Hindusthan College of Engineering And Technology

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Coimbatore – 641 032

AUTONOMOUS VI SEMESTER UG DEGREE INTERNAL EXAMINATIONS

16EC6203 - Digital Image Processing
QUESTION BANK

UNIT – I

DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS

PART A
Questions Marks Cos
1. State the definition of a digital image. 2 CO1
2. What is meant by pixel? 2 CO1
3. Infer the meaning of gray level. 2 CO1
4. Illustrate dynamic range in an image. 2 CO1
5. List the steps involved in Digital Image Processing. 2 CO1
6. Specify the elements of DIP system. 2 CO1
7. Indicate the distribution of cones and rods in retina. 2 CO1
8. Compare and contrast photopic and scotopic visions. 2 CO1
9. Define weber ratio. 2 CO1
10. State the significance of Mach band effect. 2 CO1
11. Interpret the term ‘simultaneous contrast’. 2 CO1
12. What do you mean by illumination and reflectance? 2 CO1
13. Paraphrase sampling and quantization. 2 CO1
14. Define Tapered Quantization. 2 CO1
15. Find the number of bits required to store a 256 X 256 image with 32 gray levels. 2 CO1
A digital image that takes up 240kb has the spatial resolution of 600 x 200. Calculate the bit
16. 2 CO1
depth of that image.
17. Compare Spatial and Gray level resolutions. 2 CO1
18. Restate the definition of Hue and Saturation. 2 CO1
19. List the hardware oriented color models. 2 CO1
20. Summarize the various applications of color models. 2 CO1

PART B ( 14 Marks)

Questions Marks COs

21. Describe the components of image processing system in detail. 14 CO1

22. Explain in detail the fundamental steps involved in digital image processing systems. 14 CO1
 Illustrate the principle of operation of human eye and describe that how the image
23. 14 CO1
formation takes place in eye.
24. Demonstrate how the image is digitized by sampling and quantization process. 14 CO1
Write short notes on the following terms
25. 14 CO1
i) Adjacency ii) Connectivity iii) Region iv)Boundary
26. Enumerate the basic relationships between pixels along with various distance measures. 14 CO1
27. Explain RGB color model along with the justification for safe color cube. 14 CO1
28. Describe HSI color model in detail with suitable diagrams and illustrations. 14 CO1

PART C (10 Marks)

29. Identify and summarize the applications of image processing. 10 CO1

30. Write the categories of digital storage for image processing applications. 10 CO1
31. Explain in detail about image acquisition system. 10 CO1
32. Discuss the effect of changing the Sampling frequency and Quantization levels in an image. 10 CO1
33. Convert the RGB model components to HSI format. 10 CO1
When you enter a dark theater on a bright day, it takes an appreciable interval of time
34. before you can see well enough to find an empty seat. Which of the visual processes are at 10 CO1
play in this situation? Discuss briefly.

UNIT – II

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

PART A
Questions Marks Cos
1. Specify the objective of image enhancement. 2 CO2
2. Classify the methods of image enhancement and write short note on them. 2 CO2
3. List various gray level transformation technique 2 CO2
4. Interpret the term ‘contrast stretching’. 2 CO2
5. Differentiate contrast and brightness. 2 CO2
6. What do you mean by Point processing? 2 CO2
7. Illustrate bit plane slicing with suitable diagram. 2 CO2
8. Recognize any one application of image subtraction and write about it. 2 CO2
9. Define Histogram. 2 CO2
If all the pixels in an image are shuffled, will there be any change in the histogram? Justify
10. 2 CO2
your answer.
11. List the limitations of averaging filter. 2 CO2
12. Express the purpose of image averaging. 2 CO2
13. State the principle of directional smoothing. 2 CO2
14. What is the need for transform? 2 CO2
15. Give the relation for 1-D discrete Fourier transform pair. 2 CO2
16. Write the 2D Fourier transform and its inverse. 2 CO2
17. Summarize the applications of sharpening filters. 2 CO2
18. Name the different types of derivative filters. 2 CO2
19. Specify the properties of 2D Fourier transform. 2 CO2
20. Write the steps involved in frequency domain filtering. 2 CO2

PART B ( 14 Marks)

Questions Marks COs

Enumerate the different types of gray level transformations used for image enhancement in
21. 14 CO2
spatial domain.

