LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Group Discussion:
 We formed a group of 6 students and selected a topic
 Time: 10 minutes.
 We discussed various Pros & Cons of the topic
 Our group members were gave valid points and the GD session was
conducted successfully.
Interview skills:
 At first our faculty explained about the interview types, objectives and
conducted mock interview.
 In that mock interview session our faculty asked tricky question which are
normally asked in interviews.
 Each student came to the stage and attended the mock interview. We got a good
exposure and gained a lot of knowledge on how interview are conducted.
Presentation:
Non-technical:
 In this presentation session each student presented a general topic.
 Students selected different topic like global warming, population, pollution,
mobile phones, recycling, etc.
 Each one presented a 3 to 4 minutes presentation with a lot of detail/data about
their topic.
Technical:
 In this technical presentation we selected topics from our syllabus.
 Each one presented a 3 to 4 minutes presentation with a lot of technical details.

1
 Some of my group members presented topics like Advanced Construction
Technology, Soil Mechanics, Railway Tracks, etc.

Listening:
 In this session we heard online listening test. In that we listened to a passage and
filled the blanks with the correct words.
 It gave us to understand the pronunciation of English people. From this exercise
we learnt the correct pronunciation of the words in the passage.
Reading:
 In this session we read a comprehension passage.
 Answered the questions asked below the passage.
 We learned how to understand the passages and answer the questions
accordingly.
 By this exercise we learned new words.
Jumbled Sentence/Cloze Test:
 In this session we read five sentences.
 Which were given in a jumbled order.
 We arranged the sentences in order by finding out the logical links.
 In cloze test we selected the right answers to fill the blanks in the passage from
the words given in the box.
Spotting the Errors:
 In this session we read two sentences in each questions and found out which one
is correct.
 By applying our grammar knowledge we were able to spot the errors.

2
 Time Management:
 In this session our faculty member explained about time management and its
importance.
 We learnt how to manage our time in an efficient manner.
And we also learnt how important time management is for an engineer

3
 PRESENTATION – I

( TECHNICAL )

ULTRASONIC MACHINING PROCESS

4
 ULTRASONIC MACHINING PROCESS (USM)

Ultrasonic Machining (USM) also called as ultrasonic vibration machining is a

machining process in which material is removed from the surface of a part by
low amplitude and high frequency vibration of a tool against surface of material
in the presence of abrasive particles.

 The motion of the tool takes place vertically or orthogonal to the surface
of the part. The tool travel with an amplitude of 0.05 mm to 0.125 mm (0.002 in
to 0.005 in).
 Slurry is formed by mixing fine abrasive grains in the water. This slurry is
made to flow across the w/p and the tip of the tool during machining process.
The abrasive gain particles in the slurry helps in the removal of the material
form the surface of the w/p. The grain sizes of the abrasive material are typically
ranges from 100 to 1000. The smaller grains (i.e. higher number of grain) results
in smooth surface finishes.
 This machining process is usually used to machine brittle materials and
materials that have high hardness.
Working Principle

An electric current at high frequency (in ultrasonic range i.e. 18 kHz to 40 kHz)
is used to generate mechanical vibration of low amplitude and high frequency.

5
The mechanical vibration generated is used for machining the surface of a part
in the presence of abrasive grain particles in the form of slurry. The slurry flows
across the tool and workpiece. When the tool presses against the w/p, the
slurry containing abrasive particle chips off the materials from surface.

Main parts

The ultrasonic machining machine consist of two main parts transducer and
sonotrode (also called as horn), connected to an Electronic control unit with
cables.

The function of various parts are described below

1. Transducer: The transducer mainly consists of a cylinder which is made up

of piezoelectric ceramic. It converts electrical energy into mechanical vibration.
Transducer then vibrates sonotrode at low amplitude and high frequency.

2. Sonotrode: It is made of low carbon steel. One end of it is connected with the
transducer and other end contains tool. The sonotrode vibrates at low amplitude
and high frequency and removes material from the w/p by abrasion where it
contacts it.

6
 3. Control Unit: The control unit consists of an electronic oscillator which
produces an alternating current at high frequency. The frequency produced is
usually in between 18 kHz to 40 kHz in ultrasonic range.

Types of USM

1. Rotary Ultrasonic vibration machining (RUM): In RUM, a vertically

rotating tool is allowed to revolve about the axis of the sonotrode. The surface of
the tool is impregnated with diamonds that is used to grind down the surface of
the part. Abrasive slurry is not used in this type of machine for material removal.

2. Chemical-Assisted USM: In this machining, a chemically reactive abrasive

fluid is used for the machining process.

Working

 The transducer and sonotrode is attached to control unit with a cable.

 The control unit has an electronic oscillator that produces an alternating
current with high ultrasonic frequency ranges in between 18 kHz to 40 kHz.
 This high frequency alternating current is supplied to the transducer. The
transducer converts this alternating current into mechanical vibration and

transmits this mechanical vibration to the sonotrode attached to it.

 The sonotrode is vibrated by the transducer with low amplitude and high
frequency. When this vibrating sonotrode strikes the surface of the w/p, it
removes the material form it. The slurry flows in between the tool and
workpiece and helps in the removal of the material from the surface.

7
 The slurry used in the ultrasonic machining contains 20 % to 60% of
water by volume, aluminum oxide, boron Carbide and silicon carbide particles.
 This is how ultrasonic machining works.

Advantages

 This machining method is capable of machining brittle and hard material

with high precision.
 It can machine fragile materials such glass and non-conductive metals
which are not machined by non-traditional methods such as electrochemical
machining or electrical discharge machining.
 It is capable of producing high tolerance parts.
 There is no distortion produced in the worked material. And this is
because, no heat is generated by the sonotrode against the w/p.
 There is no change observed in the physical properties of the material.
 The machined parts produced require fewer finishing process because of
absence of burrs in the process.
Disadvantages

 The metal removal is slow due to micro chipping or erosion mechanism.

 The wear of sonotrode tip occurs more quickly.
 The machining of deep holes is not easy by this method because of the
inability of abrasive slurry to flow at the bottom of the hole (Except rotary
ultrasonic machining).
 Ultrasonic vibration machining can be used only to machine materials that
have hardness value atleast 45 HRC (HRC: Rockwell Scale to measure hardness
of a material).
Application

 It is commonly used to machine brittle and hard materials. Glass,

carbides, ceramics, precious stones and hardened steels are the most common
materials machined by USM.

8
 It is very precise machining method and used in the creation of micro-
electrochemical system components like micro-structured glass wafers.

PRESENTATION-II

(NON TECHNICAL)
9
 (WATER POLLUTION)

Water pollution

Water Pollution is the contamination of water bodies (like oceans, seas, lakes,
rivers, aquifers and groundwater) usually caused due to human activities. Water
pollution is any change in the physical, chemical or biological properties of water
that will have a detrimental consequence o any living organism.

Drinking water, also called Potable Water, is the water that is considered safe
enough for human and animal consumption. This is water that is generally used
for drinking, cooking, washing, crop irrigation etc. These days chemicals,
bacteria and other pollutants are even affecting our drinking water.

