ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guides ( R.T. Sir
and my parents )for their exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this project. The blessing, help and guidance given by them time to time
shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark also take this
opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to company mentor name, designation, for his
cordial support, valuable information and guidance, which helped me in completing this task
through various stages.

I am obliged to staff members of (Trinity International College), for the valuable information
provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period
of my assignment.

Lastly, I think almighty, my parents, brother, sisters and friends for their constant encouragement
without which this assignment would not be possible.

1
 OBJECTIVES

This project comes with the basic objective of helping us students to excel in various included
topics of computer science. MS-word, MS-excel, MS-PowerPoint and HTML are the specific
chapters we are expected to work successfully in. The main objectives of the project are
enumerated below:

 To work on paragraph and text formatting in MS-Word.

 To create a sample calendar of a month, an ID card, an SLC marksheet and a sample of
newspaper advertisement.
 To successfully MS-Excel along with creating a mark ledger and a salary sheet.
 To work on particularize presentation in M-PowerPoint.
 Finally, to excel in web designing using Hyper Text Markup Language.
 To learn to prepare simple websites.
 To make arrangement for learning programming languages.
 To be able to make any presentation using MS PowerPoint and be able to produce the
presentation in graphical format.

After the completion of the project we will most certainly acquire adequate knowledge on the
enlisted topics which will behold strong significance to our education to our future.

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 Table of contents

1 Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………..1

2 Objective………………………………………………………....................................2

3 Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………3

4 Background Theory………………………………………………………………………..4
4.1 Microsoft Word……………………………………………………………………………………………………4
4.2 Microsoft Excel…………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
4.3 Web Designing and HTML……………………………………………………………………………………10

5 Work done…………………………………………………………………………………….11
5.1 Microsoft Word
5.2 Microsoft PowerPoint
5.3 Microsoft Excel
5.4 Web Designing and HTML

6 Conclusion and future work…………………………………………………………12

7 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………12

8 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………13
8.1 HTML codes………………………………………………………………………………………………………...14

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WORD PROCESSOR
A word processor is software or a device that allows users to create, edit, and print documents. It
enables you to write text, store it electronically, display it on a screen, modify it by entering
commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it.
MICROSOFT WORD
Microsoft word is a word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under
the multi-tool word for Xenix system. It is a component of the Microsoft office software system.
It is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft works suite. It is the world’s
most popular word processor. It is most flexible to work with. It is used to write documents and
letters. Features of MS-Word

 New style sheets (quick styles) and ability to switch easily among them.
 Default Font now 'Calibri' instead of 'Times New Roman', as featured in previous versions of
Microsoft Office.
 Word count listed by default in the status bar. The word count dynamically updates as we
type.
 New contextual spell checker, signified by a wavy blue underline analogous to the traditional
wavy red underline for misspellings and wavy green underline for grammar errors,
sometimes catches incorrect usage of correctly spelled words, such as in "I think we will
lose this battle".
 Translation tool tip option available for English (U.S.), French (France), and Spanish
(International Sort). When selected, hovering the mouse cursor over a word will display its
translation in the particular language. Non-English versions have different sets of languages.
Other languages can be added by using a separate multilingual pack.
 Automated generation of citations and bibliographies according to defined style rules,
including APA, Chicago, and MLA. Changing style updates all references automatically.
Connect to web services to access online reference databases.
 Architected native mathematical equation support with Text-like linear input/edit language
or GUI. Also supports the Unicode Plain Text Encoding of Mathematics.
 Preset gallery of cover pages with fields for Author, Title, Date, Abstract, etc. Cover pages
follow the theme of the document (found under the Page Layout tab).

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 Document comparison engine updated to support moves, differences in tables, and also easy
to follow tri-pane view of original document, new document, and differences.
 Full screen reading layout that shows two pages at a time with maximal screen usage, plus a
few critical tools for reviewing.
 Building Blocks, which lets one save frequently used content, so that they are easily
accessible for further use. Building blocks can have data mapped controls in them to allow
for form building or structured document authoring.
 The ability to save multiple versions of a document (which had existed since Word 97) has
been removed.
 Drops function for Insert/Picture/From Scanner or Camera. Can be added manually.
 Drops the "Bullets and Numbering" dialog boxes and rich, easily controlled range of options
for formatting Outline Numbered lists.

