10 - MATHS NCERT SOLUTIONS - Final - With Editing PDF

NCERT - SOLUTIONS
Real Numbers
Class 10 Real Numbers Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. Use Euclid's division algorithm to find the HCF of:
(i) 135 and 225
(ii) 196 and 38220
(iii) 867 and 255
2. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 5, where q is some
integer.
3. An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members in a parade.
The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the maximum number of
columns in which they can march?
4. Use Euclid's division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of form 3m or
3m + 1 for some integer m.
[Hint: Let x be any positive integer then it is of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or 3q + 2. Now square each of
these and show that they can be rewritten in the form 3m or 3m + 1.]
5. Use Euclid's division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form 9m, 9m +
1 or 9m + 8.
6. Express each number as product of its prime factors:

(i) 140
(ii) 156
(iii) 3825
(iv) 5005
(v) 7429
7. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF = product of the
two numbers.
(i) 26 and 91
(ii) 510 and 92
(iii) 336 and 54
8. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorization method.
(i) 12, 15 and 21
(ii) 17, 23 and 29
(iii) 8, 9 and 25
9. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).
10. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
11. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.
4
12. There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the
field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at the same point and at
the same time, and go in the same direction. After how many minutes will they meet again at
the starting point?
13. Prove that √5 is irrational.
14. Prove that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.
15. Prove that the following are irrationals:

(i) 1/√2 (ii) 7√5 (iii) 6 + √2
16. Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational numbers will
have a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion:
(i) 13/3125
(ii) 17/8
(iii) 64/455
(iv) 15/1600
(v) 29/343
(vi) 23/23 × 52
(vii) 129/22 × 57 × 75
(viii) 6/15
(ix) 35/50
(x) 77/210
17. Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in Question 1 above which have
terminating decimal expansions
18. The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each case, decide
whether they are rational or not. If they are rational, and of the form p, q you say about the
prime factors of q?
(i) 43.123456789
(ii) 0.120120012000120000...
(iii) 43.123456789
5
SOLUTIONS
1. (i) 225 > 135 we always divide greater number with smaller one.
Divide 225 by 135 we get 1 quotient and 90 as remainder so that
225= 135 × 1 + 90
Divide 135 by 90 we get 1 quotient and 45 as remainder so that
135= 90 × 1 + 45
Divide 90 by 45 we get 2 quotient and no remainder so we can write it as
90 = 2 × 45+ 0
As there are no remainder so divisor 45 is our HCF.
(ii) 38220 > 196 we always divide greater number with smaller one.
Divide 38220 by 196 then we get quotient 195 and no remainder so we can write it as
38220 = 196 × 195 + 0
As there is no remainder so divisor 196 is our HCF.
(iii) 867 > 255 we always divide greater number with smaller one.
Divide 867 by 255 then we get quotient 3 and remainder is 102 so we can write it as
867 = 255 × 3 + 102
Divide 255 by 102 then we get quotient 2 and remainder is 51 so we can write it as
255 = 102 × 2 + 51
Divide 102 by 51 we get quotient 2 and no remainder so we can write it as
102 = 51 × 2 + 0
As there is no remainder so divisor 51 is our HCF.
2. Let take a as any positive integer and b = 6.

Then using Euclid’s algorithm we get a = 6q + r here r is remainder and value of q is more than or
equal to 0 and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 because 0 ≤ r < b and the value of b is 6
So total possible forms will 6q + 0 , 6q + 1 , 6q + 2,6q + 3, 6q + 4, 6q + 5
6q + 0
6 is divisible by 2 so it is a even number
6q + 1
6 is divisible by 2 but 1 is not divisible by 2 so it is a odd number
6q + 2
6 is divisible by 2 and 2 is also divisible by 2 so it is a even number
6q +3
6q + 4
6 is divisible by 2 and 4 is also divisible by 2 it is a even number
6q + 5
So odd numbers will in form of 6q + 1, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 5.
6
3. HCF (616, 32) will give the maximum number of columns in which they can march.
We can use Euclid's algorithm to find the HCF.
616 = 32 × 19 + 8
32 = 8 × 4 + 0
The HCF (616, 32) is 8.
Therefore, they can march in 8 columns each.
4. Let a be any positive integer and b = 3.

Then a = 3q + r for some integer q ≥ 0
And r = 0, 1, 2 because 0 ≤ r < 3
Therefore, a = 3q or 3q + 1 or 3q + 2
Or,
a2 = (3q)2 or (3q + 1)2 or (3q + 2)2
a2 = (9q)2 or 9q2 + 6q + 1 or 9q2 + 12q + 4
= 3 × (3q2) or 3(3q2 + 2q) + 1 or 3(3q2 + 4q + 1) + 1
= 3k1 or 3k2 + 1 or 3k3 + 1
Where k1, k2, and k3 are some positive integers
Hence, it can be said that the square of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m + 1.
5. Let a be any positive integer and b = 3

a = 3q + r, where q ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ r < 3
∴ a = 3q or 3q + 1 or 3q + 2
Therefore, every number can be represented as these three forms. There are three cases.
Case 1: When a = 3q,
a3 = (3q)3 = 27q3 = 9(3q)3 = 9m,
Where m is an integer such that m = 3q3
Case 2: When a = 3q + 1,
a3 = (3q +1)3
a3= 27q3 + 27q2 + 9q + 1
a3 = 9(3q3 + 3q2 + q) + 1
a3 = 9m + 1
Where m is an integer such that m = (3q3 + 3q2 + q)
Case 3: When a = 3q + 2,
a3 = (3q +2)3
a3= 27q3 + 54q2 + 36q + 8
a3 = 9(3q3 + 6q2 + 4q) + 8
a3 = 9m + 8
Where m is an integer such that m = (3q3 + 6q2 + 4q)
Therefore, the cube of any positive integer is of the form 9m, 9m + 1,
or 9m + 8
7
6. (i) 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 22 × 5 × 7
(ii) 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 22 × 3 × 13
(iii) 3825 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 17 = 32 × 52 × 17
(iv) 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13
(v) 7429 = 17 × 19 × 23
7 (i) 26 = 2 × 13
91 =7 × 13
HCF = 13
LCM =2 × 7 × 13 =182
Product of two numbers 26 × 91 = 2366
Product of HCF and LCM 13 × 182 = 2366
Hence, product of two numbers = product of HCF × LCM
(ii) 510 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 17
92 =2 × 2 × 23
HCF = 2
LCM =2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23 = 23460
Product of two numbers 510 × 92 = 46920
Hence, product of two numbers = product of HCF × LCM
(iii) 336 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
HCF = 2 × 3 = 6
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 =3024
Product of two numbers 336 × 54 =18144
Hence, product of two numbers = product of HCF × LCM.
8. (i) 12 = 2 × 2 × 3
15 =3 × 5
21 =3 × 7
HCF = 3
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420
(ii) 17 = 1 × 17
23 = 1 × 23
29 = 1 × 29
HCF = 1
LCM = 1 × 17 × 19 × 23 = 11339
(iii) 8 =1 × 2 × 2 × 2
9 =1 × 3 × 3
25 =1 × 5 × 5
HCF =1
LCM = 1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 1800
8
9. We have the formula that
Product of LCM and HCF = product of number
LCM × 9 = 306 × 657
Divide both sides by 9 we get
LCM = (306 × 657) / 9 = 22338
10. If any digit has last digit 10 that means it is divisible by 10 and the factors of 10 = 2 × 5.
So value 6n should be divisible by 2 and 5 both 6n is divisible by 2 but not divisible by 5 So it can
not end with 0.
11. 7 × 11 × 13 + 13
Taking 13 common, we get
13 (7 x 11 +1 )
13(77 + 1 )
13 (78)
It is product of two numbers and both numbers are more than 1 so it is a composite number.
7×6×5×4×3×2×1+5
Taking 5 common, we get
5(7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 +1)
5(1008 + 1)
5(1009)
It is product of two numbers and both numbers are more than 1 so it is a composite number.
12. They will be meeting again after LCM of both values at the starting point.
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
12 = 2 × 2 × 3
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36
Therefore, they will meet together at the starting point after 36 minutes.
9
13. Let take √5 as rational number
If a and b are two co prime number and b is not equal to 0.
We can write √5 = a/b
Multiply by b both sides we get
b√5 = a
To remove root, squaring on both sides, we get
5b2 = a2 … (i)
Therefore, 5 divides a2 and according to theorem of rational number, for any prime number p
which is divides a2 then it will divide a also.
That means 5 will divide a. So we can write
a = 5c
Putting value of a in equation (i) we get
5b2 = (5c)2
5b2 = 25c2
Divide by 25 we get
b2/5 = c2
Similarly, we get that b will divide by 5
and we have already get that a is divide by 5
but a and b are co prime number. So it contradicts.
Hence √5 is not a rational number, it is irrational.
14. Let take that 3 + 2√5 is a rational number.

So we can write this number as
3 + 2√5 = a/b
Here a and b are two co prime number and b is not equal to 0
Subtract 3 both sides we get
2√5 = a/b – 3
2√5 = (a-3b)/b
Now divide by 2, we get
√5 = (a-3b)/2b
Here a and b are integer so (a-3b)/2b is a rational number so √5 should be a rational number But
√5 is an irrational number so it contradicts.
Hence, 3 + 2√5 is an irrational number.
15. (i) Let take that 1/√2 is a rational number.

1/√2 = a/b
Multiply by √2 both sides we get
1 = (a√2)/b
Now multiply by b
b = a√2
Divide by a we get
b/a = √2
10
Here a and b are integer so b/a is a rational number so √2 should be a rational number But √2 is
an irrational number so it contradicts.
Hence, 1/√2 is an irrational number.
(ii) Let take that 7√5 is a rational number.
7√5 = a/b
Divide by 7 we get
√5 = a/(7b)
Here a and b are integer so a/7b is a rational number so √5 should be a rational number but √5 is
an irrational number so it contradicts.
Hence, 7√5 is an irrational number.
(iii) Let take that 6 + √2 is a rational number.

6 + √2 = a/b
Subtract 6 both side we get
√2 = a/b – 6
√2 = (a-6b)/b
Here a and b are integer so (a-6b)/b is a rational number so √2 should be a rational number.
But √2 is an irrational number so it contradicts.
Hence, 6 + √2 is an irrational number
16. (i) 13/3125

Factorize the denominator we get
3125 =5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 55
So denominator is in form of 5m so it is terminating.
(ii) 17/8
8 =2 × 2 × 2 = 23
So denominator is in form of 2m so it is terminating.
(iii) 64/455
455 =5 × 7 × 13
There are 7 and 13 also in denominator so denominator is not in form of 2m × 5n. So it is not
terminating.
(iv) 15/1600
1600 =2 × 2 × 2 ×2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 26 × 52
So denominator is in form of 2m × 5n
Hence it is terminating.
(v) 29/343
11
343 = 7 × 7 × 7 = 73
There are 7 also in denominator so denominator is not in form of 2m × 5n
Hence it is non-terminating.
(vi) 23/(23 × 52)
Denominator is in form of 2m × 5n
Hence it is terminating.
(vii) 129/(22 × 57 × 75 )
Denominator has 7 in denominator so denominator is not in form of 2m × 5n
Hence it is none terminating.
(viii) 6/15
Divide nominator and denominator both by 3 we get 2/5
Denominator is in form of 5m so it is terminating.
(ix) 35/50 divide denominator and nominator both by 5 we get 7/10

10=2 × 5
So denominator is in form of 2m × 5n so it is terminating.
(x) 77/210
Simplify it by dividing nominator and denominator both by 7 we get 11/30
30=2 × 3 × 5
Denominator has 3 also in denominator so denominator is not in form of 2m × 5n
Hence it is none terminating
17. (i) 13/3125 = 13/55 = 13×25/55×25 = 416/105 = 0.00416

(ii) 17/8 = 17/23 = 17×53/23×53 = 17×53/103 = 2125/103 = 2.125
(iv) 15/1600 = 15/24×102 = 15×54/24×54×102 = 9375/106 = 0.009375
(vi) 23/2352 = 23×53×22/23 52×53×22 = 11500/105 = 0.115
(viii) 6/15 = 2/5 = 2×2/5×2 = 4/10 = 0.4
(ix) 35/50 = 7/10 = 0.7.
18. (i) Since this number has a terminating decimal expansion, it is a rational number of the form
p/q, and q is of the form 2m × 5n.
(ii) The decimal expansion is neither terminating nor recurring. Therefore, the given number is
an irrational number.
(iii) Since the decimal expansion is non-terminating recurring, the given number is a rational
number of the form p/q, and q is not of the form 2m × 5n
12
Polynomials
Class 10 Polynomials Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. The graphs of y = p(x) are given in following figure, for some polynomials p(x). Find the number of
zeroes of p(x), in each case.
2. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
(i) x2 – 2x – 8
(ii) 4s2 – 4s + 1
(iii) 6x2 – 3 – 7x
(iv) 4u2 + 8u
(v) t2 – 15
(vi) 3x2 – x – 4
3. Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its zeroes
respectively.
(i) 1/4, -1
(ii) √2, 1/3
(iii) 0, √5
(iv) 1, 1
(v) -1/4, 1/4
(vi) 4, 1
4. Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder in each of
the following:
(i) p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2
(ii) p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 +1 – x
(iii) p(x) = x4 – 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 – x2
5. Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the second
polynomial by the first polynomial:
(i) t2 – 3, 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12
(ii) x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2
(iii) x3 – 3x + 1, x5 – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1
14
4 3 2
6. Obtain all other zeroes of 3x + 6x – 2x – 10x – 5, if two of its zeroes are √(5/3) and - √(5/3).
7. On dividing x3 - 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were x - 2 and
-2x + 4, respectively. Find g(x).
8. Give examples of polynomial p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm and
(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)
(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)
(iii) deg r(x) = 0
15
SOLUTIONS
1.
(i)The number of zeroes is 0 as the graph does not cut the x-axis at any point.
(ii) The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the x-axis at only 1 point.
(iii) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 3 points.
(iv) The number of zeroes is 2 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 2 points.
(v) The number of zeroes is 4 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 4 points.
(vi) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 3 points.
2.
(i) x2 – 2x – 8
= (x - 4) (x + 2)
The value of x2 – 2x – 8 is zero when x - 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0, i.e., when x = 4 or x = -2
Therefore, the zeroes of x2 – 2x – 8 are 4 and -2.
Sum of zeroes = 4 + (-2) = 2 = -(-2)/1 = -(Coefficient of x)/Coefficient of x2
Product of zeroes = 4 × (-2) = -8 = -8/1 = Constant term/Coefficient of x2
(ii) 4s2 – 4s + 1
= (2s-1)2
The value of 4s2 - 4s + 1 is zero when 2s - 1 = 0, i.e., s = 1/2
Therefore, the zeroes of 4s2 - 4s + 1 are 1/2 and 1/2.
Sum of zeroes = 1/2 + 1/2 = 1 = -(-4)/4 = -(Coefficient of s)/Coefficient of s2
Product of zeroes = 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4 = Constant term/Coefficient of s2.
(iii) 6x2 – 3 – 7x
= 6x2 – 7x – 3
= (3x + 1) (2x - 3)
The value of 6x2 - 3 - 7x is zero when 3x + 1 = 0 or 2x - 3 = 0, i.e., x = -1/3 or x = 3/2
Therefore, the zeroes of 6x2 - 3 - 7x are -1/3 and 3/2.
Sum of zeroes = -1/3 + 3/2 = 7/6 = -(-7)/6 = -(Coefficient of x)/Coefficient of x2
Product of zeroes = -1/3 × 3/2 = -1/2 = -3/6 = Constant term/Coefficient of x2.
(iv) 4u2 + 8u
= 4u2 + 8u + 0
= 4u(u + 2)
The value of 4u2 + 8u is zero when 4u = 0 or u + 2 = 0, i.e., u = 0 or u = - 2
Therefore, the zeroes of 4u2 + 8u are 0 and - 2.
Sum of zeroes = 0 + (-2) = -2 = -(8)/4 = -(Coefficient of u)/Coefficient of u2
Product of zeroes = 0 × (-2) = 0 = 0/4 = Constant term/Coefficient of u2.
(v) t2 – 15
= t2 - 0.t - 15
= (t - √15) (t + √15)
The value of t2 - 15 is zero when t - √15 = 0 or t + √15 = 0, i.e., when t = √15 or t = -√15
Therefore, the zeroes of t2 - 15 are √15 and -√15.Sum of zeroes = √15 + -√15 = 0 = -0/1 = -
(Coefficient of t)/Coefficient of t2
Product of zeroes = (√15) (-√15) = -15 = -15/1 = Constant term/Coefficient of u2.
(vi) 3x2 – x – 4
= (3x - 4) (x + 1)
The value of 3x2 – x – 4 is zero when 3x - 4 = 0 and x + 1 = 0,i.e., when x = 4/3 or x = -1
Therefore, the zeroes of 3x2 – x – 4 are 4/3 and -1.
Sum of zeroes = 4/3 + (-1) = 1/3 = -(-1)/3 = -(Coefficient of x)/Coefficient of x2
Product of zeroes = 4/3 × (-1) = -4/3 = Constant term/Coefficient of x2.
16
3.
(i) 1/4, -1
Let the polynomial be ax2 + bx + c, and its zeroes be α and ß
α + ß = 1/4 = -b/a
αß = -1 = -4/4 = c/a
If a = 4, then b = -1, c = -4
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is 4x2 - x -4.
(ii) √2, 1/3
α + ß = √2 = 3√2/3 = -b/a
αß = 1/3 = c/a
If a = 3, then b = -3√2, c = 1
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is 3x2 -3√2x +1.
(iii) 0, √5
α + ß = 0 = 0/1 = -b/a
αß = √5 = √5/1 = c/a
If a = 1, then b = 0, c = √5
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is x2 + √5.
(iv) 1, 1
α + ß = 1 = 1/1 = -b/a
αß = 1 = 1/1 = c/a
If a = 1, then b = -1, c = 1
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is x2 - x +1.
(v) -1/4 , 1/4
α + ß = -1/4 = -b/a
αß = 1/4 = c/a
If a = 4, then b = 1, c = 1
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is 4x2 + x +1.
(vi) 4, 1
α + ß = 4 = 4/1 = -b/a
αß = 1 = 1/1 = c/a
If a = 1, then b = -4, c = 1
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is x2 - 4x +1.
17
4.
(i) p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2
x3
 2 x  3x  5x  3
2 3 3
x
 2x
3
x
 
__________ _________
 3x  7x  3
2
 3x  6
2
__________ _________
7x  9
Quotient = x-3 and remainder 7x - 9

(ii) p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5= x 4  0 . x 3  3 x 2  4 x  5
g (x)  x 1 x  x  x 1
2 2
2
x  x3
 0 .x  3x  4x  5
4 3 2
x
 x 1
2
x
 x  x
4 3 2
x
  
_________
 4x  4x  5
3 2
x
 x  x
3 2
x
__________ _____
 3x  3x  5
2
 3x  3x  3
2
  
__________ ________
8
2
Quotient = x + x - 3 and remainder 8
18
(iii) p(x) = x4 – 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 – x2
p(x)  x  5x  6  x  0 .x  5x  6
4 4 2
q(x)  2  x  x  x  2
2 2 2
2
x 2
 0 .x  5x  6
4 2
x
 2x
4 2
x
 
__________ ______
 x  2
2
 5x  6
2
2x
 4
2
2x
__________ ______
 5 x  10
Quotient = -x2 -2 and remainder -5x +10
19
5.
(i) t2 – 3, 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12
3  r  0 .1  3
2 2
r
2
2r  3t  4
 0 .1  3 2 r  3r  2r  9 t  12
2 4 3 2
r
 0 .t  6t
4 3 2
2r
  
__________ __________
 4r  9 t  12
3 2
3r
 0 .t  6t
3 3 2
3r
  
__________ _________
 0 .t  12
2
4t
 0 .t  12
2
4t
  
__________ __________ _____
0
__________ __________ ______
Since the remainder is 0,

t2 – 3 exactly divides 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12 leaving no remainder. Hence, it is a factor of 2t4 +
3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12.
(ii) x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2
20
2
3x 4 x2
x  3x  1 3x  5x  7x  2x  2
3 4 3 2
 9x  3x
4 3 2
3x
  
__________ __________ __
 4 x  10 x  2x  2
3 2
 4 x  12 x  4x
3 2
  
__________ __________ ___
 6x  2
2
2x
 6x  2
2
2x
__________ __________ ___
__________ __________ ______
Since the remainder is 0,
x2 + 3x + 1 exactly divides 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2 leaving no remainder. Hence, it is factor of 3x4 +
5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2.
(iii) x3 – 3x + 1, x5 – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1
2
x 1
x  3x  1 x  4x  x  3x  1
3 5 3 2
 3x  x
5 3 2
x
  
__________ _________
 x  3x  1
3
 x  3x  1
3
  
__________ __________
2
__________ __________ _
Since the remainder  0
x – 3x + 1 didn't divides exactly x – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1 and leaves 2 as remainder. Hence, it not a
3 5
factor of x5 – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1.
21
6.
p(x) = 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5
Since the two zeroes are √(5/3) and - √(5/3).
 5  5   2 5
 x   x     x   is a factor of 3 x 4  6 x 3  2 x 2  10 x  5
 3   3   3

5

2
Therefore, we divide the given polynomial by x
3
2
3x 6 x3
5
 0 .x   6x  2x  10 x  5
2 4 4 2
x 3x
3
 0 .x  5x
4 4 2
3x
  
__________ __________ ____
6x  3x  10 x  5
3 2
6 x  0 .x  10 x
3 2
__________ __________ _____
 0 .x  5
2
3x
 0 .x  5
2
3x
  
__________ __________ _______

0
__________ __________ _____

2
We factorize x + 2x + 1
= (x + 1)2
Therefore, its zero is given by x + 1 = 0
x = -1
As it has the term (x + 1)2 , therefore, there will be 2 zeroes at x = - 1.
Hence, the zeroes of the given polynomial are √(5/3) and - √(5/3), - 1 and – 1
22
7.
Here in the given question,
Dividend = x3 - 3x2 + x + 2
Quotient = x - 2
Remainder = -2x + 4
Divisor = g(x)
We know that,
Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder
⇒ x3 - 3x2 + x + 2 = (x - 2) × g(x) + (-2x + 4)⇒ x3 - 3x2 + x + 2 - (-2x + 4) = (x - 2) × g(x)
⇒ x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 2 = (x - 2) × g(x)
⇒ g(x) = (x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 2)/(x - 2)
x  2 x  3x  3x  2
3 2
 2x
3 2
x
 
__________ ________
 x  3x  2
2
 x  2x
2
 
__________ ______
x  2
x  2
 
__________ ____
0
__________ _____
 g (x)  (x  1)
2
23
8.
(i) Let us assume the division of 6x2 + 2x + 2 by 2
Here, p(x) = 6x2 + 2x + 2
g(x) = 2
q(x) = 3x2 + x + 1
r(x) = 0
Degree of p(x) and q(x) is same i.e. 2.
Checking for division algorithm,
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
Or, 6x2 + 2x + 2 = 2x (3x2 + x + 1)
Hence, division algorithm is satisfied.
(ii) Let us assume the division of x3+ x by x2,
Here, p(x) = x3 + x
g(x) = x2
q(x) = x and r(x) = x
Clearly, the degree of q(x) and r(x) is the same i.e., 1.
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
x3 + x = (x2 ) × x + x
x3 + x = x3 + x
Thus, the division algorithm is satisfied.
(iii) Let us assume the division of x3+ 1 by x2.
Here, p(x) = x3 + 1
g(x) = x2
q(x) = x and r(x) = 1
Clearly, the degree of r(x) is 0.
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
x3 + 1 = (x2 ) × x + 1
x3 + 1 = x3 + 1
Thus, the division algorithm is satisfied
24
Pair of Linear Equations in
Two Variables
Class 10 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. Aftab tells his daughter, "Seven years ago, I was seven times as old as you were then. Also, three
years from now, I shall be three times as old as you will be." (Isn't this interesting?) Represent this
situation algebraically and graphically.
2. The coach of a cricket team buys 3 bats and 6 balls for Rs 3900. Later, she buys another bat and 3
more balls of the same kind for Rs 1300. Represent this situation algebraically and geometrically.
3. The cost of 2 kg of apples and 1kg of grapes on a day was found to be Rs 160. After a month, the
cost of 4 kg of apples and 2 kg of grapes is Rs 300. Represent the situation algebraically and
Geometrically
4. Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their solutions graphically.
(i) 10 students of Class X took part in a Mathematics quiz. If the number of girls is 4 more than
the number of boys, find the number of boys and girls who took part in the quiz.
(ii) 5 pencils and 7 pens together cost Rs. 50, whereas 7 pencils and 5 pens together cost Rs. 46.
Find the cost of one pencil and that of one pen.
5. On comparing the ratios a1/a2, b1/b2 and c1/c2, find out whether the lines representing the
following pairs of linear equations intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident.
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0
7x + 6y – 9 = 0
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0
18x + 6y + 24 = 0
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0
2x – y + 9 = 0
6. On comparing the ratios a1/a2 , b1/b2 and c1/c2 find out whether the following pair of linear
equations are consistent, or inconsistent.
(i) 3x + 2y = 5 ; 2x – 3y = 7
(ii) 2x – 3y = 8 ; 4x – 6y = 9
(iii) 3/2x + 5/3y = 7 ; 9x – 10y = 14
(iv) 5x – 3y = 11 ; – 10x + 6y = –22
(v) 4/3x + 2y =8 ; 2x + 3y = 12
7. Which of the following pairs of linear equations are consistent/ inconsistent? If consistent, obtain
the solution graphically:
(i) x + y = 5, 2x + 2y = 10
(ii) x – y = 8, 3x – 3y = 16
(iii) 2x + y – 6 = 0, 4x – 2y – 4 = 0
(iv) 2x – 2y – 2 = 0, 4x – 4y – 5 = 0
8. Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 4 m more than its width, is 36 m. Find
the dimensions of the garden.
26
9. Given the linear equation 2x + 3y - 8 = 0, write another linear equations in two variables such that
the geometrical representation of the pair so formed is:
(i) intersecting lines
(ii) parallel lines
(iii) coincident lines
10. Draw the graphs of the equations x - y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y - 12 = 0. Determine the coordinates of
the vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the x-axis, and shade the triangular region.
11. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.
(i) x + y = 14 ; x – y = 4
(ii) s – t = 3 ; s/3 + t/2 = 6
(iii) 3x – y = 3 ; 9x – 3y = 9
(iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3; 0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3
(v) √2x+ √3y = 0; √3x - √8y = 0
(vi) 3/2x - 5/3y = -2; x/3 + y/2 = 13/6
12. Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x - 4y = - 24 and hence find the value of 'm' for which y =mx + 3.
13. Form the pair of linear equations for the following problems and find their solution by
substitution method:
(i) The difference between two numbers is 26 and one number is three times the other. Find
them.
(ii) The larger of two supplementary angles exceeds the smaller by 18 degrees. Find them.
(iii) The coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls for Rs 3800. Later, she buys 3 bats and 5
balls for Rs 1750. Find the cost of each bat and each ball.
(iv) The taxi charges in a city consist of a fixed charge together with the charge for the distance
covered. For a distance of 10 km, the charge paid is Rs 105 and for a journey of 15 km, the
charge paid is Rs 155. What are the fixed charges and the charge per km? How much does a
person have to pay for traveling a distance of 25 km?
(v) A fraction becomes 9/11, if 2 is added to both the numerator and the denominator. If, 3 is
added to both the numerator and the denominator it becomes 5/6. Find the fraction.
14. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the elimination method and the substitution
method:
(i) x + y =5 and 2x –3y = 4
(ii) 3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2
(iii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7
(iv) x/2 + 2y/3 = - 1 and x – y/3 = 3
27
15. Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems, and find their solutions (if they exist)
by the elimination method:
(i) If we add 1 to the numerator and subtract 1 from the denominator, a fraction reduces to 1. It
becomes 1/2 if we only add 1 to the denominator. What is the fraction?
(ii) Five years ago, Nuri was thrice as old as Sonu. Ten years later, Nuri will be twice as old as
Sonu. How old are Nuri and Sonu?
(iii) The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. Also, nine times this number is twice the
number obtained by reversing the order of the digits. Find the number.
(iv) Meena went to bank to withdraw Rs 2000. She asked the cashier to give her Rs 50 and Rs
100 notes only. Meena got 25 notes in all. Find how many notes of Rs 50 and Rs 100 she
received.
(v) A lending library has a fixed charge for the first three days and an additional charge for each
day thereafter. Saritha paid Rs 27 for a book kept for seven days, while Susy paid Rs 21 for the
book she kept for five days. Find the fixed charge and the charge for each extra day
16. Which of the following pairs of linear equations has unique solution, no solution or infinitely
many solutions? In case there is a unique solution, find it by using cross multiplication method.
(i) x – 3y – 3 = 0 ; 3x – 9y – 2 =0
(ii) 2x + y = 5 ; 3x +2y =8
(iii) 3x – 5y = 20 ; 6x – 10y =40
(iv) x – 3y – 7 = 0 ; 3x – 3y – 15= 0
17. (i) For which values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ does the following pair of linear equations have an infinite
number of solutions?
2x + 3y =7
(a – b)x + (a + b)y = 3a +b –2
(ii) For which value of k will the following pair of linear equations have no solution?
3x + y = 1
(2k –1)x + (k –1)y = 2k + 1
18. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution and cross-multiplication methods:
8x +5y = 9
3x +2y = 4
19. Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution and cross-multiplication methods:
8x +5y = 9
3x +2y = 4
28
20. Form the pair of linear equations in the following problems and find their solutions (if they exist)
by any algebraic method:
(i) A part of monthly hostel charges is fixed and the remaining depends on the number of days
one has taken food in the mess. When a student A takes food for 20 days she has to pay Rs 1000
as hostel charges whereas a student B, who takes food for 26 days, pays Rs 1180 as hostel
charges. Find the fixed charges and the cost of food per day.
(ii) A fraction becomes 1/3 when 1 is subtracted from the numerator and it becomes 1/4 when 8
is added to its denominator. Find the fraction.
(iii) Yash scored 40 marks in a test, getting 3 marks for each right answer and losing 1 mark for
each wrong answer. Had 4 marks been awarded for each correct answer and 2 marks been
deducted for each incorrect answer, then Yash would have scored 50 marks. How many
questions were there in the test?
(iv) Places A and B are 100 km apart on a highway. One car starts from A and another from B at
the same time. If the cars travel in the same direction at different speeds, they meet in 5 hours.
If they travel towards each other, they meet in 1 hour. What are the speeds of the two cars?
(v) The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 square units, if its length is reduced by 5 units and
breadth is increased by 3 units. If we increase the length by 3 units and the breadth by 2 units,
the area increases by 67 square units. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
21. Solve the following pairs of equations by reducing them to a pair of linear equations:
(i) 1/2x + 1/3y = 2
1/3x + 1/2y = 13/6
(ii) 2/√x +3/√y = 2
4/√x - 9/√y = -1
(iii) 4/x + 3y = 14
3/x - 4y = 23
(iv) 5/x-1 + 1/y-2 = 2
6/x-1 - 3/y-2 = 1
(v) 7x-2y/xy = 5
8x + 7y/xy = 15
(vi) 6x + 3y = 6xy
2x + 4y = 5xy
(vii) 10/x+y + 2/x-y = 4
15/x+y - 5/x-y = -2
(viii) 1/3x+y + 1/3x-y = 3/4
1/2(3x-y) - 1/2(3x-y) = -1/8
22. Formulate the following problems as a pair of equations, and hence find their solutions:
(i) Ritu can row downstream 20 km in 2 hours, and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find her speed of
rowing in still water and the speed of the current.
(ii) 2 women and 5 men can together finish an embroidery work in 4 days, while 3 women and 6
men can finish it in 3 days. Find the time taken by 1 woman alone to finish the work, and also
that taken by 1 man alone
(iii) Roohi travels 300 km to her home partly by train and partly by bus. She takes 4 hours if she
travels 60 km by train and remaining by bus. If she travels 100 km by train and the remaining by
bus, she takes 10 minutes longer. Find the speed of the train and the bus separately.
29
23. The ages of two friends Ani and Biju differ by 3 years. Ani’s father Dharam is twice as old as Ani
and Biju is twice as old as his sister Cathy. The ages of Cathy and Dharam differs by 30 years. Find
the ages of Ani and Biju.
24. One says, “Give me a hundred, friend! I shall then become twice as rich as you”. The other
replies, “If you give me ten, I shall be six times as rich as you”. Tell me what is the amount of
their (respective) capital? [From the Bijaganita of Bhaskara II)
[Hint: x + 100 = 2 (y − 100), y + 10 = 6(x − 10)
25. A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have been 10 km/h
faster, it would have taken 2 hours less than the scheduled time. And if the train were slower by
10 km/h; it would have taken 3 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the distance covered
by the train.
26. The students of a class are made to stand in rows. If 3 students are extra in a row, there would
be 1 row less. If 3 students are less in a row, there would be 2 rows more. Find the number of
students in the class.
27. In a ΔABC, ∠C = 3 ∠B = 2 (∠A + ∠B). Find the three angles.
28. Draw the graphs of the equations 5x − y = 5 and 3x − y = 3. Determine the co-ordinates of the
vertices of the triangle formed by these lines and the y axis.
29. Solve the following pair of linear equations.
(i) px + qy = p − q
qx − py = p + q
(ii) ax + by = c
bx + ay = 1 + c
(iii)
ax + by = a2 + b2
(iv) (a − b) x + (a + b) y = a2− 2ab − b2