Water and Water Cycle

Two-thirds of the Earths surface is covered by water, seventy-six perfect of your

body is made up of water. As you already know water is everywhere and all
around. However, we have a fixed amount of water on earth. It just changes its
states and goes through a cyclic order, known as the Water Cycle.

10
As shown in the image above, the water cycle is a natural process that is
continuous in nature. It is the pattern in which the water from oceans, seas, lakes
etc gets evaporated and turns to vapour. After which it goes through the process
of condensation, and finally precipitation when it falls back to earth as rain or
snow.

Sources of Water Pollution

Some of the most commonly occurring water pollutants are

 Domestic Waste

 Industrial effluents

 Insecticides and pesticides

 Detergents and Fertilizers

Some of the water pollution that is caused is by Direct Sources, such as factories,
waste management facilities. refineries etc, that directly release waste and
harmful by-products into the nearest water source without treating them. Indirect
sources include pollutants that enter the water bodies via groundwater or soil or
via the atmosphere as acid rain.

11
Effects of Pollution of Water

1. Diseases: In humans, drinking or consuming polluted water in any way has

many disastrous effects on our health. It causes typhoid, cholera, hepatitis
and various other diseases.

2. Destruction of Ecosystems: Ecosystems are extremely dynamic and

respond to even small changes in the environment. Water pollution can cause
an entire ecosystem to collapse if left unchecked.

3. Eutrophication: Chemicals in a water body, encourage the growth of algae.

These algae form a layer on top of the pond or lake. Bacteria feed on this
algae and this decreases the amount of oxygen in the water body,
severely affecting the aquatic life there.

4. Effects the food chain: Disruption in food chains happens when toxins and
pollutants in the water are consumed by aquatic animals (fish, shellfish etc)
which are then consumed by humans.

Prevention

The best way to prevent large-scale water pollution is to try and reduce its
harmful effects. There are various small changes we can make to protect
ourselves from a scary future where water is scarce.

1. Save Water: Conserving water is our first aim. Water wastage is a major
problem globally and we are only now waking up to the issue. Simply small
changes you can make domestically will make a huge difference.

2. Better treatment of sewage: So treating waste products before disposing of

it in a water body helps reduce water pollution on a large scale. Agriculture
or other industries can reuse this wastewater by reducing its toxic contents.

12
3. Use environmentally friendly products: By using soluble products that do
not go on to become pollutants, we can reduce the amount of water pollution
caused by a household.

COVER LETTER

From:

R.Dinkaran,

NO:2/15,Pillayar kovil street,

Thakkanguam,

Arcot 632-503,

13
 Vellore dist.

To:

The Personal Manager,

Satyam Corp Pvt.Ltd,

Saidapet,

Chennai-18.

Respected Sir,

I had seen your job vacancy advertisement in” THE HINDU”. I am

equipped in software designing. I will design all kinds of software project. I here
by attached my resume for your view.

As you will note, I am fresher but I have progressive qualifications in

designing any type of software that make similar contributions confidentially as
a member of your team and look forward to describe my background in more
detail.

I will dedicated the work with full effort and there by increase your
reputation in the international level.

Thanking you,

14
 Yours Sincerely,

[R.DINAKARAN]

RESUME

R.Dinakaran,

NO:2/15,Pillayar Kovil Street,

Thakkangulam,

Arcot 632-503, vellore dist.

e-MAIL ID: Thayagudinakaran@gmail.com

15
Objectives

To obtain position where I can maximize my multilayer of

management skills, Quality assurance, Program development, Training
experience, Customer service.

Educational Qualification

Name of Degree/ Board/ Year of Percentage/class

Institute Examination University passing

16
 Shri Anna
sitheswarar BE University 2020 60%
Engineering
college

Government HSC State board 2016 80%

higher
secondary
school

Government SSLC State board 2014 72%

higher
secondary
school

Computer skills:

Operating system : Windows 2000,UNIX

Languages known : C,C++,VISUAL BASIC,JAVA

Technical Skills:

Participated in Embedded system seminar held at

17
Rani pet Engineering College.

Soft Skills:

Good analytical skills, Ability to solve the problem, Ability to work

as a team, Good communication skills.

Industrial Visits:

Under gone an industrial visit at NTTF, Bangalore-2007.

Under gone an industrial visit at ALL INDIA RADIO STATION,

coimbatore-2007.

Honors & Awards:

 Best student Award

 NSS volunteer
 Active Blood Donor
 Won First Prize in High Jump in District level
Declaration

I am here by confirm that the information given above is true to best

of my knowledge.

(R.DINAK
ARAN)

ENGLISH IS A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE

18
 English is now used almost exclusively as the language of
science. The adoption of a de facto universal language of science has had
an extraordinary effect on scientific communication: by learning a single
language, scientists around the world gain access to the vast scientific
literature and can communicate with other scientists any-
where in the world. However, the use of English as the universal
scientific language creates distinct challenges for those who are not native
speakers of English. In this editorial, we discuss how researchers,
manuscript reviewers, and journal editors can help minimize these
challenges, thereby leveling the playing field and fostering international
scientific communication.
It is estimated that less than 15% of the world’s population speaks
English, with just 5% being native speakers . This extraordinary imbalance
emphasizes
the importance of recognizing and alleviating the difficulties faced
by nonnative speakers of English if we are to have a truly global
community of scientists. For scientists whose first language is not
English, writing manuscripts and grants, preparing oral presentations, and
communicating directly with other scientists in English is much more
challenging than it is for native speakers of English. Communicating
subtle nuances, which can be done easily in one’s native tongue,
becomes difficult or impossible. A common com-plaint of nonnative
speakers of English is that manuscript reviewers often focus on criticizing
their English, rather than looking beyond the language to evaluate the
scientific results and logic of a manuscript. This makes it difficult for their

19
 manuscripts to get a fairreviewand, ultimately, to be accepted for
publication.
We believe that the communications advantage realized by native
speakers of English obligates them to acknowledge and to help
alleviate the extra challenges faced by their fellow scientistsfromnon-
English-speaking countries. Native speakers of English should offer
understanding, patience, and assistance when reviewing or editing
manuscripts of nonnative speakers of English. At the same time,
nonnative speakers of English must endeavor to produce manuscripts
that are clearly written. We offer the following guide-
lines for writing and evaluating manuscripts in the context of the
international community of scientists:

Nonnative speakers of English can write effective manuscripts,

despite errors of grammar, syntax, and usage, if the manuscripts

are clear, simple, logical, and concise. (We note that native
speakers of English sometimes write manuscripts exhibiting good
grammar, yet filled with muddled and confusing logic.)

2. When possible, reviewers and editors of manuscripts should look

beyond errors in grammar, syntax, and usage, and evaluate the science.
3. It is inappropriate to reject or harshly criticize manuscripts from non
native speakers of English based on errors of grammar, syntax or usage
alone. If there are language errors, reviewers and editors should provide
constructive criticism, pointing out examples of passages that are unclear
and suggesting improvements. Reviewed and editors may also suggest
that authors seek the assistance of expert English speakers or

20
professionalediting services in preparing revised versions of manuscripts. And
finally, all involved shouldbear in mind that most journals employ copy
editors, whose job it is to correct any lingering errors in grammar, syntay, and
usage before final publications of an article.
4. Nonnative speakers of English must be aware that reviewers,

editors, and journal staff do not have the time or resources to extensively edit
manuscripts for language and that reviewers and editors must be able to
understand what is being reported. Thus, it is essential that nonnative speakers
of English recognize that their ability to participate in the international scientific
enterprise is directly related to their ability to produce manuscripts in English
that are clear, simple, logical, and concise.

