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PII: S2352-0124(18)30040-7
DOI: doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2018.03.015
Reference: ISTRUC 271
To appear in: Structures
Received date: 1 February 2018
Revised date: 26 March 2018
Accepted date: 27 March 2018
Please cite this article as: Mehdi Eftekhari, Ali Karrech, Mohamed Elchalakani, Hakan
Basarir , Multi-scale Modeling Approach to Predict the Nonlinear Behavior of CNT-
reinforced Concrete Columns Subjected to Service Loading. The address for the
corresponding author was captured as affiliation for all authors. Please check if
appropriate. Istruc(2017), doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2018.03.015
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School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Western Australia, 35
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Abstract
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Due to the susceptibility of concrete structures to severe damage under earthquake loading,
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an increasing demand on high-strength and high performance concrete materials has been
arising recently. Among several new materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their superior
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mechanical properties are being widely used in construction industry. In this study, a multi-
columns under monotonic loading. At the nano-scale, the mechanical properties of CNTs are
obtained using a molecular dynamics approach. These properties are fed into a larger scale
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cement paste based on the finite element simulation. Furthermore, the mechanical properties
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of a concrete sample, including three major phases, cement, aggregate and interfacial
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transition zone is derived at the meso-scale using finite element simulations. Ultimately, the
monotonic behavior of two concrete columns containing ordinary concrete and CNT-
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responses of the two columns indicates that, adding CNTs to the concrete columns can
increase the key mechanical properties of concrete such as ultimate moment capacity, energy
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1. Introduction
producing efficient and effective types of concrete materials with enhanced mechanical
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members, the role of columns at the first story of the buildings is considerably critical for
proper seismic behavior of concrete structures during an earthquake. Hence, they should
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tolerate high ductility, load-carrying capacity and large plastic deformation while their
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strength remains almost at the same level. Yet, the strength of the concrete is degraded in the
plastic hinges of the concrete columns due to low tensile strength and brittleness, which leads
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to overall instability of concrete structure under severe loading conditions. As a result, it is
desirable to produce new concrete material with high-energy absorption capacity without loss
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of strength.
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In the last few years, researchers proposed several methods to increase the overall ductility,
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damage tolerance and strength of concrete material during cyclic loading, which lead to
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different types of fiber reinforced concretes (FRC) [4, 5]. FRC can improve the ductility of
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concrete during reverse cyclic loading, in addition to their positive impact on crack bridging
Fischer and Li [6] studied experimentally the tensile and bending behavior of FRC members
under cyclic loading and showed that the interaction among cement and fibers governs the
behavior of FRCs. In addition, steel fiber can reduce the sliding between concrete and steel
rebars and can increase the ultimate strength and ductility of the concrete members.
Furthermore, FRCs can prevent the generation of cracks at the macro scale by delaying the
formation of defects at the micro scale. Enhancing the cyclic behavior of concrete columns
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under earthquake loading by incorporating steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has been
investigated by Lee [7]. Their results indicate that SFRCs can eliminate the brittle shear
fracture behavior of concrete, provided that they are uniformly distributed. This means that
under cyclic loading, the longitudinal bar yield sooner than shear reinforcement.
Nano reinforcing material called, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are attracting a considerable
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interest as a new class of concrete reinforcement material. CNTs were first invented by Iijima
[8] in 1991. They are made of carbon atoms, which form a hollow cylindrical structure at the
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nanoscale. They have high mechanical properties such as tensile and compressive strength
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(around 100GPa) and elastic modulus (around 1000GPa), which makes them superior
reinforcing materials. The main issue in using CNTs in concrete is their uniform dispersion
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within the concrete mix, as they tend to agglomerate rather than disperse uniformly. To
address this problem, the so called cement hybrid material (CHM) is commonly used [9].
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CHM can be easily mixed with Portland cement and leads in uniform dispersion of CNTs all
In this study, by means of finite element simulation, the effect of addition of new type of
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reinforcement at the nanoscale, called carbon nanotube (CNT), on the behavior of CNT-
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To the author’s best knowledge, no studies have been performed on the mechanical properties
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CNTs are presented at the nanoscale. Afterwards, by means of finite element simulation,
tensile and compressive behavior of CNT-reinforced cement and concrete are derived in
Sections 3 and 4, respectively. At the end, two concrete columns, made of ordinary concrete
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and CNT-reinforced concrete, are simulated at the macro scale and their mechanical behavior
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Figure 1: Schematic representation for the multi-scale simulation of the monotonic behavior of
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simulate the behavior of carbon nanotubes under different tensile and compressive loadings.