Compare and Contrast the concepts of histogram equalization and histogram matching in
22. 14 CO2
detail.
Describe histogram equalization. Obtain histogram equalization for the following image
segment of size 5 X 5. Write the interference on the image segment before and after
equalization.
20 20 20 18 16
23. 14 CO2
15 15 16 18 15
15 15 19 15 17
16 17 19 18 16
20 18 17 20 15
Discuss the limiting effect of repeatedly applying a 3 x 3 lowpass spatial filter to a digital
24. 14 CO2
image. You may ignore border effects.
What are image sharpening spatial filters? Justify the importance of sharpening filters in
25. 14 CO2
enhancing an image along with the various types of it.
Illustrate the image enhancement by smoothing in the frequency domain with suitable
26. 14 CO2
examples and illustrations.
Explain the process of image enhancement in the frequency domain using sharpening
27. 14 CO2
filters.
Develop a frequency domain procedure for improving the appearance of an image by
28. simultaneous gray level range compression and contrast enhancement using the 14 CO2
illumination - reflectance model.
PART C ( 10 Marks)
How are image subtraction and image averaging is used to enhance the image? Discuss with
29. 10 CO2
example.
30. Specify the enhancement changes in the monochrome image by histogram equalization. 10 CO2
Obtain Histogram and Histogram equalization for the (4 x 4) – 4 bit per pixel is given by

31. 10 CO2

Summarize the characteristics of the Ideal, Butterworth and Gaussian filters used for
32. 10 CO2
smoothing and sharpening.
33. Show that the Fourier transform and its inverse are linear processes. 10 CO2
 UNIT – III

IMAGE RESTORATION, SEGMENTATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING

PART A
Questions Marks Cos
1. What is meant by Image Restoration? 2 CO3

2. Differentiate Image Enhancement and Restoration. 2 CO3

3. List three main properties of a median filter. 2 CO3

4. When will the Wiener filter reduces to an inverse filter? 2 CO3

5. Draw the model of image restoration. 2 CO3
6. List the various types of noise models. 2 CO3
7. Summarize the advantages of wiener filter over an inverse filter. 2 CO3
A photograph is taken out of a side window of a car moving at a constant velocity of 80
8. kmph. Why is it not possible to use an inverse or a wiener filter in general to restore the 2 CO3
blurring in this image?
9. Write the expression for Impulse noise. 2 CO3
10. Formulate the function of inverse filtering. 2 CO3
11. Define the pseudo inverse filter. 2 CO3
12. Classify the three types of discontinuity in a digital image. 2 CO3

13. Define Gradient Operator along with its magnitude and derection. 2 CO3

14. Give the properties of the second derivative around an edge. 2 CO3
The Laplacian of a Gaussian sometimes is called the Mexican hat function. Justify the
15. 2 CO3
reason with neat diagram.
16. List the various methods of thresholding in image segmentation. 2 CO3
17. State the condition to be met by the partitions in region based segmentation. 2 CO3
18. What is the principle of region growing based image segmentation? 2 CO3
19. Differentiate between local and global thresholding technique for image segmentation. 2 CO3
20. Specify the steps involved in splitting and merging. 2 CO3

21. Write Sobel horizontal and vertical edge detection masks. 2 CO3

22. Define Erosion and Dilation. 2 CO3

23. Compare and contrast opening and closing. 2 CO3

24. Specify any two image processing applications of morphological operations. 2 CO3

PART B ( 14 Marks)