The fact that English is the de facto global language of science is

not likely to change anytime soon. Optimizing communication

among members of the international community of scientists, and

thus advancing scientific progress, depends on elimination of obstacles faced by

nonnative speakers of the English language. This

ideal can best be achieved when all members of the scientific com-

munity work together.

21
 PSYCHOMETRIC TEST

According to british psychological society psychometric test is a

procedure on the basis of which inferences are made concerning a person
capacity, propensity or liability to act, react, experience, or to structure or order
thought or behaviour in particular ways. It is a standardised measurement of
sensitivity, memory, intelligence, aptitude and personality. It assesses and
evaluates information that employees give to the examiner.

Smith and Robertson defines psychological test as “A carefully chosen,

systematic and standardised procedure for evolving a sample of responses from
candidates which can be used to asses one or more of their psychological
characterstics with those of a representative sample of an appropriate
population”. This can also be used to measure the individual differences.
Psychological tests generally mean measurement of mental status. It provides an
objective means of measuring abilities and characterstics of an individual and
greater understanding of an individual to predict the extent of success in a
particular job

Types of psychometric test

Psychometric tests may measure aptitude, personality, and interests:

 Aptitude tests – aptitude or ability tests assesses the logical reasoning or

thinking performance. These types of tests helps to rate the potential of a
candidate to learn new tasks and skills used in various jobs. They measure
how people differ in their ability to perform or carry out different tasks.

22
 Interest tests – these measure how people vary in their motivation, in the
direction and strength of their interests, and in their values and
opinion( these are less likely to be used on new graduates but are
sometimes)

 Personality tests – personality tests measure the personal attributes of a

candidates which are suitable for a particular work, they measure different
styles of people in interacting with other people. Personality test
assessbehaviours, attitudes, opinions of an individual.

Why are test used?

If psychometric tests are to be useful as indicators of shifts in the demands

for skills, then it is important that organisations use of tests is linked to their
wish to measure the skills of prospective employees. If tests are in use for
other reasons, then this would undermine their usefulness as indicators of
skill demands. Do organisations in the UK make use of tests in order to
measure work force skills, or have they adopted tests for some other reasons,
or set of reasons? Here we look at the rather limited evidence available on
this question.

There are few surveys which have asked organisations why they make use of
tests, and there is a more speculative literature dealing with change in test use
over time. We take each of these in turn.

23
The places using pscychometric tests:

In recent years, it widely used in all number of firms. Not only the large,
medium but also an increasing number of small firms have started using
psychometric tests. Over 70% of larger companies are currently using
psychometric tests to gather vital information from potential and current
employees. More and more companies are using psychometric tests for:

 Graduate recruitment

 Filtering out candidates when there are large numbers of applicants

Over 70% of large companies use them in their recruitment process and small
companies are using them increasingly.

They are also used to assess existing employees for:

 Training and staff developments needs promotion

uses of psychometric test

Selection of candidates to jobs, personal development of training need

staffs development, careers guidance, building and developing teams

24
 Psychometric tests have been used since the early part of the 20 th century
and were originally developed for use in educational psychology. These days
outside of educations, you are most likely to encounter psychometric testing
as part of the recruitment or selection process. Tests of the sort are devised by
occupational psychologists and their aim is to provide employers with a
reliable method of selecting the most suitable job applicants or candidates for
promotion.

Most of the established psychometric tests used in recruitment and selection

make no attempt to analyse your emotional or psychological stability and
should not be confused with tests used in clinical psychology. However, in
recent years there has been rapid growth of tests that claim to measure your
integrity or honesty and your predisposition to anger. These tests have
attracted a lot of controversy, because of questions about their validity, but
their popularity with employers has continued to increase.

Psychometric testing is now used by over 80% of the fortune 500 companies
in the USA and by over 75% of times top 100 companies in the UK.

Information technology companies, financial institutions, management

consultancies, local authorities, the civil service, police force, fire services
and the armed forces all make extensive use of use psychometric testing.

As an indicator of your personality, preferences and abilities, psychometric

test help prospective employers to find the best match of individual to
occupation and working environment.

25
conclusion:

Psychometric tests aim to measure attributes like intelligence, aptitude and

personality. They provide a potential employer with an insight into how well you
work with other people, how well you handle stress, and whether you will be
able to cope with the intellect the demands of job.

STRESS MANAGEMENT

Managing stress is all about taking charge: taking charge of your

thoughts, your emotions, your schedule, your environment, and the way you
deal with problems. The ultimate goal is a balanced life, with time for work,
relationships, relaxation, and fun - plus the resilience to hold up under pressure
and meet challenges head onRecognize the causes of stress in your life

Stress management starts with identifying the sources of stress in your

life. This isn’t as easy as it sounds. Your true sources of stress aren’t always
obvious, and it’s all too easy to overlook your own stress-inducing thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors. Sure, you may know that you’re constantly worried
about school deadlines. But maybe it’s your procrastination, rather than the
actual assignment demands, that leads to deadline stress.

To identify your true sources of stress, look closely at your habits, attitude, and
excuses:

26
Until you accept responsibility for the role you play in creating or maintaining it,
your stress level will remain outside your control

Look at how you currently cope with stress

Think about the ways you currently manage and cope with stress in your life.
Your stress journal can help you identify them. Are your coping strategies
healthy or unhealthy, helpful or unproductive? Unfortunately, many people cope
with stress in ways that complex the problem.unhealthy ways of coping stress:

These coping strategies may temporarily reduce stress, but they cause more
damage in the long run:

• Smoking

• Drinking too much

• Overeating or under eating

• Zoning out for hours in front of the TV or computer

• Withdrawing from friends, family, and activitie

Learning healthier ways to manage stress

• Using pills or drugs to relax

• Sleeping too much

• Procrastinating

• Filling up every minute of the day to avoid facing problems

27
• Taking out your stress on others (lashing out, angry outbursts, physical
violence)

If your methods of coping with stress aren’t contributing to your greater

emotional and physical health, it’s time to find healthier Since everyone has a
unique response to stress, there is no “one size fits all” solution tomanaging it.
No single method works for everyone or in every situation, so experiment with
different techniques and strategies. Focus on what makes you feel calm and in
controlones. There are many healthy ways to manage and cope withSince
everyone has a unique response to stress, there is no “one size fits all” solution
to

Implement to healthy lifestyle:

You can increase your resistance to stress by strengthening your physical health.

Exercise regularly. Physical activity plays a key role in reducing and preventing
the effects of stress. Make time for at least 30 minutes of exercise, three times
per week. Nothing beats aerobic exercise for releasing pent-up stress and
tension.