BASIC TERMS OF MS-WORD

FONT: Changes the style of text typed in documents.

For example: “Hi my name is bijita parajuli”

FONT SIZE: Changes the size of text typed in documents.
For example: “I am student of Trinity”
BOLD: Makes the selected block look bolder than the other text.
For example: “MS-Word is a type of word processor”
ITALIC: Makes the selected text slanted.
For example: “I am a student”
UNDERLINE: Underlines the selected text.
For example: “Trinity International college”
ALIGNMENT: Change the alignment of paragraph(left/right/center/justify/distributed).
FIND AND REPLACE: Find the searched word and replace with offered word.
LINE SPACING: Change the spacing between the lines of text.
For example: “Word processor is the application software.

MS- Word is a type of word processor.”

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6
The Microsoft Office Button

In the upper-left corner of the Word 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. When
we click the button, a menu appears. We can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing
file, save a file, and perform many other tasks.

The Quick Access Toolbar

Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick Access
toolbar provides us with access to commands we frequently use. By default Save, Undo, and
Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. We can use Save to save our file, Undo to rollback an
action we have taken, and Redo to reapply an action we have rolled back.

The Title Bar

Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. The Title bar displays the title of the
document on which we are currently working. Word names the first new document we open
Document1. As we open additional new documents, Word names them sequentially. When we
save our document, we assign the document a new name.

The Ribbon

We use commands to tell Microsoft Word what to do. In Microsoft Word 2007, we use
the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of the screen, below the
Quick Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs; clicking a tab displays several

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related command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. We click buttons to
issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes. We may also find a dialog box launcher in
the bottom-right corner of a group. Clicking the dialog box launcher gives us access to additional
commands via a dialog box. Some important commands are as follows:

Home Ribbon:
Home ribbon is a simple tool that helps the user to simply edit his/her document. It
includes simple handling of the text section only. In the home ribbon we can have other sections
in order to specify the editing of the text. We can see the following sections in the home ribbon:

1. Clipboard:

In the clipboard, we can simply copy, cut and paste the texts from one document to the other
or in the same document. We can also find Format Printer, with which we can simply make our
settings avail for the incoming or the preceding text.

2. Font:

Font is another important section on the Home ribbon. Font is the editor of the text. We can
edit the text starting from its size to coloring the text and verifying the positions of the texts. We
can bold, underline or change the font to italics. These are the most simple but the most
important functions of MS-Word. Except from changing the format of the text, we can also
change the case of the text from all lower to all upper or lower to upper or inverting the cases of
the texts.

3. Paragraph:

Paragraph is another important section among the sections of the home ribbon. Paragraph
provides us the space to change the paragraph format of the texts. Numbering or bulleting the

8
 text is another important service that the paragraph section provides. We can also change the
alignment of the texts, shade the paragraphs and give borders to the end of the paragraphs.

4. Styles:

The styles section in the home ribbon helps us to choose various style templates provided or
we can put our own mostly used style in order to use it easily.

5. Editing:

The editing section allows us to find, replace and select text easily.

Insert Ribbon
Insert ribbon is as important as Home ribbon and helps user to deal with others than text.
It includes creating many other documents other than the text and shows the variety of tasks that
the MS-Word can offer. Insert ribbon has the following sections intact:

1. Pages:

The pages section helps us to insert new page and extend our document. It has templates of
cover pages which we can use to make cover pages. We can insert as many blank pages as we
like. We can also break a page into another if it is needed to.

2. Tables:

The table section is another important section in the insert ribbon. It helps us to insert tables
or create our own tables to keep records of offices and other organization. The table function
provides a wide range of data insertion which can be recorded.