Questions Marks COs

Discuss in details about the Arithmetic mean filter, Geometric mean filter, Harmonic mean
25. 14 CO3
filter and Contraharmonic mean filter.
 Explain in detail the removal of periodic noise using
a. Band reject Filters
26. b. Band pass Filters 14 CO3
c. Notch Filters
d. Optimum Notch Filtering
Justify the advantage of adaptive filters in restoring an image in spatial domain by
27. 14 CO3
explaining adaptive local noise reduction filter and adaptive median filter.
0 0.1 0.1 0
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
A blur filter h(m, n) is given by ℎ(𝑚, 𝑛) = [ ]. Find the deblur
28. 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.05 14 CO3
0 0.05 0.05 0
filter using ( i ) inverse filter approach ( ii ) pseudo - inverse filter approach with 𝜀 = 0.05.
Describe Edge Detection by explaining the basic formulation, gradient and Laplacian
29. 14 CO3
operators.
Enumerate the edge linking and boundary detection by local processing and global
30.
processing via Hough transform.
31. Illustrate global processing via graph theoretic techniques with a suitable example. 14 CO3
Give explanation about any two segmentation techniques that are based on finding the
32. 14 CO3
regions directly.
Write about the morphological concepts of erosion, dilation , opening and closing which are
33. 14 CO3
applicable for image processing.
PART C ( 10 Marks)
Summarize the different noise models with corresponding probability distribution function
34. 10 CO3
and statistical features in image processing.
Elucidate the process of image restoration by minimum mean square error filter in the
35. 10 CO3
presence of noise as well as in the absence of noise.
Apply the split and merge technique to segment the image and show the quad tree
36. 10 CO3
corresponding to the segmentation.
Explain why watershed segmentation tends to over-segment images. Also mention one
37. 10 CO3
solution to overcome the problem of over segmentation.
38. Discuss how the morphological operations are applied on image processing using examples. 10 CO3

UNIT – IV

IMAGE COMPRESSION AND WAVELETS

PART A
Questions Marks Cos
1. List three reasons for the need of image compression. 2 CO4
2. Classify the main types of Data compression schemes. 2 CO4
3. Define relative data redundancy and compression ratio. 2 CO4
4. Mention the significance of psycho visual redundancy. 2 CO4
5. Contrast the coding and interpixel redundancies. 2 CO4
6. Draw a general compression system model. 2 CO4
7. Compare the source encoder and channel encoder. 2 CO4
8. Formulate the root mean square error and peak signal to noise ratio. 2 CO4
 A 256 x 256 pixel digital image has eight distinct intensity levels. What is the minimum
9. 2 CO4
number of bits required to code this image in a lossless manner?
10. Determine whether the code { 0, 01, 11 } is uniquely decodable or not. 2 CO4
What do you mean by the term image file format? Mention some of the frequently used
11. 2 CO4
image file formats.
12. Mention the limitations of Huffman coding. 2 CO4
13. Illustrate the bit plane decomposition in an image. 2 CO4
14. Draw the block diagram of transform coding system. 2 CO4
15. Expand JPEG. 2 CO4
16. Summarize the basic steps involved in JPEG compression standard. 2 CO4
17. Illustrate the effect of granular noise and slope overhead. 2 CO4
18. Justify the reason for zigzag scanning in JPEG compression. 2 CO4
19. List out some important applications of wavelet transform 2 CO4
20. Formulate the continuous wavelet transform of a one dimensional signal x(t) . 2 CO4
21. What are the advantages of DWT over DCT with respect to image compression. 2 CO4

PART B ( 14 Marks)

Questions Marks COs

Perform Huffman algorithm for the following intensity distribution with a 64x64
22. image. Obtain the coding efficiency and compare with that of uniform length code. 14 CO4
r0=1008, r1=320, r2=456, r3=686, r4=803, r5=105, r6=417, r7=301.

A source emits letters from an alphabet A = {a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5} with

probabilities P(a1) = 0.2 , P(a2) = 0.4 , P(a3) = 0.2 , P(a4) = 0.1 and P(a5) = 0.1.
23. 14 CO4
(1) Find the Huffman code
(2) Caluculate the average length of the code.