Eat a healthy diet. Well-nourished bodies are better prepared to cope with stress,
so be mindful of what you eat. Start your day right with breakfast, and keep your
energy up and your mind clear with balanced, nutritious meals throughout the
day. Reduce caffeine and sugar. The temporary "highs" caffeine and sugar
provide often end with a crash in mood and energy. By reducing the amount of
coffee, soft drinks, chocolate, and sugar snacks in your diet, you’ll feel more
relaxed and you’ll sleep better.

28
Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Self-medicating with alcohol or drugs may
provide an easy escape from stress, but the relief is only temporary. Don’t avoid
or mask the issue at handd deal with problems head on and with a clear mind.

Get enough sleep. Adequate sleep fuels your mind, as well as your body. Try to
get between 6 and 8 hours a night. Feeling tired will increase your stress because
it may cause you to think irrationally.

My Favorite Person (A R Rahman)

Childhood of A R Rahman

Allah Rakha Rahman was born A.S.Dileep Kumar on the 6th of January in the
year 1966, in Madras, to a musically affluent family. His father K.A.Sekhar was
an arranger and conductor in Malayalam movies and had worked under the likes
of Salil Chowdhary and Devarajan. Dileep started learning the piano at the
tender age of four.

Background
At the age of 9, his father passed away following a mysterious illness with
rumours abounding that he was the victim of black magic by his rivals. The
pressure of supporting his family fell on Dileep. At he age of 11, he joined
Illaiyaraja's troupe as a keyboard player. It was his mother Kareema Begum who
encouraged him to follow in his father's footsteps. But all this had an adverse
affect on his education. Infrequent attendance and an unaccommodative

29
management forced him to shift schools from the prestigious Padma Seshadri
Bal Bhavan to the Madras Christian College and finally he dropped out of
school altogether.

Religion
In 1988, one of his sisters fell seriously ill and numerous attempts to cure her
failed. Her condition progressively worsened. The family had given up all hope
when they came in contact with a Muslim Pir - Sheik Abdul Qadir Jeelani or Pir
Qadri as he was popularly known. With his prayers and blessings, Dileep's sister
made a miraculous recovery. Rattled by the bad experience and influenced by
the teachings of the Pir, the entire family converted to Islam. Thus A.S.Dileep
Kumar became Allah Rakha Rahman.

Musical background
He also played on the orchestra of M.S.Vishwanathan and Ramesh Naidu and
accompanied Zakir Hussain and Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan on world tours. All
this experience enabled him to earn a scholarship to the famed Trinity College of
Music at Oxford University from where he obtained a degree in Western
Classical Music. After he returned he continued to be a part of various music
troupes. He was also a part of local rock bands like Roots, Magic and Nemesis
Avenue where he performed with his future colleagues like Ranjit Barot and
Sivamani.

Career in Ads
Vizi Manuel, the lead keyboard player in Illaiyaraja's troupe, advised him to try
other alternatives like advertising. Fortunately for Dileep he soon got his first
break in advertising when he was asked to compose the jingle to promote
Allwyn's new Trendy range of watches, in 1987. The ads were a success and
Dileep's work in them was appreciated. Dileep moved full time into advertising
as a few offers came his way. Thus began Dileep's 5-year saga in advertising
where he went on to compose more than 300 jingles. Rahman did a lot of
popular ads like those for Parry's, Leo Coffee, Boost featuring Sachin Tendulkar
and Kapil Dev, Titan, Premier Pressure Cooker, Hero Puch and Asian Paints.

30
The jingles that he composed for the Leo Coffee ad starring Aravind Swamy and
the Asian Paints ad directed by Rajeev Menon also won him awards and
recognition. He also won an award for composing the theme music of the
Madras Telugu Academy's Spirit of Unity Concerts.

Studio
In 1989, he started a small studio of his own, called Panchathan Record Inn,
attached to his house. This would later develop into one of India's most well
equipped and advanced recording studios. In his established state of the art
sound and recording studio he began experimenting in sound engineering,
design and production. He also began a collection of sound samples, creating
one of the most comprehensive sonic libraries in Asia. Earlier

Non-film work
During his stint in advertising, he released his first album, of Muslim devotional
songs, titled `Deen Isai Malai'. This was followed by `Set Me Free', an album of
English songs which was the launch album of singer Malgudi Subha, by
Magnasound, where Dileep set the songs to tune. Both the albums went
unnoticed in the market.

Films
At an advertising awards function he chanced upon a young man receiving the
award for the best ad jingle which he had composed for the popular Leo Coffee
ad. At the party that followed the awards presentation ceremony Maniratnam
was introduced to the young composer by his cousin Sharada Trilok of Trish
Productions for whose company the young man had worked. Mani requested for
a sample of his wares. The composer readily complied and invited the director
over to his studio where he played out a tune that he had been pushed into
composing by his school friend G.Bharat alias Bala who had been greatly
disturbed by the Cauvery river tensions. Mani was hooked instantly. He signed
on the composer to score the music for his next film which was to be produced
by the veteran Tamil director K.Balachander. That film was Roja. That tune

31
would become the song "Tamizha Tamizha". Rahman became a household name
in Tamil Nadu overnight and the score of `Roja' was the first step in changing
the face of Indian film music. `Roja' won every conceivable award in music that
year. Rahman also got the Rajat Kamal for best music director at the National
Film Awards , the first time ever by a debutante. He left ads and moved into film
music full time. In the five years since Roja, he has created music for
blockbuster Indian films including Roja, Pudhiya Mugam, Gentleman, Kizhaku
Seemaiyilae, Duet, Kadalan, Bombay, May, Madham, Indian, Muthu kadhal
Dasam, Love Birds and others. His 1995 soundtrack for Bombay crossed 5
million units and Rahman had arrived as the "King of Indian Pop" with sales of
more than 40 million albums over a period of3 years.

Playback singing
In the movie "Bombay" Rahman formally took to playback singing. Rahman
had lent his voice to his compositions earlier too but they had been part of the
chorus or bit pieces like `Marhaba' in `Urvashi' in `Kadhalan' or background
pieces and interludes like `Yelelo' in `Chinna Chinna Aasai' in `Roja'. But
`Hamma Hamma' in `Bombay' was Rahman's first complete song. Vande
Mataram In 1996, when Rahman had gone to Bombay to attend the Screen
Awards ceremony, he met his childhood friend G.Bharat. During this meeting
both had discussed a proposal for an album to commemorate 50 years of Indian
Independence in 1997. In 1997, the International music giant, Sony Music,
whose portfolio included the likes of Michael Jackson, entered the Indian market
in a big way. They were looking to promote Indian artistes internationally. And
the first person to be signed up by Sony Music from the Indian sub-continent
was A.R.Rahman, on a 3-album contract. Rahman suggested the idea that he had
discussed with Bharat to Sony Music India and was immediately accepted.
Called `Vandemataram', it was a tribute to the motherland and featured songs to
mark the 3 colours of the Indian Flag. `Vandemataram' was released
simultaneously in 28 countries across the world under the prestigious Columbia
Label of Sony Music on August 15th 1997. Rahman himself performed live at
Vijay Chowk in New Delhi on the eve of the Golden Jubilee of Indian
Independence to a packed audience that comprised of the Prime Minister of

32
India. The album was a mega success and sold over 1.2 million copies in India
and did reasonably well internationally too.

