Semester 2, 2017-2018

petrologi [TGS7208]

2 SKS teori
1 SKS praktikum
by:
hill. gendoet hartono
  Siklus Batuan, Kontrak Kuliah, Kelulusan, & Praktikum
 Magma, Diferensiasi, Viskositas, Gas dan Komposisi
 Batuan Beku, Intrusi Dalam & Karakteristiknya
 Batuan Gunung Api, Intrusi Dangkal & Karakteristiknya
 Batuan Gunung Api, Lelehan, Letusan & Karakternya
 Klasifikasi Batuan Beku & Gunung Api
 Batuan Alterasi
 Batuan Sedimen, Jenis & Proses Pembentukan
 Batuan Sedimen Silisiklastika
 Batuan Sedimen Karbonat
 Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen
 Batuan Metamorf, Jenis & Proses Pembentukan
 Batuan Metamorf Derajat Rendah, Menengah & Tinggi
 Klasifikasi Batuan Metamorf
Minerals to Rocks: Major Rock Groups
 Extrusive Rocks:
Extrusive igneous rocks erupt onto the surface, where they cool
quickly to form small crystals. Some cool so quickly that they form
an amorphous glass. These rocks include andesite, basalt,
obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, scoria, and tuff.
Extrusive igneous rocks form above the surface. The lava cools
quickly as it pours out onto the surface. Extrusive igneous rocks
cool much more rapidly than intrusive rocks. The rapid cooling
time does not allow time for large crystals to form. So igneous
extrusive rocks have smaller crystals than igneous intrusive rocks.
Extrusive igneous rocks are also called volcanic rocks.
Pembentukan batuan gunung api (Hartono, 2010)
Extrusion
(ɪkˈstruːʒən)
n
1. the act or process of extruding
2. (Geological Science)
a. the movement of magma onto the surface of the earth through
volcano craters and cracks in the earth's crust, forming igneous rock
b. any igneous rock formed in this way
Extrusion in British. (ɪkˈstruːʒən ) the act or process of extruding.
a. the movement of magma onto the surface of the earth through
volcano craters and cracks in the earth's crust, forming igneous rock.
Dictionary
Extrusion In geology, the breaking-out of igneous rock from below the Earth's surface.
Any volcanic product reaching the surface becomes extrusive material whether it is
ejected through a volcano's cone or through pipe-like channels or fissures in its crust.
Volcanic rock is a rock formed from magma erupted from a volcano. In other words,
it differs from other igneous rock by being of volcanic origin. Like all rock types, the
concept of volcanic rock is artificial, and in nature volcanic rocks grade into hypabyssal
and metamorphic rocks and constitute an important element of some sediments and
sedimentary rocks. For these reasons, in geology, volcanics and shallow hypabyssal
rocks are not always treated as distinct. In the context of Precambrian shield geology,
the term "volcanic" is often applied to what are strictly metavolcanic rocks.
Volcanic rocks are among the most common rock types on Earth's surface, particularly
in the oceans. On land, they are very common at plate boundaries and in flood basalt
provinces. It has been estimated that volcanic rocks cover about 8% of the Earth's
current land surface. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 Extrusive
Basalt

(small crystals
+
glass)
 Igneous bodies
(Beneath the surface)

Plutonic bodies Hypabyssal bodies

Extrusive bodies or
Volcanic bodies (On
Transverse intrusives Parallel intrusives
the surface of earth)
Example: Lava flows Example: Example:
Batholith Example: Sill, Laccolith,
Stock and Dyke, Volcanic neck Lopolith and
Boss Phacolith
 Forms and Structures of Igneous Rocks

Intrusive Extrusive
Structures Structures

Sheet Lens-shaped Cone-sheet, Subjacent Lava Plateau Volcanic

Intrusions Intrusions Ring Dikes Plutons Cone
Laccolith Batholith
Dikes Sills Phacolith Stock Ropy lava Vesicular
structure Columnar
Jointing
Lopolith Pillow lava
Diapirs
Block lava Amygdaloidal
structure
Extrusive Igneous Rocks form near volcanoes
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Also called volcanic rocks
form at the earth’s surface.
Known as Basalt
Cools rapidly - small crystals
(glassy)
Lava - molten rock at the
earth’s surface
 The Structures of Lavas
Block Lava
(subareial lava flows, result when volatile in the magma are boiled off in the
vent before eruption)
Ropy Lava
(lava flows with less loss of volatiles show contorted snaky folds)
Pillow Lava
(Submarine lava flows, exhibit a pillow structure that consists of isolated
pillowed shaped masses piled one upon another
Vesicular Lava
(Lava flows with gas cavities or vesicles which are trapped during
solidification, eg. scoria, pumice,…)
Amygdaloidal structure
(When vesilcles are later filled with secondary minerals such as calcite,
chlorite, chalcedony,..)
Columnar Jointing
(fractures that separate polygonal, pencil-like cooling structures
several centimeters across.)
Once the surface skin becomes
solid, the lava can continue to
flow beneath the surface in lava
tubes. The surface skin insulates
the hot liquid lava form further
cooling. When the eruption
ends, liquid lava often drains
leaving an open cave Once the
surface skin becomes solid, the
lava can continue to flow
beneath the surface in lava
tubes. The surface skin insulates
the hot liquid lava form further
cooling. When the eruption
ends, liquid lava often drains
leaving an open cave Once the
surface skin becomes solid, the
lava can continue to flow
beneath the surface in lava
tubes. The surface skin insulates
the hot liquid lava form further
cooling. When the eruption
ends, liquid lava often drains
leaving an open cave
Struktur kolom pada lava, Randubang, Selogiri
Amygdaloidal
structure
Amygdaloidal
structure
Lava bantal Kalipuru, Bayat, Klaten
Lava bantal Watuadeg, Berbah, Sleman
Explosive eruptions are favored by high gas content & high viscosity magmas
(andesitic to rhyolitic magmas). The explosive bursting of bubbles fragments
the magma into clots of liquid that cool as they fall through the air. These
solid particles become pyroclasts or volcanic ash.

Pyroclastic Material
If the magma has high gas content and high viscosity, the gas will expand in
an explosive fashion and break the liquid into clots that fly through the air
and cool along their path through the atmosphere. Alternatively it blast out
solid pieces of rock that once formed the volcanic edifice. All of these
fragments are referred to as Pyroclasts = hot, broken fragments. Loose
assemblages of pyroclasts called tephra. Depending on size, tephra can be
classified as bombs. blocks, lapilli, or ash.
Classification of Volcaniclastic rocks and sediments
Pyroclastic deposit
Primarily Primarily
Clast size in mm Pyroclast unconsolidated: consolidated:
tephra pyroclastic rock
Agglomerate, bed
Agglomerate,
> 64 mm Bomb, block of blocks or bomb,
pyroclastic breccia
block tephra
Layer, bed of lapilli
64 to 2 mm Lapillus Lapilli tuff
or lapilli tephra
2 to 1/16 mm Coarse ash grain Coarse ash Coarse (ash tuff)
Fine ash grain Fine (ash) tuff
< 1/16 mm Fine ash (dust)
(dust grain) (dust tuff)
 <2mm
2-64mm
>64mm

Material gunung api produk

letusan (vide Compotn, 1985)
 Bom gunung api, Tiyaran, Wonogiri

Bom gunung api pada aglomerat, G.

Gajahmungkur, Wonogiri
Bomb gunung api

Block gunung api

Lapilli gunung api
Ash gunung api
See You….Soon