47. EN 0341-1:2001 4 Actions on lines 44 Introduction ‘The clause on actions on lines is writen in two versions in accordance with 3.1 about design methods. ‘The first is called the "General approach” and the second one is called the "Empirical approach’. Each National Committee is responsible for providing climatic data in their NA which enables the use of ‘one of the two approaches according to 4.2 (General approach) or 4.3 (Empirical approach) If the NAS related to 4.2 do not provide sulficient climatic data, the Project Specification shall include ‘such data from available sources to determine a reliable design. In the case of the Empirical approach, the determination of wind and ice loads and their combinations as given in the NNAs can be assumed to be well established by experience and long-term operation of ‘overhead lines. They constitute a complete design system, especially taking the defined load cases into consideration. Where possible and makes relevant sense, comparisons with the General approach ‘according to 3.1 and 4.2 should be carried out, duly considering the differences in the two approaches. ‘The General approach is detailed below. For the Empirical approach, see 4.3 42 Actions, General approach 42.1 Permanent loads ‘Selt- weight of supports, insulator sets and other fixed equipment and of the conductors resulting from the adjacent spans act as permanent loads. Aircraft warning spheres and similar elements are to be ‘considered as permanent dead loads, 4.2.2 Wind loads 4.2.2.1 Wind speeds 4.2.2.1.1 — Field of application ‘This subclause contains rules for determining design wind loads acting on overhead line components, based on meteorolagical data. The rules cover support heights up to those as specified in the NNAs. If no requirements are stipulated in the NNA, 60 m is generally acceptable, Wind speed time averaging periods other than those used in this clause may be defined in the NNA. In ‘such a case wind engineering parameters taking into account the specific periods used, apply as given in the NNA. When designing overhead lines in the ultimate limit state, the gust wind speed is critical, In this standard itis optional to use the mean wind speed Vrew oF the gust wind speed V, as a basis for the extreme wind ‘speed in accordance with the practice within each country. In the following text a common symbol V for the wind speed is used for the different parameters when there is no need to distinguish between the two ‘options. ‘Annex B gives guidelines for the statistical evaluation of wind speed data for determination of the ‘exlreme wind speed.EN 50341-1:2001 48+ 4.22.1.2 Mean wind speed Veer In this standard mean wind speed Vnesr is defined as the mean wind speed in mis over a period of 10 min at a height of 10 m above the ground in relatively open terrain (category Il, see Table 4.2.1), 42.21.38 Gust wind speed V, ‘The gust wind speed V, Is a characteristic maximum value of the momentary turbulent wind (In this ‘standard based on the average speed measured over a period of 2 5). 4.2.2.1.4 Turbulence, terrain category and gust factor ‘Turbulence is observed as variations time wise and space wise of the momentary value of the speed ‘about its mean value. The turbulence intensity is dependent on the terrain. In this standard terrain is divided into four categories expressed by the ground roughness parameter 2, see Table 4.2.1. A fifth category is added whose wind climate cannot be directly associated with a ground roughness parameter. ‘The relation between gust wind speed and mean wind speed is expressed by the equation: Vy = Ky + Vase where k; is the wind speed gust factor, The gust factor is dependent on the measuring periods defined in 4.2.2.1.2 and 4.22.1.3 above, the height h above ground and the ground roughness parameter, z). With the measuring periods adopted in this standard, the wind speed gust factor can be calculated as follows: k, =14228/In % 4.2.2.1.5 Reference wind speed Ve ‘The reference wind speed Vs is the wind speed to be taken into account 10 m above ground at the site in auestion. In countries where the mean wind speed option is used, the reference wind speed Ve at a site of a given terrain category can be evaluated from the reference wind speed Vs(ll) at a nearby measuring site of category Il using the formula 10 cp Ine 25 v, Vell!) “The terrain factor kr an the ground roughness parameter zp canbe found in Table 4.2.4 If the gust wind speed option is used, the best choice is to take the reference wind speed equal to the reference wind speed Vp at a nearby measuring site regardless of terrain catagory. Reference wind speeds are given in the NNA. However, where reference data for wind speeds appears to be insufficient for a particular project, other data sources should be used for determination of the ‘exlreme wind speed at the site in question NOTE In most European countries wind speed maps are being developed for different regions. For regions that {are not covered in stich maps, meteorological assistance should be sought.=49- EN 0341-1:2001 Table 4.2.1 - Terrain factor kr and ground roughness parameter ze for different terrain categories given in Eurocode ENV 1991-24 Terrain Characteristics of the terrain br % category 1 Rough open sea, lakes with at least § km fetch upwind and) ]smooth flat country without obstacles oar 0.01 1 ___|Farmiana with boundary hedges, occasional small farm structures, houses or trees 0.9 0.05 i [Seburban or industrial areas and permanent foresis 022 0.30 Ty __ |Utban areas in which at least 15% of he suriace is covered witn buildings with mean height > 15 m 024 0 y_[Mountainous and more complex terrain where the wind may be | Shall be evaluated soparately, localy strengthened or weakened possibly by meteorologist NOTE Arbough te lovan catagories fed Wis lable re accordance wh Eurocose ENV 1991.2-6, chuse 6, somo counbioa sy tind anor seein fers enters more use a ging abate represen for thor eran This #8 be species nthe NNAS, Tevain calegeres IL and Vwi usually no be applicable to owhead nes bul ae inched to comolte he tbe, 4221.6 Wind speed V) at arbitrary height h above ground For overhead line elements at heights up to 10 m the reference wind speed is used directly v, = For overhead line elements more than 10 m above ground a wind speed increased according to the logarithmic law is used. For the mean wind speed option this is given by: in int? vy =k, in % 2 % {q(l) hh isthe height above ground, ky isthe terrain factor, 2% is the ground roughness parameter. ‘The relative variation of mean wind speed with terrain category and height above ground can be found in Table 4.2.2 below, ‘The gust wind speed option should be deduced from the formulae given above and in 4.2.2.1.4 or as ‘otherwise specified in the NNAS.