3. Illustrations:

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 The illustrations section of the insert ribbon can help us to insert picture, clip art, shapes,
smart art or chart as per our need. We can also prepare presentations with the help of this section
of insert ribbon.

4. Links:

The Links section can help us link an URL with our document. We can directly click the link
and visit the site mentioned in the document. The bookmark tool also helps us to make a mark in
our document in order to view it at any time. We can also mark any paragraphs or line numbers
in our text using cross-reference tools.

5. Header & Footer:

The header and footer section helps us to add text as the heading and the ending in any page
or any text. It also helps us to put page number of any page.

6. Text:

The text section includes other option to format and edit text. It helps us to put a text box so
we can mark our part of text. We can also insert reusable pieces of contents in our text which
specifies the information provided by the text. It is like summary of the text.

7. Symbols:

The symbols section helps us to insert various mathematical symbols or Greek alphabets giving
various meanings. It can be used in typing mathematical texts or formulae.

Mailings

Mailings are another important ribbon which is used to mail of texts in MS-Word. The
following sections of the Mailings ribbon are described as follows:

1. Create:

This section enables us to create and label our texts in order to send it as a mail.

2. Start Mail Merge:

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 Start Mail Merge is another important section which helps us to create forms for sending
mails to different persons with unique contents. This allows us to give our texts the form of mail.

3. Write & Insert Fields:

Write and insert field section helps us to insert various fields in our texts in order to give the
correct form of the mails.

4. Preview Result:

This section helps us to find our recipient and check for errors. Aggregately, it is the tool
which helps us to make our mail ready for sending.

5. Finish:

It is the final section of writing mail through MS-Word. It helps to end the formalities for the
mailing section and finally send the mail.

Page Layout:

Page Layout Ribbon helps us to make changes in the pages of our texts. The page layout
ribbon includes the following sections:

1. Themes:

The themes section can help us to provide different types of themes on the pages. For a
certain page we can provide various fonts, colors and effects that we’d like to put on.

2. Page Setup:

We can setup pages including the margins of the pages, orientation of the pages, size of the
pages and columns of the pages. These tools help us to provide various affects to the pages. We

11
 can also break pages and lines as per our need. We can also have uniform spacing with the help
of hyphenation.

3. Page Background:

The page background tool helps us to put different backgrounds on the page including page
color, water mark and page borders.

4. Paragraph:

The paragraph section of the page layout helps us to manage the position of the paragraph in
a page.

5. Align:

Align section provides us the facilities to move the texts and paragraphs in our page.

Reference:
Reference Ribbon is used for secondary purposes on MS-Word in order to make the texts
attractive. Following sections can determine the works of reference ribbon:

1. Table of Contents:

This section of reference helps us to make table of contents with attractive templates. We can
also compare the sizes of the texts with the help of Add Text tool and replace as required. We
can also update table from any other source.

2. Footnotes:

Footnotes provide a wide variety of inserting foot notes in our text. We can make our texts
attractive by inserting such footnotes.

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 3. Citations & Bibliography:

This tool or section can help us citation from different sources or even create it. It also helps
us to write and format in the international formats of writing bibliography. We can provide
attractive bibliography in our texts from the templates as well.

4. Captions:

The captions help us to insert various forms of headings either on tables, pictures or any
other texts.

5. Index:

Index enables us to insert index on various important topics if regarded. It can help user to
easily find the portion they want to visit if they are searching for it.

6. Tables of Authorities:

It helps us to insert the table format of the cases that can be found in the text. We can also
mark the important citations in the texts in order to view it easily.

Review
The review ribbon is an important ribbon in order to finalize our texts. The following
section can be described as to make the review ribbon clearer:

1. Proofing:

This section helps us to check spelling and grammar errors. IT can also be used for research,
thesaurus or translate words. We can also set our own regional language through it and also
count the words in our texts.

2. Comments:

We can add comment boxes in our texts providing others the space to comment, which will
make the readers easier with our text.

3. Tracking:

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 This section helps of change tracks of texts and show markup from the texts. It also helps to
review our text pane.

4. Changes:

The changes section helps us to accept or reject the changes that had been made to the
original text.

