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AF0-800-0582
CJ 0 US. Department
Balloon Safety Tips
ofTrtJnsportation
Federal Aviation
Administration
false lift
.shear &
rotors
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BALLOON SAFETY TIPS
Balloons respond to various air currents to a greater degree False lift is unavoidable in a fast wind making takeoffs a
than other aircraft. Except for momentary delays wherein iner- challenge for the balloon pilot. Simultaneously, the pilot must
tia of the balloon mass resists the energy of a new air current, watch burner operation, fabric, control the crew, assess the
the flight path of a balloon in equilibrium exactly mirrors the balloon's physical readiness for flight and judge the lift. The
direction and velocity of the air current in which it is operating. confusion of burner noise, paSsenger and crew demands, and
This simple fact of balloon operation holds true for horizontal the. physical jolting caused by the gondola dragging across
(the kind we like to fly in), vertical, and rotary air currents (when the gro!Jnd can quickly overload an unprepared pilOt. The pilot
Mother Nature flies). This article is about flying with Mother should carefully prepare, inspect and rig the balloon prior to
Nature and includes a few tips on what to do when Mother inflation to minimize the tasks required during inflation and
Nature's flying becomes -too exciting. prior to takeoff. This procedure is necessary to insure that the
balloon is safe in the event takeoff occurs unexpectedly. The
FALSE LIFT pilot must always assume false lift is present during takeoff,
that the envelope lift is inadequate, and continue heating until
False lift Is an aerodynamic phenomena which occurs dur- balloon acceleration is complete and a positive climb rate is
ing the initial acceleration of the balloon. A balloon standing established. During takeoff and acceleration It is not possible
in the wind acts as an obstacle to normal air flow causing the to differentiate between real lift and false lift. The best policy
wind speed to increase on the surface of the balloon. Chang- is to heat past equilibrluril temperature and then vent as
ing the wind speed causes a pressure conversion to occur necessary to maintain a comfortable rate of climb. False lift is
(static pressure decreases and velocity pressure increases) easier to overcome when burner output is high, therefore fuel
which results in false lift. During launch false lift couples with pressure Is the best information available to judge the
the balloon's normal lifting forces to cause the balloon to take balloon's ability to overcome false lift . Small burners on big
off. The problem with having false lift is that it quits when the envelopes are obviously a poor choice of equipment for'fast
balloon reaches wind speed. Ready or not, false lift dissipates wind operation. Obviously the takeoff field is important in fast
rapidly after takeoff causing the pilot to apply heat constantly wind operations. Obstructions downwind require additional
in order to gain real lift before acceleration is complete. In a clearance depending on wind speed due to the reduced initial
practical sense, ·false lift does not pose any operating prob- climb rate of the balloon after losing the false lift.
lems until the wind speed exceeds approximately 10 mph.
e BALLOON IS DISTORTED
FLIGHT PATH
.,...,....-- ~ .
•
---.
BALLOON HAS HOT e BALLOON IS FULLY
AND AT LOW VOLUME . BUBBLE IN CROWN INFLATED
e FALSE LIFT IS MAXIMUM e BALLOON IS INHALING e EQUILIBRIUM HAS
COLD AIR OCCURED
e FALSE FIFT IS • FALSE LIFT IS ZERO
DIMIMISHING
2
~
FLAME PATTERN 2:
) SHEAR
SHEAR
INTERIOR-STILL AIR
"R/' = 1.60
ENVELOPE FABRIC
"Rz" = 0
EXTERIOR-STILL AIR
"Rt = 1.60 or0.25@ 7'12 MPH
3
is climbing out through the top. The vertical segment of the
ROTOR rotor enhance·s balloon performance. A good rate of climb on
Rotor Winds are associated with mountainous terrain and the upside of the rotor will force the balloon out the top by iner-
strong winds aloft. Mountain flights should anticipate rotor tia. OnCe the rotor area is defined, the area can b.e avoided by
winds, and in particular, when wind aloft forecasts exceed 15 clearing it at high altitude. An approximate safe altitude is 3 to
· knots at mountain peak altitude. Prediction of rotor winds is 4 thousand feet above highest terrain. Surprisingly, rotor
not a well developed science. Typically a rotor wind will have winds can be completely free of turbulence; however, this is
forces which exceed the performance of the balloon. not always true. Fortunately balloon flight over mountains is
Downward airflow will therefore carry the balloon to the not the typical flight. Those who choose to fly in mountains
ground even with the envelope at red line temperature. Further, should realize that there are serious hazards which can
it is difficult to escape from a rotor. The only apparent escape supersede the sc6nery;.rotors are just one of those hazards.
J
Jf/ ESCAPE
. • /
/'-::- -~· -
.. -----· •
--:=-------~
TURBULENTZONE
__ . __ _. ~-
(l'L
HEATTO
---SHEAR ZONE
.>- r :--.
CLIMB
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./ / \ • • §OUILIARIUM TEMP ' _...--
/ / { • ROTORZONE ) ")
/ ~' '\MOUNTAINRE~ ./
' MECHANICAL / /
LIFT # • J".' \. .....__ ·- . -'/
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