draws liquid through the rotating
filter and pumps it through a flush ring around the top of the toilet bowl
- related tubing, with a swirling action. This action carries the deposits into the waste
- drain valve. tank by opening the hinged separator. At the end of the 10-second cycle
the motor stops and rearms itself ready for the next operation. On the
The other items required for toilet operation not fitted to the tank are: - next operation the motor will reverse its direction to prevent the rotating
- flush handle, filter becoming entangled with non-decomposable waste

- timer.
These items are found on the cabinet above the toilet bowl attached to
the decorative laminate.

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Typical Flush lavatory

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FLUSHING COMPONENTS (Refer to Fig) driven by the motor, rotates with the pump. A stationary knife blade is
placed adjacent to the wire mesh to keep the exterior surface clear of
The toilet bowl is mounted on the top of the waste tank; it is
waste. This type of filter does not break down the solid waste into liquid.
manufactured of stainless steel and is highly polished to enable the
waste to be easily flushed off its surface. The lower part of the bowl is A flush line, which is a perforated tube, is placed around the top of the
closed off by a hinged separator which is very lightly sprung loaded waste tank, its purpose is to clean the sides of the tank whenever
closed, this separator acts as a sight trap so the waste is covered from replenishment of the chemical takes place through the ground flush line.
the passengers view and also prevents splash back of the strong
A tube enters the waste tank from the toilet bowl, as the toilet sink also
chemical during use.
drains its wastewater into the waste tank. A vent to atmosphere via a
On the top of the waste tank a reversible three phase 115 Volt a.c. venturi acts as a choke, to limit the outflow of cabin air when the aircraft
motor is fitted, this assembly drives both the rotating filter and an is pressurized. The vent from the cabin and the atmosphere vent ensure
impeller to pump the flushing fluid to the flush ring. The pump is self- that any odors produced by the waste tank are exhausted overboard.
priming and fitted with a non-corrodible carbon rotor. The toilet flush
A drain valve spring loaded closed, can be opened to allow the waste
motor and pump is removed as a complete unit.
tank to be emptied via a 4-inch diameter pipe to a standard Roylin
The filter assembly can be of two types: - connection on a toilet-servicing vehicle. Some aircraft also have lavatory
floor drains to allow any liquid spilled on the floor covering to be drained
- disc filter,
during toilet servicing. Toilet servicing will be discussed later in this sub
- filter basket. module.
DISC FILTER
This consists of a stack of flat wheel shaped discs, each disc being
separated by a spacer. The thickness of the spacer holding the discs
apart determines the degree of filtration. A stationary knife blade is
mounted beside the disc stack, and the blade extends into the slots
created by the spacers. When the filter is rotated by the motor all the
waste is combed through the slots by the cleaner blades, and it is then
broken down into liquid waste. This type of filter will break down the
waste particles to 300 microns.

FILTER BASKET
The filter basket surrounds the pump inlet, it is fitted to prevent the solid
waste entering the flush ring, the basket (shown in Fig. ) that is gear

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Typical Flush lavatory

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CATEGORY B1 - MECHANICAL
VACUUM TOILETS
On an aircraft fitted with a number of liquid flush toilets there were two
major problems, e.g., the corrosion risk and the time taken to drain and
replenish each individual toilet. Aircraft fitted with vacuum toilets
overcome these problems by having dry toilet assemblies located at
convenient points around the passenger cabin and connected to a
centralized storage tank by pipelines. A typical vacuum toilet assembly
is shown in Figure on the next page.
The vacuum toilet uses a waste container that has a negative pressure
inside it, (vacuum). When the remote toilet bowl is flushed a valve opens
and the waste is sucked down the pipeline into the storage tank. Water
is used for rinsing the bowl but vacuum toilets use clean water from the
drinking water tank, this water once used also goes to the waste tank.
On large aircraft with many toilets two waste tanks are used, a number
of toilet bowls using one tank the remaining remote toilets using the
other tank. This arrangement ensures that if one tank is full or not
working, the rest of the toilets using the remaining tank will still be
operative.
Whilst the aircraft is flying at altitude a differential pressure exists
between the cabin and the ambient conditions, this differential pressure
can be used to evacuate the air from the tanks. When the aircraft is at
low altitudes or on the ground, vacuum blowers are used to pump the air
from the storage tanks thus creating a vacuum.
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Sub Module 11.17 – WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
VACUUM TOILET COMPONENTS
The components of a typical vacuum toilet are shown in Fig.
TOILET BOWL
The toilet bowl is manufactured from stainless steel; some
manufacturers coat the bowl with Teflon to give it a 'non-stick' effect. A
rinse ring around the top of the bowl allows a supply of clean flushing
water to clean the bowl after use.
FLUSH CONTROL
The flush control contains a vacuum operated solenoid controlled valve,
which is opened for flushing. It can be closed by a manual shut off lever
should the valve malfunction, thus preventing a permanent leak of cabin
pressure to atmosphere.
WATER CONTROL VALVE
The water control valve is a solenoid-operated valve that opens when
the toilet is flushed to put a predetermined amount of water into the flush
ring. This valve can also be manually shut in case of a leak of water into
the cabin, or when the toilet assembly is removed.
TIMING MODULE
The timing module sequences the flush cycle, it is activated by the flush
handle.
VACUUM BREAKER
The vacuum breaker is in the rinse water line between the rinse ring in
the toilet bowl and the water valve. It prevents water being drawn back
into the drinking water system from the rinse ring.
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Vacuum Lavatory