This tool, which uses the molecular dynamics (MD) approach, is used to obtain the
temperature to be close to the real condition (300K). The modified Tersoff interatomic
carbon atoms. This potential is a 3-body potential which includes stretching and angle-
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bending among carbon atoms. This potential does not contain dihedral component of
potential energy. In this potential the total energy of the system is described as:
𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑓 1 (1)
𝐸𝑖𝑗 = 𝑓𝐶 (𝑟𝑖𝑗 )[𝑓𝑅 (𝑟𝑖𝑗 ) + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 𝑓𝐴 (𝑟𝑖𝑗 )]
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1 1
𝑓𝐶 (𝑟𝑖𝑗 ) = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜋(𝑟𝑖𝑗 − 𝑅𝑖𝑗 )/(𝑆𝑖𝑗 − 𝑅𝑖𝑗 )] , 𝑅𝑖𝑗 < 𝑟𝑖𝑗 < 𝑆𝑖𝑗
2 2
{0, 𝑟𝑖𝑗 ≥ 𝑆𝑖𝑗
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Where 𝑟𝑖𝑗 is the interatomic distance between atoms i and j, functions 𝑓𝑅 (𝑟𝑖𝑗 ) and 𝑓𝐴 (𝑟𝑖𝑗 ) are
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the repulsive and attractive interactions, respectively, and 𝑓𝐶 (𝑟𝑖𝑗 ) is a smooth cut-off
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function. Further detail can be found in [11]. This potential provides reliable results as shown
The structural geometry of CNTs can be defined by a vector (n,m), where if n and m are
equal, the CNT is called an armchair, while in the case of m=0, the CNT is called zigzag
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(Figure 2).
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Figure 2: The (n,m) nanotube naming scheme can be thought of as a vector (𝑪𝒉 ) in an infinite
graphene sheet that describes how to "roll up" the graphene sheet to make the nanotube. T
denotes the tube axis, and 𝒂𝟏 and 𝒂𝟐 are the unit vectors of graphene in real space.
For verification, a perfect (10,0) zigzag SWCNT which was previously simulated by Poelma
et al. [16] is considered. The length and the diameter of the SWCNT are 52.62 and 7.83Å,
respectively. The results of the simulation illustrates a reasonable agreement between the two
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models (Figure 3).
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Different configurations of CNTs were simulated, including single and multi-walled carbon
nanotubes (SWCNT and MWCNT) with equal lengths of 100Å. The detailed geometrical
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properties of CNTs are described in Table 1. The CNTs are restrained at one end, while the
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proper displacement is applied to the other and the corresponding stress strain is extracted at
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The mechanical properties of the tensile and compressive simulation are presented in Figure
4, and Tables 2 and 3. The average value of the results of simulation are used as the input for
simulation at the micro scale. The results indicate that the compressive elastic moduli of
CNTs are larger than tensile moduli, while their tensile strengths are much higher than their
compressive strengths. A very important point regarding their mechanical properties is that
their ultimate tensile strain is around 0.15 while their ultimate compressive strain is about
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0.035.
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Table 3: Compressive properties of CNTs.
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Armchair (10,10) 1280.8 43.55 1910229
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Zigzag (17,0) 1283.6 NU 45.54 1974698
An interesting point regarding the compressive behavior of CNTs is that the local shell
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buckling mode happens in short CNTs while Euler buckling is dominant in long CNTs, as
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embedding CNTs with random lengths and orientations distributed on the surfaces of cement
particles. The algorithm of Matsumoto and Nishimura [17] is used to generate the random
distribution of CNTs,. The cement hydration model contains three major phases, called
hydration products, unhydrated products and porosity (Figure 6). Researchers used different
methods to implement CNTs on the surface of cement model using the finite element
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simulation [18, 19], including the truss model, which is adopted in the current study.
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A nonlinear plane stress simulation is performed in 1000 steps with the Newton-Raphson
solver. The simulation is performed by the open source finite element package OOFEM [20],
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which is a C++ open-source code. The model is incrementally loaded by the applied strain
An isotropic damage model for tensile failure with liner softening [21] is used to simulate the
behavior of cement and concrete at micro and meso scales,. This model assumes that the
decrease proportionally and independently of the loading direction. The damaged stiffness
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elastic stiffness tensor. The damage evolution law is postulated in an explicit form, relating
the damage variable ω to the largest previously reached equivalent strain level, κ. The Mazars
𝜀̃ = √∑3𝐼=1〈𝜀𝐼 〉2 (4)
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Where 〈𝜀𝐼 〉 are positive parts of principal values of the strain tensor 𝜀. In this material model
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the stress is defined as:
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𝜎 = (1 − 𝜔)𝐸𝜀 (5)
Where, 𝜎 is stress and E is elastic modulus. The scalar damage variable is defined as:
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𝜀𝑓 𝜀 (6)
𝜔= (1 − 𝜀 )
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𝜀𝑓 −𝜀0 0
Where 𝜀0 and 𝜀𝑓 is equivalent strains at peak stress and failure, respectively.
