Assignment~ 1

Q.1 What is the difference between ethical and legal?

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Ethical standards are based on the human principles of right and wrong. The differences between them are
these: Legal standards are based on written law, while ethical standards are based on human rights and
wrongs. Something can be legal but notethical.
Q. 2 Ethics is spatio-temporal. Critically comment on this statement.

The aim of two experiments was to investigate the relationship between spatio-temporal
contrast sensitivity and visual backward masking in normal observers and in subgroups with
positive or negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Experiment 1 measured contrast sensitivity
for stationary and counterphase-modulated sinusoidal gratings at four spatial (0.5, 2.0, 4.0,
8.0 cycles/degree) and four temporal frequencies (0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0 Hz). The results showed
that there were no differences in spatio-temporal contrast sensitivity between the control and
positive-symptom group, and in comparison with these groups, contrast sensitivity was
significantly lower at all spatial and temporal frequencies in the negative-symptom group.
Experiment 2 measured the visibility of a Landolt C target with a constant target stimulus
duration of 4.0 ms followed by a 150-ms backward mask, which was presented at 12 stimulus
onset asynchronies from 0 to 110 ms in the same groups of observers. Consistent with the
findings of the previous experiment, there were no significant differences in backward
masking between the control and positive-symptom group, and in comparison with these
groups, visual backward masking was significantly higher at all stimulus onset asynchronies
from 40 to 110 ms in the negative-symptom group. The present findings show that there were
no significant differences in contrast sensitivity and in backward masking between normal
observers and a group with positive symptoms in schizophrenia. It was concluded that the
reduction in contrast sensitivity for low spatial frequency counterphase flicker i n the
negative-symptom group is consistent with a reduction in the ‘contrast gain control’
mechanism of magnocellular channels, and that the reduction in contrast sensitivity for
medium and high stationary gratings is consistent with a disorder in parvocellular channels.
It was proposed that a disorder in magnocellular channels in the negative-symptom group
may enforce a reliance on parvocellular channels that results in longer temporal summation
and visible persistence, slower visual processing of single target stimuli at threshold and
higher levels of sensory integration, and backward masking when multiple stimuli are
presented rapidly in time.
Q. 3 Write a short note on Islamic Principles of Business
The 2003 edition of the Accounting, Auditing and Governance Standards for
Islamic Financial Institutions contains four governance standards and two ethics
codes (AAOFI, 2003).
2. The Macquarie Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1990 traces the etymological roots
from the Greek to the Latin gubernare and to the Old French governer.
3. In Lindley, Law of Partnership. See Schamell (1962).
4. In effect, under Islamic law, the accountant assigned a dhimmah (personality) to
the firm, leading to the creation of a legal capacity or ahliyyah. See Nyazee
(1999).
5. The expression Ôfinancial governanceÕ describes the relationships between those
supplying capital and finance to the firm (shareholders, banks, creditors) and its
management. See Lewis (2002).
6. The UK Cadbury Code is a prominent example. For Sir Adrian CadburyÕs latest
thinking, see Cadbury (2002).
7. Islamic law has been defined as Ôa hermeneutic discipline which explores and
interprets revelation through traditionÕ, Calder (2002: 981).
8. The Presidency of Islamic Researches, The Holy Qur’¥n, English translation of
the meanings and commentary, Medina, 1413AH, note 4579.
9. See Lewis (2001), which explores the implications of this framework for
business ethics and Islamic accounting.
10. Kuran (2003). He argues that this absence has hindered the accumulation of
wealth through investment by many people pooling their wealth for productive
purposes in large enterprises.
11. The contract of mu\¥rabah is being considered as an ideal contract in terms of
modern corporate finance because there is no liability for the worker or
managing partner in this contract. However, consider the following contrary
view. ÒAs soon as profits emerge and are re-employed in the business, the
worker acquires liability as a partner to the extent of his share of the profits reemployed
in the businessÓ, Nyazee (1999: 275).
12. The same is true of holders of mu\¥rabah investment portfolio accounts with
tak¥ful (Islamic insurance) companies. See Lewis (2003a).
13. Lewis (1999) examines the Anglo-Saxon model, the Germanic model, the
Japanese model, the Latinic model, the Confucian model and the Islamic model.
14. In terms of Transparency InternationalÕs Corruption Perceptions Index for
2003, the highest ranking OIC countries are Oman (ranked 26), Bahrain (27) and Qatar (32), while the lowest ranked Muslim countries are Sudan
(106),
Indonesia (122) and Bangladesh (133). See Global Corruption Report (2004).
Q.1 What is the difference between ethical and legal?