(a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2
(v) 152x − 378y = − 74

− 378x + 152y = − 604
30
30. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral finds the angles of the cyclic quadrilateral.
31
SOLUTIONS
1.
Let present age of Aftab be x
And, present age of daughter is represented by y
Then Seven years ago,
Age of Aftab = x -7
Age of daughter = y-7
According to the question,
(x - 7) = 7 (y – 7 )
x – 7 = 7 y – 49
x- 7y = - 49 + 7
x – 7y = - 42 …(i)
x = 7y – 42
Putting y = 5, 6 and 7, we get
x = 7 × 5 - 42 = 35 - 42 = - 7
x = 7 × 6 - 42 = 42 – 42 = 0
x = 7 × 7 – 42 = 49 – 42 = 7
x -7 0 7
y 5 6 7
Three years from now ,

Age of Aftab = x +3
Age of daughter = y +3
According to the question
(x + 3) = 3 (y + 3)
x + 3 = 3y + 9
x -3y = 9-3
x -3y = 6 …(ii)
x = 3y + 6
Putting, y = -2,-1 and 0, we get
x = 3 × - 2 + 6 = -6 + 6 =0
x = 3 × - 1 + 6 = -3 + 6 = 3
x=3×0+6=0+6=6
x 0 3 6
y -2 -1 0
Algebraic representation
From equation (i) and (ii)
x – 7y = – 42 …(i)
x - 3y = 6 …(ii)
Graphical representation
32
2.
Let cost of one bat = Rs x
Cost of one ball = Rs y
3 bats and 6 balls for Rs 3900 So that
3x + 6y = 3900 … (i)
Dividing equation by 3, we get
x + 2y = 1300
Subtracting 2y both side we get
x = 1300 – 2y
Putting y = -1300, 0 and 1300 we get
x = 1300 – 2 (-1300) = 1300 + 2600 = 3900
x = 1300 -2(0) = 1300 - 0 = 1300
x = 1300 – 2(1300) = 1300 – 2600 = - 1300
x 3900 1300 -1300

y -1300 0 1300
Given that she buys another bat and 2 more balls of the same kind for Rs 1300
So, we get
x + 2y = 1300 … (ii)
x = 1300 – 2y
Putting y = - 1300, 0 and 1300 we get
x = 1300 – 2 (-1300) = 1300 + 2600 = 3900
x = 1300 – 2 (0) = 1300 - 0 = 1300
x = 1300 – 2(1300) = 1300 – 2600 = -1300
x 3900 1300 -1300
y -1300 0 1300
33
Algebraic representation
3x + 6y = 3900 … (i)
x + 2y = 1300 … (ii)
Graphical representation,
3.
Let cost each kg of apples = Rs x
Cost of each kg of grapes = Rs y
Given that the cost of 2 kg of apples and 1kg of grapes on a day was found to be Rs 160
So that
2 x + y = 160 … (i)
2x = 160 - y
x = (160 – y)/2
Let y = 0 , 80 and 160, we get
x = (160 – ( 0 )/2 = 80
x = (160- 80 )/2 = 40
x = (160 – 2 × 80)/2 = 0
x 80 40 0
y 0 80 160
Given that the cost of 4 kg of apples and 2 kg of grapes is Rs 300

So we get
4x + 2y = 300 … (ii)
Dividing by 2 we get
2x + y = 150
Subtracting 2x both side, we get
y = 150 – 2x
Putting x = 0 , 50 , 100 we get
y = 150 – 2 × 0 = 150
y = 150 – 2 × 50 = 50
y = 150 – 2 × (100) = -50
34
x 0 50 100
y 150 50 -50
Algebraic representation,
2x + y = 160 … (i)
4x + 2y = 300 … (ii)
4.
(i)Let number of boys = x
Number of girls = y
Given that total number of student is 10 so that
x + y = 10
Subtract y both side we get
x = 10 – y
Putting y = 0 , 5, 10 we get
x = 10 – 0 = 10
x = 10 – 5 = 5
x = 10 – 10 = 0
x 10 5
y 0 5
Given that If the number of girls is 4 more than the number of boys
So that
y=x+4
Putting x = -4, 0, 4, and we get
y=-4+4=0
y=0+4=4
y=4+4=8
35
x -4 0 4
y 0 4 8
Therefore, number of boys = 3 and number of girls = 7.
(ii): Let cost of pencil = Rs x

Cost of pens = Rs y
5 pencils and 7 pens together cost Rs 50,
So we get
5x + 7y = 50
Subtracting 7y both sides we get
5x = 50 – 7y
x = 10 - 7 y /5
Putting value of y = 5 , 10 and 15 we get
x = 10 – 7 × 5/5 = 10 – 7 = 3
x = 10 – 7 × 10/5 = 10 – 14 = - 4
x = 10 – 7 × 15/5 = 10 – 21 = - 11
x 3 -4 -11
y 5 10 15
Given that 7 pencils and 5 pens together cost Rs 46

7x + 5y = 46
Subtracting 7x both side we get
5y = 46 – 7x
y = 46/5 - 7x/5
y = 9.2 – 1.4x
Putting x = 0 , 2 and 4 we get
y = 9.2 – 1.4 × 0 = 9.2 – 0 = 9.2
y = 9.2 – 1.4 (2) = 9.2 – 2.8 = 6.4
36
y = 9.2 – 1.4 (4) = 9.2 – 5.6 = 3.6
x 0 2 4
y 9.2 6.4 3.6
Therefore, cost of one pencil = Rs 3 and cost of one pen = Rs 5.
5.
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0
7x + 6y – 9 = 0
Comparing these equation with
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2= 0
We get
a1 = 5, b1 = -4, and c1 = 8
a2 =7, b2 = 6 and c2 = -9
a1/a2 = 5/7,
b1/b2 = -4/6 and
c1/c2 = 8/-9
Hence, a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2
Therefore, both are intersecting lines at one point.
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0
18x + 6y + 24 = 0
Comparing these equations with
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2= 0
We get
a1 = 9, b1 = 3, and c1 = 12
a2 = 18, b2 = 6 and c2 = 24
a1/a2 = 9/18 = 1/2
b1/b2 = 3/6 = 1/2 and
c1/c2 = 12/24 = 1/2
37
Hence, a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
Therefore, both lines are coincident
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0
2x – y + 9 = 0
Comparing these equations with
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2= 0
We get
a1 = 6, b1 = -3, and c1 = 10
a2 = 2, b2 = -1 and c2 = 9
a1/a2 = 6/2 = 3/1
b1/b2 = -3/-1 = 3/1 and
c1/c2 = 12/24 = 1/2
Hence, a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
Therefore, both lines are parallel
6.
(i) 3x + 2y = 5 ; 2x – 3y = 7
a1/a2 = 3/2
b1/b2 = -2/3 and
c1/c2 = 5/7
These linear equations are intersecting each other at one point and thus have only one possible
solution. Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.
(ii) 2x – 3y = 8 ; 4x – 6y = 9
a1/a2 = 2/4 = 1/2
b1/b2 = -3/-6 = 1/2 and
c1/c2 = 8/9
Hence, a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
Therefore, these linear equations are parallel to each other and thus have no possible solution.
Hence, the pair of linear equations is inconsistent.
(iii) 3/2x + 5/3y = 7 ; 9x – 10y = 14
a1/a2 = 3/2/9 = 1/6
b1/b2 = 5/3/-10 = -1/6 and
c1/c2 = 7/14 = 1/2
Therefore, these linear equations are intersecting each other at one point and thus have only
one possible solution. Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.
(iv) 5x – 3y = 11 ; – 10x + 6y = –22
a1/a2 = 5/-10 = -1/2
b1/b2 = -3/6 = -1/2 and
c1/c2 = 11/-22 = -1/2
Hence, a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
Therefore, these linear equations are coincident pair of lines and thus have infinite number of
possible solutions. Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.
38
(v) 4/3x + 2y =8 ; 2x + 3y = 12
a1/a2 = 4/3/2 = 2/3
b1/b2 = /3 and
c1/c2 = 8/12 = 2/3
Hence, a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
7. i) x + y = 5; 2x + 2y = 10
a1/a2 = 1/2
b1/b2 = 1/2 and
c1/c2 = 5/10 = 1/2
Hence, a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
x+y=5
x=5-y
x 4 3 2
y 1 2 3
And, 2x + 2y = 10
x = 10-2y/2
x 4 3 2
y 1 2 3
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines are overlapping each other. Therefore,
infinite solutions are possible for the given pair of equations.
(ii) x – y = 8, 3x – 3y = 16
a1/a2 = 1/3
b1/b2 = -1/-3 = 1/3 and
c1/c2 = 8/16 = 1/2
39
Hence, a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
Therefore, these linear equations are parallel to each other and thus have no possible solution.
(iii) 2x + y – 6 = 0, 4x – 2y – 4 = 0
a1/a2 = 2/4 = 1/2
b1/b2 = -1/2 and
c1/c2 = -6/-4 = 3/2
Therefore, these linear equations are intersecting each other at one point and thus have only
one possible solution. Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent.
2x + y - 6 = 0
y = 6 - 2x
x 0 1 2
y 6 4 2
And, 4x - 2y -4 = 0
y = 4x - 4/2
x 1 2 3
y 0 2 4
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines are intersecting each other at the only one
point i.e., (2,2) which is the solution for the given pair of equations.
(iv) 2x – 2y – 2 = 0, 4x – 4y – 5 = 0
a1/a2 = 2/4 = 1/2
b1/b2 = -2/-4 = 1/2 and
c1/c2 = 2/5
Hence, a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
Therefore, these linear equations are parallel to each other and thus, have no possible solution.
40
8.
Let length of rectangle = x m
Width of the rectangle = y m
y - x = 4 ... (i)
y + x = 36 ... (ii)
y-x=4
y=x+4
x 0 8 12
y 4 12 16
y + x = 36
x 0 36 16
y 36 0 20
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines are intersecting each other at only point i.e.,
(16, 20). Therefore, the length and width of the given garden is 20 m and 16 m respectively.
41
9.
(i) Intersecting lines:
For this condition,
a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2
The second line such that it is intersecting the given line is
2x + 4y - 6 = 0 as
a1/a2 = 2/2 = 1
b1/b2 = 3/4 and
a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2
(ii) Parallel lines
For this condition,
a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
Hence, the second line can be
4x + 6y - 8 = 0 as
a1/a2 = 2/4 = 1/2
b1/b2 = 3/6 = 1/2 and
c1/c2 = -8/-8 = 1
and a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
(iii) Coincident lines
For coincident lines,
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
Hence, the second line can be
6x + 9y - 24 = 0 as
a1/a2 = 2/6 = 1/3
b1/b2 = 3/9 = 1/3 and
c1/c2 = -8/-24 = 1/3
and a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
42
10.
x-y+1=0
x=y-1
x 0 1 2
y 1 2 3
3x + 2y - 12 = 0
x = 12 - 2y/3
x 4 2 0
y 0 3 6
Graphical representation:
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines are intersecting each other at point (2, 3)
and x-axis at ( - 1, 0) and (4, 0). Therefore, the vertices of the triangle are (2, 3), ( - 1, 0), and (4,
0).
43
11.
(i) x + y = 14 ... (i)
x – y = 4 ... (ii)
From equation (i), we get
x = 14 - y ... (iii)
Putting this value in equation (ii), we get
(14 - y) - y = 4
14 - 2y = 4
10 = 2y
y = 5 ... (iv)
Putting this in equation (iii), we get
x=9
∴ x = 9 and y = 5
(ii) s – t = 3 ... (i)
s/3 + t/2 = 6 ... (ii)
From equation (i), we gets = t + 3
t+3/3 + t/2 = 6
2t + 6 + 3t = 36
5t = 30
t = 30/5 ... (iv)
Putting in equation (iii), we obtain
s=9
∴ s = 9, t = 6
(iii) 3x - y = 3 ... (i)
9x - 3y = 9 ... (ii)
y = 3x - 3 ... (iii)
9x - 3(3x - 3) = 9
9x - 9x + 9 = 9
9=9
This is always true.
Hence, the given pair of equations has infinite possible solutions and the relation between these
variables can be given by
y = 3x - 3
Therefore, one of its possible solutions is x = 1, y = 0.
(iv) 0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3 ... (i)
0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3 ... (ii)
0.2x + 0.3y = 1.3
Solving equation (i), we get
0.2x = 1.3 – 0.3y
Dividing by 0.2, we get
x = 1.3/0.2 - 0.3/0.2
x = 6.5 – 1.5 y …(iii)
Putting the value in equation (ii), we get
44
0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3
(6.5 – 1.5y) × 0.4x + 0.5y = 2.3
2.6 – 0.6y + 0.5y = 2.3
-0.1y = 2.3 – 2.6
y = -0.3/-0.1
y=3
Putting this value in equation (iii) we get
x = 6.5 – 1.5 y
x = 6.5 – 1.5(3)
x = 6.5 - 4.5
x=2
∴ x = 2 and y = 3
(v)
2  3y  0 (1 )
3x  8 y  0 (2)
From equation (1), we obtain
 3y
x  (3)
2
Substituti ng this value in equation (2), we obtain
 3y 
3   8y  0
 2 

3y
 2 2y  0
2
 3 
y   2 2  0
 2 
y  0
Substituti ng this value in equaiton (3), we obtain

x  0
 x  0, y  0
(vi) 3/2x - 5/3y = -2 ... (i)

x/3 + y/2 = 13/6 ... (ii)
9x - 10y = -12
x = -12 + 10y/9 ... (iii)
45
 12  10 y
9 y 13
 
3 2 6
 12  10 y y 13
 
27 2 6
 24  20 y  27 y 13

54 6
47 y  117  24
47 y  141
y  3 (4)
Substituti ng this value in equation (3) we obtain
 12  10  3 18
x    2
9 9
Hence , x  2 , y  3
12.
2x + 3y = 11 ... (i)
2x = 11 – 3y … (ii)
Putting this value in equation second we get
2x – 4y = – 24 … (iii)
11- 3y – 4y = - 24
7y = - 24 – 11
-7y = - 35
y = - 35/-7
y=5
Putting this value in equation (iii) we get
2x = 11 – 3 × 5
2x = 11- 15
2x = - 4
x=-2
Putting the value of x and y
y = mx + 3.
5 = -2m +3
2m = 3 – 5
m = -2/2
m = -1
46
13.
Let larger number = x
Smaller number = y
The difference between two numbers is 26
x – y = 26
x = 26 + y
Given that one number is three times the other
So x = 3y
Putting the value of x we get
26y = 3y
-2y = - 2 6
y = 13
So value of x = 3y
Putting value of y, we get
x = 3 × 13 = 39
Hence the numbers are 13 and 39.
(ii): Let first angle = x
And second number = y
As both angles are supplementary so that sum will 180
x + y = 180
x = 180 - y ... (i)
Difference is 18 degree so that
x – y = 18
180 – y – y = 18
- 2y = -162
y = -162/-2
y = 81
Putting the value back in equation (i), we get
x = 180 – 81 = 99Hence, the angles are 99º and 81º.
(iii): Let cost of each bat = Rs x
Cost of each ball = Rs y
Given that coach of a cricket team buys 7 bats and 6 balls for Rs 3800.
7x + 6y = 3800
6y = 3800 – 7x
Dividing by 6, we get
y = (3800 – 7x)/6 … (i)
Given that she buys 3 bats and 5 balls for Rs 1750 later.
3x + 5y = 1750
Putting the value of y
3x + 5 ((3800 – 7x)/6) = 1750
Multiplying by 6, we get
18x + 19000 – 35x = 10500
-17x =10500 - 19000
-17x = -8500
47
x = - 8500/- 17
x = 500
Putting this value in equation (i) we get
y = ( 3800 – 7 × 500)/6
y = 300/6
y = 50
Hence cost of each bat = Rs 500 and cost of each balls = Rs 50.
(iv): Let the fixed charge for taxi = Rs x
And variable cost per km = Rs y
Total cost = fixed charge + variable charge
Given that for a distance of 10 km, the charge paid is Rs 105
x + 10y = 105 … (i)
x = 105 – 10y
Given that for a journey of 15 km, the charge paid is Rs 155
x + 15y = 155
105 – 10y + 15y = 155
5y = 155 – 105
5y = 50
y = 50/5 = 10
x = 105 – 10 × 10
x=5
People have to pay for traveling a distance of 25 km
= x + 25y
= 5 + 25 × 10
= 5 + 250
=255
A person have to pay Rs 255 for 25 Km.
(V): Let Numerator = x
Denominator = y
Fraction will = x/y
A fraction becomes 9/11, if 2 is added to both the numerator and the denominator
(x + 2)/y+2 = 9/11
By Cross multiplication, we get
11x + 22 = 9y + 18
Subtracting 22 both side, we get
11x = 9y – 4
x = 9y – 4/11 … (i)
Given that 3 is added to both the numerator and the denominator it becomes 5/6.
If, 3 is added to both the numerator and the denominator it becomes 5/6
(x+3)/y +3 = 5/6 … (ii)
By Cross multiplication, we get
6x + 18 = 5y + 15
Subtracting the value of x, we get
6(9y – 4 )/11 + 18 = 5y + 15
Subtract 18 both side we get
6(9y – 4 )/11 = 5y - 3
54 – 24 = 55y - 33
48
-y = -9
y=9
Putting this value of y in equation (i), we get
x = 9y – 4
11 … (i)
x = (81 – 4)/77
x = 77/11
x=7
Hence our fraction is 7/9.
(vi) Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son. Five years ago, Jacob’s
age was seven times that of his son. What are their present ages?
Solution: Let present age of Jacob = x year
And present Age of his son is = y year
Five years hence,
Age of Jacob will = x + 5 year
Age of his son will = y + 5year
Given that the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son
x + 5 = 3(y + 5)
Adding 5 both side, we get
x = 3y + 15 - 5
x = 3y + 10 … (i)
Five years ago,
Age of Jacob will = x - 5 year
Age of his son will = y - 5 year
Jacob’s age was seven times that of his son
x – 5 = 7(y -5)
Putting the value of x from equation (i) we get
3y + 10 – 5 = 7y – 35
3y + 5 = 7y – 35
3y – 7y = -35 – 5
-4y = - 40
y = - 40/- 4
y = 10 year
Putting the value of y in equation first we get
x = 3 × 10 + 10
x = 40 years
Hence, Present age of Jacob = 40 years and present age of his son = 10 years
49
14.
(i) x + y =5 and 2x –3y = 4
By elimination method
x + y =5 ... (i)
2x –3y = 4 ... (ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by (ii), we get
2x + 2y = 10 ... (iii)
2x –3y = 4 ... (ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (iii), we get
5y = 6
y = 6/5
Putting the value in equation (i), we get
x = 5 - (6/5) = 19/5
Hence, x = 19/5 and y = 6/5
By substitution method x + y = 5 ... (i)
Subtracting y both side, we get
x = 5 - y ... (iv)
Putting the value of x in equation (ii) we get
2(5 – y) – 3y = 4
-5y = - 6
y = -6/-5 = 6/5
Putting the value of y in equation (iv) we get
x = 5 – 6/5
x = 19/5
Hence, x = 19/5 and y = 6/5 again
(ii) 3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2
3x + 4y = 10 .... (i)
2x – 2y = 2 ... (ii)
Multiplying equation (ii) by 2, we get
4x – 4y = 4 ... (iii)
3x + 4y = 10 ... (i)
Adding equation (i) and (iii), we get
7x + 0 = 14
Dividing both side by 7, we get
x = 14/7 = 2
Putting in equation (i), we get
3x + 4y = 10
3(2) + 4y = 10
6 + 4y = 10
4y = 10 – 6
4y = 4
y = 4/4 = 1
Hence, answer is x = 2, y = 1
By substitution method
3x + 4y = 10 ... (i)
Subtract 3x both side, we get
50
4y = 10 – 3x
Divide by 4 we get
y = (10 - 3x )/4
2x – 2y = 2 ... (i)
2x – 2(10 - 3x )/4) = 2
Multiply by 4 we get
8x - 2(10 – 3x) = 8
8x - 20 + 6x = 8
14x = 28
x = 28/14 = 2
y = (10 - 3x)/4
y = 4/4 = 1
Hence, answer is x = 2, y = 1 again.
(iii) 3x – 5y – 4 = 0 and 9x = 2y + 7
3x – 5y – 4 = 0
3x – 5y = 4 ...(i)
9x = 2y + 7
9x – 2y = 7 ... (ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by 3, we get
9 x – 15 y = 11 ... (iii)
9x – 2y = 7 ... (ii)
-13y = 5
y = -5/13
Putting value in equation (i), we get
3x – 5y = 4 ... (i)
3x - 5(-5/13) = 4
Multiplying by 13 we get
39x + 25 = 52
39x = 27
x =27/39 = 9/13
Hence our answer is x = 9/13 and y = - 5/13
3x – 5y = 4 ... (i)
Adding 5y both side we get
3x = 4 + 5y
x = (4 + 5y )/3 ... (iv)
Putting this value in equation (ii) we get
9x – 2y = 7 ... (ii)
9 ((4 + 5y )/3) – 2y = 7
Solve it we get
3(4 + 5y ) – 2y = 7
12 + 15y – 2y = 7
13y = - 5
y = -5/13
51
Substituti ng the value in equation (5) we obtain
5
5  4
 13 
x 
3
9
x 
13
9 5
 x  ,y 
13 13
Hence we get x = 9/13 and y = - 5/13 again.
(iv) x/2 + 2y/3 = - 1 and x – y/3 = 3

x/2 + 2y/3 = -1 ... (i)
x – y/3 = 3 ... (ii)
x + 4y/3 = - 2 ... (iii)
x – y/3 = 3 ... (ii)
5y/3 = -5
Dividing by 5 and multiplying by 3, we get
y = -15/5
y=-3
x – y/3 = 3 ... (ii)
x – (-3)/3 = 3
x+1=3
x=2
Hence our answer is x = 2 and y = −3.
x – y/3 = 3 ... (ii)
Add y/3 both side, we get
x = 3 + y/3 ... (iv)
x/2 + 2y/3 = - 1 ... (i)
(3+ y/3)/2 + 2y/3 = -1
3/2 + y/6 + 2y/3 = - 1
Multiplying by 6, we get
9 + y + 4y = - 6
5y = -15
y=-3
Hence our answer is x = 2 and y = −3.
52
15.
(i) Let the fraction be x/y
According to the question,x + 1/y - 1 = 1
⇒ x - y = -2 ... (i)x/y+1 = 1/2
⇒ 2x - y = 1 ... (ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get
x = 3 ... (iii)
Putting this value in equation (i), we get
3 - y = -2
-y = -5
y=5
Hence, the fraction is 3/5
(ii) Let present age of Nuri = x
and present age of Sonu = y
According to the given information, question,(x - 5) = 3(y - 5)
x - 3y = -10 ... (i)
(x + 10y) = 2(y + 10)
x - 2y = 10 ... (ii)
y = 20 ... (iii)
x - 60 = -10
x = 50
Hence, age of Nuri = 50 years and age of Sonu = 20 years.
(iii) Let the unit digit and tens digits of the number be x and y respectively.
Then, number = 10y + x
Number after reversing the digits = 10x + y
x + y = 9 ... (i)
9(10y + x) = 2(10x + y)
88y - 11x = 0
- x + 8y =0 ... (ii)
Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get
9y = 9
y = 1 ... (iii)
Putting the value in equation (i), we get
x=8
Hence, the number is 10y + x = 10 × 1 + 8 = 18.
(iv) Let the number of Rs 50 notes and Rs 100 notes be x and y respectively.
x + y = 25 ... (i)
50x + 100y = 2000 ... (ii)
50x + 50y = 1250 ... (iii)
53
Subtracting equation (iii) from equation (ii), we get
50y = 750
y = 15
Putting this value in equation (i), we have x = 10
Hence, Meena has 10 notes of Rs 50 and 15 notes of Rs 100.
(v) Let the fixed charge for first three days and each day charge thereafter be Rs x and
Rs yrespectively.
x + 4y = 27 ... (i)
x + 2y = 21 ... (ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i), we get
2y = 6
y = 3 ... (iii)
x + 12 =27
x = 15
Hence, fixed charge = Rs 15 and Charge per day = Rs 3.
16.
(i) x – 3y – 3 = 0
3x – 9y – 2 =0
a1/a2 = 1/3
b1/b2 = -3/-9 = 1/3 and
c1/c2 = -3/-2 = 3/2
a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
Therefore, the given sets of lines are parallel to each other. Therefore, they will not intersect
each other and thus, there will not be any solution for these equations.
(ii) 2x + y = 5
3x +2y = 8
a1/a2 = 2/3
b1/b2 = 1/2 and
c1/c2 = -5/-8 = 5/8
a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2
Therefore, they will intersect each other at a unique point and thus, there will be a unique
solution for these equations.
By cross-multiplication method,
x/b1c2-b2c1 = y/c1a2-c2a1 = 1/a1b2-a2b1
x/-8-(-10) = y/-15+16 = 1/4-3
x/2 = y/1 = 1
x/2 = 1, y/1 = 1
∴ x = 2, y = 1.
(iii) 3x – 5y = 20
6x – 10y = 40
a1/a2 = 3/6 = 1/2
b1/b2 = -5/-10 = 1/2 and
54
c1/c2 = -20/-40 = 1/2
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
Therefore, the given sets of lines will be overlapping each other i.e., the lines will be coincident
to each other and thus, there are infinite solutions possible for these equations.
(iv) x – 3y – 7 = 0
3x – 3y – 15= 0
a1/a2 = 1/3
b1/b2 = -3/-3 = 1 and
c1/c2 = -7/-15 = 7/15
a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2
Therefore, they will intersect each other at a unique point and thus, there will be a unique
solution for these equations.
By cross-multiplication,
x/45-(21) = y/-21-(-15) = 1/-3-(-9)
x/24 = y/-6 = 1/6
x/24 = 1/6 and y/-6 = 1/6
x = 4 and y = -1
∴ x = 4, y = -1.
17.
2x + 3y -7 = 0
(a – b)x + (a + b)y - (3a +b –2) = 0
a1/a2 = 2/a-b = 1/2
b1/b2 = -7/a+ b and
c1/c2 = -7/-(3a+b-2) = 7/(3a+b-2)
For infinitely many solutions,a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2
2/a-b = 7/3a+b-26a + 2b - 4 = 7a - 7b
a - 9b = -4 ... (i)
2/a-b = 3/a+ b
2a + 2b = 3a - 3b
a - 5b = 0 ... (ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we get
4b = 4
b=1
a-5×1=0
a=5
Hence, a = 5 and b = 1 are the values for which the given equations give infinitely many
solutions.
(ii): 3x + y -1 = 0
(2k –1)x + (k –1)y - (2k + 1) = 0
a1/a2 = 3/2k-1
b1/b2 = 1/k-1 and
c1/c2 = -1/-2k-1 = 1/2k+1
For no solutions,
a1/a2 = b1/b2 ≠ c1/c2
3/2k-1 = 1/k-1 ≠ 1/2k+1
55
3/2k-1 = 1/k-1
3k - 3 = 2k - 1
k=2
Hence, for k = 2, the given equation has no solution
18.
8x +5y = 9 ... (i)
3x +2y = 4 ... (ii)
From equation (ii), we get
x = 4-2y/3 ... (iii)
8(4-2y/3) + 5y = 9
32 - 16y +15y = 27
-y = -5
y = 5 ... (iv)
3x + 10 = 4
x = -2
Hence, x = -2, y = 5
By cross multiplication again, we get
8x + 5y -9 = 0
3x + 2y - 4 = 0
x/-20-(-18) = y/-27-(-32) = 1/16-15
x/-2 = y/5 = 1/1
x/-2 = 1 and y/5 = 1
x = -2 and y = 5
19.
Let x be the fixed charge of the food and y be the charge for food per day.
x + 20y = 1000 ... (i)
x + 26y = 1180 ... (ii)
6y = 180
y = 180/6 = 30
x + 20 × 30 = 1000
x = 1000 - 600
x = 400
Hence, fixed charge = Rs 400 and charge per day = Rs 30
(ii): Let the fraction be x/y
x-1/y = 1/3
⇒ 3x - y = 3... (i)
x/y+8 = 1/4
⇒ 4x - y = 8 ... (ii)
56
x = 5 ... (iii)
15 - y = 3
y = 12
Hence, the fraction is 5/12.
(iii): Let the number of right answers and wrong answers be x and y respectively.
3x - y = 40 ... (i)
4x - 2y = 50
⇒ 2x - y = 25 ... (ii)
x = 15 ... (iii)
30 - y = 25
y=5
Therefore, number of right answers = 15
And number of wrong answers = 5
Total number of questions = 20
(iv): Let the speed of 1st car and 2nd car be u km/h and v km/h.
Respective speed of both cars while they are travelling in same direction = (u - v) km/h
Respective speed of both cars while they are travelling in opposite directions i.e., travelling
towards each other = (u + v) km/h
5(u - v) = 100
⇒ u - v = 20 ... (i)
1(u + v) = 100 ... (ii)
Adding both the equations, we get
2u = 120
u = 60 km/h ... (iii)
Putting this value in equation (ii), we obtain
v = 40 km/h
Hence, speed of one car = 60 km/h and speed of other car = 40 km/h
(v): Let length and breadth of rectangle be x unit and y unit respectively.
Area = xy
(x - 5) (y + 3) = xy - 9
⇒ 3x - 5y - 6 = 0 ... (i)
(x + 3) (y + 2) = xy + 67
⇒ 2x - 3y - 61 = 0 ... (ii)
By cross multiplication, we get
x/305-(-18) = y/-12-(-183) = 1/9-(-10)
x/323 = y/171 = 1/19
x = 17, y = 9
Hence, the length of the rectangle = 17 units and breadth of the rectangle = 9 units
57
20.
(i) 1/2x + 1/3y = 2
1/3x + 1/2y = 13/6
Let 1/x = p and 1/y = q, then the equations changes as below:
p/2 + q/3 = 2
⇒ 3p + 2q -12 = 0 ... (i)
p/3 + q/2 = 13/6
⇒ 2p + 3q -13 = 0 ... (ii)
By cross-multiplication method, we get
p/-26-(-36) = q/-24-(-39) = 1/9-4
p/10 = q/15 = 1/5
p/10 = 1/5 and q/15 = 1/5
p = 2 and q = 3
1/x = 2 and 1/y = 3
Hence, x = 1/2 and y = 1/3
(ii) 2/√x +3/√y = 2
4/√x - 9/√y = -1
Let 1/√x = p and 1/√y = q, then the equations changes as below:
2p + 3q = 2 ... (i)
4p - 9q = -1 ... (ii)
6p + 9q = 6 ... (iii)
Adding equation (ii) and (iii), we get
10p = 5
p = 1/2 ... (iv)
2 × 1/2 + 3q = 2
3q = 1
q = 1/3
p = 1/√x = 1/2
√x = 2
x=4
and
q = 1/√y = 1/3
√y = 3
y=9
Hence, x = 4, y = 9
(iii) 4/x + 3y = 14
3/x - 4y = 23
Putting 1/x = p in the given equations, we get
4p + 3y = 14
⇒ 4p + 3y - 14 = 0
3p - 4y = 23
⇒ 3p - 4y -23 = 0
By cross-multiplication, we get
p/-69-56 = y/-42-(-92) = 1/-16-9
⇒ -p/125 = y/50 = -1/25
Now,
58
-p/125 = -1/25 and y/50 = -1/25
⇒ p = 5 and y = -2
Also, p = 1/x = 5
⇒ x = 1/5
So, x = 1/5 and y = -2 is the solution.
(iv) 5/x-1 + 1/y-2 = 2
6/x-1 - 3/y-2 = 1
Putting 1/x-1 = p and 1/y-2 = q in the given equations, we obtain
5p + q = 2 ... (i)
6p - 3q = 1 ... (ii)
Now, by multiplying equation (i) by 3 we get
15p + 3q = 6 ... (iii)
Now, adding equation (ii) and (iii)
21p = 7
⇒ p = 1/3
Putting this value in equation (ii) we get,
6×1/3 - 3q =1
⇒ 2-3q = 1
⇒ -3q = 1-2
⇒ -3q = -1
⇒ q = 1/3
Now,
p = 1/x-1 = 1/3
⇒1/x-1 = 1/3
⇒3=x-1
⇒x=4
Also,
q = 1/y-2 = 1/3
⇒ 1/y-2 = 1/3
⇒ 3 = y-2
⇒y=5
Hence, x = 4 and y = 5 is the solution.
(v) 7x-2y/xy = 5
⇒ 7x/xy - 2y/xy = 5
⇒ 7/y - 2/x = 5 ... (i)
8x+7y/xy = 15
⇒ 8x/xy + 7y/xy = 15
⇒ 8/y + 7/x = 15 ... (ii)
Putting 1/x = p and 1/y = q in (i) and (ii) we get,
7q - 2p = 5 ... (iii)
8q + 7p = 15 ... (iv)
Multiplying equation (iii) by 7 and multiplying equation (iv) by 2 we get,
49q - 14p = 35 ... (v)
16q + 14p = 30 ... (vi)
59
Now, adding equation (v) and (vi) we get,
49q - 14p + 16q + 14p = 35 + 30
⇒ 65q = 65
⇒q=1
Putting the value of q in equation (iv)
8 + 7p = 15
⇒ 7p = 7
⇒p=1
Now,
p = 1/x = 1
⇒ 1/x = 1
⇒x=1
also, q = 1 = 1/y
⇒ 1/y = 1
⇒y=1
Hence, x =1 and y = 1 is the solution.
(vi) 6x + 3y = 6xy
⇒ 6x/xy + 3y/xy = 6
⇒ 6/y + 3/x = 6 ... (i)
2x + 4y = 5xy
⇒ 2x/xy + 4y/xy = 5
⇒ 2/y + 4/x = 5 ... (ii)
Putting 1/x = p and 1/y = q in (i) and (ii) we get,
6q + 3p - 6 = 0
2q + 4p - 5 = 0
By cross multiplication method, we get
p/-30-(-12) = q/-24-(-15) = 1/6-24
p/-18 = q/-9 = 1/-18
p/-18 = 1/-18 and q/-9 = 1/-18
p = 1 and q = 1/2
p = 1/x = 1 and q = 1/y = 1/2
x = 1, y = 2
Hence, x = 1 and y = 2
(vii) 10/x+y + 2/x-y = 4
15/x+y - 5/x-y = -2
Putting 1/x+y = p and 1/x-y = q in the given equations, we get:
10p + 2q = 4
⇒ 10p + 2q - 4 = 0 ... (i)
15p - 5q = -2
⇒ 15p - 5q + 2 = 0 ... (ii)
Using cross multiplication, we get
p/4-20 = q/-60-(-20) = 1/-50-30
p/-16 = q/-80 = 1/-80
p/-16 = 1/-80 and q/-80 = 1/-80
60
p = 1/5 and q = 1
p = 1/x+y = 1/5 and q = 1/x-y = 1
x + y = 5 ... (iii)
and x - y = 1 ... (iv)
Adding equation (iii) and (iv), we get
2x = 6
x = 3 .... (v)
Putting value of x in equation (iii), we get
y=2
(viii) 1/3x+y + 1/3x-y = 3/4
1/2(3x-y) - 1/2(3x-y) = -1/8
Putting 1/3x+y = p and 1/3x-y = q in the given equations, we get
p + q = 3/4 ... (i)
p/2 - q/2 = -1/8
p - q = -1/4 ... (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
2p = 3/4 - 1/4
2p = 1/2
p = 1/4
Putting the value in equation (ii), we get
1/4 - q = -1/4
q = 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2
p = 1/3x+y = 1/4
3x + y = 4 ... (iii)
q = 1/3x-y = 1/2
3x - y = 2 ... (iv)
Adding equations (iii) and (iv), we get
6x = 6
x = 1 ... (v)
Putting the value in equation (iii), we get
3(1) + y = 4
y=1
61
21.
Let the speed of Ritu in still water and the speed of stream be x km/h
and y km/h respectively.
Speed of Ritu while rowing
Upstream = (x - y) km/h
Downstream = (x + y) km/h
According to question,
2(x + y) = 20
⇒ x + y = 10 ... (i)
2(x - y) = 4
⇒ x - y = 2 ... (ii)
Adding equation (i) and (ii), we get
Putting this equation in (i), we get
y=4
Hence, Ritu's speed in still water is 6 km/h and the speed of the current is 4 km/h.
(ii): Let the number of days taken by a woman and a man be x and y respectively.
Therefore, work done by a woman in 1 day = 1/x
4(2/x + 5/y) = 1
2/x + 5/y = 1/4
3(3/x + 6/y) = 1
3/x + 6/y = 1/3
Putting 1/x = p and 1/y = q in these equations, we get
2p + 5q = 1/4
By cross multiplication, we get
p/-20-(-18) = q/-9-(-18) = 1/144-180
p/-2 = q/-1 = 1/-36
p/-2 = -1/36 and q/-1 = 1/-36
p = 1/18 and q = 1/36
p = 1/x = 1/18 and q = 1/y = 1/36
x = 18 and y = 36
Hence, number of days taken by a woman = 18 and number of days taken by a man = 36
(iii): Let the speed of train and bus be u km/h and v km/h respectively.
According to the given information,
60/u + 240/v = 4 ... (i)
100/u + 200/v = 25/6 ... (ii)
Putting 1/u = p and 1/v = q in the equations, we get
60p + 240q = 4 ... (iii)
100p + 200q = 25/6
600p + 1200q = 25 ... (iv)
Multiplying equation (iii) by 10, we get
600p + 2400q = 40 .... (v)
Subtracting equation (iv) from (v), we get1200q = 15
q = 15/200 = 1/80 ... (vi)
Putting equation (iii), we get
60p + 3 = 4
60p = 1
62
p = 1/60
p = 1/u = 1/60 and q = 1/v = 1/80
u = 60 and v = 80
Hence, speed of train = 60 km/h and speed of bus = 80 km/h.
22.
The difference between the ages of Biju and Ani is 3 years. Either Biju is 3 years older than Ani or
Ani is 3 years older than Biju. However, it is obvious that in both cases, Ani’s father’s age will be
30 years more than that of Cathy’s age.
Let the age of Ani and Biju be x and y years respectively.