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Figure 7 : Schematic isotropic damage model for tensile failure with liner softening [21].
Smilauer et al. [22] performed the experimental test on the CNT-based cement material called
CHM (Cement Hybrid Material). In CHM, CNTs are directly synthesized on the surface of
cement grain. Their cement includes CNTs with the length of 3μm and diameter of 30nm. In
order to verify the micromechanical model, the experimental results of Smilauer et al. [9],
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The results indicated that the fracture energy of the experimental sample were around
15 − 25𝑁/𝑚 while this value for the micromechanical simulation were around21.7𝑁/𝑚 ,
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A pure cement model and three CNT-reinforced cement models with CNT volume fractions
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of 1%, 2% and 3% and CNT length of 5μm, called CNT-1%, CNT-2% and CNT-3%,
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respectively, are considered in this study. The results of the tensile and compressive
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numerical tests are presented in Table 4, Figure 9 and Figure 10, where 𝐺𝑓𝑡 and 𝐺𝑓𝑐 are the
tensile and compressive fracture energies, E is the elastic modulus and 𝑓𝑡 and 𝑓𝑐 are the
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tensile and compressive strengths, respectively. The results of simulations revealed that in
CNT-reinforced cements more elements are damaged than pure cement, indicating that CNT-
reinforced cement can dissipate more energy compared with pure cement (Figure 9).
Furthermore, the addition of CNTs does not increase the elastic modulus of CNT-reinforced
cement significantly, while the tensile and compressive strength of CNT-3% are enhanced by
23% and 19%, respectively. The fracture energy of CNT-reinforced cement at tension and
compressive are also enhanced considerably: The tensile fracture energy increases from
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5.89N/m to 46.52N/m and the compressive fracture energy increased from 825N/m to
1038N/m. More information regarding the simulation procedure and detailed results can be
found in [12, 23]. The results of micro-scale simulation are up-scaled to the meso-scale
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Type E (MPa) ft (MPa) fc (MPa) Gft (N/mm) Gfc (N/mm)
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CNT-1% 18568 2.46 29.05 0.00932 0.850
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CNT-2% 18620 2.45 30.95
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Figure 9: Damage distribution contour for the cement and CNT-reinforced cement with 3%
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Figure 10: Stress-strain curve of CNT-reinforced cement by different volume fraction of CNT;
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a) Tension, b) Compression.
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simulated. The sample contains three major phases, including, aggregates, cement and an
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interface transition zone (ITZ). As researchers showed that the effect of small aggregates is
negligible [24], only large aggregates are simulated in this research. Aggregates with
different sizes and volume fractions, including dimensions of 10mm, 5mm, 2.5mm and
volume fraction ratio of 5:3:2 are considered. The effects of aggregate shapes have been
investigated by other researchers [25] whose results indicate that the mechanical properties of
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circulars shapes are presented in this paper. The models including pure cement and CNT-
reinforced cement with CNT volume fraction of 1%, 2% and 3%, are simulated under tensile
The material behavior of cement is assumed to include isotropic damage model with a linear
softening. In addition, the material behavior of ITZ is assumed to be the same as cement with
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a reduction factor of 70% and a thickness value of 200µm [25]. Since aggregates usually
remain intact during loading, a linear elastic behavior with a Young’s modulus E=30GPa and
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a Poisson’s ratio ν=0.2 is considered for them [26].
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Different volume fractions of aggregates are considered to evaluate the mechanical behavior
of concrete, including 53% and 45% [26, 27]. Hence, in this study, 50% volume fraction is
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considered. The samples were restrained at left edge and subjected to a uniform displacement
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on the right edge (Figure 11). The average dimension of the triangular-shaped elements is
3mm.
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Figure 11 : The concrete sample under uniaxial loading and the boundary conditions.