1.“Legal” and “ethical” both function as adjectives and nouns. They have different origins –“legal” comes from
Anglo-French, while “ethical” has Middle English and Greek roots. However, both share a common ground in
Latin.
2.Both “legal” and “ethical” are considered as standards and methods to conduct a certain kind of behavior and
action.
3.There is a difference in scope and application. “Legal” can apply to a more widespread scope, while “ethical”
applies on an individual basis.
4.“Legal” has its basis in ethics, while “ethics” has its basis in morals. They both judge a certain behavior or
action either as right or wrong in their respective opinions.
5.“Legal” has a more objective view, while “ethics” has a personal and varied view depending on the individual.
Q. 2 Ethics is spatio-temporal. Critically comment on this statement.

A common method to explore the somatosensory function of the brain is to relate skin stimuli to
neurophysiological recordings. However, interaction with the skin involves complex mechanical effects.
Variability in mechanically induced spike responses is likely to be due in part to mechanical variability of the
transformation of stimuli into spiking patterns in the primary sensors located in the skin. This source of variability
greatly hampers detailed investigations of the response of the brain to different types of mechanical stimuli. A
novel stimulation technique designed to minimize the uncertainty in the strain distributions induced in the skin
was applied to evoke responses in single neurons in the cat. We show that exposure to specific spatio-temporal
stimuli induced highly reproducible spike responses in the cells of the cuneate nucleus, which represents the
first stage of integration of peripheral inputs to the brain. Using precisely controlled spatio-temporal stimuli, we
also show that cuneate neurons, as a whole, were selectively sensitive to the spatial and to the temporal
aspects of the stimuli. We conclude that the present skin stimulation technique based on localized differential
tractions greatly reduces response variability that is exogenous to the information processing of the brain and
hence paves the way for substantially more detailed investigations of the brain's somatosensory system.
Q. 3 Write a short note on Islamic Principles of Business
The general view in business is to get profit (profit oriented). As applicable in the
economic law to get the maximum profit with little capital. In order to obtain this ad-
vantage, business management and strategy become a guide in running the business of
business people.
Various types of business management are formulated by economic experts, with the
aim of guiding someone in doing business. As is the business practice adopted by the fa-
mous Indonesian businessman, Bob Sadino. In running his business, Bob Sadino has his
management which he calls a family system. In Bob Sandino's view, his employees were
treated like family (friends) themselves, so he had a very close relationship with his em-
ployees ranging from his manager to cleaning service (Wisteria, 2016: 35-45).
Through good business ethics, it will show how an entrepreneur does not run a dirty
business competition (unfair competi-tion). Therefore, ethics in business is consid-ered a
management ethic that applies moral standards to business activities (Alma and
Priansa, 2009: 115).
From the pattern of management imple-mentation, it is usually interesting to study
casuistically, because every company must have its philosophy in applying management
knowledge to the target market segment. On the other hand, there are also companies
that are built and run based on religious values as one of the supporters of business
manage-ment. Because among the values of religiosity is believed to be able to build or
improve the work ethic of employees.
In the context of the value of religiosity in this business, Max Weber argued that the
reasonable religious value Calvinism (one of the Protestant sects) had a considerable
con-tribution to the rise of Western capitalist eco-nomics at the beginning of the modern
centu-ry (Ritzer, 1996: 33). There are five dimen-sions of religiosity, namely the
dimensions of belief (religious belief), dimensions of worship or religious practice
(religious practice), di-mensions of experience (religious feeling), in-
tellectual dimensions and religious knowledge (religious knowledge), and reli-gious
dimensions (Ancok and Suroso, 2001: 76-77). These five dimensions become a suit-able
measure to state that a business has an excellent religious culture, and a business
framework has been implemented by reli-gious law.
If in the context of Islamic spirituality, there are values that can be used as guide-lines
in economic development. It can be used as a spirit to improve work ethic in business.

Based on the explanation above, the de-velopment of business concepts can be done
using the perspective of religiosity. The study above shows that the religious perspective
has an essential role in the success of a busi-ness (business).
This article will try to see one of the com-panies that are concerned in applying the
values of religiosity in their business man-agement, namely the Mayangkara Group
company. The Mayangkara Group business has progressed significantly because it has
its philosophy in running its corporate manage-ment. The various social activities above
show that in running its business, Ma-yangkara Group has based on the values of good
religiosity related to social aspects, fair competition and fairness, values of honesty and
high morale for its employees.