Therefore, age of Ani’s father, Dharam = 2 × x = 2x years
y
And age of Biju’s sister Cathy = years
2
By using the information given in the question,
Case (I) When Ani is older than Biju by 3 years,
x − y = 3 (i)
y
2x   30
2
4x − y = 60 (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we obtain
3x = 60 − 3 = 57
57
x   19
3
Therefore, age of Ani = 19 years
And age of Biju = 19 − 3 = 16 years
Case (II) When Biju is older than Ani,
y − x = 3 (i)
y
2x   30
2
4x − y = 60 (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain
3x = 63
x = 21
And age of Biju = 21 + 3 = 24 years
The difference between the ages of Biju and Ani is 3 years. Either Biju is 3 years older than Ani or
Ani is 3 years older than Biju. However, it is obvious that in both cases, Ani’s father’s age will be
30 years more than that of Cathy’s age.
Let the age of Ani and Biju be x and y years respectively.
Therefore, age of Ani’s father, Dharam = 2 × x = 2x years
y
And age of Biju’s sister Cathy = years
2
By using the information given in the question,
Case (I) When Ani is older than Biju by 3 years,
x − y = 3 (i)
y
2x   30
2
63
4x − y = 60 (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we obtain
3x = 60 − 3 = 57
57
x   19
3
And age of Biju = 19 − 3 = 16 years
Case (II) When Biju is older than Ani,
y − x = 3 (i)
y
2x   30
2
4x − y = 60 (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we obtain
3x = 63
x = 21
And age of Biju = 21 + 3 = 24 years
23.
Let those friends were having Rs x and y with them
Using the informatio n given in the question, we obtain
x  100  2 ( y  100 )
x  100  2 y  200
x  2 y   300 (i )
and, 6 ( x  10 )  ( y  10 )
6 x  10  y  10
6 x  y  70 ( ii )
Multiplyin g equation (ii) by 2, we obtain
12 x  2 y  140 ( iii )
Subtrcting equation (i) from equation (iii), we obtain
11 x  140  300
11 x  440
x  40
Using this in equation (i), we obtain
40 - 2   300
40  300  2y
2y  340
y  170
Therefore, those friends had Rs 40 and Rs 170 with them respective ly
64
24.
Let the speed of the train be x km/h and the time taken by train to travel the given distance be t
hours and the distance to travel was d km. We know that,
Distance travelled
Speed 
Time taken to travel that distance
d
x 
t
Or, d = xt (i)
Using the information given in the question, we obtain
d
( x  10 ) 
(t  2 )
( x  10 ) ( t  2 )  d
xt  10 t  2 x  20  d
By using equation (i), we obtain
− 2x + 10t = 20 (ii)
d
( x  10 ) 
(t  3)
( x  10 ) ( t  3 )  d
xt  10 t  3 x  30  d
3x − 10t = 30 (iii)
Adding equations (ii) and (iii), we obtain
x = 50
Using equation (ii), we obtain
(−2) × (50) + 10t = 20
−100 + 10t = 20
10t = 120
t = 12 hours
From equation (i), we obtain
Distance to travel = d = xt
= 50 × 12
= 600 km
Hence, the distance covered by the train is 600 km.
65
25.
Let the number of rows be x and number of students in a row be y
Total students of the class
Let the number of row be x and number of students in a row be y
Total students of the class
 Number of rows x number of students in a row
 xy
using the informatio n given in the question
Condition 1
Total number of students  ( x  1) ( y  3 )
xy  ( x  1 ) ( y  3 )  xy  y  3 x  3
3x  y  3 (i )
Condition 2
Total number of students  ( x  2 ) ( y  3)
xy  xy  2 y  3 x  6
3x  2 y  6 ( ii )
Subtractin g equation (ii) from (i)
(3 x  y )  ( 3 x  2 y )  3  (  6 )
 y  2y  3 6
y  9
3x  9  3
3 x  9  3  12
x  4
Number of rows  x  4
Number of students in a row  y  9
Number of total students in a class  xy  4  9  36
66
26.
Given that,
∠C = 3∠B = 2(∠A + ∠B)
3∠B = 2(∠A + ∠B)
3∠B = 2∠A + 2∠B
∠B = 2∠A
2 ∠A − ∠B = 0 … (i)
We know that the sum of the measures of all angles of a triangle is 180°. Therefore,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠A + ∠B + 3 ∠B = 180°
∠A + 4 ∠B = 180° … (ii)
Multiplying equation (i) by 4, we obtain
8 ∠A − 4 ∠B = 0 … (iii)
Adding equations (ii) and (iii), we obtain
9 ∠A = 180°
∠A = 20°
From equation (ii), we obtain
20° + 4 ∠B = 180°
4 ∠B = 160°
∠B = 40°
∠C = 3 ∠B
= 3 × 40° = 120°
Therefore, ∠A, ∠B, ∠C are 20°, 40°, and 120° respectively.
27.
5x  y  5
or , y  5 x  5
The solution t able will be as follows
x 0 1 2
y -5 0 5
3x  y  3
Or , y  3 x  3
The solution t able will be as follows
x 0 1 2
y -3 0 3
The graphical representation of these lines will be as follows
67
It can be observed that the required triangle triangle is  ABC formed by these lines and y axis
The coordinates of vertices are A (1,0), B (0,-3), C (0,5),
28.
(i)px + qy = p − q … (1)
qx − py = p + q … (2)
Multiplying equation (1) by p and equation (2) by q, we obtain
p2x + pqy = p2 − pq … (3)
q2x − pqy = pq + q2 … (4)
Adding equations (3) and (4), we obtain
p2x + q2 x = p2 + q2
(p2 + q2) x = p2 + q2
 q
2 2
p
x 
 q 1
2 2
p
p (1) + qy = p − q
qy = − q
y=−1
(ii)ax + by = c … (1)
bx + ay = 1 + c … (2)
Multiplying equation (1) by a and equation (2) by b, we obtain
a2x + aby = ac … (3)
b2x + aby = b + bc … (4)
Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3),
(a2 − b2) x = ac − bc – b
c(a  b)  b
x 
b
2 2
a
ax + by = c
68
ax  by  c
 a (a  b)  b 
a   by  c
 a b
2 2

ac ( a  b )  ab
 by  c
b
2 2
a
ac ( a  b )  ab
by  c
b
2 2
a
a c  b c  a c  abc  ab
2 2 2
by 
b
2 2
a
abc  b c  ab
2
by
b
2 2
a
bc ( a  b )  ab
by 
b
2 2
a
c(a  b)  a
y 
b
2 2
a
x y
  0
a b
( iii )
Or, bx − ay = 0 … (1)
ax + by = a2 + b2 … (2)
Multiplying equation (1) and (2) by b and a respectively, we obtain
b2x − aby = 0 … (3)
a2x + aby = a3 + ab2 … (4)
Adding equations (3) and (4), we obtain
b2x + a2x = a3 + ab2
x (b2 + a2) = a (a2 + b2)
x=a
By using (1), we obtain
b (a) − ay = 0
ab − ay = 0
ay = ab
y=b
(iv) (a − b) x + (a + b) y = a2− 2ab − b2 … (1)
(a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2
(a + b) x + (a + b) y = a2 + b2 … (2)
Subtracting equation (2) from (1), we obtain
(a − b) x − (a + b) x = (a2 − 2ab − b2) − (a2 + b2)
(a − b − a − b) x = − 2ab − 2b2
− 2bx = − 2b (a + b)
x=a+b
Using equation (1), we obtain
(a − b) (a + b) + (a + b) y = a2 − 2ab − b2
a2 − b2 + (a + b) y = a2− 2ab − b2
(a + b) y = − 2ab
69
 2 ab
y 
a b
(v) 152x − 378y = − 74
76x − 189y = − 37
189 y  37
x  ...... (1 )
76
− 378x + 152y = − 604
− 189x + 76y = − 302 … (2)
Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we obtain
 189 y  37 
 189    76   302
 76 
− (189)2 y + 189 × 37 + (76)2 y = − 302 × 76
189 × 37 + 302 × 76 = (189)2 y − (76)2 y
6993 + 22952 = (189 − 76) (189 + 76) y
29945 = (113) (265) y
y=1
189 (1 )  37
x 
76
189  37 152
x  
76 76
x  2
70
30.
We know that the sum of the measure of opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral 1800
Therefore,  A   C  180
4 y  20  4 x  180
 4 x  4 y  160
x  y   40 (i )
Also,  B   D  180
3 y  5  7 x  5  180
 7 x  3 y  180 ( ii )
Multiplyin g equation (i) by 3, we obtain
3 x  3 y   120 ( iii )
Adding equations (ii) and (iii) we obtain
7 x  3 x  180  120
 4 x  60
x   15
By using equation (i) we obtain
x  y   40
 15  y   40
y   15  40  25
 A  4 y  20  4 ( 25 )  20  120
0
 B  3 y  5  3 ( 25 )  5  70
0
 C   4 x   4 (  15 )  60
0
 D   7 x  5   7 (  15 )  5  110
0
71
Quadratic Equations
Class 10 Quadratic Equations Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. Check whether the following are quadratic equations:

(i) (x + 2)2 = 2(x - 3)
(ii) x2 - 2x = (-2)(3 - x)
(iii) (x -2)(x - 1) = (x - 1)(x + 3)
(iv) (x - 3)(2x + 1) = x(x + 5)
(v) (2x - 1)(x - 3) = (x + 5)(x - 1)
(vi) x2 + 3x + 1 = (x - 2)2
(vii) (x + 2)3 = 2x(x2 - 1)
(viii) x3 - 4x2 - x + 1 = (x - 2)3
2. Represent the following situations in the form of quadratic equations.

(i) The area of a rectangular plot is 528 m2. The length of the plot (in metres) is one more than
twice its breadth. We need to find the length and breadth of the plot.
(ii) The product of two consecutive positive integers is 306. We need to find the integers.
(iii) Rohan's mother is 26 years older than him. The product of their ages (in years) 3 years from
now will be 360. We would like to find Rohan's present age.
(iv)A train travels a distance of 480 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8 km/h less,
then it would have taken 3 hours more to cover the same distance. We need to find the speed of
the train
3. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations by factorization:

(i) x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
(ii) 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
(iii) √2 x2 + 7x + 5√2 = 0
(iv) 2x2- x + 1/8 = 0
(v) 100x2 - 20x + 1 = 0
4. (i) John and Jivanti together have 45 marbles. Both of them lost 5 marbles each, and the product
of the number of marbles they now have is 124. Find out how many marbles they had to start
with.
(ii) A cottage industry produces a certain number of toys in a day. The cost of production of each
toy (in rupees) was found to be 55 minus the number of toys produced in a day. On a particular
day, the total cost of production was Rs 750. Find out the number of toys produced on that day.
5. Find two numbers whose sum is 27 and product is 182.
6. Find two consecutive positive integers, sum of whose squares is 365.
73
7. The altitude of a right triangle is 7 cm less than its base. If the hypotenuse is 13 cm, find the other
two sides.
8. A cottage industry produces a certain number of pottery articles in a day. It was observed on a
particular day that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was 3 more than twice the
number of articles produced on that day. If the total cost of production on that day was Rs 90,
find the number of articles produced and the cost of each article.
9. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations, if they exist, by the method of completing the
square:
(i) 2x2 – 7x +3 = 0
(ii) 2x2 + x – 4 = 0
(iii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
(iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
10. Find the roots of the quadratic equations given in Q.1 above by applying the quadratic formula.
11. Find the roots of the following equations:

(i) x-1/x = 3, x ≠ 0
(ii) 1/x+4 - 1/x-7 = 11/30, x = -4, 7
12. The sum of the reciprocals of Rehman's ages, (in years) 3 years ago and 5 years from now is 1/3.
Find his present age.
13. In a class test, the sum of Shefali's marks in Mathematics and English is 30. Had she got 2 marks
more in Mathematics and 3 marks less in English, the product of their marks would have been
210. Find her marks in the two subjects.
14. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 metres more than the shorter side. If the longer side is
30 metres more than the shorter side, find the sides of the field
15. The difference of squares of two numbers is 180. The square of the smaller number is 8 times
the larger number. Find the two numbers.
16. A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would have
taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
3
17. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 8 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10 hours
less than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap can
separately fill the tank.
74
18. An express train takes 1 hour less than a passenger train to travel 132 km between Mysore and
Bangalore (without taking into consideration the time they stop at intermediate stations). If the
average speeds of the express train is 11 km/h more than that of the passenger train, find the
average speed of the two trains.
19. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 24 m, find the
sides of the two squares.
20. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real roots exist, find
them;
(i) 2x2 - 3x + 5 = 0
(ii) 3x2 - 4√3x + 4 = 0
(iii) 2x2 - 6x + 3 = 0
21. Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they have two equal
roots.
(i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
(ii) kx (x - 2) + 6 = 0
22. Is it possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose length is twice its breadth, and the area
is 800 m2? If so, find its length and breadth.
23. Is the following situation possible? If so, determine their present ages. The sum of the ages of
two friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in years was 48
24. Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80 and area 400 m2? If so find its length
and breadth.
75
SOLUTIONS
1.
(i) (x + 2)2 = 2(x - 3)
⇒ x2 + 2x + 1 = 2x - 6
⇒ x2 + 7 = 0
It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Hence, the given equation is quadratic equation.
(ii) x2 - 2x = (-2)(3 - x)
⇒ x2 - 2x = -6 + 2x
⇒ x2 - 4x + 6 = 0
(iii) (x -2)(x - 1) = (x - 1)(x + 3)
⇒ x2 - x - 2 = x2 + 2x - 3
⇒ 3x - 1 =0
It is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Hence, the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(iv) (x - 3)(2x + 1) = x(x + 5)
⇒ 2x2 - 5x - 3 = x2 + 5x
⇒ x2 - 10x - 3 = 0
(v) (2x - 1)(x - 3) = (x + 5)(x - 1)
⇒ 2x2 - 7x + 3 = x2 + 4x - 5
⇒ x2 - 11x + 8 = 0
(vi) x2 + 3x + 1 = (x - 2)2
⇒ x2 + 3x + 1 = x2 + 4 - 4x
⇒ 7x - 3 = 0
(vii) (x + 2)3 = 2x(x2 - 1)
⇒ x3 + 8 + x2 + 12x = 2x3 - 2x
⇒ x3 + 14x - 6x2 - 8 = 0
(viii) x3 - 4x2 - x + 1 = (x - 2)3
⇒ x3 - 4x2 - x + 1 = x3 - 8 - 6x2 + 12x
⇒ 2x2 - 13x + 9 = 0
76
2.
(i)Let the breadth of the rectangular plot = x m
Hence, the length of the plot is (2x + 1) m.
Formula of area of rectangle = length × breadth = 528 m2
Putting the value of length and width, we get
(2x + 1) × x = 528
⇒ 2x2 + x =528
⇒ 2x2 + x - 528 = 0
(ii) Let the first integer number = x
Next consecutive positive integer will = x + 1
Product of both integers = x × (x +1) = 306
⇒ x2 + x = 306
⇒ x2 + x - 306 = 0
(iii) Let take Rohan's age = x years
Hence, his mother's age = x + 26
3 years from now
Rohan's age = x + 3
Age of Rohan's mother will = x + 26 + 3 = x + 29
The product of their ages 3 years from now will be 360 so that
(x + 3)(x + 29) = 360
⇒ x2 + 29x + 3x + 87 = 360
⇒ x2 + 32x + 87 - 360 = 0
⇒ x2 + 32x - 273 = 0
(iv) Let the speed of train be x km/h.
Time taken to travel 480 km = 480/x km/h
In second condition, let the speed of train = (x - 8) km/h
It is also given that the train will take 3 hours to cover the same distance.
Therefore, time taken to travel 480 km = (480/x + 3) km/h
Speed × Time = Distance
(x - 8)(480/x + 3) = 480
⇒ 480 + 3x - 3840/x - 24 = 480
⇒ 3x - 3840/x = 24
⇒ 3x2 - 8x - 1280 = 0
77
3.
(i) x2 - 3x – 10
= x2 - 5x + 2x - 10
= x(x - 5) + 2(x - 5)
= (x - 5)(x + 2)
Roots of this equation are the values for which (x - 5)(x + 2) = 0
∴ x - 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
⇒ x = 5 or x = -2
(ii) 2x2 + x – 6
= 2x2 + 4x - 3x - 6
= 2x(x + 2) - 3(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(2x - 3)
Roots of this equation are the values for which (x + 2)(2x - 3) = 0
∴ x + 2 = 0 or 2x - 3 = 0
⇒ x = -2 or x = 3/2
(iii) √2 x2 + 7x + 5√2
= √2 x2 + 5x + 2x + 5√2
= x (√2x + 5) + √2(√2x + 5)= (√2x + 5)(x + √2)
Roots of this equation are the values for which (√2x + 5)(x + √2) = 0
∴ √2x + 5 = 0 or x + √2 = 0
⇒ x = -5/√2 or x = -√2
(iv) 2x2 – x + 1/8
= 1/8 (16x2 - 8x + 1)
= 1/8 (16x2 - 4x -4x + 1)
= 1/8 (4x(4x - 1) -1(4x - 1))
= 1/8(4x - 1)2
Roots of this equation are the values for which (4x - 1)2 = 0
∴ (4x - 1) = 0 or (4x - 1) = 0
⇒ x = 1/4 or x = 1/4
(v) 100x2 – 20x + 1
= 100x2-10x - 10x + 1
= 10x(10x - 1) -1(10x - 1)
= (10x - 1)2
Roots of this equation are the values for which (10x - 1)2 = 0
∴ (10x - 1) = 0 or (10x - 1) = 0
⇒ x = 1/10 or x = 1/10
78
4.
(i) Let the number of John's marbles be x.
Therefore, number of Jivanti's marble = 45 - x
After losing 5 marbles,
Number of John's marbles = x - 5
Number of Jivanti's marbles = 45 - x - 5 = 40 - x
It is given that the product of their marbles is 124.
∴ (x - 5)(40 - x) = 124
⇒ x2 -45x + 324 = 0
⇒ x2-36x - 9x + 324 = 0
⇒ x(x - 36) -9(x - 36) = 0
⇒ (x - 36)(x - 9) = 0
Either x - 36 = 0 or x - 9 = 0
⇒ x = 36 or x = 9
If the number of John's marbles = 36,
Then, number of Jivanti's marbles = 45 - 36 = 9
If number of John's marbles = 9,
Then, number of Jivanti's marbles = 45 - 9 = 36
(ii) Let the number of toys produced be x.
∴ Cost of production of each toy = Rs (55 - x)
It is given that, total production of the toys = Rs 750
∴ x(55 - x) = 750
⇒ x2 – 55x + 750 = 0
⇒ x2 – 25x - 30x + 750 = 0
⇒ x(x - 25) -30(x - 25) = 0
⇒ (x - 25)(x - 30) = 0
Either, x -25 = 0 or x - 30 = 0
⇒ x = 25 or x = 30
Hence, the number of toys will be either 25 or 30.
5.
Let the first number be x and the second number is 27 - x.
Therefore, their product = x (27 - x)
It is given that the product of these numbers is 182.
Therefore, x(27 - x) = 182
⇒ x2 – 27x + 182 = 0
⇒ x2 – 13x - 14x + 182 = 0
⇒ x(x - 13) -14(x - 13) = 0
⇒ (x - 13)(x -14) = 0
Either x = -13 = 0 or x - 14 = 0
⇒ x = 13 or x = 14
If first number = 13, then
Other number = 27 - 13 = 14
If first number = 14, then
79
Other number = 27 - 14 = 13
Therefore, the numbers are 13 and 14.
6.
Let the consecutive positive integers be x and x + 1.
Therefore, x2+ (x + 1)2 = 365
⇒ x2 + x2 + 1 + 2x = 365
⇒ 2x2 + 2x - 364 = 0
⇒ x2 + x - 182 = 0
⇒ x2 + 14x - 13x - 182 = 0
⇒ x(x + 14) -13(x + 14) = 0
⇒ (x + 14)(x - 13) = 0
Either x + 14 = 0 or x - 13 = 0,
⇒ x = - 14 or x = 13
Since the integers are positive, x can only be 13.
∴ x + 1 = 13 + 1 = 14
Therefore, two consecutive positive integers will be 13 and 14
7.
Let the base of the right triangle be x cm.
Its altitude = (x - 7) cm
From Pythagoras theorem, we have
Base2 + Altitude2 = Hypotenuse2
∴ x2 + (x - 7)2 = 132
⇒ x2 + x2 + 49 - 14x = 169
⇒ 2x2 - 14x - 120 = 0
⇒ x2 - 7x - 60 = 0
⇒ x2 - 12x + 5x - 60 = 0
⇒ x(x - 12) + 5(x - 12) = 0
⇒ (x - 12)(x + 5) = 0
Either x - 12 = 0 or x + 5 = 0,
⇒ x = 12 or x = - 5
Since sides are positive, x can only be 12.
Therefore, the base of the given triangle is 12 cm and the altitude of this triangle will be (12 - 7)
cm = 5 cm.
80
8.
Let the number of articles produced be x.
Therefore, cost of production of each article = Rs (2x + 3)
It is given that the total production is Rs 90.∴ x(2x + 3) = 0
⇒ 2x2 + 3x - 90 = 0
⇒ 2x2 + 15x -12x - 90 = 0
⇒ x(2x + 15) -6(2x + 15) = 0
⇒ (2x + 15)(x - 6) = 0
Either 2x + 15 = 0 or x - 6 = 0
⇒ x = -15/2 or x = 6
As the number of articles produced can only be a positive integer, therefore, x can only be 6.
Hence, number of articles produced = 6
Cost of each article = 2 × 6 + 3 = Rs 15.
9.
(i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
⇒ 2x2 – 7x = - 3
On dividing both sides of the equation by 2, we get
⇒ x2 – 7x/2 = -3/2
⇒ x2 – 2 × x × 7/4 = -3/2
On adding (7/4)2 to both sides of equation, we get
⇒ (x)2 - 2 × x × 7/4 + (7/4)2 = (7/4)2 - 3/2
⇒ (x - 7/4)2 = 49/16 - 3/2
⇒ (x - 7/4)2 = 25/16
⇒ (x - 7/4) = ± 5/4
⇒ x = 7/4 ± 5/4
⇒ x = 7/4 + 5/4 or x = 7/4 - 5/4
⇒ x = 12/4 or x = 2/4
⇒ x = 3 or 1/2
(ii) 2x2 + x – 4 = 0
⇒ 2x2 + x = 4
On dividing both sides of the equation, we get
⇒ x2 + x/2 = 2
On adding (1/4)2 to both sides of the equation, we get
⇒ (x)2 + 2 × x × 1/4 + (1/4)2 = 2 + (1/4)2
⇒ (x + 1/4)2 = 33/16
⇒ x + 1/4 = ± √33/4
⇒ x = ± √33/4 - 1/4
⇒ x = ± √33-1/4
⇒ x = √33-1/4 or x = -√33-1/4
(iii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
⇒ (2x)2 + 2 × 2x × √3 + (√3)2 = 0
⇒ (2x + √3)2= 0
⇒ (2x + √3) = 0 and (2x + √3) = 0
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⇒ x = -√3/2 or x = -√3/2
(iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
⇒ 2x2 + x = -4
On dividing both sides of the equation, we get
⇒ x2 + 1/2x = 2
⇒ x2 + 2 × x × 1/4 = -2
On adding (1/4)2 to both sides of the equation, we get
⇒ (x)2 + 2 × x × 1/4 + (1/4)2 = (1/4)2 - 2
⇒ (x + 1/4)2 = 1/16 - 2
⇒ (x + 1/4)2 = -31/16
However, the square of number cannot be negative.
Therefore, there is no real root for the given equation
10.
(i) 2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
On comparing this equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = -7 and c = 3
By using quadratic formula, we get
x = -b±√b2 - 4ac/2a
⇒ x = 7±√49 - 24/4
⇒ x = 7±√25/4
⇒ x = 7±5/4
⇒ x = 7+5/4 or x = 7-5/4
⇒ x = 12/4 or 2/4
∴ x = 3 or 1/2
(ii) 2x2 + x - 4 = 0
a = 2, b = 1 and c = -4
x = -b±√b2 - 4ac/2a
⇒x = -1±√1+32/4
⇒x = -1±√33/4
∴ x = -1+√33/4 or x = -1-√33/4
(iii) 4x2 + 4√3x + 3 = 0
a = 4, b = 4√3 and c = 3
x = -b±√b2 - 4ac/2a
⇒ x = -4√3±√48-48/8
⇒ x = -4√3±0/8
∴ x = √3/2 or x = -√3/2
(iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
a = 2, b = 1 and c = 4
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x = -b±√b2 - 4ac/2a
⇒ x = -1±√1-32/4
⇒ x = -1±√-31/4
The square of a number can never be negative.
∴There is no real solution of this equation.
11.
(i) x-1/x = 3
⇒ x2 - 3x -1 = 0
a = 1, b = -3 and c = -1
x = -b±√b2 - 4ac/2a
⇒ x = 3±√9+4/2
⇒ x = 3±√13/2
∴ x = 3+√13/2 or x = 3-√13/2
(ii) 1/x+4 - 1/x-7 = 11/30
⇒ x-7-x-4/(x+4)(x-7) = 11/30
⇒ -11/(x+4)(x-7) = 11/30
⇒ (x+4)(x-7) = -30
⇒ x2 - 3x - 28 = 30
⇒ x2 - 3x + 2 = 0
⇒ x2 - 2x - x + 2 = 0
⇒ x(x - 2) - 1(x - 2) = 0
⇒ (x - 2)(x - 1) = 0
⇒ x = 1 or 2
83
12.
Let the present age of Rehman be x years.
Three years ago, his age was (x - 3) years.
Five years hence, his age will be (x + 5) years.
It is given that the sum of the reciprocals of Rehman's ages 3 years ago and 5 years from now is
1/3.
∴ 1/x-3 + 1/x-5 = 1/3
x+5+x-3/(x-3)(x+5) = 1/3
2x+2/(x-3)(x+5) = 1/3
⇒ 3(2x + 2) = (x-3)(x+5)
⇒ 6x + 6 = x2 + 2x - 15
⇒ x2 - 4x - 21 = 0
⇒ x2 - 7x + 3x - 21 = 0
⇒ x(x - 7) + 3(x - 7) = 0
⇒ (x - 7)(x + 3) = 0
⇒ x = 7, -3
However, age cannot be negative.
Therefore, Rehman's present age is 7 years.
13.
Let the marks in Maths be x.
Then, the marks in English will be 30 - x.
(x + 2)(30 - x - 3) = 210
(x + 2)(27 - x) = 210
⇒ x2 + 25x + 54 = 210
⇒ x2 - 25x + 156 = 0
⇒ x2 - 12x - 13x + 156 = 0
⇒ x(x - 12) -13(x - 12) = 0
⇒ (x - 12)(x - 13) = 0
⇒ x = 12, 13
If the marks in Maths are 12, then marks in English will be 30 - 12 = 18
If the marks in Maths are 13, then marks in English will be 30 - 13 = 17
84
14.
Let the shorter side of the rectangle be x m.
Then, larger side of the rectangle = (x + 30) m
⇒ x2 + (x + 30)2 = (x + 60)2
⇒ x2 + x2 + 900 + 60x = x2 + 3600 + 120x
⇒ x2 - 60x - 2700 = 0
⇒ x2 - 90x + 30x - 2700 = 0
⇒ x(x - 90) + 30(x -90)
⇒ (x - 90)(x + 30) = 0
⇒ x = 90, -30
However, side cannot be negative. Therefore, the length of the shorter side will be 90 m.
Hence, length of the larger side will be (90 + 30) m = 120 m.
15.
Let the larger and smaller number be x and y respectively.
X2- y2 = 180 and y2 = 8x
⇒ x2 - 8x = 180
⇒ x2 - 8x - 180 = 0
⇒ x2 - 18x + 10x - 180 = 0
⇒ x(x - 18) +10(x - 18) = 0
⇒ (x - 18)(x + 10) = 0
⇒ x = 18, -10
However, the larger number cannot be negative as 8 times of the larger number will be negative
and hence, the square of the smaller number will be negative which is not possible.
Therefore, the larger number will be 18 only.
x = 18
∴ y2 = 8x = 8 × 18 = 144
⇒ y = ±√44 = ±12
∴ Smaller number = ±12
Therefore, the numbers are 18 and 12 or 18 and - 12.
16.
Let the speed of the train be x km/hr.
Time taken to cover 360 km = 360/x hr.
⇒ (x + 5)(360-1/x) = 360
⇒ 360 - x + 1800-5/x = 360
⇒ x2 + 5x + 10x - 1800 = 0
⇒ x(x + 45) -40(x + 45) = 0
⇒ (x + 45)(x - 40) = 0
⇒ x = 40, -45
However, speed cannot be negative.
Therefore, the speed of train is 40 km/h
85
17.
Let the time taken by the smaller pipe to fill the tank be x hr.
Time taken by the larger pipe = (x - 10) hr
Part of tank filled by smaller pipe in 1 hour = 1/x
Part of tank filled by larger pipe in 1 hour = 1/x - 10
3
It is given that the tank can be filled in 9 8 = 75/8 hours by both the pipes together. Therefore,
1/x + 1/x-10 = 8/75
x- 10 + x/x(x-10) = 8/75
⇒ 2x-10/x(x-10) = 8/75
⇒ 75(2x - 10) = 8x2 - 80x
⇒ 150x - 750 = 8x2 - 80x
⇒ 8x2 - 230x +750 = 0
⇒ 8x2 - 200x - 30x + 750 = 0
⇒ 8x(x - 25) -30(x - 25) = 0
⇒ (x - 25)(8x -30) = 0
⇒ x = 25, 30/8
Time taken by the smaller pipe cannot be 30/8 = 3.75 hours. As in this case, the time taken by
the larger pipe will be negative, which is logically not possible.
Therefore, time taken individually by the smaller pipe and the larger pipe will be 25 and 25 - 10
=15 hours respectively.
18.
Let the average speed of passenger train be x km/h.
Average speed of express train = (x + 11) km/h
It is given that the time taken by the express train to cover 132 km is 1 hour less than the
passenger train to cover the same distance.
132 132
  1
x x  11
 x  11  x 
 132   1
 x ( x  11 ) 
132  11
 1
x ( x  11 )
⇒ 132 × 11 = x(x + 11)