5. Compare:

It helps us to compare between different texts and choose the best formats among texts.

6. Protect:

It helps us to protect our document by putting passwords to our texts.

View
This ribbon helps us to view our overall text. The following sections are present in the view
ribbon:

1. Document Views:

This section of the ribbon helps us to change the layouts of printing in the appropriate form
that we need.

2. Show/Hide:

Show/Hide section provides us the option to either show or hide various functions of the
page like Ruler, Document Map etc.

3. Zoom:

The zoom section helps us to magnify our text if it is difficult to understand or to reduce the
size with the help of zoom section to make it fit for the screen and view it inn different sizes.

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 4. Window:

This section helps us to differentiate word into different documents or merge different
documents into one and even start a new document. We can also view the documents in different
formats and also to switch between different documents.

5. Macros:

Macro is an import tool that enables us to switch from MS-Word to Visual Basic and enable
the programming for us.

Developer
Developer ribbon is used to provide information about the developer of the document in
different formats. The developer ribbon can be best described by the following sections of it:

1. Code:

This section helps us to put forward the concept of programming in MS-Word. We can also
link our text with the programming and finally provide security to our text.

2. Controls:

Controls provide the user the freedom to integrate and choose between various options or
also add their own text in the given text. We can use the given structures to provide such services
to the users or create our own.

3. XML:

We can also add XML document to our text document with the help of this tool and manage
it effectively.

4. Protect:

Protect section is only used to provide security to the rights of the text and to the personal
work. It is a very important tool.

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 5. Templates:

This section is used to select different types of templates of different functions of the from
the give ones or add our own to them.

The Ruler

The ruler is found below the Ribbon.

The Text Area

Just below the ruler is a large area called the text area? We type our document in the text
area. The blinking vertical line in the upper-left corner of the text area is the cursor. It marks the
insertion point. As we type, our text displays at the cursor location. The horizontal line next to
the cursor marks the end of the document.

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The Vertical and Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars

The vertical and horizontal scroll bars enable us to move up, down, and across our
window simply by dragging the icon located on the scroll bar. The vertical scroll bar is located
along the right side of the screen. The horizontal scroll bar is located just above the status bar. To
move up and down our document, click and drag the vertical scroll bar up and down. To move
back and forth across our document, click and drag the horizontal scroll bar back and forth. We
won't see a horizontal scroll bar if the width of our document fits on our screen.

The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of our window and provides such information
as the current page and the number of words in our document. We can change what displays on
the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options we want from the
Customize Status Bar menu. We click a menu item to select it. We click it again to deselect it. A
check mark next to an item means it is selected.

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Understanding Document Views

In Word 2007, we can display our document in one of five views: Draft, Web Layout,
Print Layout, Full Screen Reading, or Online Layout.

Draft View
Draft view is the most frequently used view. We use Draft view to quickly edit
our document.
Web Layout
Web Layout view enables us to see our document as it would appear in a browser
such as Internet Explorer.

Print Layout
The Print Layout view shows the document as it will look when it is printed.
Reading Layout
Reading Layout view formats our screen to make reading our document more
comfortable.
Outline View
Outline view displays the document in outline form. We can display headings
without the text. If we move a heading, the accompanying text moves with it.

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PRESENTATION
PowerPoint is a presentation program developed by Microsoft. It is included in the standard
office suite along with Microsoft word and excel. The software allows users to create anything
from basic slide shows to complex presentations.
CONCEPT OF PRESENTATION
A presentation is a collection of data and information that is to be delivered to a specific
audience. A PowerPoint presentation is a collection of electronic slides that can have text,
pictures, graphics, tables, sound and video. This collection can run automatically or can be
controlled by preenter. PowerPoint is presentation software that can be used to create slide
shows for printing, on screen projection, or web based display.
Pictures and graphics are a big part of any PowerPoint. They can be added using the icon on the
content layout slide types or simply by using the insert tab on the ribbon.
Most PowerPoint presentations are created from a template which include a background color or
image a standard font and choice of several slide layout.