Artistes & inspirations

At the age of 32, Rahman has already worked with internationally reputed
artistes like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Apache Indian, Zakir Hussain, Kunnakudi
Vaidyanathan, Dominic Miller, L.Shankar, Kadri Gopalnath, Vikku Vinayakram,
Ustad Sultan Khan and Pandit Vishwa Mohan Bhatt among many others.
Rahman has in collaborations with artists such as L. Shankar, Zakir Hussain,
David Byrne, Talvin Singh and Apache Indian - both recording and on tour. On a
recent trip to India, David Byrne met Rahman and was so impressed that he
went on to record some sessions with Rahman for a project he is currently
completing (as yet unreleased). Rahman lists among his favourites Bach,
Mozart, Beethoven, Carpenters, Carnatic, Rock and fusion.

Greatest Achivement
Greatest achivement of A R Rahman was the Oscar award for the best Musician
in 2009 for the film " Slumdog Millinare". His hit song in this movies was "Jay
ho..." . This film was was the story of back street peoples in Dharavi,Mumbay.

GRE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. _____ and discipline are the basic necessities of an Organised society.

(A) Peace
(B) Harmony
(C) Prosperity
(D) Progress
(E) Hierarchy
(F) Concord

33
  A. A and B

 B. B and F

 C. D and F

 D. C and D

 E.A and D

ANSWER:B

2. With the increase in human activities, there has been _____ use of natural
resources thereby causing disharmony between human beings and the natural
environment.
(A) Planned
(B) Reckless
(C) Excessive
(D) Careful
(E) Sustained
(F) Avaricious

 A. C and F

 B. B and C

 C. A and D

 D. B and F

34
  E. D and E

ANSWER: B

3. The city is a unique blend of tradition and _____ because it still retains its old
world charm despite rapid urbanisation.
(A) History
(B) Progress
(C) Modernity
(D) Retrogression
(E) Liberalism

 A. A and F

 B. A and B

 C. C and E

 D. D and F

 E. D and E

ANSWER: C

35
4. The island looks very _____ because there are hardly any inhabitants dwelling
in it.
(A) Parlous
(B) Perilous
(C) Commodious
(D) Picturesque
(E) Deserted
(F) Desolate

 A. A and B

 B. B and D

 C. C and D

 D. C and F

 E. E and F

ANSWER: E

5. One must not be _____ by failure because it is often said that failure is the
stepping stone to success.
(A) Influenced
(B) Hapless
(C) Affronted
(D) Disheartened
(E) Discouraged

36
(F) Inspired

 A. A and E

 B. A and B

 C. B and C

 D. D and E

 E. A and F

ANSWER: D

6. Leadership is the ability to secure desirable actions from a group of followers

voluntarily without the use of _____.
(A) Coercion
(B) Blandishments
(C) Discipline
(D) Deception
(E) Punishment
(F) Cajolery

 A. A and F

 B. B and C

 C. B and D

 D. B and C

37
  E. D and E

ANSWER: A

7. Pollutants present in the environment are said to have a _____ effect on

human health and are responsible for causing many diseases.
(A) Deleterious
(B) Salubrious
(C) Detrimental
(D) Soporific
(E) Seminal
(F) Somnolent

 A. B and D

 B. D and F

 C. A and B

 D. D and E

 E. B and D

ANSWER: C

8. Despite _____ laws, poaching of wild animals is still carried out clandestinely
in some parts of the country.
(A) legal
(B) Penal

38
(C) Stringent
(D) Binding
(E) Dimunitive
(F) Violable

 A. A and B

 B. B and E

 C. C and D

 D. D and B

 E. C and F

ANSWER: C

9. What leads to peace is not violence but peace ableness, which is not _____,
but an alert, informed, practiced and active state of being.
(A) Passivity
(B) Lethargy
(C) Sensitivity
(D) Ignorance
(E) Obedience
(F) Enlightenment

 A. A and B

 B. A and D

39
  C. B and E

 D. C and F

 E. D and F

ANSWER: A

10. _____ and remote in the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman and Nicobar islands is
a paradise, once inhabited only by little-known tribes.
(A) Secluded
(B) Impossible
(C) Encroached
(D) Isolated
(E) Scattered
(F) Abandoned

 A. B and C

 B. D and E

 C. C and E

 D. A and D

 E. A and B

ANSWER: D

40
11. For most _____ plants and animals, there is no way back from a place on the
list of endangered species.
(A) exotic
(B) Threatened
(B) Imperiled
(D) Extant
(E) wild
(F) Extinct

 A. A and B

 B. B and C

 C. A and D

 D. B and F

 E. E and F

ANSWER: B

12. All citizens of the world must show respect to the constitution, and must not
view the law and order machinery with _____.

(A) Reverence
(B) Contempt
(C) Sincerity
(D) Disdain
(E) Allegiance

41
(F) Dignity

 A. A and B

 B. C and E

 C. C and F

 D. B and D

 E. E and D

ANSWER:D

13. Pulsating with power and _____ an image of Lord Surya is believed to
dispel darkness and is usually worn as an amulet strung from a gold chain.
(A) Pelf
(B) Radiance
(C) Resplendence
(D) Prestige
(E) Enlightenment
(F) Wisdom

 A. A and F

 B. B and C

 C. D and E

 D. B and D

42
  E. A and B

ANSWER: B

4. Social entrepreneurs are committed individuals who have a dedicated streak

that does not allow them to get _____ from their chosen mission.
(A) Obsessed
(B) Divested
(C) Digressed
(D) Diverted
(E) Focused
(F) Obviated

 A. A and E

 B. B and F

 C. C and A

 D. C and D

 E. A and F

ANSWER: D

15. It is a _____ that while almost every religion stands for and preaches the
universal brotherhood of man, religion has been a constant source of conflict in
human history.
(A) Dilemma

43
(B) Paradox
(C) Coincidence
(D) Ambiguity
(E) Contiguity
(F) Irony

 A. A and D

 B. B and F

 C. A and B

 D. C and E

 E. B and D

ANSWER: B

16. Money and power can bring _____ happiness but at the same time they also
bring in an equal amount of misery.
(A) Spiritual
(B) Mental
(C) Material
(D) Worldly
(E) Psychological
(F) Emotional

 A. A and B

44
  B. E and F

 C. C and D

 D. D and E

 E. A and C

ANSWER: C

17. The _____ utilization of human resources can not only help in economic
development but can also help in reducing the rate of unemployment.
(A) Drastic
(B) Effective
(C) Minimal
(D) Optimal
(E) Nominal
(F) Voracious

 A. A and F

 B. B and D

 C. D and F

 D. B and C

 E. D and E

ANSWER: B

45
18. Plural and open demo cracles are the targets of the scourge of terrorism that
strikes at the very root of _____, the mainstay of civil society in a free world.
(A) Injustice
(B) Dishonesty
(C) Tolerance
(D) Violence
(E) Acceptance
(F) Treachery