⇒ x2 + 11x - 1452 = 0
⇒ x2 + 44x -33x -1452 = 0
⇒ x(x + 44) -33(x + 44) = 0
⇒ (x + 44)(x - 33) = 0
⇒ x = - 44, 33
Speed cannot be negative.
Therefore, the speed of the passenger train will be 33 km/h and thus, the speed of the express
train will be 33 + 11 = 44 km/h.
86
19.
Let the sides of the two squares be x m and y m. Therefore, their perimeter will be 4x and 4y
respectively and their areas will be x2 and y2 respectively.
It is given that
4x - 4y = 24
x-y=6
x=y+6
Also, x2 + y2 = 468
⇒ (6 + y2) + y2 = 468
⇒ 36 + y2 + 12y + y2 = 468
⇒ 2y2 + 12y + 432 = 0
⇒ y2 + 6y - 216 = 0
⇒ y2 + 18y - 12y - 216 = 0
⇒ y(y +18) -12(y + 18) = 0
⇒ (y + 18)(y - 12) = 0
⇒ y = -18, 12
However, side of a square cannot be negative.
Hence, the sides of the squares are 12 m and (12 + 6) m = 18 m.
20.
(i) Consider the equation
x2 - 3x + 5 = 0
Comparing it with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = -3 and c = 5
Discriminant = b2 - 4ac
= (- 3)2 - 4 (2) (5) = 9 - 40
= - 31
As b2 - 4ac < 0,
Therefore, no real root is possible for the given equation.
(ii) 3x2 - 4√3x + 4 = 0
Comparing it with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 3, b = -4√3 and c = 4
= (-4√3)2 - 4(3) (4)
= 48 - 48 = 0
As b2 - 4ac = 0,
Therefore, real roots exist for the given equation and they are equal to each other.
And the roots will be -b/2a and -b/2a.-b/2a = - (-4√3)/2×3 = 4√3/6 = 2√3/3 = 2/√3
Therefore, the roots are 2/√3 and 2/√3.
(iii) 2x2 - 6x + 3 = 0
Comparing this equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = -6, c = 3
= (-6)2 - 4 (2) (3)
= 36 - 24 = 12
87
2
As b - 4ac > 0,
Therefore, distinct real roots exist for this equation:
 b  b  4 ac
2
x 
2a
 (6)  (6)  4 ( 2 )( 3 )
2

2(2)
6  12 6  2 3
 
4 4
3 3

2
3 3 3- 3
Therefore, the root are and
2 2
21.
(i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0
Comparing equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = k and c = 3
= (k)2 - 4(2) (3)
= k2 - 24
For equal roots,
Discriminant = 0
k2 - 24 = 0
k2 = 24
k = ±√24 = ±2√6
(ii) kx(x - 2) + 6 = 0
or kx2 - 2kx + 6 = 0
a = k, b = - 2k and c = 6
= ( - 2k)2 - 4 (k) (6)
= 4k2 - 24k
For equal roots,
b2 - 4ac = 0
4k2 - 24k = 0
4k (k - 6) = 0
Either 4k = 0
or k = 6 = 0
k = 0 or k = 6
However, if k = 0, then the equation will not have the terms 'x2' and 'x'.
Therefore, if this equation has two equal roots, k should be 6 only.
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22.
Let the breadth of mango grove be l.
Length of mango grove will be 2l.
Area of mango grove = (2l) (l)= 2l2
2l2 = 800
l2 = 800/2 = 400
l2 - 400 =0
Comparing this equation with al2 + bl + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = 0, c = 400
= (0)2 - 4 × (1) × ( - 400) = 1600
Here, b2 - 4ac > 0
Therefore, the equation will have real roots. And hence, the desired rectangular mango grove
can be designed.
l = ±20
However, length cannot be negative.
Therefore, breadth of mango grove = 20 m
Length of mango grove = 2 × 20 = 40 m
23.
Let the age of one friend be x years.
then the age of the other friend will be (20 - x) years.
4 years ago,
Age of 1st friend = (x - 4) years
Age of 2nd friend = (20 - x - 4) = (16 - x) years
A/q we get that,
(x - 4) (16 - x) = 48
16x - x2 - 64 + 4x = 48
- x2 + 20x - 112 = 0
x2 - 20x + 112 = 0
a = 1, b = -20 and c = 112
= (-20)2 - 4 × 112
= 400 - 448 = -48
b2 - 4ac < 0
Therefore, there will be no real solution possible for the equations. Such type of condition
doesn't exist.
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24.
Let the length and breadth of the park be l and b.
Perimeter = 2 (l + b) = 80
l + b = 40
Or, b = 40 - l
Area = l×b = l(40 - l) = 40l - l240l - l2 = 400
l2 - 40l + 400 = 0
Comparing this equation with al2 + bl + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = -40, c = 400
(-40)2 - 4 × 400
= 1600 - 1600 = 0
b2 - 4ac = 0
Therefore, this equation has equal real roots. And hence, this situation is possible.
Root of this equation = -b/2a
l = (40)/2(1) = 40/2 = 20
Therefore, length of park, l = 20 m
and breadth of park, b = 40 - l = 40 - 20 = 20 m.
90
Arithmetic Progressions
Class 10 Arithmetic Progressions Mathematics
1. In which of the following situations, does the list of numbers involved make as arithmetic
progression and why?
(i) The taxi fare after each km when the fare is Rs 15 for the first km and Rs 8 for each additional
km.
(ii) The amount of air present in a cylinder when a vacuum pump removes 1/4 of the air
remaining in the cylinder at a time.
(iii) The cost of digging a well after every metre of digging, when it costs Rs 150 for the first
metre and rises by Rs 50 for each subsequent metre.
(iv) The amount of money in the account every year, when Rs 10000 is deposited at compound
interest at 8% per annum.
2. Write first four terms of the A.P. when the first term a and the common differenced are given as
follows
(i) a = 10, d = 10
(ii) a = -2, d = 0
(iii) a = 4, d = - 3
(iv) a = -1 d = ½
(v) a = - 1.25, d = - 0.25
3. For the following A.P.S, write the first term and the common difference.
(i) 3, 1, - 1, - 3 …
(ii) -5, - 1, 3, 7 …
(iii) 1/3, 5/3, 9/3, 13/3 ....
(iv) 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9 …
4. Which of the following are APs? If they form an A.P. find the common difference d and write three
more terms.
(i)2, 4, 8, 16 …
(ii)2, 5/2, 3, 7/2 ....
(iii)-1.2, -3.2, -5.2, -7.2 …
(iv)-10, - 6, - 2, 2 …
(v)3, 3 + √2, 3 + 2√2, 3 + 3√2
(vi)0.2, 0.22, 0.222, 0.2222 ….
(vii)0, - 4, - 8, - 12 …
(viii)-1/2, -1/2, -1/2, -1/2 ....
(ix)1, 3, 9, 27 …
(x)a, 2a, 3a, 4a …
(xi)a, a2, a3, a4 …
(xii)√2, √8, √18, √32 ...
(xiii)√3, √6, √9, √12 ...
(xiv)12, 32, 52, 72 …
(xv) 12, 52, 72, 73 …
92
5. Fill in the blanks in the following table, given that a is the first term, d the common difference
and an the nth term of the A.P.
a d n an
(i) 7 3 8 …...
(ii) − 18 ….. 10 0
(iii) ….. −3 18 −5
(iv) − 18.9 2.5 ….. 3.6
(v) 3.5 0 105 …..
6. Choose the correct choice in the following and justify

(i) 30th term of the A. P: 10, 7, 4, ….., is
97
77
-77
87
(ii)11th term of the A.P -3. -1/2, ,2 is

28
22
-38
44
7. In the following APs find the missing term in the boxes.
93
8. Which term of the A.P. 3, 8, 13, 18, … is 78?
9. Find the number of terms in each of the following A.P.

7 ,13,19,..,205
1
18, 152 , 13... -47
10. Check whether -150 is a term of the A.P. 11, 8, 5, 2, …
11. Find the 31st term of an A.P. whose 11th term is 38 and the 16th term is 73.
12. If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an A.P. are 4 and − 8 respectively. Which term of this A.P. is zero.
13. If 17th term of an A.P. exceeds its 10th term by 7. Find the common difference.
14. Which term of the A.P. 3, 15, 27, 39, … will be 132 more than its 54th term?
15. Two APs have the same common difference. The difference between their 100th term is 100,
what is the difference between their 1000th terms?
16. How many three digit numbers are divisible by 7?
17. How many multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250?
18. For what value of n, are the nth terms of two APs 63, 65, 67, and 3, 10, 17, … equal?
19. Determine the A.P. whose third term is 16 and the 7th term exceeds the 5th term by 12.
20. Find the 20th term from the last term of the A.P. 3, 8, 13, …, 253.
21. The sum of 4th and 8th terms of an A.P. is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th terms is 44. Find the
first three terms of the A.P.
22. Subba Rao started work in 1995 at an annual salary of Rs 5000 and received an increment of Rs
200 each year. In which year did his income reach Rs 7000?
23. Ramkali saved Rs 5 in the first week of a year and then increased her weekly saving by Rs 1.75. If
in the nth week, her week, her weekly savings become Rs 20.75, find n.
24. Find the sum of the following APs

2, 7, 12 ,…., to 10 terms
37, − 33, − 29 ,…, to 12 terms
0.6, 1.7, 2.8 ,…….., to 100 terms
1/15, 1/12, 1/10, ...... , to 11 terms
94
25. Find the sums given below
1
7 + 10 + 14 + .................. +84
2
+ 14 + ………… + 84
34 + 32 + 30 + ……….. + 10
5 + (− 8) + (− 11) + ………… + (− 230)
26. In an AP
Given a = 5, d = 3, an = 50, find n and Sn.
Given a = 7, a13 = 35, find d and S13.
Given a12 = 37, d = 3, find a and S12.
Given a3 = 15, S10 = 125, find d and a10.
Given d = 5, S9 = 75, find a and a9.
Given a = 2, d = 8, Sn = 90, find n and an.
Given a = 8, an = 62, Sn = 210, find n and d.
Given an = 4, d = 2, Sn = − 14, find n and a.
Given a = 3, n = 8, S = 192, find d.
Given l = 28, S = 144 and there are total 9 terms. Find a
27. How many terms of the AP. 9, 17, 25 … must be taken to give a sum of 636?
28. The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the number of terms and
the common difference.
29. The first and the last term of an AP are 17 and 350 respectively. If the common difference is 9,
how many terms are there and what is their sum?
30. Find the sum of first 22 terms of an AP in which d = 7 and 22nd term is 149.
31. Find the sum of first 51 terms of an AP whose second and third terms are 14 and 18 respectively.
32. If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of first n terms.
33. Show that a1, a2 … , an , … form an AP where an is defined as below

an = 3 + 4n
an = 9 − 5n
Also find the sum of the first 15 terms in each case.
34. If the sum of the first n terms of an AP is 4n − n2, what is the first term (that is S1)? What is the
sum of first two terms? What is the second term? Similarly find the 3rd, the10th and the nth terms.
35. Find the sum of first 40 positive integers divisible by 6.
36. Find the sum of first 15 multiples of 8.
95
37. Find the sum of the odd numbers between 0 and 50.
38. A contract on construction job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a certain dates
follows: Rs. 200 for the first day, Rs. 250 for the second day, Rs. 300 for the third day, etc., the
penalty for each succeeding day being Rs. 50 more than for the preceding day. How much
money the contractor has to pay as penalty, if he has delayed the work by 30 days.
39. A sum of Rs 700 is to be used to give seven cash prizes to students of a school for their overall
academic performance. If each prize is Rs 20 less than its preceding prize, find the value of each
of the prizes.
40. In a school, students thought of planting trees in and around the school to reduce air pollution. It
was decided that the number of trees, that each section of each class will plant, will be the same
as the class, in which they are studying, e.g., a section of class I will plant 1 tree, a section of class
II will plant 2 trees and so on till class XII. There are three sections of each class. How many trees
will be planted by the students?
41. A spiral is made up of successive semicircles, with centers alternately at A and B, starting with
center at A of radii 0.5, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, ……… as shown in figure. What is the total length
of such a spiral made up of thirteen consecutive semicircles? (Take π = 22/7)
42. 200 logs are stacked in the following manner: 20 logs in the bottom row, 19 in the next row, 18
in the row next to it and so on. In how many rows are the 200 logs placed and how many logs are
in the top row?
96
43. In a potato race, a bucket is placed at the starting point, which is 5 m from the first potato and
other potatoes are placed 3 m apart in a straight line. There are ten potatoes in the line.
A competitor starts from the bucket, picks up the nearest potato, runs back with it, drops it in
the bucket, runs back to pick up the next potato, runs to the bucket to drop it in, and she
continues in the same way until all the potatoes are in the bucket. What is the total distance the
competitor has to run?
[Hint: to pick up the first potato and the second potato, the total distance (in metres) run by a
competitor.
97
SOLUTIONS
1. It can be observed that
Taxi fare for 1st km = 15
Taxi fare for first 2 km = 15 + 8 = 23
Clearly 15, 23, 31, 39 … forms an A.P. because every term is 8 more than the preceding term.
(ii)
Let the initial volume of air in a cylinder be V litres. In each stroke, the vacuum pump
removes 1/4 of air remaining in the cylinder at a time. In other words, after every stroke, only 1 -
1/4 = 3/4th part of air will remain.
Therefore, volumes will be V, 3V/4 , (3V/4)2 , (3V/4)3...
Clearly, it can be observed that the adjacent terms of this series do not have the same difference
between them. Therefore, this is not an A.P.
(iii)
Cost of digging for first metre = 150
Cost of digging for first 2 metres = 150 + 50 = 200
Clearly, 150, 200, 250, 300 … forms an A.P. because every term is 50 more than the preceding
term.
(iv)
We know that if Rs P is deposited at r% compound interest per annum for n years, our money
will be
n
 r 
P 1  
 100 
Therefore, after every year, our money will be
2 3.
 8   8   8 
10000  1   ,10000  1   ,10000  1   .......
 100   100   100 
Clearly, adjacent terms of this series do not have the same difference between them.
Therefore, this is not an A.P.
98
2.
(i) a = 10, d = 10
Let the series be a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 …
a1 = a = 10
a2 = a1 + d = 10 + 10 = 20
a3 = a2 + d = 20 + 10 = 30
a4 = a3 + d = 30 + 10 = 40
a5 = a4 + d = 40 + 10 = 50
Therefore, the series will be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 …
First four terms of this A.P. will be 10, 20, 30, and 40.
(ii) a = - 2, d = 0
Let the series be a1, a2, a3, a4 …
a1 = a = -2
a2 = a1 + d = - 2 + 0 = - 2
a3 = a2 + d = - 2 + 0 = - 2
a4 = a3 + d = - 2 + 0 = - 2
Therefore, the series will be - 2, - 2, - 2, - 2 …
First four terms of this A.P. will be - 2, - 2, - 2 and - 2.
(iii)a = 4, d = - 3
a1 = a = 4
a2 = a1 + d = 4 - 3 = 1
a3 = a2 + d = 1 - 3 = - 2
a4 = a3 + d = - 2 - 3 = - 5
Therefore, the series will be 4, 1, - 2 - 5 …
First four terms of this A.P. will be 4, 1, - 2 and - 5.
(iv)
a = - 1, d = 1/2
Let the series be a1, a2, a3, a4 …a1 = a = -1
a2 = a1 + d = -1 + 1/2 = -1/2
a3 = a2 + d = -1/2 + 1/2 = 0
a4 = a3 + d = 0 + 1/2 = 1/2
Clearly, the series will be-1, -1/2, 0, 1/2
First four terms of this A.P. will be -1, -1/2, 0 and 1/2
(v)
a = - 1.25, d = - 0.25
a1 = a = - 1.25
a2 = a1 + d = - 1.25 - 0.25 = - 1.50
a3 = a2 + d = - 1.50 - 0.25 = - 1.75
a4 = a3 + d = - 1.75 - 0.25 = - 2.00
Clearly, the series will be 1.25, - 1.50, - 1.75, - 2.00 ……..
First four terms of this A.P. will be - 1.25, - 1.50, - 1.75 and - 2.00.
99
3.
(i) 3, 1, - 1, - 3 …
Here, first term, a = 3
Common difference, d = Second term - First term
=1-3=-2
(ii) - 5, - 1, 3, 7 …
Here, first term, a = - 5
= ( - 1) - ( - 5) = - 1 + 5 = 4
(iii) 1/3, 5/3, 9/3, 13/3 ....
Here, first term, a = 1/3
= 5/3 - 1/3 = 4/3
(iv) 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, 3.9 …
Here, first term, a = 0.6
= 1.7 - 0.6
= 1.1
4.
(i) 2, 4, 8, 16 …
Here,
a2 - a1 = 4 - 2 = 2
a3 - a2 = 8 - 4 = 4
a4 - a3 = 16 - 8 = 8
⇒ an+1 - an is not the same every time.
Therefore, the given numbers are forming an A.P.
(ii) 2, 5/2, 3, 7/2 ....
Here,
a2 - a1 = 5/2 - 2 = 1/2
a3 - a2 = 3 - 5/2 = 1/2
a4 - a3 = 7/2 - 3 = 1/2
⇒ an+1 - an is same every time.
Therefore, d = 1/2 and the given numbers are in A.P.
Three more terms are
a5 = 7/2 + 1/2 = 4
a6 = 4 + 1/2 = 9/2
a7 = 9/2 + 1/2 = 5
(iii) -1.2, - 3.2, -5.2, -7.2 …
Here,
a2 - a1 = ( -3.2) - ( -1.2) = -2
a3 - a2 = ( -5.2) - ( -3.2) = -2
a4 - a3 = ( -7.2) - ( -5.2) = -2
Therefore, d = -2 and the given numbers are in A.P.
a5 = - 7.2 - 2 = - 9.2
a6 = - 9.2 - 2 = - 11.2
100
a7 = - 11.2 - 2 = - 13.2
(iv) -10, - 6, - 2, 2 …
Here,
a2 - a1 = (-6) - (-10) = 4
a3 - a2 = (-2) - (-6) = 4
a4 - a3 = (2) - (-2) = 4
Therefore, d = 4 and the given numbers are in A.P.
a5 = 2 + 4 = 6
a6 = 6 + 4 = 10
a7 = 10 + 4 = 14
(v) 3, 3 + √2, 3 + 2√2, 3 + 3√2
Here,
a2 - a1 = 3 + √2 - 3 = √2
a3 - a2 = (3 + 2√2) - (3 + √2) = √2
a4 - a3 = (3 + 3√2) - (3 + 2√2) = √2
Therefore, d = √2 and the given numbers are in A.P.
a5 = (3 + √2) + √2 = 3 + 4√2
a6 = (3 + 4√2) + √2 = 3 + 5√2
a7 = (3 + 5√2) + √2 = 3 + 6√2
(vi) 0.2, 0.22, 0.222, 0.2222 ….
Here,
a2 - a1 = 0.22 - 0.2 = 0.02
a3 - a2 = 0.222 - 0.22 = 0.002
a4 - a3 = 0.2222 - 0.222 = 0.0002
(vii) 0, -4, -8, -12 …
Here,
a2 - a1 = (-4) - 0 = -4
a3 - a2 = (-8) - (-4) = -4
a4 - a3 = (-12) - (-8) = -4
Therefore, d = -4 and the given numbers are in A.P.
a5 = -12 - 4 = -16
a6 = -16 - 4 = -20
a7 = -20 - 4 = -24
(viii) -1/2, -1/2, -1/2, -1/2 ....
Here,
a2 - a1 = (-1/2) - (-1/2) = 0
a3 - a2 = (-1/2) - (-1/2) = 0
a4 - a3 = (-1/2) - (-1/2) = 0
101
a5 = (-1/2) - 0 = -1/2
a6 = (-1/2) - 0 = -1/2
a7 = (-1/2) - 0 = -1/2
(ix) 1, 3, 9, 27 …
Here,
a2 - a1 = 3 - 1 = 2
a3 - a2 = 9 - 3 = 6
a4 - a3 = 27 - 9 = 18
(x) a, 2a, 3a, 4a …
Here,
a2 - a1 = 2a - a = a
a3 - a2 = 3a - 2a = a
a4 - a3 = 4a - 3a = a
Therefore, d = a and the given numbers are in A.P.
a5 = 4a + a = 5a
a6 = 5a + a = 6a
a7 = 6a + a = 7a
(xi) a, a2, a3, a4 …
Here,
a2 - a1 = a2 - a = (a - 1)
a3 - a2 = a3 - a2 = a2 (a - 1)
a4 - a3 = a4 - a3 = a3(a - 1)
(xii) √2, √8, √18, √32 ...
Here,
a2 - a1 = √8 - √2 = 2√2 - √2 = √2
a3 - a2 = √18 - √8 = 3√2 - 2√2 = √2
a4 - a3 = 4√2 - 3√2 = √2
Therefore, d = √2 and the given numbers are in A.P.
a5 = √32 + √2 = 4√2 + √2 = 5√2 = √50
a6 = 5√2 +√2 = 6√2 = √72
a7 = 6√2 + √2 = 7√2 = √98
(xiii) √3, √6, √9, √12 ...
Here,
a2 - a1 = √6 - √3 = √3 × 2 -√3 = √3(√2 - 1)
a3 - a2 = √9 - √6 = 3 - √6 = √3(√3 - √2)
a4 - a3 = √12 - √9 = 2√3 - √3 × 3 = √3(2 - √3)
(xiv) 12, 32, 52, 72 …
102
Or, 1, 9, 25, 49 …..
Here,
a2 − a1 = 9 − 1 = 8
a3 − a2 = 25 − 9 = 16
a4 − a3 = 49 − 25 = 24
(xv) 12, 52, 72, 73 …
Or 1, 25, 49, 73 …
Here,
a2 − a1 = 25 − 1 = 24
a3 − a2 = 49 − 25 = 24
a4 − a3 = 73 − 49 = 24
i.e., ak+1 − ak is same every time.
a5 = 73+ 24 = 97
a6 = 97 + 24 = 121
a7 = 121 + 24 = 145
5.
(i) a = 7, d = 3, n = 8, an = ?
We know that,
= 7 + (8 − 1) 3
= 7 + (7) 3
= 7 + 21 = 28
Hence, an = 28(ii) Given that
(ii) a = −18, n = 10, an = 0, d = ?
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
0 = − 18 + (10 − 1) d
18 = 9d
d = 18/9 = 2
Hence, common difference, d = 2
(iii) Given that
d = −3, n = 18, an = −5
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
−5 = a + (18 − 1) (−3)
−5 = a + (17) (−3)
−5 = a − 51
a = 51 − 5 = 46
Hence, a = 46
103
(iv) a = −18.9, d = 2.5, an = 3.6, n = ?
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
3.6 = − 18.9 + (n − 1) 2.5
3.6 + 18.9 = (n − 1) 2.5
22.5 = (n − 1) 2.5
(n - 1) = 22.5/2.5
n-1=9
n = 10
Hence, n = 10
(v) a = 3.5, d = 0, n = 105, an = ?
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
an = 3.5 + (105 − 1) 0
an = 3.5 + 104 × 0
an = 3.5
Hence, an = 3.5
6.
(i) Given that
A.P. 10, 7, 4, …
First term, a = 10
Common difference, d = a2 − a1 = 7 − 10 = −3
We know that, an = a + (n − 1) d
a30 = 10 + (30 − 1) (−3)
a30 = 10 + (29) (−3)
a30 = 10 − 87 = −77
Hence, the correct answer is option C.
(ii) Given that A.P. is -3, -1/2, ,2 ...
First term a = - 3
Common difference, d = a2 − a1 = (-1/2) - (-3)
= (-1/2) + 3 = 5/2
a11 = 3 + (11 -1)(5/2)
a11 = 3 + (10)(5/2)
a11 = -3 + 25
a11 = 22
Hence, the answer is option B
104
7.
(i) For this A.P.,
a=2
a3 = 26
a3 = 2 + (3 - 1) d
26 = 2 + 2d
24 = 2d
d = 12
a2 = 2 + (2 - 1) 12
= 14
Therefore, 14 is the missing term.
(ii) For this A.P.,
a2 = 13 and
a4 = 3
a2 = a + (2 - 1) d
13 = a + d ... (i)
a4 = a + (4 - 1) d
3 = a + 3d ... (ii)
On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
- 10 = 2d
d=-5
13 = a + (-5)
a = 18
a3 = 18 + (3 - 1) (-5)
= 18 + 2 (-5) = 18 - 10 = 8
Therefore, the missing terms are 18 and 8 respectively.
(iii) For this A.P.,
a2 = 13 and
a4 = 3
a2 = a + (2 - 1) d
13 = a + d ... (i)
a4 = a + (4 - 1) d
3 = a + 3d ... (ii)
On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get,
- 10 = 2d
d=-5
From equation (i), we get,
13 = a + (-5)
a = 18
a3 = 18 + (3 - 1) (-5)
= 18 + 2 (-5) = 18 - 10 = 8
Therefore, the missing terms are 18 and 8 respectively.
(iv) For this A.P.,
a = −4 and
105
a6 = 6
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a6 = a + (6 − 1) d
6 = − 4 + 5d
10 = 5d
d=2
a2 = a + d = − 4 + 2 = −2
a3 = a + 2d = − 4 + 2 (2) = 0
a4 = a + 3d = − 4 + 3 (2) = 2
a5 = a + 4d = − 4 + 4 (2) = 4
Therefore, the missing terms are −2, 0, 2, and 4 respectively.
(v)
For this A.P.,
a2 = 38
a6 = −22
We know that
an = a + (n − 1) d
a2 = a + (2 − 1) d
38 = a + d ... (i)
a6 = a + (6 − 1) d
−22 = a + 5d ... (ii)
On subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we get
− 22 − 38 = 4d
−60 = 4d
d = −15
a = a2 − d = 38 − (−15) = 53
a3 = a + 2d = 53 + 2 (−15) = 23
a4 = a + 3d = 53 + 3 (−15) = 8
a5 = a + 4d = 53 + 4 (−15) = −7
Therefore, the missing terms are 53, 23, 8, and −7 respectively.
8.
3, 8, 13, 18, …
For this A.P.,
a=3
d = a2 − a1 = 8 − 3 = 5
Let nth term of this A.P. be 78.
an = a + (n − 1) d
78 = 3 + (n − 1) 5
75 = (n − 1) 5
(n − 1) = 15
n = 16
Hence, 16th term of this A.P. is 78.
106
9.
(i) For this A.P.,
a=7
d = a2 − a1 = 13 − 7 = 6
Let there are n terms in this A.P.
an = 205
We know that
an = a + (n − 1) d
Therefore, 205 = 7 + (n − 1) 6
198 = (n − 1) 6
33 = (n − 1)
n = 34
Therefore, this given series has 34 terms in it.
(ii) For this A.P.,
a = 18
1
d  a 2  a 1  15  18
2
31  36 5
d  
2 2
Let there are n terms in this A.P.
an = 205
an = a + (n − 1) d
-47 = 18 + (n - 1) (-5/2)
-47 - 18 = (n - 1) (-5/2)
-65 = (n - 1)(-5/2)
(n - 1) = -130/-5
(n - 1) = 26
n = 27
Therefore, this given A.P. has 27 terms in it.
10.
For this A.P.
a = 11
d = a2 − a1 = 8 − 11 = −3
Let −150 be the nth term of this A.P.
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
-150 = 11 + (n - 1)(-3)
-150 = 11 - 3n + 3
-164 = -3n
n = 164/3
Clearly, n is not an integer.
Therefore, - 150 is not a term of this A.P.
107
11.
Given that,
a3 = 12
a50 = 106
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a3 = a + (3 − 1) d
12 = a + 2d ... (i)
Similarly, a50 = a + (50 − 1) d
106 = a + 49d ... (ii)
On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
94 = 47d
d=2
12 = a + 2 (2)
a = 12 − 4 = 8
a29 = a + (29 − 1) d
a29 = 8 + (28)2
a29 = 8 + 56 = 64
Therefore, 29th term is 64.
12.
Given that, a3 = 4
a9 = −8
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a3 = a + (3 − 1) d
4 = a + 2d ... (i)
a9 = a + (9 − 1) d
−8 = a + 8d ... (ii)
On subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we get,
−12 = 6d
d = −2
From equation (i), we get, 4 = a + 2 (−2)
4=a−4
a=8
Let nth term of this A.P. be zero.
an = a + (n − 1) d
0 = 8 + (n − 1) (−2)
0 = 8 − 2n + 22n = 10
n=5
Hence, 5th term of this A.P. is 0.
108
13.
We know that,
For an A.P., an = a + (n − 1) d
a17 = a + (17 − 1) d
a17 = a + 16d
Similarly, a10 = a + 9d
It is given that
a17 − a10 = 7
(a + 16d) − (a + 9d) = 7
7d = 7
d=1
Therefore, the common difference is 1.
14.
Given A.P. is 3, 15, 27, 39, …
a=3
d = a2 − a1 = 15 − 3 = 12
a54 = a + (54 − 1) d
= 3 + (53) (12)
= 3 + 636 = 639
132 + 639 = 771
We have to find the term of this A.P. which is 771.
Let nth term be 771.
an = a + (n − 1) d
771 = 3 + (n − 1) 12
768 = (n − 1) 12
(n − 1) = 64
n = 65
Therefore, 65th term was 132 more than 54th term.
or
Let nth term be 132 more than 54th term.
n = 54 + 132/2
= 54 + 11 = 65th term
109
15.
Let the first term of these A.P.s be a1 and a2 respectively and the common difference of these
A.P.s be d.
For first A.P.,
a100 = a1 + (100 − 1) d
= a1 + 99d
a1000 = a1 + (1000 − 1) d
a1000 = a1 + 999d
For second A.P.,
a100 = a2 + (100 − 1) d
= a2 + 99d
a1000 = a2 + (1000 − 1) d
= a2 + 999d
Given that, difference between
100th term of these A.P.s = 100
Therefore, (a1 + 99d) − (a2 + 99d) = 100
a1 − a2 = 100 ... (i)
Difference between 1000th terms of these A.P.s
(a1 + 999d) − (a2 + 999d) = a1 − a2
From equation (i),
This difference, a1 − a2 = 100
Hence, the difference between 1000th terms of these A.P. will be 100.
110
16
First three-digit number that is divisible by 7 = 105
Next number = 105+7=112
Therefore, 105, 112, 119……
All are three digit numbers which are divisible by 7 and thus, all these are terms
of an A.P. having first term as 105 and common difference as 7
The maximum possible three-digit number is 999. When we divide it by 7,
the remainder will be 5. Clearly, 999 – 5 = 994 is the maximum possible
three-digit number that is divisible by 7.
The series is as follows
105, 112, 119, …., 994
Let 994 be the nth term of this A.P.
a  105
d  7
a n  994
n  ?
a n  a  ( n  1) d
994  105  ( n  1 ) 7
889  ( n  1 ) 7
( n  1 )  127
Therefore, 128 three - digit numbers are divisible by 7
17.
First multiple of 4 that is greater than 10 is 12. Next will be 16.
Therefore, 12, 16, 20, 24, …
All these are divisible by 4 and thus, all these are terms of an A.P. with first term as 12 and
common difference as 4.
When we divide 250 by 4, the remainder will be 2. Therefore, 250 − 2 = 248 is divisible by 4.
The series is as follows.
12, 16, 20, 24, …, 248
a = 12
d=4
an = 248
an = a + (n - 1) d
248 = 12 + (n - 1) × 4
236/4 = n - 1
59 = n - 1
n = 60
Therefore, there are 60 multiples of 4 between 10 and 250
Or
Multiples of 4 lies between 10 and 250 are 12, 16, 20, ...., 248.
These numbers form an AP with a = 12 and d = 4.
111
Let number of three-digit numbers divisible by 4 be n, an = 248
⇒ a + (n - 1) d = 248
⇒ 12 + (n - 1) × 4 = 248
⇒4(n - 1) = 248
⇒ n - 1 = 59
⇒ n = 60
18.
63, 65, 67, …
a = 63
d = a2 − a1 = 65 − 63 = 2
nth term of this A.P. = an = a + (n − 1) d
an= 63 + (n − 1) 2 = 63 + 2n − 2
an = 61 + 2n ... (i)
3, 10, 17, …
a=3
d = a2 − a1 = 10 − 3 = 7
nth term of this A.P. = 3 + (n − 1) 7
an = 3 + 7n − 7
an = 7n − 4 ... (ii)
It is given that, nth term of these A.P.s are equal to each other.
Equating both these equations, we obtain
61 + 2n = 7n − 4
61 + 4 = 5n
5n = 65
n = 13
Therefore, 13th terms of both these A.P.s are equal to each other.
19.
a3 = 16
a + (3 − 1) d = 16
a + 2d = 16 ... (i)
a7 − a5 = 12
[a+ (7 − 1) d] − [a + (5 − 1) d]= 12
(a + 6d) − (a + 4d) = 12
2d = 12
d=6
From equation (i), we get,
a + 2 (6) = 16
a + 12 = 16
a=4
Therefore, A.P. will be
4, 10, 16, 22, …
112
20.
Given A.P. is
3, 8, 13, …, 253
Common difference for this A.P. is 5.
Therefore, this A.P. can be written in reverse order as
253, 248, 243, …, 13, 8, 5
For this A.P.,
a = 253
d = 248 − 253 = −5
n = 20
a20 = a + (20 − 1) d
a20 = 253 + (19) (−5)
a20 = 253 − 95
a = 158
Therefore, 20th term from the last term is 158.
21.
We know that,
an = a + (n − 1) d
a4 = a + (4 − 1) d
a4 = a + 3d
Similarly,
a8 = a + 7d
a6 = a + 5d
a10 = a + 9d
Given that, a4 + a8 = 24
a + 3d + a + 7d = 24
2a + 10d = 24
a + 5d = 12 ... (i)
a6 + a10 = 44
a + 5d + a + 9d = 44
2a + 14d = 44
a + 7d = 22 ... (ii)
On subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we get,
2d = 22 − 12
2d = 10
d=5
a + 5d = 12
a + 5 (5) = 12
a + 25 = 12
a = −13
a2 = a + d = − 13 + 5 = −8
113
a3 = a2 + d = − 8 + 5 = −3
Therefore, the first three terms of this A.P. are −13, −8, and −3.
22.
It can be observed that the incomes that Subba Rao obtained in various years are in A.P. as every
year, his salary is increased by Rs 200.
Therefore, the salaries of each year after 1995 are
5000, 5200, 5400, …
Here, a = 5000
d = 200
Let after nth year, his salary be Rs 7000.
Therefore, an = a + (n − 1) d
7000 = 5000 + (n − 1) 200
200(n − 1) = 2000
(n − 1) = 10
n = 11
Therefore, in 11th year, his salary will be Rs 7000.
23.
Given that,
a=5
d = 1.75
an = 20.75
n=?
an = a + (n − 1) d
20.75 = 5 + (n - 1) × 1.75
15.75 = (n - 1) × 1.75
(n - 1) = 15.75/1.75 = 1575/175
= 63/7 = 9
n-1=9
n = 10
Hence, n is 10.
114
24.
(i) 2, 7, 12 ,…, to 10 terms
For this A.P.,
a=2
d = a2 − a1 = 7 − 2 = 5
n = 10
We know that,
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1) d]
S10 = 10/2 [2(2) + (10 - 1) × 5]
= 5[4 + (9) × (5)]
= 5 × 49 = 245
(ii) −37, −33, −29 ,…, to 12 terms
For this A.P.,
a = −37
d = a2 − a1 = (−33) − (−37)
= − 33 + 37 = 4
n = 12
We know that,
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1) d]
S12 = 12/2 [2(-37) + (12 - 1) × 4]
= 6[-74 + 11 × 4]
= 6[-74 + 44]
= 6(-30) = -180
(iii) 0.6, 1.7, 2.8 ,…, to 100 terms
For this A.P.,
a = 0.6
d = a2 − a1 = 1.7 − 0.6 = 1.1
n = 100
We know that,
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1) d]
S12 = 50/2 [1.2 + (99) × 1.1]
= 50[1.2 + 108.9]
= 50[110.1]
= 5505
(iv) 1/15, 1/12, 1/10, ...... , to 11 terms
For this A.P.,
115
1
a 
5
n  11
1 1
d  a 2  a1  
12 15
5 4 1
 