FEATURES OF PRESENTATION SOFTWARE

1. Different form of information such as text, graphics, audio, video and
animation can be presented.
2. Different forms of charts, tables and objects can be embedded in the slides of
presentation.
3. It provides the features like custom animation, slide transition and custom set
up show.
4. It provides features like slide layout, theme, design, template, readymade
template etc.

5. Improvements to text rendering to support text based graphics.

6. Rendering of 3D graphics.
7. Support for many sounder file formats such as .mp3 and .wma.
8. Support for tables and enhanced support for table pasting from Excel.
9. Slide Library, which lets us reuse any slide or presentation as a template.
Any presentation or slide can be published to the Slide Library.
10. Any custom-designed slide library can be saved.
11. Presentations can be digitally signed.
12. Improved Presenter View.
13. Added support for widescreen slides.

19
 14. Allows addition of custom placeholders.
15. Drops function for Insert/Picture/From Scanner or Camera.
16. Allows for duplication of a slide through right-clicking it without having to
go through Copy and Paste

THE POWERPOINT WINDOW

PowerPoint is a presentation software package. With PowerPoint you can easily create slide
shows. Trainers and other presenters use slide shows to illustrate their presentation.

20
 The Microsoft Office Button

In the upper-left corner is the Microsoft Office button. When we click the button, a menu
appears. We can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, and
perform many other tasks.

The Quick Access Toolbar

Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick Access toolbar
provides us with access to commands we frequently use. By default, Save, Undo, and Redo

21
appear on the Quick Access toolbar. We use Save to save our file, Undo to rollback an action we
have taken, and Redo to reapply an action we have rolled back.

The Title Bar

The Title bar is located at the top in the center of the PowerPoint window.
The Title bar displays the name of the presentation on which we are currently
working. By default, PowerPoint names presentations sequentially, starting
with Presentation1. When we save our file, we can change the name of our
presentation.

Rulers

Rulers are vertical and horizontal guides. We use them to determine where we
want to place an object.

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Slides, Placeholders, and Notes

1 = SLIDE

2 = PLACEHOLDERS

3 = NOTES

Slides appear in the center of the window. We create our presentation on slides. Placeholders
hold the objects in our slide. We can use placeholders to hold text, clip art, charts, and more. We
can use the notes area to create notes to us. We can refer to these notes as we give our
presentation.

Status Bar, Tabs, View Buttons, and More

The Status bar generally appears at the bottom of the window. The Status bar displays the
number of the slide that is currently displayed, the total number of slides, and the name of the
design template in use or the name of the background. The Outline tab displays the text
contained in our presentation. The Slides tab displays a thumbnail of all our slides. We click the
thumbnail to view the slide in the Slide pane. The View buttons appear near the bottom of the
screen. We use the View buttons to change between Normal view, Slider Sorter view, and the
Slide Show view.

23
Normal View
Normal view splits our screen into three major sections: the Outline and Slides tabs, the Slide
pane, and the Notes area. The Outline and Slides tabs are on the left side of our window. They
enable us to shift between two different ways of viewing our slides. The Slides tab shows
thumbnails of our slides. The Outline tab shows the text on our slides. The Slide pane is located
in the center of our window. The Slide pane shows a large view of the slide on which we are
currently working. The Notes area appears below the Slide pane. We can type notes to us on the
Notes area.

Slide Sorter View

Slide Sorter view shows thumbnails of all our slides. In Slide Sorter view, we can easily add,
delete, or change their order of our slides.

Slide Show
Use the Slide Show view when we want to view our slides, as they will look in our final
presentation. When in Slide Show view:

Esc Returns us to the view we were using previously.

Left- Moves us to the next slide or animation effect. When

clicking we reach the last slide, we automatically return to our
previous view.

Right- Opens a pop-up menu. We can use this menu to

clicking navigate the slides, add speaker notes, select a
pointer, and mark our presentation.

