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H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 : Land Surveying 1
Introduction
v Estimation of areas and volumes key component of
many engineering construction projects
v Huge quantities of material have to be moved in order
to form the necessary embankments, cuttings,
foundations, basements, lakes and so on, that have
been specified in the design
v The excavation and hauling of materials in
engineering projects is the most significant and
costly aspect of the work on which profit or loss may
depend
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Area
u Computation of area is based on:
v Data scaled from plans
v Data directly obtained from the field survey
vA combination of both
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Plotted areas
u Area of any straight sided figure can be
calculated by splitting it into triangles
v Sum of triangles gives the area of the figures
v The area calculations can be done using one of the
following formulae
Area = √[S(S - a) (S - b) (S - c)], where a, b, and c are sides
and S = ½(a+b+c)
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Plotted irregular areas
Take
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Plotted irregular area
planimetre
This instrument measures the area of a plane figure as a pointer
is moved around the figure's edge
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Computing irregular area
Two
Trapezoid
fundamental
rule rules used in computing irregular
areas
(i) Trapezoid rule and (ii) Simpson’s rule
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9
d d d d d d d
d
Survey line
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Trapezoid rule
u If d is short enough for the length of the boundary between
the offsets to be assumed straight, then the area is divided
into a OseriesOof trapezoids
1 O
2
O O3 O
4
O O 5
O 6 7 8 9
d d d d d d d
d
Survey line
O O
Area of trapezoid (1) = 1 2
* d
2
Area of trapezoid (2) = O O
2 3
* d
2
d
Summing up we get: O1 2 O 2 2 O 3 ..... O 9
Area = 2
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Trapezoid rule
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9
d d d d d d d
d
Survey line
O1 O2 O2 O3
Area (1) xd Area (2) xd
2 2
O7 O8 O8 O9
Area (7) xd Area (8) xd
2 2
d
Area O1 2O2 2O3 ..... O9 In general case we get
2
O1 On
Area d O2 O3 ..... On 1
2
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Example
The following offsets, 8m apart, were measured at right at right
angles from the traverse to an irregular boundary.
O1 On
Area = d O2 O3 ..... On 1
2
Area = 8.00 x
= 382.4 m2
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Simpson’s rule
G
C
B F
O1 A1 O2 A2 O3
A D
d d
Area =
In general we get
Area =
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Simpson’s rule
Area =
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Area by coordinates
N
C Consider closed traverse
B ABCDEA
A D
Stn coords are: EA, NA;
EB, NB; EC, NC ….etc.
E
0 T P S Q R E
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Area by coordinates
=
In general, area =
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Area by coordinates
N C
B
Determine the area in
A hectares enclosed by the
D
line of a closed traverse
survey ABCDE from the
following data
E Point Id E (m) N (m)
0 T P S Q R E A 613.26 418.11
B 806.71 523.16
C 942.17 366.84
Area = D 901.89 203.18
E 652.08 259.26
Embankment
Original
ground h 1 in n h
surface Side slope 1
Cutting vertical in n
horizontal W
b b W
Side slopes I in n
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Volume of earthworks
End areas method
If two cross-sectional areas A1 and A2 are horizontal
distance d1 apart volume between them V is given
by:
V1 d1
A1 A2
2
Vtotal d1
A1 A2 d A2 A3 d A3 A4 ........ d ( An1 An
2 3 n1
2 2 2 2
d
Total volume = A1 An 2( A2 A3 ...... An1 )
2
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Volume of earthworks
u Prismoidal formula
d d
V1-3 = A1 4 A2 A3 V3-5 = A3 4 A4 A5
3 3
d
V=
3
A1 A5 4( A2 A4 ) 2 A3
The general formula for n cross-sections,
where n must be odd is:
d
V= A1 An 4 even areas 2 remaining odd areas
3
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Volume from spot heights
h1 h2 h3 h4
Method generally used for calculating
h8
volumes of huge open excavations
h5 h6 h7
such as:
h9 h10 h11
ØBasements
ØBorrowpits
ØUnderground tanks
ØSpoil heaps
Øetc
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)
Volume from spot heights
h1 h2 h3 h4
4.76 5.14 6.72 8.10 Plan area of each Grid square = 100 m2
A
V= single depths 2 double depths 3 triple depths 4 quadruple depths V
4
100
V= 4.76 8.10 6.07 1.98 3.55 2(5.14 6.72 3.21 2.31) 3(5.82) 4(4.77)]
4
H. Shamaoma SBE Dept of Urban and Regional Planning ES230 Land Surveying (i)