60 60
We know that,
11   1  1 
Sn  2   11  1  
2   15  60 
11  2 10 
 

2  15 60 
11  2 1  11  456 
  

2  15 3  2  30 
 11   9  33
    
 2   30  20
25.
(i) For this A.P.,
a=7
l = 84
1
d = a2 − a1 = 10 - 7 = 21/2 - 7 = 7/2
2
l = a (n - 1)d
84 = 7 + (n - 1) × 7/2
77 = (n - 1) × 7/2
22 = n − 1
n = 23
We know that,
Sn = n/2 (a + l)
Sn = 23/2 (7 + 84)
= (23×91/2) = 2093/2
=
(ii) 34 + 32 + 30 + ……….. + 10
For this A.P.,
a = 34
d = a2 − a1 = 32 − 34 = −2
l = 10
l = a + (n − 1) d
10 = 34 + (n − 1) (−2)
−24 = (n − 1) (−2)
116
12 = n − 1
n = 13
Sn = n/2 (a + l)
= 13/2 (34 + 10)
= (13×44/2) = 13 × 22
= 286
(iii) (−5) + (−8) + (−11) + ………… + (−230)
For this A.P.,
a = −5
l = −230
d = a2 − a1 = (−8) − (−5)
= − 8 + 5 = −3
Let −230 be the nth term of this A.P.
l = a + (n − 1)d
−230 = − 5 + (n − 1) (−3)
−225 = (n − 1) (−3)
(n − 1) = 75
n = 76
And,
Sn = n/2 (a + l)
= 76/2 [(-5) + (-230)]
= 38(-235)
= -8930
26.
(i) Given that, a = 5, d = 3, an = 50
As an = a + (n − 1)d,
⇒ 50 = 5 + (n - 1) × 3
⇒ 3(n - 1) = 45
⇒ n - 1 = 15
⇒ n = 16
Now, Sn = n/2 (a + an)
Sn = 16/2 (5 + 50) = 440
(ii) Given that, a = 7, a13 = 35

As an = a + (n − 1)d,
⇒ 35 = 7 + (13 - 1)d
⇒ 12d = 28
⇒ d = 28/12 = 2.33
Now, Sn = n/2 (a + an)
S13 = 13/2 (7 + 35) = 273
(iii)Given that, a12 = 37, d = 3

As an = a + (n − 1)d,
⇒ a12 = a + (12 − 1)3
⇒ 37 = a + 33
⇒a=4
117
Sn = n/2 (a + an)
Sn = 12/2 (4 + 37)
= 246
(iv) Given that, a3 = 15, S10 = 125
As an = a + (n − 1)d,
a3 = a + (3 − 1)d
15 = a + 2d ... (i)
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S10 = 10/2 [2a + (10 - 1)d]
125 = 5(2a + 9d)
25 = 2a + 9d ... (ii)
On multiplying equation (i) by (ii), we get
30 = 2a + 4d ... (iii)
On subtracting equation (iii) from (ii), we get
−5 = 5d
d = −1
From equation (i),
15 = a + 2(−1)
15 = a − 2
a = 17
a10 = a + (10 − 1)d
a10 = 17 + (9) (−1)
a10 = 17 − 9 = 8
(v) Given that, d = 5, S9 = 75

As Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S9 = 9/2 [2a + (9 - 1)5]
25 = 3(a + 20)
25 = 3a + 60
3a = 25 − 60
a = -35/3
an = a + (n − 1)d
a9 = a + (9 − 1) (5)
= -35/3 + 8(5)
= -35/3 + 40
= (35+120/3) = 85/3
(vi) Given that, a = 2, d = 8, Sn = 90
As Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
90 = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
⇒ 180 = n(4 + 8n - 8) = n(8n - 4) = 8n2 - 4n
⇒ 8n2 - 4n - 180 = 0
⇒ 2n2 - n - 45 = 0
⇒ 2n2 - 10n + 9n - 45 = 0
⇒ 2n(n -5) + 9(n - 5) = 0
118
⇒ (2n - 9)(2n + 9) = 0
So, n = 5 (as it is positive integer)
∴ a5 = 8 + 5 × 4 = 34
(vii) Given that, a = 8, an = 62, Sn = 210
As Sn = n/2 (a + an)
210 = n/2 (8 + 62)
⇒ 35n = 210
⇒ n = 210/35 = 6
Now, 62 = 8 + 5d
⇒ 5d = 62 - 8 = 54
⇒ d = 54/5 = 10.8
(viii) Given that, an = 4, d = 2, Sn = −14
an = a + (n − 1)d
4 = a + (n − 1)2
4 = a + 2n − 2
a + 2n = 6
a = 6 − 2n ... (i)
Sn = n/2 (a + an)
-14 = n/2 (a + 4)
−28 = n (a + 4)
−28 = n (6 − 2n + 4) {From equation (i)}
−28 = n (− 2n + 10)
−28 = − 2n2 + 10n
2n2 − 10n − 28 = 0
n2 − 5n −14 = 0
n2 − 7n + 2n − 14 = 0
n (n − 7) + 2(n − 7) = 0
(n − 7) (n + 2) = 0
Either n − 7 = 0 or n + 2 = 0
n = 7 or n = −2
However, n can neither be negative nor fractional.
Therefore, n = 7
a = 6 − 2n
a = 6 − 2(7)
= 6 − 14
= −8
(ix) Given that, a = 3, n = 8, S = 192

As Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
192 = 8/2 [2 × 3 + (8 - 1)d]
192 = 4 [6 + 7d]
48 = 6 + 7d
42 = 7d
119
d=6
(x) Given that, l = 28, S = 144 and there are total of 9 terms.
Sn = n/2 (a + l)
144 = 9/2 (a + 28)
(16) × (2) = a + 28
32 = a + 28
a=4
27.
Let there be n terms of this A.P.
For this A.P., a = 9
d = a2 − a1 = 17 − 9 = 8
As Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
636 = n/2 [2 × a + (8 - 1) × 8]
636 = n/2 [18 + (n- 1) × 8]
636 = n [9 + 4n − 4]
636 = n (4n + 5)
4n2 + 5n − 636 = 0
4n2 + 53n − 48n − 636 = 0
n (4n + 53) − 12 (4n + 53) = 0
(4n + 53) (n − 12) = 0
Either 4n + 53 = 0 or n − 12 = 0
n = (-53/4) or n = 12
n cannot be (-53/4). As the number of terms can neither be negative nor fractional,
therefore, n = 12 only.
28.
Given that,
a=5
l = 45
Sn = 400
Sn = n/2 (a + l)
400 = n/2 (5 + 45)
400 = n/2 (50)
n = 16
l = a + (n − 1) d
45 = 5 + (16 − 1) d
40 = 15d
d = 40/15 = 8/3
120
29.
Given that,
a = 17
l = 350
d=9
Let there be n terms in the A.P.
l = a + (n − 1) d
350 = 17 + (n − 1)9
333 = (n − 1)9
(n − 1) = 37
n = 38
Sn = n/2 (a + l)
S38 = 13/2 (17 + 350)
= 19 × 367
= 6973
Thus, this A.P. contains 38 terms and the sum of the terms of this A.P. is 6973
30.
d=7
a22 = 149
S22 = ?
an = a + (n − 1)d
a22 = a + (22 − 1)d
149 = a + 21 × 7
149 = a + 147
a=2
Sn = n/2 (a + an)
= 22/2 (2 + 149)
= 11 × 151
= 1661
31.
Given that,
a2 = 14
a3 = 18
d = a3 − a2 = 18 − 14 = 4
a2 = a + d
14 = a + 4
a = 10
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S51 = 51/2 [2 × 10 + (51 - 1) × 4]
= 51/2 [2 + (20) × 4]
= 51×220/2
= 51 × 110
= 5610
121
32.
Given that,
S7 = 49
S17 = 289
S7
= 7/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S7 = 7/2 [2a + (7 - 1)d]
49 = 7/2 [2a + 16d]
7 = (a + 3d)
a + 3d = 7 ... (i)
Similarly,
S17 = 17/2 [2a + (17 - 1)d]
289 = 17/2 (2a + 16d)
17 = (a + 8d)
a + 8d = 17 ... (ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii),
5d = 10
d=2
From equation (i),
a + 3(2) = 7
a+6=7
a=1
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
= n/2 [2(1) + (n - 1) × 2]
= n/2 (2 + 2n - 2)
= n/2 (2n) = n2
33.
(i) an = 3 + 4n
a1 = 3 + 4(1) = 7
a2 = 3 + 4(2) = 3 + 8 = 11
a3 = 3 + 4(3) = 3 + 12 = 15
a4 = 3 + 4(4) = 3 + 16 = 19
It can be observed that
a2 − a1 = 11 − 7 = 4
a3 − a2 = 15 − 11 = 4
a4 − a3 = 19 − 15 = 4
i.e., ak + 1 − ak is same every time. Therefore, this is an AP with common difference as 4 and first
term as 7.
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S15 = 15/2 [2(7) + (15 - 1) × 4]
= 15/2 [(14) + 56]
= 15/2 (70)
= 15 × 35
= 525
122
(ii) an = 9 − 5n
a1 = 9 − 5 × 1 = 9 − 5 = 4
a2 = 9 − 5 × 2 = 9 − 10 = −1
a3 = 9 − 5 × 3 = 9 − 15 = −6
a4 = 9 − 5 × 4 = 9 − 20 = −11
a2 − a1 = − 1 − 4 = −5
a3 − a2 = − 6 − (−1) = −5
a4 − a3 = − 11 − (−6) = −5
i.e., ak + 1 − ak is same every time. Therefore, this is an A.P. with common difference as −5 and
first term as 4.
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S15 = 15/2 [2(4) + (15 - 1) (-5)]
= 15/2 [8 + 14(-5)]
= 15/2 (8 - 70)
= 15/2 (-62)
= 15(-31)
= -465
34
Given that,
Sn = 4n − n2
First term, a = S1 = 4(1) − (1)2 = 4 − 1 = 3
Sum of first two terms = S2
= 4(2) − (2)2 = 8 − 4 = 4
Second term, a2 = S2 − S1 = 4 − 3 = 1
d = a2 − a = 1 − 3 = −2
an = a + (n − 1)d
= 3 + (n − 1) (−2)
= 3 − 2n + 2
= 5 − 2n
Therefore, a3 = 5 − 2(3) = 5 − 6 = −1
a10 = 5 − 2(10) = 5 − 20 = −15
Hence, the sum of first two terms is 4. The second term is 1. 3rd, 10th, and nth terms are −1, −15,
and 5 − 2n respectively
123
35.
The positive integers that are divisible by 6 are
6, 12, 18, 24 …
It can be observed that these are making an A.P. whose first term is 6 and common difference is
6.
a=6
d=6
S40 = ?
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S40 = 40/2 [2(6) + (40 - 1) 6]
= 20[12 + (39) (6)]
= 20(12 + 234)
= 20 × 246
= 4920
36.
The multiples of 8 are
8, 16, 24, 32…
These are in an A.P., having first term as 8 and common difference as 8.
Therefore, a = 8
d=8
S15 = ?
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S15 = 15/2 [2(8) + (15 - 1)8]
= 15/2[6 + (14) (8)]
= 15/2[16 + 112]
= 15(128)/2
= 15 × 64
= 960
37.
The odd numbers between 0 and 50 are
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 … 49
Therefore, it can be observed that these odd numbers are in an A.P.
a=1
d=2
l = 49
l = a + (n − 1) d
49 = 1 + (n − 1)2
48 = 2(n − 1)
n − 1 = 24
n = 25
Sn = n/2 (a + l)
S25 = 25/2 (1 + 49)
= 25(50)/2
=(25)(25)
= 625
124
38.
It can be observed that these penalties are in an A.P. having first term as 200 and common
difference as 50.
a = 200
d = 50
Penalty that has to be paid if he has delayed the work by 30 days = S30
= 30/2 [2(200) + (30 - 1) 50]
= 15 [400 + 1450]
= 15 (1850)
= 27750
Therefore, the contractor has to pay Rs 27750 as penalty.
39.
Let the cost of 1st prize be P.
Cost of 2nd prize = P − 20
And cost of 3rd prize = P − 40
It can be observed that the cost of these prizes are in an A.P. having common difference as −20
and first term as P.
a=P
d = −20
Given that, S7 = 700
7/2 [2a + (7 - 1)d] = 700
7 / 2 [ 2 a  ( 7  1 ) d ]  700
2 a  ( 6 )(  20 
 100
2
a + 3(−20) = 100
a − 60 = 100
a = 160
Therefore, the value of each of the prizes was Rs 160, Rs 140, Rs 120, Rs 100, Rs 80, Rs 60, and Rs
40
40.
It can be observed that the number of trees planted by the students is in an AP.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5………………..12
First term, a = 1
Common difference, d = 2 − 1 = 1
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S12 = 12/2 [2(1) + (12 - 1)(1)]
= 6 (2 + 11)
= 6 (13)
= 78
Therefore, number of trees planted by 1 section of the classes = 78
Number of trees planted by 3 sections of the classes = 3 × 78 = 234
Therefore, 234 trees will be planted by the students.
125
41.
perimeter of semi-circle = πr
P1 = π(0.5) = π/2 cm
P2 = π(1) = π cm
P3 = π(1.5) = 3π/2 cm
P1, P2, P3 are the lengths of the semi-circles
π/2, π, 3π/2, 2π, ....

P1 = π/2 cm
P2 = π cm
d = P2- P1 = π - π/2 = π/2
First term = P1 = a = π/2 cm
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
Therefor, Sum of the length of 13 consecutive circles
S13 = 13/2 [2(π/2) + (13 - 1)π/2]
= 13/2 [π + 6π]
=13/2 (7π)
= 13/2 × 7 × 22/7
= 143 cm
42.
It can be observed that the numbers of logs in rows are in an A.P.
20, 19, 18…
For this A.P.,
a = 20
d = a2 − a1 = 19 − 20 = −1
Let a total of 200 logs be placed in n rows.
Sn = 200
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n - 1)d]
S12 = 12/2 [2(20) + (n - 1)(-1)]
400 = n (40 − n + 1)
400 = n (41 − n)
400 = 41n − n2
n2 − 41n + 400 = 0
n2 − 16n − 25n + 400 = 0
n (n − 16) −25 (n − 16) = 0
(n − 16) (n − 25) = 0
Either (n − 16) = 0 or n − 25 = 0
n = 16 or n = 25
an = a + (n − 1)d
a16 = 20 + (16 − 1) (−1)
a16 = 20 − 15
a16 = 5
Similarly,
a25 = 20 + (25 − 1) (−1)
a25 = 20 − 24
126
= −4
Clearly, the number of logs in 16th row is 5. However, the number of logs in 25th row is negative,
which is not possible.
Therefore, 200 logs can be placed in 16 rows and the number of logs in the 16th row is 5
43.
The distances of potatoes from the bucket are 5, 8, 11, 14…
Distance run by the competitor for collecting these potatoes are two times of the distance at
which the potatoes have been kept. Therefore, distances to be run are
10, 16, 22, 28, 34,……….
a = 10
d = 16 − 10 = 6
S10 =?
S10 = 12/2 [2(20) + (n - 1)(-1)]
= 5[20 + 54]
= 5 (74)
= 370
Therefore, the competitor will run a total distance of 370 m.
127
Triangles
Class 10 Triangles Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. Fill in the blanks using the correct word in the given bracket.
(i) All circles are __________. (congruent, similar)
(ii) All squares are __________. (similar, congruent)
(iii) All __________ triangles are similar. (isosceles, equilateral)
(iv) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (a) their corresponding angles are
__________ and (b) their corresponding sides are __________. (equal, proportional)
2. Give two different examples of pair of

(i) Similar figures
(ii) Non-similar figures
3. State whether the following quadrilaterals are similar or not:
4. In following figure (i) and (ii), DE || BC. Find EC in (i) and AD in (ii).
129
5. E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a ΔPQR. For each of the following cases,
state whether EF || QR.
(i) PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2.4 cm
(ii) PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm and RF = 9 cm
(iii) PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.63 cm
6. In the following figure, if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that AM/MB = AN/AD
7. In the following figure, DE||AC and DF||AE. Prove that BF/FE = BE/EC
8. In following figure, DE||OQ and DF||OR, show that EF||QR.
130
9. In following figure, A, B and C are points on OP, OQ and OR respectively such that AB || PQ and
AC || PR. Show that BC || QR.
10. Using Basic proportionality theorem, prove that a line drawn through the mid-points of one side
of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third side.
11. Using Converse of basic proportionality theorem, prove that the line joining the mid-points of
any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side.
12. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O.
Show that AO/BO = CO/DO.
13. The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at the point O such that AO/BO =
CO/DO. Show that ABCD is a trapezium.
14. State which pairs of triangles in below figures are similar. Write the similarity criterion used
by you for answering the question and also write the pairs of similar triangles in the
symbolic form:
131
15. In the below figure, ΔODC ∝ ¼ ΔOBA, ∠ BOC = 125° and ∠ CDO = 70°. Find ∠ DOC, ∠ DCO and ∠
OAB.
16. Diagonals AC and BD of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O.
Using a similarity criterion for two triangles, show that AO/OC = OB/OD
17. In the below figure, QR/QS = QT/PR and ∠1 = ∠2. Show that ΔPQS ~ ΔTQR.
18. S and T are point on sides PR and QR of ΔPQR such that ∠P = ∠RTS. Show that ΔRPQ ~ ΔRTS.
19. In the below figure, if ΔABE ≅ ΔACD, show that ΔADE ~ ΔABC
132
20. In the below figure, altitudes AD and CE of ΔABC intersect each other at the point P. Show that:
(i) ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP

(ii) ΔABD ~ ΔCBE
(iii) ΔAEP ~ ΔADB
(iv) ΔPDC ~ ΔBEC
21. E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F. Show
that ΔABE ~ ΔCFB.
22. In the following figure, ABC and AMP are two right triangles, right angled at B and M
respectively, prove that:
(i) ΔABC ~ ΔAMP

(ii) CA/PA = BC/MP
23. CD and GH are respectively the bisectors of ∠ACB and ∠EGF such that D and H lie on sides AB
and FE of ΔABC and ΔEFG respectively. If ΔABC ~ ΔFEG, Show that:
(i) CD/GH = AC/FG
(ii) ΔDCB ~ ΔHGE
(iii) ΔDCA ~ ΔHGF
133
24. In the following figure, E is a point on side CB produced of an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC.
If AD ⊥ BC and EF ⊥ AC, prove that ΔABD ~ ΔECF.
25. Sides AB and BC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ and
QR and median PM of ΔPQR .Show that ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.
26. D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ∠ADC = ∠BAC. Show that CA2 = CB.CD
27. Sides AB and AC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ and
PR and median PM of another triangle PQR. Show that ΔABC ~ ΔPQR.
28. A vertical pole of a length 6 m casts a shadow 4m long on the ground and at the same time a
tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower.
29. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR, respectively where ΔABC ~ ΔPQR prove that
AB/PQ = AD/PM.
30. Let ΔABC ~ ΔDEF and their areas be, respectively, 64 cm2 and 121 cm2. If EF = 15.4 cm, find BC.
31. Diagonals of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each other at the point O. If AB = 2CD,
find the ratio of the areas of triangles AOB and COD.
134
32. In the following figure, ABC and DBC are two triangles on the same base BC. If AD intersects BC at
O, show that area (ΔABC)/area (ΔDBC) = AO/DO.
33. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent.
34. D, E and F are respectively the mid-points of sides AB, BC and CA of ΔABC. Find the ratio of the
area of ΔDEF and ΔABC.
35. Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of
their corresponding medians.
36. Prove that the area of an equilateral triangle described on one side of a square is equal to half
the area of the equilateral triangle described on one of its diagonals.
37. ABC and BDE are two equilateral triangles such that D is the mid-point of BC. Ratio of the area of
triangles ABC and BDE is
(A) 2 : 1
(B) 1 : 2
(C) 4 : 1
(D) 1 : 4
38. Sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 4 : 9. Areas of these triangles are in the ratio
(A) 2 : 3
(B) 4 : 9
(C) 81 : 16
(D) 16 : 81
39. Sides of triangles are given below. Determine which of them are right triangles? In case of a right
triangle, write the length of its hypotenuse.
(i) 7 cm, 24 cm, 25 cm
(ii) 3 cm, 8 cm, 6 cm
(iii) 50 cm, 80 cm, 100 cm
(iv) 13 cm, 12 cm, 5 cm
135
40. PQR is a triangle right angled at P and M is a point on QR such that PM ⊥ QR. Show that PM2 =
QM × MR.
41. In the given figure, ABD is a triangle right angled at A and AC ⊥ BD. Show that
(i) AB2 = BC × BD
(ii) AC2 = BC × DC
(iii) AD2 = BD × CD
42. ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at C. Prove that AB2 = 2AC2.
43. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AC = BC. If AB2 = 2AC2, prove that ABC is a right triangle.
44. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2a. Find each of its altitudes.
45. Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of rhombus is equal to the sum of the squares of
its diagonals.
46. In the given figure, O is a point in the interior of a triangle
ABC, OD ⊥ BC, OE ⊥ AC and OF ⊥ AB. Show that

(i) OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2 ,
(ii) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2.
136
47. A ladder 10 m long reaches a window 8 m above the ground. Find the distance of the foot of the
ladder from base of the wall.
48. A guy wire attached to a vertical pole of height 18 m is 24 m long and has a stake attached to the
other end. How far from the base of the pole should the stake be driven so that the wire will be
taut ?
49. An aero plane leaves an airport and flies due north at a speed of 1,000 km per hour. At the same
time, another aero plane leaves the same airport and flies due west at a speed of 1,200 km per
1
hour. How far apart will be the two planes after 1 2 hours?
50. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between the feet of
the poles is 12 m, find the distance between their tops.
51. D and E are points on the sides CA and CB respectively of a triangle ABC right angled at C. Prove
that AE2 + BD2 = AB2 + DE2.
52. The perpendicular from A on side BC of a Δ ABC intersects BC at D such that DB = 3CD .Prove that
2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2.
53. In an equilateral triangle ABC, D is a point on side BC such that BD = 1/3BC. Prove that 9AD2 =
7AB2
54. In an equilateral triangle, prove that three times the square of one side is equal to four times the
square of one of its altitudes.
55. Tick the correct answer and justify: In ΔABC, AB = 6√3 cm, AC = 12 cm and BC = 6 cm.
The angle B is:
(A) 120°
(B) 60°
(C) 90°
(D) 45°
137
SOLUTIONS
1.
(i) : Similar
(ii) : Similar
(iii) : Equilateral
(iv) : (a) Equal, (b) Proportional
2. (i) Two twenty-rupee notes, Two rupees coins.