APPLICATION OF PRESENTATION SOFTWARE

1. Presentation software is very useful tool for the presentation of information among
students, teachers and businessman.
2. These presentations are popular in business meetings: both face to face and
teleconferenced.
3. It is often used in business to present training material.
4. It may contain text images and other media such as audio clips and movies.

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 5. Sound effects and animated transitions can be also included to add extra appeal to the
presentation.
Some of the examples of presentation software are: MS PowerPoint, simple slides, IBM
lotus, Power dot.
SPREADSHEET
Spreadsheet is a computer application which helps for handling, manipulating and analyzing
data. Moreover. it helps for data presentational using chats and it also helps for decision making
for the managers. it is used for preparing marksheet, salary, sheet, bill etc. It is an electronic
document having multiple rows and columns where we can put data for further manipulation and
analysis.ms excel is the most popular application software developed by the Microsoft company.

FEATURES OF SPREADSHEET
1. It allows us for keeping records in the worksheet and workbook.
2. It allows us for sorting, filtering and conditional formatting of given data.
3. It provides various mathematical, statistical and logical formulas for data
manipulation.
4. It provides various charts for presenting data.
5. It offers the features for data validation and data entry rules.
6. It helps for analyzing data using pivot table and pivot chart.

7. Support up to 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns (XFD) in a single worksheet, with
32,767 characters in a single cell (17,179,869,184 cells in a worksheet,
562,932,773,552,128 characters in a worksheet)
8. Column titles can optionally show options to control the layout of the column.
9. Multithreaded calculation of formulae, to speed up large calculations, especially on
multi-core/multi-processor systems.
10. User Defined Functions (UDF), which are custom functions written to supplement
Excel's set of built-in functions, supports the increased number of cells and columns.
UDFs now can also be multithreaded. Server side UDFs are based on the Managed
code.
11. Importing data from external sources, such as a database, has been upgraded. Data
can also be imported from formatted tables and reports, which do not have a regular
grid structure.

25
 12. Formula Auto complete, automatically suggests function names, arguments and
named ranges, and automatically completing they if desired, based on the characters
entered. Formulae can refer to a table as well.
13. CUBE functions which allow importing data, including set aggregated data, from data
analysis services, such as SQL Server Analysis Services.
14. Excel features a new charting engine, which supports advanced formatting, including
3D rendering, transparencies and shadows. Chart layouts can also be customized to
highlight various trends in the data.
15. Page Layout view, to author spreadsheets in a way that mirrors the formatting that
will be applied when printed.
16. Filters, now includes a Quick filter option allowing the selection of multiple items
from a drop down list of items in the column. The option to filter based on color has
been added to the choices available.

APPLICATION OF SPREADSHEET
1. It helps us for preparing annual budget and report.
2. It helps for maintaining database and also helps for data presentation using charts.
3. It helps for preparing mark sheet, salary sheet, bills, ledgers, inventory etc.
4. It helps for statistical analysis, financial analysis, scientific, engineering data analysis
and research works.

FUNCTIONS OF MS-Excel

1. SUM: It helps to calculate sum of given numbers. Example: SUM (A1, A2, A3)
2. POWER: It helps to calculate exponential power of a number with power. Example:
POWER (2, 5)
3. AVERAGE: It helps to calculate average of given set off numbers. Example: AVERAGE
(A1, A2, A3).
4. MAX: It helps to calculate the maximum among given numbers. Example: MAX (A1,
A2, A3).
5. MIN: It helps to calculate the minimum among given numbers. Example: MIN (A1, A2,
A3).
6. COUNT: It helps to count the all data in the given range. Example: COUNT (A1, A2,
A3)
7. RAND (): It helps to generate random number between 0 and 1. Example: RAND ().

26
8. COUNTIF: It helps to count all data in the range with given criteria. Example: COUNTIF
(A1, A2, A3).

27
The Formula Bar

Formula Bar

If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address of the cell we are in displays in the Name
box which is located on the left side of the Formula bar. Cell entries display on the right side of
the Formula bar.