Figure 12 depicts the damage distribution within the specimen. It can be seen that in samples
under the tensile loading, the damaged area is perpendicular to the loading direction, while in
compression, the damaged area is extended in two inclined lines with 45° with respect to
horizontal direction which are perpendicular to each other. As the weakest part of concrete is
ITZ region, the damage is initiated in this region and then extended to the cement phase.
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Tension Compression
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Figure 12: Damage distribution in CNT-3% sample under tension and compression.
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Figure 13 illustrates the results of tensile and compressive loading in the form of stress-strain
curves. The tensile strength of the concrete sample is 1.86MPa, while adding CNT with the
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volume fraction of 3% increases the tensile strength of CNT-reinforced concrete by 31% to
2.44MPa. Furthermore, adding CNT to the concrete enhances significantly its ductility and
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shows a more stable behavior with higher energy absorption capacity. On the other hand, the
compressive strength of plain concrete is around 18.41MPa, while the compressive strength
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Figure 13: Stress-strain curves for the concrete sample; a) tension, b) compression.
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5. Monotonic and cyclic analysis of CNT-reinforced concrete column
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In this section, a monotonic semi-static loading is applied to investigate the mechanical
(RC) and the corresponding results are compared. The numerical model is constructed and
simulated using Open Systems for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSees 2.4.4)
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[28]. A “Concrete02” [29], (Table 5), model is used to implement the stress-strain curve
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obtained at the meso-scale (Figure 13) to the upper scale at the macro-scale. The behavior of
central core of the column (Figure 14). In this model, the concrete compressive strength at 28
days is 𝑓𝑐′ , the concrete strain at maximum strength is 𝜀𝑐0 , the concrete crushing strength is
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′
𝑓𝑐𝑢 , the concrete strain at crushing strength is 𝜀𝑢 and the tensile strength is 𝑓𝑡 .
A damage model with linear softening regime defines the material behavior of concrete at
confined one using the method of Mander et al. [30]. The compressive behavior of concrete is
affected only by confinement and the tensile behavior remains the same. In Table 5, the
mechanical properties of concrete materials are presented. Furthermore, the uniaxial behavior
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of steel rebar is simulated by Steel02 material model [28] with isotropic strain hardening and
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Figure 14: Stress strain behaviour of confined and unconfined concrete02 model.
is adopted in this study to simulate the mechanical behavior of columns under monotonic
loading [32]. In this approach, the column is divided into several two-node elements and the
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cross section of each element is divided into multiple steel and concrete fiber elements. In
this fiber elements, by obtaining the strain of each point, one can extract the corresponding
stresses [32]. By using this approach, the plastic behavior of the section can be obtained. In
addition, a zero-length element with the bond-slip01 material model is adopted to investigate
the effects of sliding between concrete and reinforcement at the bottom of the column (the
most critical section) [33]. This material model is for fully anchored steel reinforcement bars
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that experience bond slip along a portion of the anchorage length due to strain penetration
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effects, which are usually the case for column and wall longitudinal bars anchored into
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footings or bridge joints.
study of Saatcioglu and Ozcebe, the concrete compressive strength and the steel yield
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strength are 37.3MPa and 437MPa, respectively. The spacing between stirrups are 65mm.
The height of the column is 1000mm and its cross section is 350×350mm with eight
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longitudinal bars of diameter of 25mm. The column consisted of five nonlinear displacement-
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control beam-column elements and one zero-length element at bottom of the column to take
into account the probable sliding between concrete and rebar. A zero-length section element
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concrete and steel fiber strains are calculated for a given curvature using the plain-section
assumption. The fiber forces, obtained using the stress-strain relationship of fibers, are
integrated across the section to obtain the corresponding moment. The overall configuration
of the column and its boundary conditions are depicted Figure 15. The cross section of the
column is divided into a confined core and unconfined cover area, and different material
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Figure 15: Schematic fiber element model of the column.
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A constant vertical force of magnitude 600kN is applied on the top of the column and a cyclic
displacement with magnitudes 11, 23, 46, 69 and 91mm are imposed to the top of the column.
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simulation, which indicates that the results are in a very good agreement.
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After verification, four concrete columns similar to column of Saatcioglu and Ozcebe [34],
with different materials including, ordinary concrete (RC) and three CNT-reinforced concrete
column with different volume fractions (CNRC-1%, CNRC-2%, CNRC-3%), are studied.
Their corresponding moment-curvatures are shown in Figure 9. The analysis indicates that
the nominal compressive strength of RC column is 4300kN. Considering this value, column
sections are subjected to three different axial loads (representing 8%, 13% and 20% the
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nominal compressive capacity) and the corresponding responses are depicted in Figure 10.