(ii) One rupee coin and five rupees coin, One rupee not and ten rupees note
3. The given two figures are not similar because their corresponding angles are not equal.
4. (i) In △ ABC, DE∥BC (Given)

∴ AD/DB = AE/EC [By using Basic proportionality theorem]
⇒ 1.5/3 = 1/EC
⇒ EC = 3/1.5
EC = 3×10/15 = 2 cm
Hence, EC = 2 cm.
(ii) In △ ABC, DE∥BC (Given)

∴ AD/DB = AE/EC [By using Basic proportionality theorem]
⇒ AD/7.2 = 1.8/5.4
⇒ AD = 1.8×7.2/5.4 = 18/10 × 72/10 × 10/54 = 24/10
⇒ AD = 2.4
Hence, AD = 2.4 cm.
138
5.
In ΔPQR, E and F are two points on side PQ and PR respectively.

(i) PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm (Given)
PF = 3.6 cm, FR = 2,4 cm (Given)
∴ PE/EQ = 3.9/3 = 39/30 = 13/10 = 1.3 [By using Basic proportionality theorem]
And, PF/FR = 3.6/2.4 = 36/24 = 3/2 = 1.5
So, PE/EQ ≠ PF/FR
Hence, EF is not parallel to QR.
(ii) PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8cm, RF = 9cm
∴ PE/QE = 4/4.5 = 40/45 = 8/9 [By using Basic proportionality theorem]
And, PF/RF = 8/9
So, PE/QE = PF/RF
Hence, EF is parallel to QR.
(iii) PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm, PF = 0.36 cm (Given)
Here, EQ = PQ - PE = 1.28 - 0.18 = 1.10 cm
And, FR = PR - PF = 2.56 - 0.36 = 2.20 cm
So, PE/EQ = 0.18/1.10 = 18/110 = 9/55 ... (i)
And, PE/FR = 0.36/2.20 = 36/220 = 9/55 ... (ii)
∴ PE/EQ = PF/FR.
Hence, EF is parallel to QR.
6. In the given figure, LM || CB

By using basic proportionality theorem, we get,
AM/MB = AL/AC ... (i)
Similarly, LN || CD
∴ AN/AD = AL/AC ... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
AM/MB = AN/AD
139
7.
In ΔABC, DE || AC (Given)
∴ BD/DA = BE/EC ... (i) [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
In ΔABC, DF || AE (Given)
∴ BD/DA = BF/FE ... (ii) [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
From equation (i) and (ii), we get

BE/EC = BF/FE
8.
In ΔPQO, DE || OQ (Given)
∴ PD/DO = PE/EQ ... (i) [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
In ΔPQO, DE || OQ (Given)
∴ PD/DO = PF/FR ... (ii) [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
PE/EQ = PF/FR
In ΔPQR, EF || QR. [By converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem]
9.
In ΔOPQ, AB || PQ (Given)
∴ OA/AP = OB/BQ ... (i) [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
In ΔOPR, AC || PR (Given)
∴ OA/AP = OC/CR ... (ii) [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
OB/BQ = OC/CR
In ΔOQR, BC || QR. [By converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem].
140
10.
Given: ΔABC in which D is the mid-point of AB such that AD=DB.

A line parallel to BC intersects AC at E as shown in above figure such that DE || BC.
To Prove: E is the mid-point of AC.
Proof: D is the mid-point of AB.
∴ AD=DB
⇒ AD/BD = 1 ... (i)
In ΔABC, DE || BC,
Therefore, AD/DB = AE/EC [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
⇒1 = AE/EC [From equation (i)]
∴ AE =EC
Hence, E is the mid-point of AC
11.
Given: ΔABC in which D and E are the mid points of AB and AC respectively such that AD=BD and
AE=EC.
To Prove: DE || BC
Proof: D is the mid-point of AB (Given)
∴ AD=DB
⇒ AD/BD = 1 ... (i)
Also, E is the mid-point of AC (Given)

∴ AE=EC
⇒AE/EC = 1 [From equation (i)]
AD/BD = AE/EC
Hence, DE || BC [By converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem]
141
12.
Given: ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC in which diagonals AC and BD intersect each other
at O.
To Prove: AO/BO = CO/DO
Construction: Through O, draw EO || DC || AB
Proof: In ΔADC, we have
OE || DC (By Construction)
∴ AE/ED = AO/CO ...(i) [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
In ΔABD, we have
OE || AB (By Construction)
∴ DE/EA = DO/BO ...(ii) [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
AO/CO = BO/DO
⇒ AO/BO = CO/DO
13.
Given: Quadrilateral ABCD in which diagonals AC and BD intersects each other at O such that
AO/BO = CO/DO.
To Prove: ABCD is a trapezium
Construction: Through O, draw line EO, where EO || AB, which meets AD at E.
Proof: In ΔDAB, we have
EO || AB
∴ DE/EA = DO/OB ... (i) [By using Basic Proportionality Theorem]
Also, AO/BO = CO/DO (Given)
⇒ AO/CO = BO/DO
⇒ CO/AO = BO/DO
⇒ DO/OB = CO/AO ... (ii)
DE/EA = CO/AO
Therefore, By using converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem, EO || DC also EO || AB
⇒ AB || DC.
Hence, quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezium with AB || CD.
142
14.
(i) In ΔABC and ΔPQR, we have
∠A = ∠P = 60° (Given)
∠B = ∠Q = 80° (Given)
∠C = ∠R = 40° (Given)
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔPQR (AAA similarity criterion)
(ii) In ΔABC and ΔPQR, we have
AB/QR = BC/RP = CA/PQ
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔQRP (SSS similarity criterion)
(iii) In ΔLMP and ΔDEF, we have
LM = 2.7, MP = 2, LP = 3, EF = 5, DE = 4, DF = 6
MP/DE = 2/4 = 1/2
PL/DF = 3/6 = 1/2
LM/EF= 2.7/5 = 27/50
Here, MP/DE = PL/DF ≠ LM/EF
Hence, ΔLMP and ΔDEF are not similar.
(iv) In ΔMNL and ΔQPR, we have
MN/QP = ML/QR = 1/2
∠M = ∠Q = 70°
∴ ΔMNL ~ ΔQPR (SAS similarity criterion)
(v) In ΔABC and ΔDEF, we have
AB = 2.5, BC = 3, ∠A = 80°, EF = 6, DF = 5, ∠F = 80°
Here, AB/DF = 2.5/5 = 1/2
And, BC/EF = 3/6 = 1/2
⇒ ∠B ≠ ∠F
Hence, ΔABC and ΔDEF are not similar.
(vi) In ΔDEF, we have
∠D + ∠E + ∠F = 180° (sum of angles of a triangle)
⇒ 70° + 80° + ∠F = 180°
⇒ ∠F = 180° - 70° - 80°
⇒ ∠F = 30°
In PQR, we have
∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 180 (Sum of angles of Δ)
⇒ ∠P + 80° + 30° = 180°
⇒ ∠P = 180° - 80° -30°
⇒ ∠P = 70°
In ΔDEF and ΔPQR, we have
∠D = ∠P = 70°
∠F = ∠Q = 80°
∠F = ∠R = 30°
Hence, ΔDEF ~ ΔPQR (AAA similarity criterion)
143
15.
DOB is a straight line.
Therefore, ∠DOC + ∠ COB = 180°
⇒ ∠DOC = 180° - 125°
= 55°
In ΔDOC,
∠DCO + ∠ CDO + ∠ DOC = 180°
(Sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180º.)
⇒ ∠DCO + 70º + 55º = 180°
⇒ ∠DCO = 55°
It is given that ΔODC ~ ΔOBA.
∴ ∠OAB = ∠OCD [Corresponding angles are equal in similar triangles.]
⇒ ∠ OAB = 55°
∴ ∠OAB = ∠OCD [Corresponding angles are equal in similar triangles.]
⇒ ∠OAB = 55°
16.
In ΔDOC and ΔBOA,

∠CDO = ∠ABO [Alternate interior angles as AB || CD]
∠DCO = ∠BAO [Alternate interior angles as AB || CD]
∠DOC = ∠BOA [Vertically opposite angles]
∴ ΔDOC ~ ΔBOA [AAA similarity criterion]
∴ DO/BO = OC/OA [Corresponding sides are proportional]
⇒ OA/OC = OB/OD
17.
In ΔPQR, ∠PQR = ∠PRQ
∴ PQ = PR ...(i)
Given, QR/QS = QT/PR
Using (i), we get
QR/QS = QT/QP ...(ii)
In ΔPQS and ΔTQR,
QR/QS = QT/QP [using (ii)]
∠Q = ∠Q
∴ ΔPQS ~ ΔTQR [SAS similarity criterion]
144
18.
In ΔRPQ and ΔRST,

∠RTS = ∠QPS (Given)
∠R = ∠R (Common angle)
∴ ΔRPQ ~ ΔRTS (By AA similarity criterion)
19.
It is given that ΔABE ≅ ΔACD.
∴ AB = AC [By cpct] ... (i)
And, AD = AE [By cpct] ... (ii)
In ΔADE and ΔABC,
AD/AB = AE/AC [Dividing equation (ii) by (i)]
∠A = ∠A [Common angle]
∴ ΔADE ~ ΔABC [By SAS similarity criterion]
20.
(i) In ΔAEP and ΔCDP,
∠AEP = ∠CDP (Each 90°)
∠APE = ∠CPD (Vertically opposite angles)
Hence, by using AA similarity criterion,
ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP
(ii) In ΔABD and ΔCBE,
∠ADB = ∠CEB (Each 90°)
∠ABD = ∠CBE (Common)
ΔABD ~ ΔCBE
(iii) In ΔAEP and ΔADB,
∠AEP = ∠ADB (Each 90°)
∠PAE = ∠DAB (Common)
ΔAEP ~ ΔADB
(iv) In ΔPDC and ΔBEC,
∠PDC = ∠BEC (Each 90°)
∠PCD = ∠BCE (Common angle)
ΔPDC ~ ΔBEC
145
21.
In ΔABE and ΔCFB,

∠A = ∠C (Opposite angles of a parallelogram)
∠AEB = ∠CBF (Alternate interior angles as AE || BC)
∴ ΔABE ~ ΔCFB (By AA similarity criterion)
22.
(i) In ΔABC and ΔAMP, we have
∠A = ∠A (common angle)
∠ABC = ∠AMP = 90° (each 90°)
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔAMP (By AA similarity criterion)
(ii) As, ΔABC ~ ΔAMP (By AA similarity criterion)
If two triangles are similar then the corresponding sides are equal,
Hence, CA/PA = BC/MP
146
23
(i) It is given that ΔABC ~ ΔFEG.

∴ ∠A = ∠F, ∠B = ∠E, and ∠ACB = ∠FGE
∠ACB = ∠FGE
∴ ∠ACD = ∠FGH (Angle bisector)
And, ∠DCB = ∠HGE (Angle bisector)
In ΔACD and ΔFGH,
∠A = ∠F (Proved above)
∠ACD = ∠FGH (Proved above)
∴ ΔACD ~ ΔFGH (By AA similarity criterion)
⇒ CD/GH = AC/FG
(ii) In ΔDCB and ΔHGE,
∠DCB = ∠HGE (Proved above)
∠B = ∠E (Proved above)
∴ ΔDCB ~ ΔHGE (By AA similarity criterion)
(iii) In ΔDCA and ΔHGF,
∠ACD = ∠FGH (Proved above)
∠A = ∠F (Proved above)
∴ ΔDCA ~ ΔHGF (By AA similarity criterion)
24.
It is given that ABC is an isosceles triangle.
∴ AB = AC
⇒ ∠ABD = ∠ECF
In ΔABD and ΔECF,
∠ADB = ∠EFC (Each 90°)
∠BAD = ∠CEF (Proved above)
∴ ΔABD ~ ΔECF (By using AA similarity criterion)
147
25. Given: ΔABC and ΔPQR, AB, BC and median AD of ΔABC are proportional to sides PQ, QR and
median PM of ΔPQR
i.e., AB/PQ = BC/QR = AD/PM
To Prove: ΔABC ~ ΔPQR
Proof: AB/PQ = BC/QR = AD/PM

1
BC
AB 2 AD
   ...... (i )
PQ 1 PM
QR
2
⇒ AB/PQ = BC/QR = AD/PM (D is the mid-point of BC. M is the mid-point of QR)
⇒ ΔABD ~ ΔPQM [SSS similarity criterion]
∴ ∠ABD = ∠PQM [Corresponding angles of two similar triangles are equal]
⇒ ∠ABC = ∠PQR
In ΔABC and ΔPQR
AB/PQ = BC/QR ...(i)
∠ABC = ∠PQR ...(ii)
ΔABC ~ ΔPQR [By SAS similarity criterion]
26.
In ΔADC and ΔBAC,

∠ADC = ∠BAC (Given)
∠ACD = ∠BCA (Common angle)
∴ ΔADC ~ ΔBAC (By AA similarity criterion)
We know that corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.
∴ CA/CB =CD/CA
⇒ CA2 = CB.CD.
148
27
Given: Two triangles ΔABC and ΔPQR in which AD and PM are medians such that AB/PQ = AC/PR
= AD/PM
To Prove: ΔABC ~ ΔPQR
Construction: Produce AD to E so that AD = DE. Join CE, Similarly produce PM to N such that PM
= MN, also Join RN.
Proof: In ΔABD and ΔCDE, we have
AD = DE [By Construction]
BD = DC [∴ AP is the median]
And, ∠ADB = ∠CDE [Vertically opp. angles]
∴ ΔABD ≅ ΔCDE [By SAS criterion of congruence]
⇒ AB = CE [CPCT] ... (i)
Also, in ΔPQM and ΔMNR, we have
PM = MN [By Construction]
QM = MR [∴ PM is the median]
And, ∠PMQ = ∠NMR [Vertically opposite angles]
∴ ΔPQM = ΔMNR [By SAS criterion of congruence]
⇒ PQ = RN [CPCT] ... (ii)
Now, AB/PQ = AC/PR = AD/PM
⇒ CE/RN = AC/PR = AD/PM ... [From (i) and (ii)]
⇒ CE/RN = AC/PR = 2AD/2PM
⇒ CE/RN = AC/PR = AE/PN [∴ 2AD = AE and 2PM = PN]
∴ ΔACE ~ ΔPRN [By SSS similarity criterion]
Therefore, ∠2 = ∠4
Similarly, ∠1 = ∠3
∴ ∠1 + ∠2 = ∠3 + ∠4
⇒ ∠A = ∠P ... (iii)
Now, in ΔABC and ΔPQR, we have
AB/PQ = AC/PR (Given)
∠A = ∠P [From (iii)]
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔPQR [By SAS similarity criterion]
149
28.
Length of the vertical pole = 6m (Given)

Shadow of the pole = 4 m (Given)
Let Height of tower = h m
Length of shadow of the tower = 28 m (Given)
In ΔABC and ΔDEF,
∠C = ∠E (angular elevation of sum)
∠B = ∠F = 90°
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔDEF (By AA similarity criterion)
∴ AB/DF = BC/EF (If two triangles are similar corresponding sides are proportional)
∴ 6/h = 4/28
⇒ h = 6×28/4
⇒h=6×7
⇒ h = 42 m
Hence, the height of the tower is 42 m
150
29.
It is given that ΔABC ~ ΔPQR

We know that the corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.∴ AB/PQ = AC/PR =
BC/QR ...(i)
Also, ∠A = ∠P, ∠B = ∠Q, ∠C = ∠R …(ii)
Since AD and PM are medians, they will divide their opposite sides.∴ BD = BC/2 and QM = QR/2
...(iii)
From equations (i) and (iii), we get
AB/PQ = BD/QM ...(iv)
In ΔABD and ΔPQM,
∠B = ∠Q [Using equation (ii)]
AB/PQ = BD/QM [Using equation (iv)]
∴ ΔABD ~ ΔPQM (By SAS similarity criterion)⇒ AB/PQ = BD/QM = AD/PM.
30
It is given that,
Area of ΔABC = 64 cm2
Area of ΔDEF = 121 cm2
EF = 15.4 cm
and, ΔABC ~ ΔDEF
∴ Area of ΔABC/Area of ΔDEF = AB2/DE2
= AC2/DF2 = BC2/EF2 ...(i)
[If two triangles are similar, ratio of their areas are equal to the square of the ratio of their
corresponding sides]
∴ 64/121 = BC2/EF2
⇒ (8/11)2 = (BC/15.4)2
⇒ 8/11 = BC/15.4
⇒ BC = 8×15.4/11
⇒ BC = 8 × 1.4
⇒ BC = 11.2 cm
151
31.
ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC. Diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at point O.
In ΔAOB and ΔCOD, we have
∠1 = ∠2 (Alternate angles)
∠3 = ∠4 (Alternate angles)
∠5 = ∠6 (Vertically opposite angle)
∴ ΔAOB ~ ΔCOD [By AAA similarity criterion]
Now, Area of (ΔAOB)/Area of (ΔCOD)
= AB2/CD2 [If two triangles are similar then the ratio of their areas are equal to the square of the
ratio of their corresponding sides]
= (2CD)2/CD2 [∴ AB = CD]
∴ Area of (ΔAOB)/Area of (ΔCOD)
= 4CD2/CD = 4/1
Hence, the required ratio of the area of ΔAOB and ΔCOD = 4:1
152
32.
Given: ABC and DBC are triangles on the same base BC. Ad intersects BC at O.
To Prove: area (ΔABC)/area (ΔDBC) = AO/DO.
Construction: Let us draw two perpendiculars AP and DM on line BC.
Proof: We know that area of a triangle = 1/2 × Base × Height
1
BC  AP
ar(  ABC) 2 AP
  
ar(  DEF 1 DM
BC  DM
2
In ΔAPO and ΔDMO,
∠APO = ∠DMO (Each equals to 90°)
∠AOP = ∠DOM (Vertically opposite angles)
∴ ΔAPO ~ ΔDMO (By AA similarity criterion)∴ AP/DM = AO/DO
⇒ area (ΔABC)/area (ΔDBC) = AO/DO.
33.
Given: ΔABC and ΔPQR are similar and equal in area.
To Prove: ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR
Proof: Since, ΔABC ~ ΔPQR

∴ Area of (ΔABC)/Area of (ΔPQR) = BC2/QR2
⇒ BC2/QR2 =1 [Since, Area (ΔABC) = (ΔPQR)
⇒ BC2/QR2
⇒ BC = QR
Similarly, we can prove that
AB = PQ and AC = PR
Thus, ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR [BY SSS criterion of congruence]
153
34
Given: D, E and F are the mid-points of the sides AB, BC and CA respectively of the ΔABC.
To Find: area(ΔDEF) and area(ΔABC)
Solution: In ΔABC, we have
F is the mid-point of AB (Given)
E is the mid-point of AC (Given)
So, by the mid-point theorem, we have
FE || BC and FE = 1/2BC
⇒ FE || BC and FE || BD [BD = 1/2BC]
∴ BDEF is parallelogram [Opposite sides of parallelogram are equal and parallel]
Similarly in ΔFBD and ΔDEF, we have
FB = DE (Opposite sides of parallelogram BDEF)
FD = FD (Common)
BD = FE (Opposite sides of parallelogram BDEF)
∴ ΔFBD ≅ ΔDEF
Similarly, we can prove that
ΔAFE ≅ ΔDEF
ΔEDC ≅ ΔDEF
If triangles are congruent, then they are equal in area.
So, area(ΔFBD) = area(ΔDEF) ...(i)
area(ΔAFE) = area(ΔDEF) ...(ii)
and, area(ΔEDC) = area(ΔDEF) ...(iii)
Now, area(ΔABC) = area(ΔFBD) + area(ΔDEF) + area(ΔAFE) + area(ΔEDC) ...(iv)
area(ΔABC) = area(ΔDEF) + area(ΔDEF) + area(ΔDEF) + area(ΔDEF)
⇒ area(ΔDEF) = 1/4area(ΔABC) [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
⇒ area(ΔDEF)/area(ΔABC) = 1/4
Hence, area(ΔDEF):area(ΔABC) = 1:4
154
35.
Given: AM and DN are the medians of triangles ABC and DEF respectively and ΔABC ~ ΔDEF.
To Prove: area (ΔABC)/area(ΔDEF) = AM2/DN2
Proof: ΔABC ~ ΔDEF (Given)
∴ area(ΔABC)/area(ΔDEF) = (AB2/DE2) ...(i)
and, AB/DE = BC/EF = CA/FD ...(ii)
1
BC
AB 2 CD
  
DE 1 FD
EF
2
In ΔABM and ΔDEN, we have

∠B = ∠E [Since ΔABC ~ ΔDEF]
AB/DE = BM/EN [Prove in (i)]
∴ ΔABC ~ ΔDEF [By SAS similarity criterion]
⇒ AB/DE = AM/DN ...(iii)
∴ ΔABM ~ ΔDEN
As the areas of two similar triangles are proportional to the squares of the corresponding sides.
∴ area (ΔABC)/area(ΔDEF) = AB2/DE2 = AM2/DN2
155
36.
Given: ABCD is a square whose one diagonal is AC. ΔAPC and ΔBQC are two equilateral triangles
described on the diagonals AC and side BC of the square ABCD.
To Prove: area(ΔBQC) = 1/2area(ΔAPC)
Proof: ΔAPC and ΔBQC are both equilateral triangles (Given)
∴ ΔAPC ~ ΔBQC [AAA similarity criterion]
∴ area(ΔAPC)/area(ΔBQC) = (AC2/BC2) = AC2/BC2
2
 2 BC  2BC
2
     2[Since, Diagonal  2 side  2 Bc]

 BC  BC
 
⇒ area (ΔAPC) = 2 × area (ΔBQC)
⇒ area(ΔBQC) = 1/2area(ΔAPC)
37
ΔABC and ΔBDE are two equilateral triangles. D is the mid-point of BC.
∴ BD = DC = 1/2BC
Let each side of triangle is 2a.
As, ΔABC ~ ΔBDE
∴ area (ΔABC)/area(ΔBDE) = AB2/BD2 = (2a)2/(a)2 = 4a2/a2 = 4/1 = 4:1
Hence, the correct option is (C).
156
38.
Let ABC and DEF are two similarity triangles ΔABC ~ ΔDEF (Given) and, AB/DE = AC/DF = BC/EF =
4/9 (Given)∴ area(ΔABC)/area(ΔDEF) = AB2/DE2 [the ratio of the areas of these triangles will be
equal to the square of the ratio of the corresponding sides]∴ area(ΔABC)/area(ΔDEF) = (4/9)2 =
16/81 = 16:81
Hence, the correct option is (D)
39.
(i) Given that the sides of the triangle are 7 cm, 24 cm, and 25 cm.
Squaring the lengths of these sides, we will get 49, 576, and 625.
49 + 576 = 625
(7)2 + (24)2 = (25)2
the sides of the given triangle are satisfying Pythagoras theorem. Hence, it is right angled
triangle.
Length of Hypotenuse = 25 cm
(ii) Given that the sides of the triangle are 3 cm, 8 cm, and 6 cm.
However, 9 + 36 ≠ 64
or, 32 + 62 ≠ 82
clearly, the sum of the squares of the lengths of two sides is not equal to the square of the
length of the third side.
Therefore, the given triangle is not satisfying Pythagoras theorem.
(iii) Given that sides are 50 cm, 80 cm, and 100 cm.
However, 2500 + 6400 ≠ 10000
or, 502 + 802 ≠ 1002
clearly, the sum of the squares of the lengths of two sides is not equal to the square of the
length of the third side.
Therefore, the given triangle is not satisfying Pythagoras theorem.
Hence, it is not a right triangle.
(iv) Given that sides are 13 cm, 12 cm, and 5 cm.

Clearly, 144 +25 = 169
Or, 122 + 52 = 132
The sides of the given triangle are satisfying Pythagoras theorem.
Therefore, it is a right triangle.
Length of the hypotenuse of this triangle is 13 cm.
157
40.
Given: ΔPQR is right angled at P is a point on QR such that PM ⊥QR.

To prove: PM2 = QM × MR
Proof: In ΔPQM, we have
PQ2 = PM2 + QM2 [By Pythagoras theorem]
Or, PM2 = PQ2 - QM2 ... (i)
In ΔPMR, we have
PR2 = PM2 + MR2 [By Pythagoras theorem]
Or, PM2 = PR2 - MR2 ... (ii)
2PM2 = (PQ2 + PM2) - (QM2 + MR2)
= QR2 - QM2 - MR2 [∴ QR2 = PQ2 + PR2]
= (QM + MR)2 - QM2 - MR2
= 2QM × MR
∴ PM = QM × MR
2
41.
(i) In ΔADB and ΔCAB, we have
∠DAB = ∠ACB (Each equals to 90°)
∠ABD = ∠CBA (Common angle)
∴ ΔADB ~ ΔCAB [AA similarity criterion]
⇒ AB/CB = BD/AB
⇒ AB2 = CB × BD
(ii) Let ∠CAB = x

In ΔCBA,
∠CBA = 180° - 90° - x
∠CBA = 90° - x
Similarly, in ΔCAD
∠CAD = 90° - ∠CBA
= 90° - x
∠CDA = 180° - 90° - (90° - x)
∠CDA = x
In ΔCBA and ΔCAD, we have
∠CBA = ∠CAD
∠CAB = ∠CDA
∠ACB = ∠DCA (Each equals to 90°)
158
∴ ΔCBA ~ ΔCAD [By AAA similarity criterion]
⇒ AC/DC = BC/AC
⇒ AC2 = DC × BC
(iii) In ΔDCA and ΔDAB, we have

∠DCA = ∠DAB (Each equals to 90°)
∠CDA = ∠ADB (common angle)
∴ ΔDCA ~ ΔDAB [By AA similarity criterion]
⇒ DC/DA = DA/DA
⇒ AD2 = BD × CD
42.
Given that ΔABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at C.

In ΔACB, ∠C = 90°
AC = BC (Given)
AB2 = AC2 + BC2 ([By using Pythagoras theorem]
= AC2 + AC2 [Since, AC = BC]
AB = 2AC2
2
43.
Given that ΔABC is an isosceles triangle having AC = BC and AB2 = 2AC2
In ΔACB,
AC = BC (Given)
AB2 = 2AC2 (Given)
AB2 = AC2 + AC2
= AC2 + BC2 [Since, AC = BC]
Hence, By Pythagoras theorem ΔABC is right angle triangle.
159
44.
ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2a.

Draw, AD ⊥ BC
In ΔADB and ΔADC, we have
AB = AC [Given]
AD = AD [Given]
∠ADB = ∠ADC [equal to 90°]
Therefore, ΔADB ≅ ΔADC by RHS congruence.
Hence, BD = DC [by CPCT]
In right angled ΔADB,
AB2 = AD2 + BD2
(2a)2 = AD2 + a2
⇒ AD2 = 4a2 - a2
⇒ AD2 = 3a2
⇒ AD = √3a
45.
ABCD is a rhombus whose diagonals AC and BD intersect at O. [Given]

We have to prove that,
AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2 = AC2 + BD2
Since, the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
Therefore, AO = CO and BO = DO
In ΔAOB,
∠AOB = 90°
AB2 = AO2 + BO2 ... (i) [By Pythagoras]
Similarly,
AD2 = AO2 + DO2 ... (ii)
DC2 = DO2 + CO2 ... (iii)
BC2 = CO2 + BO2 ... (iv)
Adding equations (i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv) we get,
AB2 + AD2 + DC2 + BC2 = 2(AO2 + BO2 + DO2 + CO2 )
= 4AO2 + 4BO2 [Since, AO = CO and BO =DO]
= (2AO)2 + (2BO)2 = AC2 + BD2
160
46.
Join OA, OB and OC
(i) Applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔAOF, we have

OA2 = OF2 + AF2
Similarly, in ΔBOD
OB2 = OD2 + BD2
Similarly, in ΔCOE
OC2 = OE2 + EC2
Adding these equations,
OA2 + OB2 + OC2 = OF2 + AF2 + OD2 + BD2 + OE2 + EC2
OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2.
(ii) AF2 + BD2 + EC2 = (OA2 - OE2) + (OC2 - OD2) + (OB2 - OF2)
∴ AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2.
47.
Let BA be the wall and Ac be the ladder,

Therefore, by Pythagoras theorem, we have
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
102 = 82 + BC2
BC2 = 100 - 64
BC2 = 36
BC = 6m
Therefore, the distance of the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall is 6 m.
161
48.
Let AB be the pole and AC be the wire.

By Pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
242 = 182 + BC2
BC2 = 576 - 324
BC2 = 252
BC = 6√7m
Therefore, the distance from the base is 6√7m
49.
Speed of first aero plane = 1000 km/hr

1
Distance covered by first aero plane due north in 1 hours (OA) = 100 × 3/2 km = 1500 km
2
Speed of second aero plane = 1200 km/hr
1
Distance covered by second aero plane due west in 1 hours (OB) = 1200 × 3/2 km = 1800 km
2
In right angle ΔAOB, we have
AB2 = AO2 + OB2
⇒ AB2 = (1500)2 + (1800)2
⇒ AB = √2250000 + 3240000
= √5490000
⇒ AB = 300√61 km
Hence, the distance between two aero planes will be 300√61 km.
162
50.
Let CD and AB be the poles of height 11 m and 6 m.