The Status Bar

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 The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and provides such
information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum value of selected numbers. We can
change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the
options we want from the Customize Status Bar menu. We click a menu item to select it. We
click it again to deselect it. A check mark next to an item means the item is selected.

The Name Box

We can also use the Name box to go to a specific cell. Just type the cell we want to go to
in the Name box and then press Enter.

29
Select Cells

30
 If we wish to perform a function on a group of cells, we must first select those cells by
highlighting them.

31
 HTML

INTRODUCTION TO HTML

World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee a CERN physicist. In 1990’s, he
developed a language called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) on which the Web is based.
HTML is a language for describing web pages. It is a standard set of codes, called tags, used to
format all pages. It provides a set of rules defining the way tags can be used and combined.
HTML was originally developed by Tim Berners-Lee while at CERN, and popularized by the
Mosaic browser developed at NCSA. During the course of the 1990s it has blossomed with the
explosive growth of the Web. During this time, HTML has been extended in a number of ways.
The Web depends on Web page authors and vendors sharing the same conventions for HTML.
This has motivated joint work on specifications for HTML.

Achieving interoperability lowers costs to content providers since they must develop only
one version of a document. If the effort is not made, there is much greater risk that the Web will

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devolve into a proprietary world of incompatible formats, ultimately reducing the Web's
commercial potential for all participants.Each version of HTML has attempted to reflect greater
consensus among industry players so that the investment made by content providers will not be
wasted and that their documents will not become unreadable in a short period of time.HTML has
been developed with the vision that all manner of devices should be able to use information on
the Web: PCs with graphics displays of varying resolution and color depths, cellular telephones,
hand held devices, devices for speech for output and input, computers with high or low
bandwidth, and so on

STEPS FOR DEVELOPING WEB PAGES

1. Write HTML codes using any text editor such as Notepad
2. Save the file using extension .html or .htm
3. Open the html file in web browser such as MS Internet Explorer

FEATURES OF HTML

1. Include spread-sheets, video clips, sound clips, and other applications directly in their
documents.
2. Use the graphics and videos in order to make the webpage attractive.
3. Simple and easily accessible.
4. It provides numerous tags with the help of which complex websites can be designed in a
simple manner.
5. Supports CSS programming and linking facilities.
6. It is supported by almost all the websites.
7. Publish online documents with headings, text, tables, lists, photos, etc.
8. Retrieve online information via hypertext links, at the click of a button.

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 9. Design forms for conducting transactions with remote services, for use in searching for
information, making reservations, ordering products, etc

TYPE OF TAGS
A tag is a string in the language surrounded by less than symbol ‘<’ and a greater than symbol
‘>’. The tag name has unique identification if the tag. Attributes are the properties of the tag
which have different range of attribute values. Almost all the tags are in pair: Starting tag and
ending tag. However, some tags follow the single patter that is the starting tag only.
Single tag: These types of tags don’t have ending tag. It is also known as empty tag.
Examples :<BR>, <HR>, etc have no ending tag.
Pair tag: These tags have both starting and ending tags. An ending tags begins with slash (/).
Examples: <font>, <table>, <html> etc have both the tags: ending and starting tags

BASIC STRUCTURE OF HTML

Basic structure of HTML contains mainly two sections. A head consists of title and general
information about page and body consist the contents of the page.
<html>
<head>
<title> HTML</title>
</head>
<body>
My first website...
</body>
</html>

HTML has two sections as shown in the figure above.

They are-Head section and Body section.
TAGS
1. HTML <HTML> Tag

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 The <HTML> tag tells the browser that this is an HTML document. The <html> tag
represents the root of an HTML document. The <HTML> tag is the container for all other
HTML elements.

Attribute Value Description

manifest URL Specifies the address of the document's cache

manifest (for offline browsing)

xmlns http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml Specifies the XML namespace attribute (If

you need your content to conform to
XHTML)

Syntax: <HTML>…………. </HTML>

2. HTML <TITLE> Tag

The <TITLE> tag is required in all HTML documents and it defines the title of the
document. The <TITLE> elements are:

 defines a title in the browser toolbar

 provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites
 displays a title for the page in search-engine results
 We can NOT have more than one <TITLE> element in an HTML document.
 If we omit the <TITLE> tag, the document will not validate as HTML.