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From the moment-curvature diagrams illustrated in Figure 17, it can be seen that columns
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with higher volume fraction of CNT can undergo larger curvature and lateral displacement.
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Figure 17 : Moment-curvature diagrams for different axial loadings.
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The curvature ductility is defined as the ratio of ultimate curvature to yield curvature of the
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column. This value is calculated for all columns and the results are presented in Figure 18 for
different CNT volume fractions. As can be seen, the curvature ductility of the columns
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decreases when the axial force increases. When the CNT volume fraction increases, the
difference between curvature ductility of the column increases. The minimum curvature
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ductility belongs to RC column with 860kN axial force equal to 18.53 while CNRC-3% with
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axial force of 340kN has the maximum curvature ductility around 85.86.
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The amount of dissipated energy per length of concrete column can be estimated by
calculating the enclosed area under the monotonic moment-curvature curve. Figure 19
illustrates the ultimate moment capacity and the energy dissipation of each column. The
dissipated energy decreases with the increase of column axial force. In addition, higher CNT
volume fractions improve the energy absorption capacity. The highest energy absorption
capacity belongs to CNRC-3% with 340kN axial force equal to 140.8kN per length while RC
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column with 860kN axial force possess the minimum energy absorption capacity per length
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about 24.97kN.
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As the amount of axial force decreases, the moment capacity of the column increases,
although the difference is negligible (Figure 19.a). RC column has an average moment
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capacity of 255kN.m in comparison to CNRC-3%, which has 320kN.m with a rise of more
than 25%. It can be concluded that CNTs can decrease the extension of damage in concrete
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Figure 19 : a) Dissipated energy; b) ultimate momonnt of the column sections with different
axial loading.
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Two models, including ordinary concrete and CNRC-3%, are considered for comparison
between the cyclic behaviors of columns. The columns are subjected to 2500𝐾𝑁 axial
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compressive force (58% of the nominal axial compressive capacity). After imposing this
constant compressive force, a lateral quasi-static cyclic displacement is applied on the top of
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the column. The pseudo-static lateral load is applied under the displacement control
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condition.
The hysteresis behavior of the models are depicted in Figure 20, which clearly shows the
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pinching behavior in both models. The area enclosed among the hysteresis force-
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displacement curve of the CNRC-3% column is more than the RC one, which is an indication
of larger amount of energy absorption. CNRC-3% column can sustain 307𝐾𝑁 lateral force,
while in the RC column this value decreases to 213𝐾𝑁 , which means that the CNRC-3%
column can bear 44% more lateral load than the RC column. This result indicates that CNTs
can limit the crack propagation rate and consequently increase the stability and strength of
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Figure 20 : Force-displacement behavior of the concrete columns under quasi-static cyclic
loading.
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The energy dissipation capacity for each cycle is estimated based on the area enclosed by the
force-displacement hysteresis curve of each cycle. The cumulative energy dissipation in each
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step is also obtained by summing up the energy dissipation in consecutive loops [4]. The
cumulative energy dissipation with respect to the column top displacement is illustrated in
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Figure 21. Cleary, the cumulative energy dissipation consistently increases and in each cycle
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for CNRC-3% column is more than the RC one. In addition, by increasing the displacement
level, the difference between the cumulative energy dissipation curves increases. This can be
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attributed to the fact that CNTs bridge the cracks at the nanoscale and delay the crack
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propagation, which results in more dissipation energy. The cumulative energy dissipation at
the end of loading for RC and CNRC-3% columns are equal to 242.8𝑘𝑁.𝑚 and 304.9𝑘𝑁.𝑚 ,
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Figure 21: The cumulative energy dissipation vs. the column maximum top displacement in
each cycle.
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6. Conclusion
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In this research, a hierarchical multi-scaling approach, including nano-, micro-, meso- and
nanotube (CNT)-reinforced concrete columns under service loading. The results of the
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simulations at the nano-scale indicate that the mechanical properties of CNTs in tension are
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superior to compression. At the micro- and meso-scales, the results indicate that increasing
the volume fraction of CNTs can increase significantly the fracture energy, tensile and
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made of different CNT volume fractions are analyzed under monotonic loading and the
results reveal that CNRC sections with higher volume fraction of CNTs can sustain larger
amount of curvature and lateral displacement. In addition, by increasing the axial force of the
columns, the amount of dissipated energy and curvature ductility decreases. Furthermore,
adding CNTs to the concrete columns can increase significantly their energy absorption
capacity.
Conflict of interest
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