Therefore, CP = 11 - 6 = 5 m
from the figure, it can be observed that AP = 12m
Applying Pythagoras theorem for ΔAPC, we get
AP2 = PC2 + AC2
(12m)2 + (5m)2 = (AC)2
AC2 = (144+25)m2 = 169 m2
AC = 13m
Therefore, the distance between their tops is 13 m
51.
163
52.
Given that in ΔABC, we have
AD ⊥BC and BD = 3CD
In right angle triangles ADB and ADC, we have
AB2 = AD2 + BD2 ... (i)
AC2 = AD2 + DC2 ... (ii) [By Pythagoras theorem]
AB2 - AC2 = BD2 - DC2
= 9CD2 - CD2 [∴ BD = 3CD]
= 9CD2 = 8(BC/4)2 [Since, BC = DB + CD = 3CD + CD = 4CD]
Therefore, AB2 - AC2 = BC2/2
⇒ 2(AB2 - AC2) = BC2
⇒ 2AB2 - 2AC2 = BC2
∴ 2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2
53.
Let the side of the equilateral triangle be a, and AE be the altitude of ΔABC.
∴ BE = EC = BC/2 = a/2
And, AE = a√3/2
given that, BD = 1/3BC
∴ BD = a/3
DE = BE - BD = a/2 - a/3 = a/6
Applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔADE, we get
AD2 = AE2 + DE2
2 2
a 3  a 
     
2
AD
 2 
  6 
 3a  a 
2 2
    
   
 4   36 
2
28 a

36
7

2
AB
9
⇒ 9 AD2 = 7 AB2
164
54.
Let the side of the equilateral triangle be a, and AE be the altitude of ΔABC.
∴ BE = EC = BC/2 = a/2
Applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔABE, we get
AB2 = AE2 + BE2
2
a 
 AE   
2 2
a
2
2
a
 a 
2 2
AE
4
2
3a

2
AE
4
2 2
4AE = 3a
⇒ 4 × (Square of altitude) = 3 × (Square of one side)
55.
Given that, AB = 6√3 cm, AC = 12 cm, and BC = 6 cm

We can observe that
AB2 = 108
AC2 = 144
And, BC2 = 36
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
The given triangle, ΔABC, is satisfying Pythagoras theorem.
Therefore, the triangle is a right triangle, right-angled at B.
∴ ∠B = 90°
Hence, the correct option is (C).
165
Coordinate Geometry
Class 10 Coordinate Geometry Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. Find the distance between the following pairs of points:

(i) (2, 3), (4, 1)
(ii) (−5, 7), (−1, 3)
(iii) (a, b), (− a, − b)
2. Find the distance between the points (0, 0) and (36, 15). Can you now find the distance
between the two towns A and B discussed in Section 7.2.
3. Determine if the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (-2, -11) are collinear
4. Check whether (5, - 2), (6, 4) and (7, - 2) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.
5. In a classroom, 4 friends are seated at the points A, B, C and D as shown in the following figure.
Champa and Chameli walk into the class and after observing for a few minutes Champa asks
Chameli, “Don't you think ABCD is a square?” Chameli disagrees.
Using distance formula, find which of them is correct.
6. Name the type of quadrilateral formed, if any, by the following points, and give reasons for your
answer:
(i) (- 1, - 2), (1, 0), (- 1, 2), (- 3, 0)
(ii) (- 3, 5), (3, 1), (0, 3), (- 1, - 4)
(iii) (4, 5), (7, 6), (4, 3), (1, 2)
167
7. Find the point on the x-axis which is equidistant from (2, - 5) and (- 2, 9).
8. Find the values of y for which the distance between the points P (2, - 3) and Q (10, y) is 10 units
9. If Q (0, 1) is equidistant from P (5, - 3) and R (x, 6), find the values of x. Also find the distance QR
and PR.
10. Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant from the point (3, 6) and
(- 3, 4).
11. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (- 1, 7) and (4, - 3) in the ratio 2:3.
12. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining (4, -1) and (-2, -3).
13. To conduct Sports Day activities, in your rectangular shaped school ground ABCD, lines have
been drawn with chalk powder at a distance of 1 m each. 100 flower pots have been placed at a
distance of 1 m from each other along AD, as shown in the following figure. Niharika runs
1/4th the distance AD on the 2nd line and posts a green flag. Preet runs 1/5th the distance AD
on the eighth line and posts a red flag. What is the distance between both the flags? If Rashmi
has to post a blue flag exactly halfway between the line segment joining the two flags, where
should she post her flag?
14. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (-3, 10) and (6, - 8) is divided by (-1, 6).
15. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining A (1, - 5) and B (- 4, 5) is divided by the x-axis.
Also find the coordinates of the point of division.
16. If (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, find x and y.
168
17. Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of circle whose centre is (2, - 3) and B
is (1,
18. If A and B are (–2, –2) and (2, –4), respectively, find the coordinates of P such that AP = 3/7 AB
and P lies on the line segment AB.
19. Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining A (- 2, 2) and B (2, 8) into
four equal parts.
20. Find the area of a rhombus if its vertices are (3, 0), (4, 5), (-1, 4) and (-2,-1) taken in order. [Hint:
Area of a rhombus = 1/2(product of its diagonals)]
21. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are:

(i) (2, 3), (-1, 0), (2, -4)
(ii) (-5, -1), (3, -5), (5, 2)
22. In each of the following find the value of 'k', for which the points are collinear.
(i) (7, -2), (5, 1), (3, -k)
(ii) (8, 1), (k, -4), (2, -5)
23. Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of the triangle whose
vertices are (0, -1), (2, 1) and (0, 3). Find the ratio of this area to the area of the given triangle.
24. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order, are (-4, -2), (-3, -5), (3, -2) and
(2, 3).
25. You have studied in Class IX that a median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of equal
areas. Verify this result for ΔABC whose vertices are A (4, - 6), B (3, - 2) and C (5, 2).
26. Determine the ratio in which the line 2x + y – 4 = 0 divides the line segment joining the points
A(2, – 2) and B(3, 7).
27. Find the relation between x and y if the points (x, y), (1, 2) and (7, 0) are collinear.
28. Find the centre of a circle passing through points (6, -6), (3, -7) and (3, 3).
169
29. The two opposite vertices of a square are (-1, 2) and (3, 2). Find the coordinates of the other two
vertices.
30. The class X students of a secondary school in Krishinagar have been allotted a rectangular plot of
land for their gardening activity. Saplings of Gulmohar are planted on the boundary at a distance
of 1 m from each other. There is a triangular lawn in the plot as shown in the figure. The
students are to sow the seeds of flowering plants on the remaining area of the plot.
(a) Taking A are origin, find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.
31. The vertices of triangle ABC are A (4, 6), B (1, 5) and C (7, 2). A line is drawn to intersect sides AB
and AC at D and E respectively, such that AD/AB = AE/AC = ¼. Calculate the area of triangle ADE
and compare it with area of triangle ABC.
32. Let A (4, 2), B (6, 5) and C (1, 4) be the vertices of triangle ABC.
(a) The median from A meets BC at D. Find the coordinates of point D.
(b) Find the coordinates of the point P on AD such that AP : PD = 2 : 1.
(c) Find the coordinates of point Q and R on medians BE and CF respectively such that BQ : QE =
2:1.
(d) What do you observe?
(e) If A (x2, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) are the vertices of triangle ABC, find the coordinates of
the centroid of the triangle.
33. ABCD is a rectangle formed by the points A (-1, - 1), B (-1, 4), C (5, 4) and D (5, -1). P, Q, R and S
are the midpoints of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Is the quadrilateral PQRS a square? a
rectangle? or a rhombus? Justify your answer.
170
SOLUTIONS
1.
(i) Distance between the points is given by

 x1    y1  y 2 
2 2
 x2
Therefore, the distance between (2,3) and (4,1) is given by
2  4   3  1 
2 2
l 
 2   2 
2 2

 4  4  8  2 2
(ii) Distance between (−5, 7) and (−1, 3) is given by
 5    1   7  3 
2 2
l 
 4   4 
2 2

 16  16  32  4 2
(iii) Distance between (a, b) and (− a, − b) is given by
a    a   b    b 
2 2
l 
2 a   2 b 
2 2

  4b  2  b
2 2 2 2
4a a
2. Distance between points (0, 0) and (36, 15)

 36  0   15  0 
2 2

  15
2 2
36
 1296  225  1521  39

Yes, assume town A at origin point (0, 0).
Therefore, town B will be at point (36, 15) with respect to town A.
And hence, as calculated above, the distance between town A and B will be 39 km.
3.
Let the points (1, 5), (2, 3), and (- 2,-11) be representing the vertices A, B, and C of the given
triangle respectively. Let A = (1, 5), B = (2, 3) and C = (- 2,-11)
1  2   5  3 
2 2
 AB   5
2    2     3    11  
2 2
BC    14  16  196 
2 2
4 212
1    2     5    11  
2 2
CA    16  9  256 
2 2
3 265
Since AB + BC ≠ CA
Therefore, the points (1, 5), (2, 3), and ( - 2, - 11) are not collinear
171
4.
Let the points (5, - 2), (6, 4), and (7, - 2) are representing the vertices A, B, and C of the given
triangle respectively.
5  6    2  4   1  6 
2 2 2 2
AB    1  36  37
6  7    4    2   1  6 
2 2 2 2
BC    1  36  37
5  7     2    2   2 
2 2 2
CA    0  2
2
Therefore, AB = BC
As two sides are equal in length, therefore, ABC is an isosceles triangle.
5.
Clearly from the figure, the coordinates of points A, B, C and D are (3, 4), (6, 7), (9, 4) and (6,1)
By using distance formula, we get
3  6   4  7   3    3 
2 2 2 2
AB    9  9  18  3 2
6  9   7  4   3 
2 2 2
BC    3  9  9  18  3
2
2
9  6   4  1 3   3 
2 2 2 2
CB    9  9  18  3 2
3  6   4  1  3   3 
2 2 2 2
AD    9  9  18  3 2
3  9   4  4   6 
2 2 2
  0  6
2
Diagonal AC =
Diagonal BD =  6  6    7  1   0 2   6   6
2 2 2
It can be observed that all sides of this quadrilateral ABCD are of the same length and also the
diagonals are of the same length.
Therefore, ABCD is a square and hence, Champa was correct.
6.
(i) Let the points (- 1, - 2), (1, 0), ( - 1, 2), and ( - 3, 0) be representing the vertices A, B, C, and D
of the given quadrilateral respectively.
 1  1   2  0   2    2 
2 2 2 2
 AB    4  4  8  2 2
1    1    0  2  2    2 
2 2 2 2
BC    4  4  8  2 2
  1    3   2  0  2   2 
2 2 2 2
CD    4  4  8  2 2
  1    3   2  0  2    2 
2 2 2 2
AD    4  4  8  2 2
  1    1    2  2    4 
2 2 2
  16  4
2
Diagonal AC = 0
1    3    0  0 
2 2
  0  16  4
2 2
Diagonal BD = 4
It can be observed that all sides of this quadrilateral are of the same length and also, the
diagonals are of the same length. Therefore, the given points are the vertices of a square.
(ii) Let the points (- 3, 5), (3, 1), (0, 3), and ( - 1, - 4) be representing the vertices A, B, C, and D of
172
the given quadrilateral respectively.
 3  3   5  1   6   4 
2 2 2 2
 AB    36  16  52  2 13
3  0   1  3  3    2 
2 2 2 2
BC    9  4  13
0    1   3    4  1   7 
2 2 2 2
CD    1  49  50  5 2
 3    1   5    4   2   9 
2 2 2 2
AD    4  81  85
It can be observed that all sides of this quadrilateral are of different lengths. Therefore, it
can be said that it is only a general quadrilateral, and not specific such as square, rectangle,
etc.
(iii) Let the points (4, 5), (7, 6), (4, 3), and (1, 2) be representing the vertices A, B, C, and D of
the given quadrilateral respectively.
4  7   5  6   3    1
2 2 2 2
 AB    9 1  10
7  4   6  3  3   3 
2 2 2 2
BC    9  9  18
4  4   5  3  0   2 
2 2 2 2
Diagonal AC    0  4  2
7  1   6  2  6   4 
2 2 2 2
Diagonal CD    36  16  52  13 2
It can be observed that opposite sides of this quadrilateral are of the same length. However,
the diagonals are of different lengths. Therefore, the given points are the vertices of a
parallelogram.
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7.
We have to find a point on x-axis. Therefore, its y-coordinate will be 0.
Let the point on x-axis be (x,0)000
 x , 0  and x  2   0    5  x  2   5 
2 2 2 2
Distance between ( 2 , 5 )  
 x , 0  and   2 ,9   x    2   0    9  x  2   9 
2 2 2 2
Distance between 
By the given condition, these distance are equal in measure.
x  2   5  x  2   9 
2 2 2 2

(x − 2)2 + 25 = (x − 2)2 + 81
x2 + 4 − 4x + 25 = x2 + 4 + 4x + 81
8x = 25 −81
8x = −56
x = −7
Therefore, the point is (− 7, 0).
8.
It is given that the distance between (2, - 3) and (10, y) is 10.
2    3  y 
2 2
Therefore,  10  10
 8   3  y 
2 2
 10
64 + (y + 3)2 = 100
(y +3)2 = 36
y + 3 = ±6
y + 3 = +6 or y + 3 = −6
Therefore, y = 3 or −9
174
9.
PQ = QR
5  0    3  1 0  x   1  6 
2 2 2 2

 5    4   x    5 
2 2 2 2

25  16   25
2
x
2
41 = x + 25
16 = x2
x = ±4
Therefore, point R is (4, 6) or ( - 4, 6).
When point R is (4, 6),
5  4    3  6  1   9 
2 2 2
PR    1  81 
2
82
0  4   1  6   4    5 
2 2 2 2
QR    16  25  41
When point R is ( - 4 ,6),

5    4     3  6  9    9 
2 2 2 2
PR    81  81  9 2
0    4    1  6  4    5 
2 2 2 2
QR    16  25  41
10.
Point (x, y) is equidistant from (3, 6) and ( - 3, 4).
x  3  y  6 x    3   y  4
2 2 2 2
 
x  3  y  6 x  3  y  4
2 2 2 2

x  3  y  6 x  3  y  4
2 2 2 2

x2 + 9 - 6x + y2 + 36 - 12y = x2 + 9 + 6x + y2 + 16 - 8y
36 - 16 = 6x + 6x + 12y - 8y
20 = 12x + 4y
3x + y = 5
3x + y - 5 = 0
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11.
Let P(x, y) be the required point. Using the section formula, we get
2  4  3  (  1) 8  3 5
x    1
2  3 5 5
2  ( 3)  3  7  6  21 15
y     3
2  3 5 5
Therefore, the point is (1, 3).
12.
Let P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) are the points of trisection of the line segment joining the given points
i.e., AP = PQ = QB
Therefore, point P divides AB internally in the ratio 1:2.
1  (2)  2  4 1  (  3 )  2  (  1)
x1  , y1 
1 2 1 2
 2  8 6  3 2  5
x1    2, y1  
3 3 3 3
 5
Therefore, P( x 1 , y 1 )  ( 2 ,
3
1  (2)  2  4 1  (  3 )  2  (  1)
x1  , y1 
1 2 1 2
 2  8 6  3 2  5
x1    2, y1  
3 3 3 3
 5
Therefore, P( x 1 , y 1 )  ( 2 , )
3
Point Q divides AB internally in the ration 2 :1
2  (2)  1  4 2  (  3 )  1  (  1)
x2  , y1 
2 1 2 1
 4  4  6 1  7
x2   0, y 2  
3 3 3
 7 
P ( x 2 , y 2 )   0 , 
 3
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13.
It can be observed that Niharika posted the green flag at 1/4th of the distance AD i.e.,
(1×100/4)m = 25m from the starting point of 2nd line. Therefore, the coordinates of this point G
is (2, 25).
Similarly, Preet posted red flag at 1/5 of the distance AD i.e., (1×100/5) m = 20m from the
starting point of 8th line. Therefore, the coordinates of this point R are (8, 20).
Distance between these flags by using distance formula = GR
 (8  2 )  ( 25  20 )  36  25 
2 2
61 m
The point at which Rashmi should post her blue flag is the mid - point of the line joining these
points. Let this point be A( x , y ).
2  8 25  20
x  ,y 
2 2
10 45
x  ,y   22 . 5
2 2
Hence, A ( x , y )  ( 5 , 55 . 5 )
Therefore, Rashmi should post her blue flag at 22.5m on 5th line
therefore, Rashmi should post her blue flag at 22.5m on 5th line.
14
Let the ratio in which the line segment joining ( -3, 10) and (6, -8) is divided by point ( -1, 6) be k :
1.Therefore, -1 = 6k-3/k+1
-k - 1 = 6k -3
7k = 2
k = 2/7
Therefore, the required ratio is 2:7.
15.
Let the ratio in which the line segment joining A (1, - 5) and B ( - 4, 5) is divided by x-axis be .
Therefore, the coordinates of the point of division is (-4k+1/k+1, 5k-5/k+1).
We know that y-coordinate of any point on x-axis is 0.
∴ 5k-5/k+1 = 0
Therefore, x-axis divides it in the ratio 1:1.
  4 (1 )  1 5 (1 )  5   4 1 5  5  3 
Division Point   ,    ,    ,0 
 11 11   2 2   2 
177
16.
Let A,B,C and D be the points (1,2) (4,y), (x,6) and (3,5) respectively.
1 x 2  6   x 1 
Mid point of diagonal AC is  ,    ,4 
 2 2   2 
 4  3 5  y  7 5  y 
And, Midpoint of Diagonal BD is  ,    , 
 2 2   2 2 
Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, the midpoint of AC and BD are same.
∴ x+1/2 = 7/2 and 4 = 5+y/2
⇒ x + 1 = 7 and 5 + y = 8
⇒ x = 6 and y = 3
17.
Let the coordinates of point A be (x, y).
Mid-point of AB is (2, - 3), which is the center of the circle.
 x 1 y  4
 ( 2 , 3)   , 
 2 2 
x 1 y  4
  2 and  3
2 2
 x  1  4 and y  4  6
 x  3 and y   10
Therefore , the coordinate s of A are ( 3 ,  10 )
178
18.
The coordinates of point A and B are (-2,-2) and (2,-4) respectively.

Since AP = 3/7 AB
Therefore, AP:PB = 3:4
Point P divides the line segment AB in the ratio 3:4.
 3  2  4  (2) 3  (4)  4  2 
Coordinate s of P   , 
 3 4 3 4 
 6  8  12  8 
  , 
 7 7 
  2  20 
  , `
 7 7 
19.
From the figure, it can be observed that points X, Y, Z are dividing the line segment in a ratio 1:3,
1:1, 3:1 respectively.
 1  2  3  (2) 1  8  3  2 
Coordintes of X   , 
 1 3 1 3 
 7
   1, 
 2
 2  (-2)) 2  8 
`Coordinate s of Y   , 
 2 2 
 0 .5 
 3  2  1  (2) 3  8  1  2 
Coordinate s of Z   , 
 31 31 
 13 
  1, 
 2 
179
20.
Let (3, 0), (4, 5), ( - 1, 4) and ( - 2, - 1) are the vertices A, B, C, D of a rhombus ABCD.
AC  [13  (  1 )]  (0  4 )
2 2
Length of diagonal
 16  16  4 2
BD  [ 4  (  2 )]  [ 5  (  1 )]
2 2
Length of diagonal
 36  36  6 2
1
Therefore , area of r hom bus ABCD   4 2 6 2
2
 24 square units
21.
(i) Area of a triangle is given by
Area of triangle = 1/2 {x1 (y2 - y3)+ x2 (y3 - y1)+ x3 (y1 - y2)}
Area of the given triangle = 1/2 [2 { 0- (-4)} + (-1) {(-4) - (3)} + 2 (3 - 0)]
= 1/2 {8 + 7 + 6}
= 21/2 square units.
(ii) Area of the given triangle = 1/2 [-5 { (-5)- (4)} + 3(2-(-1)) + 5{-1 - (-5)}]
= 1/2{35 + 9 + 20}
= 32 square units
22.
(i) For collinear points, area of triangle formed by them is zero.
Therefore, for points (7, -2) (5, 1), and (3, k), area = 0
1/2 [7 { 1- k} + 5(k-(-2)) + 3{(-2) + 1}] = 0
7 - 7k + 5k +10 -9 = 0
-2k + 8 = 0
k=4
(ii) For collinear points, area of triangle formed by them is zero.
Therefore, for points (8, 1), (k, - 4), and (2, - 5), area = 0
1/2 [8 { -4- (-5)} + k{(-5)-(1)} + 2{1 -(-4)}] = 0
8 - 6k + 10 = 0
6k = 18
k=3
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23.
Let the vertices of the triangle be A (0, -1), B (2, 1), C (0, 3).
Let D, E, F be the mid-points of the sides of this triangle. Coordinates of D, E, and F are given by
D = (0+2/2 , -1+1/2) = (1,0)
E = (0+0/2 , -3-1/2) = (0,1)
F = (2+0/2 , 1+3/2) = (1,2)
Area of a triangle = 1/2 {x1 (y2 - y3) + x2 (y3 - y1) + x3 (y1 - y2)}
Area of ΔDEF = 1/2 {1(2-1) + 1(1-0) + 0(0-2)}
= 1/2 (1+1) = 1 square units
Area of ΔABC = 1/2 [0(1-3) + 2{3-(-1)} + 0(-1-1)]
= 1/2 {8} = 4 square units
Therefore, the required ratio is 1:4.
24.
Let the vertices of the quadrilateral be A (- 4, - 2), B ( - 3, - 5), C (3, - 2), and D (2, 3). Join AC to
form two triangles ΔABC and ΔACD.
Area of ΔABC = 1/2 [(-4) {(-5) - (-2)} + (-3) {(-2) - (-2)} + 3 {(-2) - (-5)}]
= 1/2 (12+0+9)
= 21/2 square units
Area of ΔACD = 1/2 [(-4) {(-2) - (3)} + 3{(3) - (-2)} + 2 {(-2) - (-2)}]
= 1/2 (20+15+0)
= 35/2 square units
Area of ☐ABCD = Area of ΔABC + Area of ΔACD
= (21/2 + 35/2) square units = 28 square units
181
25.
Let the vertices of the triangle be A (4, -6), B (3, -2), and C (5, 2).
Let D be the mid-point of side BC of ΔABC. Therefore, AD is the median in ΔABC.
Coordinates of point D = (3+5/2, -2+2/2) = (4,0)
Area of ΔABD = 1/2 [(4) {(-2) - (0)} + 3{(0) - (-6)} + (4) {(-6) - (-2)}]
= 1/2 (-8+18-16)
= -3 square units
However, area cannot be negative. Therefore, area of ΔABD is 3 square units.
Area of ΔABD = 1/2 [(4) {0 - (2)} + 4{(2) - (-6)} + (5) {(-6) - (0)}]
= 1/2 (-8+32-30)
= -3 square units
However, area cannot be negative. Therefore, area of ΔABD is 3 square units.
The area of both sides is same. Thus, median AD has divided ΔABC in two triangles of equal
areas.
182
26. Let us assume the line divides AB in k : 1 ratio.
Coordinates of point of division can be given as follows:
2  3k
x 
k 1
 2  7k
y 
k 1
Substituting the values of x and y in following equation;
Hence, the ratio is 2:9.
2x  y  4  0
 2  3k    2  7 k 
Or , 2     4  0
 k 1   k 1 
4  6k   2  7k 
Or     0
k 1  k 1 
Or , 4  6 k  2  7 k  4 ( k  1 )  0
Or , 4  6 k  2  7 k  4 k  4  0
Or  2  9 k  0
Or , 9 k  2
2
Or , k 
9
27.
If given points are collinear then area of triangle formed by them must be zero.
Or, ½ [x1(y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)] = 0
Or, ½ [x(2 – 0) + 1 (0 – y) + 7( y – 2)] = 0
Or, 2x – y + 7y – 14 = 0
Or, 2x + 6y – 14 = 0
Or, x + 3y – 7 = 0
The last equation gives the relation between x and y.
183
28.
A = (6, -6), B = (3, -7), C = (3, 3)
If O is the centre, then OA = OB = OC (radii are equal)
If O = (x, y) then
OA  (x  6)  ( y  6)
2 2
OB  ( x  3)  ( y  7)
2 2
OC  ( x  3)  ( y  3)
2 2
Or , ( x  6 )  ( y  6)
2 2
 ( x  3)  ( y  3)
2 2
 12 x  36  y  12 y  36
2 2
Or , x
 x  6x  9  y  14 y  49
2 2
 12 x  y  14 y  72
2 2
Or , x
 x  6x  y  14 y  58
2 2
 12 x  ( x  6 x)
2 2
Or , x
 y  14 y  ( y  12 y )  58  72
2 2
Or ,  12 x  6 x  14 y  12 y  14
Or ,  6 x  2 y  14 .... ....( 1 )
Similarly ,
( x  3)  ( y  7)
2 2
 ( x  3)  ( y  3)
2 2
Or , ( x  3 )  ( x  3)  ( y  7)
2 2 2
 ( y  3)
2
 14 y  49  y  6y  9
2 2
Or , y
Or , 20 y   40
Or , y   2
Substituting the value of y in equation (1), we get;
 6 x  2 y  14
Or ,  6 x   4  14   18
Or , x  3
Hence , , x  3 , y   2 are the coordinate s of centre
184
29.
O is the point of intersection of AC and BD. Coordinates of O can be calculated as follows:
31
x  1
2
2  2
y   2
2
Now, AC can be calculated as follows: (diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other.
AC  ( 3  1)  (2  2)
2 2
 16  4
Hence, sides of square = 2√2 (Using Pythagoras theorem)
AD  2 2  ( x 1  1)  ( y1  2)
2 2
Or , 8  ( x 1  1 )  ( y1  2)
2 2
CD  2 2  ( x1  3)  ( y1  2)
2 2
Or , 8  ( x 1  3 )  ( y1  2)
2 2
From these equations, it is clear that;
( x 1  1)  ( y1  2)
2 2
 ( x1  3)  ( y1  2)
2 2
Or , ( x 1  1 )  ( x1  3)
2 2
2 2
Or , x  2x  1  x  6x  9
1 1
Or , 2 x  1   6 x  9
Or , 8 x  8
Or , x  1
Value of y1 can be calculated as follows by using the value of x.
CD  2 2  ( x1  3)  ( y1  2)
2 2
Or , 8  (1  3 )  ( y1  2)
2 2
Or , 4  ( y 1  2 )  4
2
Or , y 1  2  2
Or , y 1  4
Hence, D = (1, 4)
Coordinates of B can be calculated using coordinates of O; as follows:
Earlier, we had calculated O = (1, 2)
For point BD;
185
x 1
1
2
Or , x  1  2
Or , x  1
y  4
2 
2
Or , y  4  4
Or , y  0
Hence, B = (1, 0) and D = (1, 4)
30.
P = (4, 6), Q = (3, 2), R (6, 5)
(b) What will be the coordinates of the vertices of triangle PQR if C is the origin?
Solution: P = (-12, -2), Q = (-13, -6), R = (-10,
(c) Also calculate the areas of the triangles in these cases. What do you observe?
Solution: Area of triangle PQR in case of origin A:
= ½ [x1(y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
= ½ [4(2 – 5) + 3 (5 – 6) + 6 (6 – 2)]
= ½ ( - 12 – 3 + 24
= 9/2 sq unit
Area of triangle PQR in case of origin C:
= ½ [x1(y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
= ½ [ -12( - 6 + 3) + - 13 (- 3 + 2) + - 10( - 2 + 6)]
= ½ ( 36 + 13 – 40)
= 9/2 sq unit
Area is same in both case because triangle remains the same no matter which point is
considered as origin.
186
31.
Point D divides AB in ratio 1 : 3

Point E divides AC in the same ratio.
Hence, m1 = 1 and m2 = 3
Coordinates of D can be calculated as follows:
m 1 x 2  m 2 x1
x 
m1  m 2
3 4  11 13
 
4 4
m 1 y 2  m 2 y1
y 
m1  m 2
3 6  1 5 23
 
4 4
Coordinates of E can be calculated as follows:
1 7  3 4 19
x  
4 4
1 2  3 6
y   5
4
Area of triangle ABC can be calculated as follows:
= ½ [x1(y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
= ½ [4(5 – 2) + 1( 2 – 6) + 7( 6 – 5)]
= ½ (12 – 4 + 7) = 15/2 sq unit
Area of triangle ADE can be calculated as follows:
= ½ [x1(y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
= ½ [4(23/4 – 5) + 13/4 (5 – 6) + 19/4 (6 – 23/4)]
= ½ (3 – 13/4 + 19/16)
= ½ x 15/16 = 15/32 sq unit
Hence, ratio of area of triangle ADE to area of triangle ABC = 1 : 16
187
32.
(a)Coordinates of D can be calculated as follows:

1 6 7
x  
2 2
4  5 9
y  
2 2
(b): Coordinates of P can be calculated as follows:
7
1 4  2 
2
x 
2
4  7 11
 
2 2
9
1 2  2 
2
y 
2
2  9 11
 
2 2
(c): Coordinates of E can be calculated as follows:
1 4 5
x  
2 2
4  2
y   3
2
Point Q and P would be coincident because medians of a triangle intersect each other at a
common point called centroid. Coordinate of Q can be given as follows:
5
1 6  2 
2 11
x  
2 2
1 5  2  3 11
y  
2 2
(d): Coordinates of P, Q and R are same which shows that medians intersect each other at a
common point.
(e): Looking at the coordinates of P in earlier sections of this question, coordinates of centroid
can be given as follows:
x1  x 2  x 3
x 
3
y1  y 2  y 3
y 
3
188
33.
Coordinates of P can be calculated as follows:
  1  1, 4  1   3
   1 
 2 2   2
Coordinates of Q can be calculated as follows:
5 1 4  4
 ,   ( 2 ,4 )
 2 2 
Coordinates of R can be calculated as follows:
5  5 4 1  3
 ,    5, 
 2 2   2
Coordinates of S can be calculated as follows:
5 1 11
 ,   2 ,  1
 2 2 
Length of PQ can be calculated as follows:
2
 3
2  1 
2
PQ   4  
 2
2
5
 ( 2  1)   
2
2
61

2
Similarly, QR can be calculated as follows:
2
3 
Or  (5  2 )    4
2
2 
2
5
   
2
3
2
61

2
The above values show that RS = PS, i.e. all sides are equal.
Now let us calculate the diagonals
2
3 3
PR  ( 5  1)    
2
2 2
  6
2
6
QS  (2  2)  (1  4)
2 2
  5  5
2
Hence, it is clear that while all sides are equal, diagonals are not equal. So, the given figure is a
rhombus
189
Introduction to
Trigonometry
Class 10 Introduction to Trigonometry Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. In Δ ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. Determine: (i) sin A, cos A (ii) sin C, Cos C
2. In Fig. 8.13, find tan P – cot R.
3. If sin A =3/4, calculate cos A and tan A.
4. Given 15 cot A = 8, find sin A and sec A.
5. Given sec θ = 13/12, calculate all other trigonometric ratios.
6. If ∠A and ∠B are acute angles such that cos A = cos B, then show that ∠A = ∠B.
7. If cot θ =7/8, evaluate:

(i)(1+sin θ )(1-sin θ)/ (1+cos θ)(1-cos θ)
(ii) cot2θ
8. If 3cot A = 4/3, check whether (1-tan2A)/ (1+tan2A) = cos2A – sin2A or not.
9. In triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A =1/√3, find the value of:

(i) sinAcosC+cosAsinC
(ii) cos Acos C – sinAsin C
10. In Δ PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P, cos P
and tan P.
11. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer. (i) The value of tan A is always
less than 1. (ii) sec A = 12 5 for some value of angle A. (iii) cos A is the abbreviation used for the
cosecant of angle A. (iv) cot A is the product of cot and A. (v) sin θ = 4 3 for some angle θ.
12. Evaluate the following:

(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
(ii) 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60°
(iii) cos 45°/(sec 30° + cosec 30°)
(iv) (sin 30° + tan 45° – cosec 60°)/(sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45°)
(v) (5cos260° + 4sec230° - tan245°)/(sin230° + cos230°)
191
13. Choose the correct option and justify your choice.
0
2 tan30
(i ) 
1  tan
2 0
30
a) sin600
b) cos600
c) tan600
d) sin300
1  tan
2 0
45
( ii ) 
1  tan
2 0
30
a) tan900
b) 1
c) sin450
d) 0
(iii ) sin2A  2sinA is true when A 

0
a) 0
b) 300
c) 450
d) 600
0
2 tan30
( iv ) 
1  tan
2 0
30
a) cos600
b) sin600
c) tan600
d) sin300
14. If tan (A + B) = √3 and tan (A – B) = 1/√3; 0° < A + B ≤ 90°; A > B, find A and B
15. State whether the following are true or false. Justify your answer.
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B.
(ii) The value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
(iii) The value of cos θ increases as θ increases.
(iv) sin θ = cos θ for all values of θ.
(v) cot A is not defined for A = 0°.
16. Evaluate :
(i) sin 18°/cos 72° (ii) tan 26°/cot 64° (iii) cos 48° – sin 42° (iv) cosec 31° – sec 59°
17. Show that :

(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67° = 1
(ii) cos 38° cos 52° – sin 38° sin 52° = 0
18. If tan 2A = cot (A – 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
192
19. If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.
20. If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
21. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that
sin (B+C/2) = cos A/2
22. Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.
23. Express the trigonometric ratios sin A , sec A and tan A in terms of cot A.
24. Write all the other trigonometric ratios of ∠A in terms of sec A
25. Evaluate:
(i)(sin263°+sin227°)/(cos217°+cos273°)
(ii) sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°
26. Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.