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VACUUM TOILET OPERATION

Consider Fig. a adjacent and Fig. b on the next page. When the flush
handle is operated the cycle is started: -
- if the aircraft is at low altitude (below 16,000 ft) the vacuum
blowers are turned on.
- one second later the water valve is opened and pumps a
small amount (6 to 8 ounces) of water to the rinse ring to
clean the toilet bowl.
- the flush valve solenoid is energized, and the valve is
opened using vacuum power. The valve stays open for four
seconds to allow the waste to be sucked into the waste tank.
- after the cycle is completed the vacuum blowers are
switched off, and the timer returns to the start ready for the
next cycle as shown in Fig. a.

FIG. a

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FIG. b

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WASTE TANKS WASTE LINE CONNECTORS

The storage tanks are situated over a common drain point. They are These are the input from the toilet assemblies into the waste tanks.
manufactured from stainless steel with a jacket of fiberglass. Mountings
LEVEL SENSORS
are fabricated into the tank, and the tanks are mounted into a cradle,
which is held onto the aircraft structure by support struts, (see Fig. a). These are fitted to the top of each tank to prevent it over filling. The level
sensor when operated illuminates a light on a cabin attendant's panel to
Into the top of the tanks are mounted the connections for toilet
indicate which toilets are not functioning.
operation: -
VACUUM BLOWER AND DIFFERENTIAL CONNECTIONS
- waste line connections,
They provide the tank with a negative pressure source, which source is
- level sensors,
used depends on the altitude at which the aircraft is flying.
- vacuum blower connection,
RINSE FITTINGS
- differential pressure connection,
These direct a jet of cleaning fluid from a connection on the ground
- rinse fittings, service panel to clean the level sensors and the inside of the storage
tank.
- liquid separator.
LIQUID SEPARATOR
These are shown in Fig. b.
This filter prevents the contents of the tank, particularly liquids, from
entering the vacuum source lines during aircraft maneuvers.

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FIG. b

FIG. a

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CATEGORY B1 - MECHANICAL
VACUUM BLOWERS
The vacuum blowers are mounted on the aircraft structure close to the
top of the storage tanks; they are connected to the tanks by flexible
rubber hoses. (See Fig. a on the next page). The blowers are powerful
centrifugal compressors that evacuate the tanks, and are protected by
thermal switches to prevent motor overheat. The blowers are controlled
by the flush switches in the toilets and by aneroid switches, which will
automatically start the motor when the toilets are flushed and the aircraft
altitude is below 16,000 feet. The motors are cooled by air drawn into
the motors via an air filter, which ensures that no foreign objects are
drawn into the motor.
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Sub Module 11.17 – WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
TOILET SERVICING
Toilets are emptied from a toilet servicing point, which is usually on the
underside of the fuselage (Fig. b on the next page). A toilet truck with a
hose and connection is fitted to the drain point on the aircraft, the toilet
vehicle's tank is then evacuated and a drain valve is opened in the drain
tube of the toilet. The waste is sucked into the vehicle's tank from the
toilet storage tank.
Also on the toilet vehicle is a tank containing the precharge fluid, this is
pumped into the storage tank through the tank flush line (liquid flush
toilets). Vacuum toilets require no precharge fluid, except for cleaning
the tank at regular intervals through the rinse fittings.
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FIG. b
FIG. a

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CATEGORY B1 - MECHANICAL
SPECIAL FEATURES
Many aircraft toilet drainpipe fittings include a safety plug; the plug is
made from rubber or plastic material. The fitment of the plug prevents
inadvertent drainage of the toilet; it also acts as a second seal. The
drain cap is prevented from being closed unless the plug is fitted and
the exterior panel will not lie flush if the cap is not secured. See figure
on next page.
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Sub Module 11.17 – WATER AND WASTE SYSTEMS
TOILET SAFETY AND HEALTH PRECAUTIONS
The following notes relate to toilets in general, for specific precautions
you should refer to the aircraft's Maintenance Manual {Chapter 38,
Water -Waste).
- on completion of maintenance of toilet systems you should
clean all the tools used.
- wash your hands with soap and water when you complete
work on the waste system especially before eating or
smoking.
- do not run the flush motor if the toilet tank is empty as
overheating could occur.
- mop up all spilt liquids immediately to prevent corrosion
occurring to the aircraft structure.
- do not drop cigarette ends down the toilet, as many toilet
pipelines are plastic.
Always use rubber gloves when you do work on the toilet waste system
or on parts that have contamination from the waste system.
Do not work on the waste system and the potable water system
at the same time to prevent contamination of the potable water
system.
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Safety features