 A. A and B

 B. D and F

 C. C and E

 D. B and C

 E. C and D

ANSWER: C

19. Those who champion the cause of women seek to _____ their rights and
power.
(A) Demand
(B) Establish
(C) Uphold
(D) Assert
(E) Transform

46
(F) Transcend

 A. E and F

 B. A and B

 C. B and C

 D. C and D

 E. D and E

ANSWER: D

20. The Federation of Andhra Pradesh Industries has expressed concern at the
_____ financial situation and has threatened to launch an agitation if the
government does not extend concessions.
(A) Exacerbating
(B) Deteriorating
(C) Rising
(D) Diminishing
(E) Receding
(F) Escalating

 A. A and E

 B. A and B

 C. C and D

47
  D. C and E

 E. C and F

ANSWER: B

21. Despite wide campaigning for their _____ and several advances, a large
majority of women remain voiceless and powerless.
(A) Empowerment
(B) Remonstration
(C) Education
(D) Emancipation
(E) Security
(F) Edification

 A. A and F

 B. B and F

 C. C and D

 D. A and D

 E. C and E

ANSWER: D

22. Tolerance is _____ for peaceful relations among the members of a society.
(A) Egalitarian

48
(B) Indispensable
(C) Redundant
(D) Imperative
(E) Phenomenal
(F) Apparent

 A. A and B

 B. B and D

 C. B and C

 D. E and F

 E. C and E

ANSWER: B

23. The easiest and most efficient way to encourage or secure _____ with
international norms is through voluntary, not coercive means.
(A) Conformity
(B) Judiciousness
(C) Discipline
(D) Compliance
(E) Ingenuity
(F) Correspondence

 A. A and D

49
  B. B and C

 C. B and E

 D. A and F

 E. E and F

ANSWER: A

24. A person who remains courageous even during times of _____ will
ultimately emerge successful.

(A) Grief
(B) Adversity
(C) Destruction
(D) Horror
(E) Suffering
(F) Cheer

 A. A and B

 B. B and E

 C. A and E

 D. C and D

 E. A and D

50
ANSWER: B

25. The natural beauty of the _____ location and its lush vegetation and wildlife
have been a rich source opportune of inspiration for artists and naturalists.

(A) Chaotic
(B) Scenic
(C) Picturesque
(D) Rustic
(E) Opulent
(F) Terrestrial

 A. A and D

 B. D and E

 C. B and C

 D. E and F

 E. A and B

ANSWER: C

51
 TOEFL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER

1.Continuing Fight Between Parties, Families, Clans, Etc.

A
Enmity
.
B.Feud
C.Quarrel
D
Skirmish
.
ANSWER: B

52
2.A Building For Storing Threshed Grain

A
Hangar
.
B.Dockyard
C.Store
D
Granary
.
ANSWER: D

3.
Policeman Riding On Motorcycles As Guards To A VIP

A.Outriders
B.Servants
C.Commandos
D.Attendants
ANSWER: A

4. One Who Is Determined To Exact Full Vengeance For Wrongs Done To Him

A
Virulent
.
B.Vindictive
C.Usurer
D
Vindicator
.
ANSWER: B

5.
Murder Of A King

A.Infanticide
B.Matricide
C.Genocide

53
 D.Regicide
ANWER: D

5.
An Expression Of Mild Disapproval

A.Warning
B.Denigration
C.Impertinence
D.Reproof
ANSWER: D

70.
One Absorbed In His Own Thoughts And Feelings Rather Than In Things
Outside

A.Scholar
B.Recluse
C.Introvert
D.Intellectual
ANSWER: C

6.
One Who Dabbles In Fine Arts For The Love Of It And Not For Monetary
Gains

A.Connoisseur
B.Amateur
C.Professional
D.Dilettante
ANSWER: B

7.
A School Boy Who Cuts Classes Frequently Is A

A.Defeatist
B.Sycophant
C.Truant

54
 D.Martinet
ANSWER: C

8.
Ready To Believe

A.Credulous
B.Credible
C.Creditable
D.Incredible
ANSWER: A

9..
Medical Study Of Skin And Its Diseases

A
Dermatology
.
B.Endocrinology
C.Gyneacology
D
Orthopaedics
.
ANSWER: A

10.
A Person Who Tries To Deceive People By Claiming To Be Able To Do
Wonderful Things

A.Trickster
B.Imposter
C.Magician
D.Mountebank
ANSWER: A

11.
A Dramatic Performance

A.Mask

55
 B.Mosque
C.Masque
D.Mascot
ANSWER: C

12.
One Who Does Not Marry, Especially As A Religious Obligation

A.Bachelor
B.Celibate
C. Virgin
D.Recluse
ANSWER: B

13.
That Which Is Perceptible By Touch Is

A.Contagious
B.Contingent
C.Tenacious
D.Tangible
ANSWER: D

14.
Very Pleasing To Eat

A.Appetising
B.Palatable
C.Tantalising
D.Sumptuous
ANSWER: B

15.
The Part Of Government Which Is Concerned With Making Of Rules

A.Court
B.Tribunal
C.Bar
D.Legislature

56
ANSWER: D

16.
One Who Believes That All Things And Events In Life Are Predetermined Is
A

A.Fatalist
B.Puritan
C.Egoist
D.Tyrant
ANSWER: A

17.
Something That Relates To Everyone In The World

A.General
B.Common
C.Usual
D.Universal
ANSWER: D

18.
To Walk With Slow Or Regular Steps Is To

A.Limp
B.Stride
C.Pace
D.Advance
ANSWER: C

19.
A Style Full Of Words

A.Verbose
B. Pedantic
C.Rhetorical
D.Abundant
ANSWER: A

57
20. To Issue A Thunderous Verbal Attack

A. Langiush

B. Animate

C. Fulnimate

D. Invigorate

Answer: C

21. One Who Is Honourably Discharged From

A. Retired

B. Emertius

C. Relieved

D. Emanicipated

Answer: B

22. Present Opposing Arguments Or Evidence

A. Criticise

B. Rebuff

C. Reprimand

D. Rebut

Answer: D

58
23. The Policy Of Extending A Country’s Empire

A. Communism

B. Internationlism

C. Capitalism

D. Imperialism

Answer: D

24. Of Outstanding Significance

A. Monumental

B. Rational

C. Ominous

D. Evident

Answer: A

25. A Fixed Orbit in Space In Relation To Earth

A. Geological

B. Geo-Synchronous

C. Geo- Centric

D. Geo- Stationary

Answer: D

59
 ONLINE TEST

Section I : Listening Comprehension

60
Part 1: Gap filling

Instruction: Listen to the passage and type the correct word in the blanks.

Q 1.Children’s mind is like potter's clay. It has to be shaped in a right manner. A

child normally has to enjoy its days with its parents, teachers, friends,

etc. It is the age where fine and long lasting gather in child's mind.

Childhood is the best time to develop spiritual, intellectual, support. But

this rule of nature has been crippled by the perilous child labour.

Every child has his right to enjoy his childhood. But inspite of this a few

children are put to work throughout the world about 250million children
are child labourers. Due to poverty poor parents put their children to work in

order to the family's economic status.

