Networks Need for Medium Access Control Random Access Protocols Vulnerable time is the time during which no transmission should be done to avoid any collision Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) CSMA/CA Operation Backoff Procedure • If the medium is continuously idle for DCF Interframe Space (DIFS) duration, then it is permitted to transmit a frame. • If the channel is found busy during the DIFS interval, the station should defer its transmission. Flowchart Procedure of CSMA/CA Controlled Access Protocols Token Ring and Token Bus Token Ring 802.5 Channelization Protocols • Channelization or channel partition is a multiple access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency or through code, among different stations. • Its aim is to maximize system capacity through dynamic resource allocation and spectrum reuse. Difference between multiplexing and multiple access • Multiplexing is sharing of resources on links inside the network • Multiple access is sharing of resources on the access part of the network. Need to optimize • Satellite capacity(revenue issue) • Spectrum utilization(coordination issue) • Interconnectivity(multiple coverage issue) • Flexibility(demand fluctuation issue) • Adaptability(traffic issue) • User acceptance(market issue) • Satellite power • Cost Pre-Assigned Channel Allocation A given number of available voice band channels from each earth station are assigned to a dedicated destination. Wastage of bandwidth resources
Demand assigned Channel
Resource allocation is on need basis Efficient usage of radio spectrum Complex mechanism is required at all earth stations and users
• Unique Frequency slot - FDMA
• Unique Time slot - TDMA • Unique Code slot - CDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS) Frequency allocation in AMPS AMPS Frequency Allocation and Channels Capacity of FDMA systems Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) TDMA Trade-off Frame Structure Efficiency of a TDMA system Combining FDMA and TDMA GSM Bands Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Features of CDMA • Frequency reuse • Large coverage • High spectrum capacity • High privacy • Soft handoff • Good voice quality • Perfect power control Queries???