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MAINTENANCE PRACTICES Warm water, will make the cleaning procedure easier. Operate the
high-pressure water pump. Slowly push the high-pressure hose into the
CLEANING OF WASTE LINES
waste line. If necessary apply common grease to the high-pressure
Prepare the toilet assemblies. hose. During the cleaning procedure you must flush the toilet
- Remove the toilet shrouds periodically to drain the waste line. stop the high-pressure cleaning
equipment at specified intervals and drain the waste holding tanks
- Close the water shutoff valves in the lavatories.
When the spray nozzle does not go further into the waste line:
- Disinfect the toilet assemblies.
- stop the high-pressure water pump,
Put specified amount of approved disinfectants in each toilet assembly
of the aircraft and Flush the toilet assemblies. - remove the high-pressure hose from the waste line.

Apply disinfectants to the toilet bowl, the flush valves and other Do the procedure for all of the toilets on the aircraft.
contaminated areas. On completion of the task
if a toilet waste line is blocked, the line must be removed and cleaned - Remove the ground support and maintenance equipment,
before you continuation with this procedure. the special and standard tools and all other items.
Drain the waste holding tanks, put plastic sheets on the floor of the - Clean and dry the work area with lint-free cloths.
lavatory and the surrounding area to protect the floor coverings.
- Install the toilet
Disconnect the toilet assemblies from the aircraft
- Examine the toilet connections and the waste lines for leaks.
Assemble the high-pressure cleaning equipment (VACLAV Cleaner)
.The high-pressure cleaning equipment must have:
- a high-pressure water pump-VACLAV Cleaner,
- a high-pressure hose,
- a spray nozzle-VACLAV Cleaner
Make sure that the hose does not go into the waste separator. if it does
it can cause damage to the waste separator and to the waste holding
tank.
Put the spray nozzle approximately 1 m into the waste line of the toilet.

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CLEANING OF WASTE LINES (Procedure 2)

- Service the waste holding tanks
- Start the procedure at the most forward lavatory.
- Flush the toilet assembly.
- Put specific amount of crushed ice into the toilet assembly.
The ice must be crushed, you must not use ice cubes.
- Put vinegar (10% acetic acid solution) or approved
disinfectant) into the toilet and flush the toilet immediately.
- Flush the toilet about 3 times to rinse the toilet bowl.
Do the procedure for all of the toilets on the aircraft.

DISINFECTION OF THE WASTE TANKS

Use the toilet service vehicle to fill each waste holding tank with
specified amount of approved disinfectants. Make sure that there is no
leaks from the toilet drain connections or the fill/rinse connections.
Turn off the toilet service vehicle and disconnect the service hoses.
Close the caps of the waste drain-line valve and the tank flush
connections.
Clean and dry the service panel area with a clean cloth.

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WASTE SYSTEMS Examples The logic control boxes are identical; each contains line-replaceable
printed circuit cards, including a separate 12-second flush timer card for
L-1011 WASTE SYSTEM
each toilet in the subsystem and space for spare timer card storage.
The waste system shown in figure consists of independent forward and Each logic box also contains externally accessible switches and
aft subsystems which are functionally the same and physically similar. indicator lights for testing motor/pump/filter assemblies.
Both installations are self-contained. Recirculating liquid chemical
The waste tank is drained, flushed and filled at the waste service panel.
systems, which process and store lavatory toilet waste products.
It is gravity drained to a suitable ground holding cart through a manually
Forward lavatory toilets are served by a 40-gallon waste tank; aft
operated drain valve, and is pressure-flushed / filled through a self-
lavatory toilets by an 80-gallon tank.
sealing fill / flush port.
Forward and aft service panels contain provisions for draining, flushing
Fill or flush liquid enters the tank through a fill/flush manifold, which
and pre-charging the associated tank. The service panels also contain
contains six spray nozzles. The nozzles direct flush liquid spray to
indicating lights for tank liquid level indication.
assure complete cleaning action.
Each tank is pre-charged prior to flight with a dye – deodorant –
With the drain valve closed, the tank is pre-charged through the fill/flush
disinfectant (3D) chemical flushing liquid; the forward tank with 15
port and spray nozzles with a dye-deodorant-disinfectant liquid
gallons, the aft with 20 gallons. In each system, pressure for toilet
chemical. The service panel also contains indicating lights for
flushing is supplied by three tank-mounted motor/pump/filter
determining the quantity of accumulated waste in the tank.
assemblies, which operate one at a time in selective rotational
sequence. One pump develops sufficient pressure to flush all
subsystem toilets simultaneously. The pumps are controlled by solid-
state circuitry in a logic control box mounted near the tank.
A flush valve on each toilet in the system is also controlled by the logic
box. Flush signals are initiated at each toilet by a flush control
lever/switch assembly.