This conceals the talent and interests in them. Their urge to go to school is

by their parents. This makes the nation lose a few minds. The

children are deprived of education. They are made to work under

conditions. They are overworked and underpaid children are made to shine

shoes on footpaths, they work as milkboys, , house maids, cleaners in

hotels....etc.

We can find children selling newspapers on highways. All such adverse

61
practices are to be abolished once for all, without leaving its traces for future

Correct Answer :

childhood~impressions~emotional~forcefully~supplement~dismissed~creative~

threatening~ragpickers~generations

Part 2: True/False

Instruction: Listen to the passage and indicate whether the given statement is
True or

False by clicking on the appropriate option.

Q 2. Walt Disney are not environmentally aware and do nothing for nature.

True

False

Correct Answer : 2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

62
Q 3. Minnie Mouse has more clothes than Mickey Mouse.

True

False

Correct Answer : 2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q 4. The Christmas trees at Disney this year will be white.

True

False

Correct Answer : 2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q 5. It is common for people to lose their belongings while on holiday at

Disney.

True

False

Correct Answer : 1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

63
Q 6. The Grand Floridian Resort and Spa employs a full time cellist.

True

False

Correct Answer : 2

Q 7. For boosting launches, solid-fuel SRBs are less advantageous over liquid-
fuel rockets.

True

False

Correct Answer : 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 8. Solid rocket motors have a greater handling risk on the ground.

True

False

Correct Answer : 1

64
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 9. SRB failure rates are very high.

True

False

Correct Answer : 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
Q 10. Before a normal burn out, it is very easy to stop a solid rocket motor.

True

False

Correct Answer : 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 11. Thrust is terminated by reducing combustion chamber pressure and
propellant burn rate.

65
 True

False

Correct Answer : 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Part 3: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Listen to the passage and answer the question/s by clicking on the
appropriate option.

Q 12. The author has compared India with all the following except-

Greece

Rome

Babylon

Egypt

Correct Answer : 4

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q 13. In what respect is India implied to be superior to all other nations and
empire

Material development

Cultural advancement

66
 Military strength

Territorial expansion

Correct Answer : 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

Q 14. What, according to J. B. Pratt, is the secret of the longevity and

imperishability of Indian culture ?

It has its origin in the remote past

It issues from the minds and hearts of its sages

It is self-perpetuating and self-renewing

It is founded on religion

Correct Answer : 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

67
Q 15. Which of the following has not been mentioned as a particular period of
Indian culture ?

The Vedic age

The age of Upanishads

The age of the Mahabharata

The British period

Correct Answer : 4

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

Q 16. What changes has the spirit of Indian culture undergone during its long
history right from the vedic age down to the present times ?

The precedence of moral values was eclipsed at certain periods of time

Materialism was the hall-mark of Indian culture during certain periods of

time

During certain periods military development was the be-all and end-all of
Indian culture

The spirit of Indian culture has practically been the same from the ancient
times down to the present

68
Correct Answer : 4

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 17. What according to the author has always characterised the Hindu
religion ?

Development

Stagnation

Sometimes development and sometimes stagnation

Lack of moral values

Correct Answer : 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 18. Which other religion has been mentioned in the passage as self-
developing and self-renewing as Hindu religion ?

Christianity

Islam

Buddhism

none
Correct Answer : 4

69
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 19. "Could not last more than the footprints of a camel on the shifting sands
of the desert." What does it mean ?

It lost itself in deserts

It was transient

It lacked solidity

It was limited only to desert areas

Correct Answer : 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

Q 20. What is the characteristic quality of the basic principles of Indian

culture ?

They are static

They derive their strength from thegenius of the people

They can be adapted almost to any environment of development

They believe in the purity of Indian culture

Correct Answer : 3

70
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

Q 21. Which of the following may be the best title of the passage ?

Unity of Indian Culture

Indian Civilization and Culture

Indian Religion and Civilization

Characteristics of Indian Culture

Correct Answer : 4

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section II : Reading Comprehension

Part 4: Gap filling -Choose 10 correct words out of 15 words

Instruction: Fill in the blanks using the list of words given below.

71
Q 22. Civil liberties campaigners have reacted angrily to the announcement that
the largest police force in Britain has purchased a revolutionary computer
system which will allow them to track everything a person does online in a

three-dimensional graphic. The Metropolitan Police service, for policing

London, announced the purchase of Geotime, a computer program which can
correlate information from satellites, mobile phones, social networking websites,
IP logs and financial transactions. The software is already used by the U.S.
military.

Lawyers and campaigners have questioned whether innocent individuals may be

tracked by the software, likened to a computer program in the science fiction
film Minority Report. Sarah McSherry, a lawyer representing a number of

protesters, fears that officers could breach data protection laws by

tracking innocent protesters, endangering the democratic rights of

demonstrators. "We have already seen the of a number of tactics which

infringe the right to peaceful protest, privacy and freedom of expression,

assembly and movement. All of these have a effect on participation in

peaceful protest," she said. "This latest tool could also be used in a wholly
invasive way and could fly in the face of the role of the police to facilitate rather

than the activities of democratic protesters."

Geotime correlates information from numerous sources allowing intelligence

officers to view effectively every online move made by individuals, and its
website says it can link one suspect to others. The computer software can

72
reportedly create links between people and reveal relationships and private

communications, "temporal patterns and behaviours." A product director

at the parent company, Oculus, said the program is available to purchase
commercially.

A number of academics and intelligence experts have said the program could

lead to more in terrorism and organised crime investigations, with one

professor describing its use as "absolutely right." In contrast, an official at
Privacy International called on police to explain how the software would be
used. "Once millions and millions of pieces of microdata are aggregated, you
end up with this very high-resolution picture of somebody, and this is effectively

what they are doing here," he said. "We shouldn't be tracked and andhave
pictures built by our own government and police for the benefit of commercial
gain."

Data protection in Britain has become a major issue among public debate in

recent years. The most recent to emerge came last week after an elderly
man with no criminal record was given permission to take senior officers who
systematically recorded details of his attendance at peaceful protests to the High
Court.

1.traced 2.rosen 3.controversy 4.usage 5.chilling

73
6.disclosing 7.control 8.respect 9.infringe 10.impede

11.attribution 12.raised 13.responsible 14.utilisation 15.respond

Correct Answer : 13~12~14~5~10~6~11~1~3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------

Part 5: Sequencing of Jumbled Sentences (This part carries 5 Marks)

Instruction: Arrange the following sentences in correct sequence (This question
carries 5 mark)

Q 23.