Syntax: <TITLE>…………</TITLE>

3. HTML <BODY> Tag

The <BODY> tag defines the document's body. The <BODY> element contains all the
contents of an HTML document, such as text, hyperlinks, images, tables, lists, etc.

4. HTML <BR> Tag

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 The <BR> tag inserts a single line break. The <BR> tag is an empty tag which means that it
has no end tag. The <BR> tag is useful for writing addresses or poems. Use the <BR> tag to
enter line breaks, not to separate paragraphs.

Syntax: ...<BR>

5. HTML <HR> Tag

The <HR> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page (e.g. a shift of topic).The <HR>
element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page.

Syntax: <HR>

Attribute Value Description

align left Not supported in HTML5.

center Specifies the alignment of a <hr> element
right

noshade Noshade Not supported in HTML5.

Specifies that a <hr> element should render in one solid color
(noshaded), instead of a shaded color

size Pixels Not supported in HTML5.

Specifies the height of a <hr> element

width pixels Not supported in HTML5.

% Specifies the width of a <hr> element

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  Style Tags
1. HTML <STYLE> Tag

The <STYLE> tag is used to define style information for an HTML document. Inside the
<STYLE> element we specify how HTML elements should render in a browser. Each HTML
document can contain multiple <STYLE> tags. To link to an external style sheet, use
the <link> tag. If the "scoped" attribute is not used, each <STYLE> tag must be located in the
head section.
Syntax: <STYLE>…….. </STYLE>

Attribute Value Description

media media_query Specifies what media/device the media resource is optimized for

scopedNew Scoped Specifies that the styles only apply to this element's parent
element and that element's child elements

type text/css Specifies the MIME type of the style sheet

 Some More Style Tags

Tags Descriptions

<div> Defines a section in a document

<span> Defines a section in a document

<header> Defines a header for a document or section

<footer> Defines a footer for a document or section

<section> Defines a section in a document

<article> Defines an article

<aside> Defines content aside from the page content

<details> Defines additional details that the user can view or hide

<dialog> Defines a dialog box or window

<summary> Defines a visible heading for a <details> element

CSS and Scripting Language

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 You can embed different effects in web page file. These effects include paragraph, font,
heading, background, table and many more. HTML is a basic web designing tool but it is
static and one way only. HTML codes written only shows users about the contents the page
contains but does not solve the problems enquired by the users. For this purpose the concept
of scripting language is brought in the we page designing tools like the HTML. This is a
small program attached to the HTML codes which often perform simple solutions to the
users’ problems. For the purpose of scripting the HTML, CSS (Cascade Scripting Language)
was developed. This language is useful in writing program to make the necessary change in a
module and apply to any parts in the web page. This is necessary for making different types
of changes in different section of the page and also for producing more effective effects to
the page which ultimately makes the web page attractive.

Cascading style sheet is a text file which contains set of rules for determining how
information in a web page should be displayed. CSS is used in HTML by the <STYLE> tag
and this effect is produced in the head of the page while the effect is seen in the body of the
page.

CONCLUSION
The overall practical classes that we had in class XI has been included in this project. The
syllabus for the practical of class XI contains MS-Word, MS-PowerPoint, MS-Excel, Web
designing and HTML. All these topics are described above with some of the works that we had
done in practical classes. It was so much fun in making this project. I have tried really hard to
make it perfect. This project work meant a lot for me as well as for my future reference as can
present my talents through the computer by presenting some extra ordinary presentation .I learnt
so many things while making this. It took nearly a week to complete this. And now, I am so
much satisfied with my work.

MY FUTURE PLAN
I like computer subject very much and I want to study it in future also. So, I want to be
either a computer engineer or software engineer.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
I took help from different websites during my project. Some of them are listed below:
 Wikipedia
 google.com
 echoecho.com
 practicingprograms.blogspot.com
 www.w3school.com

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