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The wastewater panel, shown in figure at the flight engineer station,

contains forward and aft pump dial lights for annunciation of pump
failure in the associated subsystem.
A flush signal is generated when a flush control lever is momentarily
pressed. Logic box circuitry opens the associated flush valve and
activates the next pump in rotational sequence. At the end of 12
seconds the flush valve is closed and the pump is shut off. Unless it’s
operating time is extended through activation of other timers by
concurrent flush signals.
Waste tank odors are ducted overboard through a vent line, which
terminates near the service panel. Air pressure for tank venting can be
supplied from one of three sources: cabin pressure, the pneumatic
system, or ground air. When the aircraft is pressurized, cabin air passes
through the toilets into the waste tank and exhausts overboard through
the vent line and outflow control valve. If the cabin is not pressurized,
odors are drawn from the tank by a vent air jet pump in the vent line,
which can be operated from air pressure supplied by the pneumatic
system, or from a ground source through the ground vent air valve at
the service panel.

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757 WASTE SYSTEM

The waste system shown in Figure provides toilet facilities in each
lavatory. The system consists of a toilet assembly in each lavatory;
airplane exterior-mounted servicing panels, and the necessary plumbing
and hardware for system control, operation and servicing.
Each toilet consists of a waste tank and flushing equipment. The
lavatory compartments, toilet bowls and waste tanks are vented by the
lavatory/galley ventilation system. Servicing is accomplished externally
through three service panels.

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The toilet/waste assembly, shown in Figure, is a self-contained unit

installed in each lavatory. It is installed above the floor of the lavatory
and attached to airplane structure with two tie bolts.
Initiation of the flush cycle is through a switch and timer located on the
lavatory wall. The toilets are serviced from exterior service panels.
The toilet tank is constructed of molded Kevlar<li> and the various
components required for operation of the toilet are mounted on the top.
These components consist of the toilet bowl with separator, the motor-
pump-filter assembly, the tank drain valve assembly, the motor driven
shutoff valve assembly, fluid level sensor and the tank and toilet bowl
vents.
The entire unit is covered with an easily removable decorative shroud.
The toilet-timer is a self-contained unit mounted with four screws behind
the lavatory wall at the back of the toilet. A shaft on the unit extends
though the wall and an operating handle is attached to this shaft with a
self-locking setscrew. Each time the handle is pressed, power is applied
to the control circuitry, starting a solid-state timer and energizing a relay.
This will supply 115 VAC power to the flush motor for a period of 10
seconds after which the relay will open.

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747-400 TOILET WASTE SYSTEM Waste tank level is monitored by two level sensors in each waste tank.
The sensors are connected to a sensor and logic control module. When
The 747-400 toilet waste system uses a vacuum system to collect,
a waste tank reaches capacity, the level monitoring system prevents the
transport and store toilet waste. The waste system shown in Figure
associated toilets from flushing, and illuminates a LAV INOP light on the
provides toilets throughout the main deck and upper deck passenger
attendant's panel. All waste tanks are serviced from one waste service
cabin.
panel.
The system uses potable water to flush the toilet bowls, and vacuum
The panel contains a waste drain cap and rinse fittings. The drain cap is
(differential pressure) to transport the waste through toilet drain lines to
opened to provide a connection for ground service equipment. When the
waste tanks in the bulk cargo compartment.
drain valves are opened waste tank contents flow out this connection.
The toilet flushing cycle is controlled by a flush control unit. This unit After draining, the tanks are rinsed with flushing liquid through the rinse
sequences and times the cycle including the rinse water valve, flush fitting on the service panel. The liquid passes through a filter before
valve, and vacuum blower operation. entering the rinse housing assemblies in the tank. After rinsing, a wet
The vacuum (differential) is created by a vacuum blower at lower pre-charge may be added to the tanks.
altitudes and differential pressure at high altitudes. At altitudes below
16.000 feet (12.000 feet on descent) the vacuum blower is not operating
and the blower shutoff valve is closed at high altitudes, the differential
pressure between the cabin and ambient provides the vacuum. All air
leaving the waste tanks passes through a liquid separator.

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STUDENT NOTES

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