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 Earth’s Interior

Tectonic Plates
Types of Faults
Seismic Waves
Fault Plane
Epicenter and Hypocenter
Types of Focuses
Active and Inactive Faults
The inner core is solid
an unattached to the
mantle, suspended in
the molten iron core. It is
believed to have
solidified as a result of
pressure-freezing which
occurs to most liquids
when temperature
decreases or pressure
increases while the outer
core is a hot, electrically
conducting liquid within
which convective
motion occurs.
The inner core is 1,216
km thick while the outer
core is 2,270 km thick.

The inner core is


composed of solid iron-
nickel alloy while the
outer is liquid.
The continental crust
The Earth’s outer shell,
the lithosphere, consisting of
the crust and uppermost
mantle, is divided into a
patchwork of large tectonic
plates that move slowly
relatively to each other.
There are 7-8 major plates
and many minor plates.
Varying between 0-100 mm
per year, the movement is
driven by convection in the
underlying hot and viscous
mantle.
Where the crust
is being pulled apart,
normal faulting
occurs, in which the
overlying block
(hanging-wall) moves
down with respect to
the lower (foot wall)
block.
Where the crust
is being compressed,
reverse faulting
occurs, in which the
hanging wall block
moves up over the
footwall block-
reverse slip on a
gently inclined plane
is referred to as thrust
faulting.
Crustal blocks may
also move sideways
past each other,
usually along nearly-
vertical faults. This
strike-slip movement
is described as sinistral
when the far side
moves to the left, and
dextral, when the far
side moves to the
right.
Seismic waves are the waves of energy
caused by the sudden breaking of rock
within the Earth or an explosion. They are
the energy that travels through the Earth
and is recorded on seismographs.

There are several different kinds of seismic


waves, and they are all move in different
ways. The two main types are body waves
and surface waves.
Travelling through the interior of the Earth,
body waves arrive before the surface
waves emitted by an earthquake. These
waves are of a higher frequency than
surface waves.

Two kinds:
Primary wave and Secondary wave
 Fastest kind of seismic
wave, and
consequently, the first
to arrive at a seismic
station.
The P-wave can move through solid rock and
fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the Earth.
Also known as compressional waves, because of
the pushing and pulling they do.
 The second wave that
can be felt in an
Earthquake.

An S wave is slower than a P wave and can only


move through solid rock, not through any liquid
medium.
S waves rock particles up and down, or side to
side perpendicular to the direction that the wave
is travelling in.
Travelling only through the crust, surface
waves are of a lower frequency than body
waves, and are easily distinguished on a
seismogram as a result. Though they arrive
after body waves, it is surface waves that are
almost entirely responsible for the damage
and destruction associated with Earthquakes.
Two kinds:
Love wave and Rayleigh wave
 Named after A.E.H.
Love, British
Mathematician who
worked out the
mathematical model
for this kind of wave in
1911.
• Fastest surface wave, moves the ground from
side-to-side, and produces entirely horizontal
motion.
 Named for John
William Strutt, Lord
Rayleigh, who
mathematically
predicted the
existence of this kind
of wave in 1885.
A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a
wave rolls across a lake or ocean.
Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and
down, and side to side in the same direction that
the wave is moving.
The fault plane is the
planar (flat) surface
along which there is a
slip during an
earthquake
The hypocenter is
the point within the
Earth where an
earthquake rupture
starts.
The epicenter is
the point directly
above it at the
surface of the Earth
The epicenter is
the point directly
above it at the
surface of the Earth

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