Generate the tag for the sequence 1 3 2 1 for the probabilities P(1) = 0.8 ,P(2) =0.02,
24. 14 CO4
P(3) = 0.18 using arithmetic coding.
Calculate a tag value using arithmetic coding procedure to transmit the word
25. 14 CO4
"INDIA".
Enumerate the compression technique to reduce the interpixel redundancies using
26. 14 CO4
bit plane decomposition.
Explain in detail about the step by step process of JPEG image compression
27. 14 CO4
standard.
Briefly discuss about the multi resolution analysis using scaling and wavelet
28. 14 CO4
functions.
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
29. Calculate the Haar transform of the image [ ] 14 CO4
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
PART C ( 10 Marks)
Evaluate the need for image compression. How run length encoding approach is
30. 10 CO4
used for compression? Is it lossy? Justify.
31. Obtain the Huffman code for the word "COMMITTEE". 10 CO4
A source emits four symbols { a, b, c, d} with the probabilities 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.3
32. 10 CO4
respectively. Construct arithmetic coding to encode and decode the word "dad".
Explain the block diagram of the lossy predictive coding with delta modulation
33. 10 CO4
technique.
Summarize the basic concepts of the following terms
34. (i) Haar transform(5) 10 CO4
(ii) Subband coding(5)

UNIT – V

IMAGE REPRESENTATION AND RECOGNITION

PART A
Questions Marks Cos
1. Draw the 4 directional and 8- directional chain codes. 2 CO5

2. Mention the drawbacks of the chain codes. 2 CO5

3. State the principle of representing boundary using polygonal approximation. 2 CO5

4. Draw the distance versus angle signatures of a circle and square. 2 CO5
5. Illustrate convex hull and convex deficiency. 2 CO5
6. What is thinning or skeletonizing algorithm? 2 CO5

7. Draw the Medial Axis of a square with a side of length 'a'. 2 CO5

Does the use of chain code compress the description information of an object contour?
8. 2 CO5
Justify your answer.

9. List the properties of Fourier descriptors. 2 CO5

10. Name few boundary descriptors. 2 CO5

11. Define length of a boundary. 2 CO5

12. Develop the steps for Shape number in image segmentation. 2 CO5

13. What do you mean by connected component of a region? 2 CO5

14. How the topology is applied in image processing? 2 CO5

15. List the approaches to describe texture of a region. 2 CO5

16. State the difference between fine and coarse textures. 2 CO5
17. Define pattern and pattern classes. 2 CO5
18. Mention the three common pattern arrangements used in practice. 2 CO5

19. Classify the approached to object recognition. 2 CO5

20. Draw the basic block diagram of a face recognition system. 2 CO5
 You are given a set of data S={Dolphin, Pomeranian dog, Humming bird, Frog,
21. Rattlesnake, Bat}. Develop a suitable classification strategy to classify the given set S 2 CO5
according to their nature of existence.
22. Distinguish between statistical and structural approaches to pattern recognition. 2 CO5

PART B ( 14 Marks)

Questions Marks COs

Give the 4 directional chain codes for the arbitrary shapes shown in figure

23. 14 CO5

Represent all the boundaries of the following shapes using 8 directional chain codes.

24.

Summarize the concepts of following methods of boundary representation

25. i) Signatures 14 CO5
ii) Boundary segments
26. Write in detail note about Shape numbers and Fourier descriptors. 14 CO5
Summarize a detailed review the concepts of topological descriptors with at least
27. 14 CO5
two examples.
Discuss in detail about the statistical, structural and spectral techniques to describe
28. 14 CO5
the texture of a region.
List some of the object recognition methods used in image processing for decision making
29. 14 CO5
methods? How that methods apply in pattern classification.

Briefly explain about the recognition techniques based on matching by a prototype pattern
30. 14 CO5
vector.

PART C ( 10 Marks)

31. Describe any two polygonal approximation methods for representing boundaries. 10 CO5

Enumerate the boundary representation using skeletons via thinning algorithm with
32. 10 CO5
an example.
 Find the skeletons of the following shapes

33. 10 CO5

34. Explain in detail about the various applications of object recognition. 10 CO5

Write short notes on

(i) Fingerprint recognition
35. 10 CO5
(ii) Face recognition
with the respective classification challenges.

Faculty In-Charge HOD DEAN

ADVISOR