 When you have to study for examination, you have many things to do.
 Suppose you have only two months to do it then the best way is to make a
time-table for yourself.
 The final aim, of course, is to pass the examination that is two months
away.
 You have to read a number of books, learn tables and formulas.
 The time-table tells you what you have to do every day and for how many
hours

Correct Answer :1~3~5~2~4

74
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------

Part 6: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Read the Passage Carefully and Answer the Questions

Land based gas turbines are of two types: (1) heavy frame engines and (2)
aeroderivative engines. Heavy frame engines are characterized by lower
pressure ratios (typically below 20) and tend to be physically large. Pressure
ratio is the ratio of the compressor discharge pressure and the inlet air pressure.
Aeroderivative engines are derived from jet engines, as the name implies, and
operate at very high compression ratios (typically in excess of 30).
Aeroderivative engines tend to be very compact and are useful where smaller
power outputs are needed. As large frame turbines have higher power outputs,
they can produce larger amounts of emissions, and must be designed to achieve
low emissions of pollutants, such as NOx.
One key to a turbine's fuel-to-power efficiency is the temperature at which
it operates. Higher temperatures generally mean higher efficiencies, which in
turn, can lead to more economical operation. Gas flowing through a typical
power plant turbine can be as hot as 2300 degrees F, but some of the critical
metals in the turbine can withstand temperatures only as hot as 1500 to 1700
degrees F. Therefore, air from the compressor might be used for cooling key
turbine components, reducing ultimate thermal efficiency.
One of the major achievements of the Department of Energy's advanced turbine
program was to break through previous limitations on turbine temperatures,

75
using a combination of innovative cooling technologies and advanced materials.
The advanced turbines that emerged from the Department's research program
were able to boost turbine inlet temperatures to as high as 2600 degrees F -
nearly 300 degrees hotter than in previous turbines, and achieve efficiency as
high as 60 percent.
Another way to boost efficiency is to install a recuperator or heat recovery
steam generator (HRSG) to recover energy from the turbine's exhaust. A
recuperator captures waste heat in the turbine exhaust system to preheat the
compressor discharge air before it enters the combustion chamber. A HRSG
generates steam by capturing heat from the turbine exhaust. These boilers are
also known as heat recovery steam generators. High-pressure steam from these
boilers can be used to generate additional electric power with steam turbines, a
configuration called a combined cycle.

Q 24. According to the passage, what does higher temperatures

generally mean?

Higher temperatures mean inefficiency.

Higher temperatures generate higher electrical power.

Higher temperatures mean higher pressures.

Higher temperatures mean higher efficiency.

Correct Answer : 4

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------

76
Q 25. According to the passage, how did the Department of Energy break
through previous limitations on turbine temperatures?

It used a combination of innovative cooling technologies.

It used advanced materials.

Both A and B.

It depended on modern alternatives.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------

Correct Answer : 3

Q 26. How does the air from the compressor help in cooling key turbine
components?

It enhances thermal efficiency.

It reduces thermal efficiency.

It increases the cooling capacity of the turbine.

It increases the heating capacity.

Correct Answer : 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 27. What is another way to boost efficiency mentioned in the passage?

Allowing gas to flow through a typical power plant.

77
 Preventing excessive heat from going out.

Using high pressure steam.

None of the above.

Correct Answer :1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 28. According to the passage, what is the pressure ratio?

It is the ratio of the pressure.

It is the ratio of the compressor discharge pressure and inlet air pressure.

Itis the ratio of the pressure to the compressor discharge.

None of the above.

Correct Answer : 2

Instruction: Read the Passage Carefully and Answer the Questions

The reformer must know that what moves people in the authentic life, not mere
writing. The newspapers and journals that LokmanyaTilak and Gandhijiran, the
books they wrote, sold title, but had enormous effect. Their writing was known
to reflect, or be just extension of, their exemplary lives. It was the authenticity of
their lives which lent weight to their message, to their example. All knew that
their lives were an integral whole – they were not morale in public life and lax in

78
private, not vice-versa: they were not full of pious thought and secret resolutions
within the walls of a temple and cheats outside.

A writer who is merely entertaining his readers, even one who is merely
informing them, can do what he wants with the rest of his life. But the writer
who sets out to use his pen to reform public life cannot afford such dualities.

Here is a testimony of one great man – Gandhiji – about the influence of

another, LokmanyaTilak: “I believe that an editor who has anything worth
saying and who commands a clientele cannot be easily hushed. He has delivered
his finished message as soon as he is put under duress. The Lokmanya spoke
more eloquently from the Malaya fortress than through the columns of the
printed Kesari. His influence was multiplied thousand fold by his imprisonment
and his speech and pen had acquired much greater power after he was
discharged than before his imprisonment. Tilak`s exemplary life inspired many
people who vowed to do their best to fulfill his life’s dream. He could not
possibly have done more if he were today in flesh preaching his views. Critics
like me would perhaps be still finding fault with his expression of this or that.
Today his message rules millions of hearts which are determined to raise
permanent living memorial by the fulfillment of his ambition in their
lives.”lives.”

Q 29. In the context of the passage, a reformer becomes effective if:

He is a journalist with an objective viewpoint

He is an author with an excellent style of writing

79
 He is an effective political leader of the masses

He is a person with consistency in his writing and life style

Correct Answer : 4

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 30. In the context of the passage which of the following statements about
LokmanyaTilak and Mahatma Gandhiji is true?

They were moral in private life but lax in public life

Their influence on people was negligible

Very few people used to read the newspapers edited by them

Their influence was multiplied a thousand fold by their imprisonment

Correct Answer : 4

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

Q 31. Which of the following is the result of LokmanyaTilak’s exemplary life?

The newspaper edited by him did not incur monetary loss

The books written by him were useful

People resolved to fulfill his life’s dream

He was put in jail at Mandalay

80
Correct Answer : 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
Q 32. Which of the following is the general tendency of critics according to the
passage?

To find fault with one or the other expression of a writer

To praise only those writers whom they like

To condemn one and all the reformers writers

To suggest new ideas to the public

Correct Answer : 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Q 33. Which of the following types of writers can be moral in their personal life
and lax in public life?

Those who want to reform people

Those who want to entertain people

Those who have large number of followers who wish to emulate them

Those who lead an authentic life

81
Correct Answer : 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

Section III : Common Errors in English

Part 7: Correct the errors(grammar) in 10 sentences

Q 34. Identify the correct sentence.

The senators finished their business. did they?

The senators finished their business. didn’t they?

Correct Answer :2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

Q 35. Identify the correct sentence.

She has met the Editor yesterday.

She met the Editor yesterday.

82
Correct Answer :2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Q 36. Identify the correct sentence.

He asked a holiday.

He asked for a holiday.

Correct Answer :2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Q 37. Identify the correct sentence.

Let he and she sit down and discuss the common minimum programme.

Let them sit down and discuss the common minimum programmes.

Correct Answer :2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Q 38. Identify the correct sentence.

83
 All the players who the selectors invited to a meeting felt happy.

Al the players whom the selectors invited to the party felt happy.

Correct Answer :2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--

Q 39. Identify the correct sentence.

One was kept alive and many shoot dead.

One was kept alive and many were shot dead.

Correct Answer :2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Q 40. Identify the correct sentence.

They insisted on me resigning the post.

They insisted on my resigning the post.

Correct Answer :2

84
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Q 41. Identify the correct sentence.

Are their more of those biscuits?

Are there more of those biscuits?

Correct Answer :2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Q 42. Identify the correct sentence.

The shop stocks good stationary.

The shop stocks good stationery.

Correct Answer :2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Q 43. Identify the correct sentence.

85
 My father loves with me.

My father loves me

Correct Answer :2

86