(i) 9 sec2A - 9 tan2A =
(A) 1 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 0
(ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) - 1
(iii) (secA + tanA) (1 - sinA) =
(A) secA (B) sinA (C) cosecA (D) cosA
2 2
(iv) 1+tan A/1+cot A =
(A) sec2A (B) -1 (C) cot2A (D) tan2A
27. Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles for which the
expressions are defined.
(i) (cosec θ - cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)
(ii) cos A/(1+sin A) + (1+sin A)/cos A = 2 sec A
(iii) tan θ/(1-cot θ) + cot θ/(1-tan θ) = 1 + sec θ cosec θ
[Hint : Write the expression in terms of sin θ and cos θ]
(iv) (1 + sec A)/sec A = sin2A/(1-cos A)
[Hint : Simplify LHS and RHS separately]
(v) (cos A–sin A+1)/(cos A+sin A–1) = cosec A + cot A,using the identity cosec2A = 1+cot2A.
1  sinA
( vi )  secA  tan A
1 - sinA
(vii) (sin θ - 2sin3θ)/(2cos3θ-cos θ) = tan θ
(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7+tan2A+cot2A
(ix) (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A+cotA)
[Hint : Simplify LHS and RHS separately]
(x) (1+tan2A/1+cot2A) = (1-tan A/1-cot A)2 = tan2A
193
SOLUTIONS
1.
In Δ ABC, ∠B = 90º
By Applying Pythagoras theorem, we get
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (24)2 + 72 = (576+49) cm2 = 625 cm2
⇒ AC = 25
(i) sin A = BC/AC = 7/25 ,cos A = AB/AC = 24/25
(ii) sin C = AB/AC = 24/25
cos C = BC/AC = 7/25
2.
By Applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔPQR, we get
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 = (13)2 = (12)2 + QR2 = 169 = 144 + QR2
⇒ QR2 = 25 ⇒ QR = 5 cm
Now,
tan P = QRPQ = 5/12
cot R = QR/PQ = 5/12
A/q
tan P – cot R = 5/12 - 5/12 = 0
3.
Let ΔABC be a right-angled triangle, right-angled at B.
We know that sin A = BC/AC = 3/4
Let BC be 3k and AC will be 4k where k is a positive real number.
By Pythagoras theorem we get,

AC2 = AB2 + BC2
(4k)2 = AB2 + (3k)2
16k2 - 9k2 = AB2
AB2 = 7k2
AB = √7 k
cos A = AB/AC = √7 k/4k = √7/4
tan A = BC/AB = 3k/√7 k = 3/√7
194
4.
We know that cot A = AB/BC = 8/15 (Given)
Let AB be 8k and BC will be 15k where k is a positive real number.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = (8k)2 + (15k)2
AC2 = 64k2 + 225k2
AC2 = 289k2
AC = 17 k
sin A = BC/AC = 15k/17k = 15/17
sec A = AC/AB = 17k/8 k = 17/8
5.
We know that sec θ = OP/OM = 13/12 (Given)
Let OP be 13k and OM will be 12k where k is a positive real number.
By Pythagoras theorem get

OP2 = OM2 + MP2
(13k)2 = (12k)2 + MP2
169k2 - 144k2 = MP2
MP2 = 25k2
MP = 5
Now,
sin θ = MP/OP = 5k/13k = 5/13
cos θ = OM/OP = 12k/13k = 12/13
tan θ = MP/OM = 5k/12k = 5/12
cot θ = OM/MP = 12k/5k = 12/5
cosec θ = OP/MP = 13k/5k = 13/5
195
6.
Let ΔABC in which CD ⊥ AB.
A/q,
cos A = cos B
⇒ AD/AC = BD/BC
⇒ AD/BD = AC/BC
Let AD/BD = AC/BC = k
⇒ AD = kBD .... (i)
⇒ AC = kBC .... (ii)
By applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔCAD and ΔCBD we get,
CD2 = AC2 - AD2 …. (iii)
and also CD2 = BC2 - BD2 …. (iv)
From equations (iii) and (iv) we get,
AC2 - AD2 = BC2 - BD2
⇒ (kBC)2 - (k BD)2 = BC2 - BD2
⇒ k2 (BC2 - BD2) = BC2 - BD2
⇒ k2 = 1
⇒k=1
Putting this value in equation (ii), we obtain
AC = BC
⇒ ∠A = ∠B (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal-isosceles triangle)
7.
Let ΔABC in which ∠B = 90º and ∠C = θ
A/q,
cot θ = BC/AB = 7/8
Let BC = 7k and AB = 8k, where k is a positive real number.
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔABC we get.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = (8k)2 + (7k)2
AC2 = 64k2 + 49k2
AC2 = 113k2
AC = √113 k
sin θ = AB/AC = 8k/√113 k = 8/√113
and cos θ = BC/AC = 7k/√113 k = 7/√113
(i) (1+sin θ ) (1-sin θ)/(1+cos θ)(1-cos θ) = (1-sin2θ)/(1-cos2θ) = {1 - (8/√113)2}/{1 - (7/√113)2}
= {1 - (64/113)} / {1 - (49/113)} = {(113 - 64)/113}/{(113 - 49)/113} = 49/64
(ii) cot2θ = (7/8)2 = 49/64
196
8.
Let ΔABC in which ∠B = 90º,
A/q,
cot A = AB/BC = 4/3
Let AB = 4k and BC = 3k, where k is a positive real number.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = (4k)2 + (3k)2
AC2 = 16k2 + 9k2
AC2 = 25k2
AC = 5k
tan A = BC/AB = 3/4
sin A = BC/AC = 3/5
cos A = AB/AC = 4/5
L.H.S. = (1-tan2A)/(1+tan2A) = 1- (3/4)2/1+ (3/4)2 = (1- 9/16)/(1+ 9/16) = (16-9)/(16+9) = 7/25
R.H.S. = cos2A – sin2A = (4/5)2 - (3/4)2 = (16/25) - (9/25) = 7/25
R.H.S. = L.H.S.
Hence, (1-tan2A)/(1+tan2A) = cos2A – sin2A
9.
Let ΔABC in which ∠B = 90º,
A/q,
Tan A=BC/AB =1√3

Let AB = √3 k and BC = k, where k is a positive real number.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = (√3 k)2 + (k)2
AC2 = 3k2 + k2
AC2 = 4k2
AC = 2k
sin A = BC/AC = 1/2 cos A = AB/AC = √3/2 ,
sin C = AB/AC = √3/2 cos A = BC/AC = 1/2
(i) sin A cos C + cos A sin C = (1/2×1/2) + (√3/2×√3/2) = 1/4+3/4 = 4/4 = 1
(ii) cos A cos C – sin A sin C = (√3/2×1/2) - (1/2×√3/2) = √3/4 - √3/4 = 0
197
10.
Given that, PR + QR = 25, PQ = 5
Let PR be x.
∴ QR = 25 - x
By, Pythagoras theorem

PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
x2 = (5)2 + (25 - x)2
x2 = 25 + 625 + x2 - 50x
50x = 650
x = 13
∴ PR = 13 cm
QR = (25 - 13) cm = 12 cm
sin P = QR/PR = 12/13
cos P = PQ/PR = 5/13
tan P = QR/PQ = 12/5
11.
(i) False.
In ΔABC in which ∠B = 90º,
AB = 3, BC = 4 and AC = 5
Value of tan A = 4/3 which is greater than.
The triangle can be formed with sides equal to 3, 4 and hypotenuse = 5 as
it will follow the Pythagoras theorem.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2

52 = 32 + 42
25 = 9 + 16
25 = 25
(ii) True.
198
Let a ΔABC in which ∠B = 90º, AC be 12k and AB be 5k, where k is a positive real number.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
(12k)2 = (5k)2 + BC2
BC2 + 25k2 = 144k2
BC2 = 119k2
Such a triangle is possible as it will follow the Pythagoras theorem.
(iii) False.
Abbreviation used for cosecant of angle A is cosec A.cos A is the abbreviation used for cosine of
angle A.
(iv) False.
cot A is not the product of cot and A. It is the cotangent of ∠A.
(v) False.
sin θ = Height/Hypotenuse
We know that in a right angled triangle, Hypotenuse is the longest side.
∴ sin θ will always less than 1 and it can never be 4/3 for any value of θ.
12.
(i) sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
= (√3/2×√3/2) + (1/2×1/2) = 3/4 + 1/4 = 4/4 = 1
(ii) 2 tan245° + cos230° – sin260°
= 2×(1)2 + (√3/2)2 - (√3/2)2 = 2
(iii) cos 45°/(sec 30° + cosec 30°)
= 1/√2/(2/√3 + 2) = 1/√2/{(2+2√3)/√3)
= √3/√2×(2+2√3) = √3/(2√2+2√6)
= √3(2√6-2√2)/(2√6+2√2)(2√6-2√2)
= 2√3(√6-√2)/(2√6)2-(2√2)2
= 2√3(√6-√2)/(24-8) = 2√3(√6-√2)/16
= √3(√6-√2)/8 = (√18-√6)/8 = (3√2-√6)/8
(iv) (sin 30° + tan 45° – cosec 60°)/(sec 30° + cos 60° + cot 45°)
= (1/2+1-2/√3)/(2/√3+1/2+1)
= (3/2-2/√3)/(3/2+2/√3)
= (3√3-4/2√3)/(3√3+4/2√3)
= (3√3-4)/(3√3+4)
= (3√3-4)(3√3-4)/(3√3+4)(3√3-4)
= (3√3-4)2/(3√3)2-(4)2
199
= (27+16-24√3)/(27-16)
= (43-24√3)/11]
(v) (5cos260° + 4sec230° - tan245°)/(sin230° + cos230°)
= 5(1/2)2+4(2/√3)2-12/(1/2)2+(√3/2)2
= (5/4+16/3-1)/(1/4+3/4)
= (15+64-12)/12/(4/4)
= 67/12
13.
(i) (A) is correct.
2tan 30°/1+tan230° = 2(1/√3)/1+(1/√3)2
= (2/√3)/(1+1/3) = (2/√3)/(4/3)
= 6/4√3 = √3/2 = sin 60°
(ii) (D) is correct.
1-tan245°/1+tan245° = (1-12)/(1+12)
= 0/2 = 0
(iii) (A) is correct.
sin 2A = 2 sin A is true when A =
= As sin 2A = sin 0° = 0
2 sin A = 2sin 0° = 2×0 = 0
or,
sin 2A = 2sin A cos A
⇒2sin A cos A = 2 sin A
⇒ 2cos A = 2 ⇒ cos A = 1
⇒ A = 0°
(iv) (C) is correct.
2tan30°/1-tan230° = 2(1/√3)/1-(1/√3)2
= (2/√3)/(1-1/3) = (2/√3)/(2/3) = √3 = tan 60°
14.
tan (A + B) = √3
⇒ tan (A + B) = tan 60°
⇒ (A + B) = 60° ... (i)
tan (A – B) = 1/√3
⇒ tan (A - B) = tan 30°
⇒ (A - B) = 30° ... (ii)
A + B + A - B = 60° + 30°
2A = 90°
A= 45°
Putting the value of A in equation (i)
45° + B = 60°
⇒ B = 60° - 45°
⇒ B = 15°
Thus, A = 45° and B = 15°
200
15.
(i) False.
Let A = 30° and B = 60°, then
sin (A + B) = sin (30° + 60°) = sin 90° = 1 and,
sin A + sin B = sin 30° + sin 60°
= 1/2 + √3/2 = 1+√3/2
(ii) True.
sin 0° = 0
sin 30° = 1/2
sin 45° = 1/√2
sin 60° = √3/2
sin 90° = 1
Thus the value of sin θ increases as θ increases.
(iii) False.
cos 0° = 1
cos 30° = √3/2
cos 45° = 1/√2
cos 60° = 1/2
cos 90° = 0
Thus the value of cos θ decreases as θ increases.
(iv)True.
cot A = cos A/sin A
cot 0° = cos 0°/sin 0° = 1/0 = undefined.
16.
(i) sin 18°/cos 72°
= sin (90° - 18°) /cos 72°
= cos 72° /cos 72° = 1
(ii) tan 26°/cot 64°
= tan (90° - 36°)/cot 64°
= cot 64°/cot 64° = 1
(iii) cos 48° - sin 42°
= cos (90° - 42°) - sin 42°
= sin 42° - sin 42° = 0
(iv) cosec 31° - sec 59°
= cosec (90° - 59°) - sec 59°
= sec 59° - sec 59° = 0
17.
(i) tan 48° tan 23° tan 42° tan 67°
= tan (90° - 42°) tan (90° - 67°) tan 42° tan 67°
= cot 42° cot 67° tan 42° tan 67°
= (cot 42° tan 42°) (cot 67° tan 67°) = 1×1 = 1
(ii) cos 38° cos 52° - sin 38° sin 52°
= cos (90° - 52°) cos (90°-38°) - sin 38° sin 52°
= sin 52° sin 38° - sin 38° sin 52° = 0
201
18.
A/q,
tan 2A = cot (A- 18°)
⇒ cot (90° - 2A) = cot (A -18°)
Equating angles,
⇒ 90° - 2A = A- 18° ⇒ 108° = 3A
⇒ A = 36°
19.
A/q,
tan A = cot B
⇒ tan A = tan (90° - B)
⇒ A = 90° - B
⇒ A + B = 90°
20.
A/q,
sec 4A = cosec (A - 20°)
⇒ cosec (90° - 4A) = cosec (A - 20°)
Equating angles,
90° - 4A= A- 20°
⇒ 110° = 5A
⇒ A = 22°
21.
In a triangle, sum of all the interior angles
A + B + C = 180°
⇒ B + C = 180° - A
⇒ (B+C)/2 = (180°-A)/2
⇒ (B+C)/2 = (90°-A/2)
⇒ sin (B+C)/2 = sin (90°-A/2)
⇒ sin (B+C)/2 = cos A/2
22.
sin 67° + cos 75°
= sin (90° - 23°) + cos (90° - 15°)
= cos 23° + sin 15°
202
23.
cosec2A - cot2A = 1
⇒ cosec2A = 1 + cot2A
⇒ 1/sin2A = 1 + cot2A
⇒sin2A = 1/(1+cot2A)
1
 sinA 
1  cot
2
A
Now,
sin2A = 1/(1+cot2A)
⇒ 1 - cos2A = 1/(1+cot2A)
⇒cos2A = 1 - 1/(1+cot2A)
⇒cos2A = (1-1+cot2A)/(1+cot2A)
⇒ 1/sec2A = cot2A/(1+cot2A)
⇒ secA = (1+cot2A)/cot2A
 1  cot
2
A
 secA 
cot A
also,
tan A = sin A/cos A and cot A = cos A/sin A
⇒ tan A = 1/cot A
24.
We know that,
sec A = 1/cos A
⇒ cos A = 1/sec A
also,
cos2A + sin2A = 1
⇒ sin2A = 1 - cos2A
⇒ sin2A = 1 - (1/sec2A)
⇒ sin2A = (sec2A-1)/sec2A
 A 1
2
sec
 sin A 
sec A
also,
sin A = 1/cosec A
⇒cosec A = 1/sin A
 secA
 cosecA 
A 1
2
sec
Now,
sec2A - tan2A = 1
⇒ tan2A = sec2A + 1
 tan A  sec A  1
2
also,
tan A = 1/cot A
203
⇒ cot A = 1/tan A
1
 cotA 
A 1
2
sec
25.
(i) (sin263° + sin227°)/(cos217° + cos273°)
= [sin2(90°-27°) + sin227°]/[cos2(90°-73°) + cos273°)]
= (cos227° + sin227°)/(sin227° + cos273°)
= 1/1 =1 (∵ sin2A + cos2A = 1)
(ii) sin 25° cos 65° + cos 25° sin 65°
= sin(90°-25°) cos 65° + cos(90°-65°) sin 65°
= cos 65° cos 65° + sin 65° sin 65°
= cos265° + sin265° = 1
26.
(i) (B) is correct.
9 sec2A - 9 tan2A
= 9 (sec2A - tan2A)
= 9×1 = 9 (∵ sec2 A - tan2 A = 1)
(ii) (C) is correct
(1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ - cosec θ)
= (1 + sin θ/cos θ + 1/cos θ) (1 + cos θ/sin θ - 1/sin θ)
= (cos θ+sin θ+1)/cos θ × (sin θ+cos θ-1)/sin θ
= (cos θ+sin θ)2-12/(cos θ sin θ)
= (cos2θ + sin2θ + 2cos θ sin θ -1)/(cos θ sin θ)
= (1+ 2cos θ sin θ -1)/(cos θ sin θ)
= (2cos θ sin θ)/(cos θ sin θ) = 2
(iii) (D) is correct.
(secA + tanA) (1 - sinA)
= (1/cos A + sin A/cos A) (1 - sinA)
= (1+sin A/cos A) (1 - sinA)
= (1 - sin2A)/cos A
= cos2A/cos A = cos A
(iv) (D) is correct.
1+tan2A/1+cot2A
= (1+1/cot2A)/1+cot2A
= (cot2A+1/cot2A)×(1/1+cot2A)
= 1/cot2A = tan2A
204
27.
(i) (cosec θ - cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)
L.H.S. = (cosec θ - cot θ)2
= (cosec2θ + cot2θ - 2cosec θ cot θ)
= (1/sin2θ + cos2θ/sin2θ - 2cos θ/sin2θ)
= (1 + cos2θ - 2cos θ)/(1 - cos2θ)
= (1-cos θ)2/(1 - cosθ)(1+cos θ)
= (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ) = R.H.S.
(ii) cos A/(1+sin A) + (1+sin A)/cos A = 2 sec A
L.H.S. = cos A/(1+sin A) + (1+sin A)/cos A
= [cos2A + (1+sin A)2]/(1+sin A)cos A
= (cos2A + sin2A + 1 + 2sin A)/(1+sin A)cos A
= (1 + 1 + 2sin A)/(1+sin A)cos A
= (2+ 2sin A)/(1+sin A)cos A
= 2(1+sin A)/(1+sin A)cos A
= 2/cos A = 2 sec A = R.H.S.
(iii) tan θ/(1-cot θ) + cot θ/(1-tan θ) = 1 + sec θ cosec θ
L.H.S. = tan θ/(1-cot θ) + cot θ/(1-tan θ)
= [(sin θ/cos θ)/1-(cos θ/sin θ)] + [(cos θ/sin θ)/1-(sin θ/cos θ)]
= [(sin θ/cos θ)/(sin θ-cos θ)/sin θ] + [(cos θ/sin θ)/(cos θ-sin θ)/cos θ]
= sin2θ/[cos θ(sin θ-cos θ)] + cos2θ/[sin θ(cos θ-sin θ)]
= sin2θ/[cos θ(sin θ-cos θ)] - cos2θ/[sin θ(sin θ-cos θ)]
= 1/(sin θ-cos θ) [(sin2θ/cos θ) - (cos2θ/sin θ)]
= 1/(sin θ-cos θ) × [(sin3θ - cos3θ)/sin θ cos θ]
= [(sin θ-cos θ)(sin2θ+cos2θ+sin θ cos θ)]/[(sin θ-cos θ)sin θ cos θ]
= (1 + sin θ cos θ)/sin θ cos θ
= 1/sin θ cos θ + 1
= 1 + sec θ cosec θ = R.H.S.
(iv) (1 + sec A)/sec A = sin2A/(1-cos A)
L.H.S. = (1 + sec A)/sec A
= (1 + 1/cos A)/1/cos A
= (cos A + 1)/cos A/1/cos A
= cos A + 1
R.H.S. = sin2A/(1-cos A)
= (1 - cos2A)/(1-cos A)
= (1-cos A)(1+cos A)/(1-cos A)
= cos A + 1
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(v) (cos A–sin A+1)/(cos A+sin A–1) = cosec A + cot A,using the identity cosec2A = 1+cot2A.
L.H.S. = (cos A–sin A+1)/(cos A+sin A–1)
Dividing Numerator and Denominator by sin A,
= (cos A–sin A+1)/sin A/(cos A+sin A–1)/sin A
= (cot A - 1 + cosec A)/(cot A+ 1 – cosec A)
= (cot A - cosec2A + cot2A + cosec A)/(cot A+ 1 – cosec A) (using cosec2A - cot2A = 1)
205
= [(cot A + cosec A) - (cosec2A - cot2A)]/(cot A+ 1 – cosec A)
= [(cot A + cosec A) - (cosec A + cot A)(cosec A - cot A)]/(1 – cosec A + cot A)
= (cot A + cosec A)(1 – cosec A + cot A)/(1 – cosec A + cot A)
= cot A + cosec A = R.H.S.
1  sinA
( vi )  sec A  tan A
1 - sinA
Dividing Numerator and Denominator of L.H.S. by cos A,

1 sinA
 
cosA cosA sec A  tan A

1 sinA sec A  tan A

cosA cosA
sec A  tan A sec A  tan A

sec A  tan A sec A  tan A
(sec A  tan A )
2
sec A  tan A
 
A  tan
2 2
sec A 1
= sec A + tan A = R.H.S.

(vii) (sin θ - 2sin3θ)/(2cos3θ-cos θ) = tan θ
L.H.S. = (sin θ - 2sin3θ)/(2cos3θ - cos θ)
= [sin θ(1 - 2sin2θ)]/[cos θ(2cos2θ- 1)]
= sin θ[1 - 2(1-cos2θ)]/[cos θ(2cos2θ -1)]
= [sin θ(2cos2θ -1)]/[cos θ(2cos2θ -1)]
= tan θ = R.H.S.
(viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7+tan2A+cot2A
L.H.S. = (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
= (sin2A + cosec2A + 2 sin A cosec A) + (cos2A + sec2A + 2 cos A sec A)
= (sin2A + cos2A) + 2 sin A(1/sin A) + 2 cos A(1/cos A) + 1 + tan2A + 1 + cot2A
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + tan2A + cot2A
= 7+tan2A+cot2A = R.H.S.
(ix) (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A+cotA)
L.H.S. = (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A)
= (1/sin A - sin A)(1/cos A - cos A)
= [(1-sin2A)/sin A][(1-cos2A)/cos A]
= (cos2A/sin A)×(sin2A/cos A)
= cos A sin A
206
R.H.S. = 1/(tan A+cotA)

= 1/(sin A/cos A +cos A/sin A)
= 1/[(sin2A+cos2A)/sin A cos A]
= cos A sin A
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(x) (1+tan2A/1+cot2A) = (1-tan A/1-cot A)2 = tan2A
L.H.S. = (1+tan2A/1+cot2A)
= (1+tan2A/1+1/tan2A)
= 1+tan2A/[(1+tan2A)/tan2A]
= tan2A
207
Some Applications of
Trigonometry
Class 10 Some Applications of Trigonometry Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. A circus artist is climbing a 20 m long rope, which is tightly stretched and tied from the top of a
vertical pole to the ground. Find the height of the pole, if the angle made by the rope with the
ground level is 30°
2. A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree touches the
ground making an angle 30° with it. The distance between the foot of the tree to the point where
the top touches the ground is 8 m. Find the height of the tree
3. A contractor plans to install two slides for the children to play in a park. For the children below
the age of 5 years, she prefers to have a slide whose top is at a height of 1.5 m, and is inclined at
an angle of 30° to the ground, whereas for elder children, she wants to have a steep slide at a
height of 3 m, and inclined at an angle of 60° to the ground. What should be the length of the slide
in each case?
4. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground, which is 30 m away from
the foot of the tower, is 30°. Find the height of the tower.
5. A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above the ground. The string attached to the kite is temporarily
tied to a point on the ground. The inclination of the string with the ground is 60°. Find the length
of the string, assuming that there is no slack in the string.
6. A 1.5 m tall boy is standing at some distance from a 30 m tall building. The angle of elevation from
his eyes to the top of the building increases from 30° to 60° as he walks towards the building. Find
the distance he walked towards the building.
7. From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of the bottom and the top of a transmission
tower fixed at the top of a 20 m high building are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the
tower
8. A statue, 1.6 m tall, stands on the top of a pedestal. From a point on the ground, the angle of
elevation of the top of the statue is 60° and from the same point the angle of elevation of the top
of the pedestal is 45°. Find the height of the pedestal.
9. The angle of elevation of the top of a building from the foot of the tower is 30° and the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower from the foot of the building is 60°. If the tower is 50 m high,
find the height of the building.
10. Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite each other on either side of the road, which is
80 m wide. From a point between them on the road, the angles of elevation of the top of the
poles are 60° and 30°, respectively. Find the height of the poles and the distances of the point
from the poles.
209
11. A TV tower stands vertically on a bank of a canal. From a point on the other bank directly
opposite the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 60°. From another point 20
m away from this point on the line joining this point to the foot of the tower, the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower is 30° . Find the height of the tower and the width of the canal.
12. From the top of a 7 m high building, the angle of elevation of the top of a cable tower is 60° and
the angle of depression of its foot is 45°. Determine the height of the tower.
13. As observed from the top of a 75 m high lighthouse from the sea-level, the angles of depression
of two ships are 30° and 45°. If one ship is exactly behind the other on the same side of the
lighthouse, find the distance between the two ships.
14. A 1.2 m tall girl spots a balloon moving with the wind in a horizontal line at a height of 88.2 m
from the ground.The angle of elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the girl at any instant is
60°. After some time, the angle of elevation reduces to 30° . Find the distance travelled by the
balloon during the interval.
15. A straight highway leads to the foot of a tower. A man standing at the top of the tower observes
a car at an angle of depression of 30°, which is approaching the foot of the tower with a uniform
speed. Six seconds later, the angle of depression of the car is found to be 60°. Find the time
taken by the car to reach the foot of the tower from this point.
16. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and 9 m from
the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary. Prove that the
height of the tower is 6 m.
210
SOLUTIONS
1.
Let AB be the vertical pole Ac be 20 m long rope tied to point C.
In right ΔABC,
sin 30° = AB/AC
⇒ 1/2 = AB/20
⇒ AB = 20/2
⇒ AB = 10
The height of the pole is 10 m.
2
Let AC be the broken part of the tree.
∴ Total height of the tree = AB+AC
In right ΔABC,
cos 30° = BC/AC
⇒ √3/2 = 8/AC
⇒ AC = 16/√3
Also,
tan 30° = AB/BC
⇒ 1/√3 = AB/8
⇒ AB = 8/√3
Total height of the tree = AB+AC = 16/√3 + 8/√3 = 24/√3 = 8√3
3.
There are two slides of height 1.5 m and 3 m. (Given)
Let AB is 1.5 m and PQ be 3 m slides.
ABC is the slide inclined at 30° with length AC and PQR is the slide inclined at
60° with length PR.
As per question,
In right ΔABC,
sin 30° = AB/AC
⇒ 1/2 = 1.5/AC
⇒ AC = 3m
also,
In right ΔPQR,
sin 60° = PQ/PR
⇒ √3/2 = 3/PR
⇒ PR = 2√3 m
Hence, length of the slides are 3 m and 2√3 m respectively
211
4.
Let AB be the height of the tower and C is the point elevation which is 30 m away from the foot
of the tower.
As per question ,
In right  ABC
tan 30° = AB/BC
⇒ 1/√3 = AB/30
⇒ AB = 10√3
Thus, the height of the tower is 10√3 m.
5.
Let BC be the height of the kite from the ground,
AC be the inclined length of the string from the ground and A is the point where string of the kite
is tied.
As per question
In right  ABC
sin 60° = BC/AC
⇒ √3/2 = 60/AC
⇒ AC = 40√3 m
Thus, the length of the string from the ground is 40√3 m
212
6.
Let the boy initially standing at point Y with inclination 30° and then he approaches the building
to
the point X with inclination 60°.
∴ XY is the distance he walked towards the building.
also, XY = CD.
Height of the building = AZ = 30 m
AB = AZ - BZ = (30 - 1.5) = 28.5 m
As per question,
In right  ABD
tan 30° = AB/BD
⇒ 1/√3 = 28.5/BD
⇒ BD = 28.5√3 m
also,
In right ΔABC,
tan 60° = AB/BC
⇒ √3 = 28.5/BC
⇒ BC = 28.5/√3 = 28.5√3/3 m
∴ XY = CD = BD - BC = (28.5√3 - 28.5√3/3) = 28.5√3(1-1/3) = 28.5√3 × 2/3 = 57/√3 m.
Thus, the distance boy walked towards the building is 57/√3 m
213
7.
Let BC be the 20 m high building.
D is the point on the ground from where the elevation is taken.
Height of transmission tower = AB = AC - BC
As per question,
In right ΔBCD,
tan 45° = BC/CD
⇒ 1 = 20/CD
⇒ CD = 20 m
also,
In right ΔACD,
tan 60° = AC/CD
⇒ √3 = AC/20
⇒ AC = 20√3 m
Height of transmission tower = AB = AC - BC = (20√3 - 20) m = 20(√3 - 1) m.
214
8.
Let AB be the height of statue.
D is the point on the ground from where the elevation is taken.
Height of pedestal = BC = AC - AB
As per question,
In right ΔBCD,
tan 45° = BC/CD
⇒ 1 = BC/CD
⇒ BC = CD.
also,
In right ΔACD,
tan 60° = AC/CD
⇒ √3 = AB+BC/CD
⇒ √3CD = 1.6 m + BC
⇒ √3BC = 1.6 m + BC
⇒ √3BC - BC = 1.6 m
⇒ BC(√3-1) = 1.6 m
⇒ BC = 1.6/(√3-1) m
⇒ BC = 0.8(√3+1) m
Thus, the height of the pedestal is 0.8(√3+1) m.
9.
Let CD be the height of the tower equal to 50 m (Given)
Let AB be the height of the building.
BC be the distance between the foot of the building and the tower.
Elevation is 30° and 60° from the tower and the building respectively.
As per question,
In right ΔBCD,
tan 60° = CD/BC
⇒ √3 = 50/BC
⇒ BC = 50/√3
also,
In right ΔABC,
tan 30° = AB/BC
⇒ 1/√3 = AB/BC
⇒ AB = 50/3
Thus, the height of the building is 50/3.
215
10.
Let AB and CD be the poles of equal height.
O is the point between them from where the height of elevation taken.
BD is the distance between the poles.
As per question,
AB = CD,
OB + OD = 80 m
Now,
In right ΔCDO,
tan 30° = CD/OD
⇒ 1/√3 = CD/OD
⇒ CD = OD/√3 ... (i)
also,
In right ΔABO,
tan 60° = AB/OB
⇒ √3 = AB/(80-OD)
⇒ AB = √3(80-OD)
AB = CD (Given)
⇒ √3(80-OD) = OD/√3
⇒ 3(80-OD) = OD
⇒ 240 - 3 OD = OD
⇒ 4 OD = 240
⇒ OD = 60
Putting the value of OD in equation (i)
CD = OD/√3 ⇒ CD = 60/√3 ⇒ CD = 20√3 m
also,
OB + OD = 80 m ⇒ OB = (80-60) m = 20 m
Thus, the height of the poles are 20√3 m and distance from the point of elevation are 20 m and
60 m respectively.
216
11.
Here, AB is the height of the tower.
CD = 20 m (given)
As per question,
In right ΔABD,
tan 30° = AB/BD
⇒ 1/√3 = AB/(20+BC)
⇒ AB = (20+BC)/√3 ... (i)
also,
In right ΔABC,
tan 60° = AB/BC
⇒ √3 = AB/BC
⇒ AB = √3 BC ... (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
AB = √3 BC = (20+BC)/√3
⇒ 3 BC = 20 + BC
⇒ 2 BC = 20 ⇒ BC = 10 m
Putting the value of BC in equation (ii)
AB = 10√3 m
Thus, the height of the tower 10√3 m and the width of the canal is 10 m.
12.
Let AB be the building of height 7 m and EC be the height of tower.
A is the point from where elevation of tower is 60° and the angle of depression of its foot is 45°
EC = DE + CD
also, CD = AB = 7 m.
and BC = AD
A/q,
In right ΔABC,
tan 45° = AB/BC
⇒ 1= 7/BC
⇒ BC = 7 m = AD
also,
In right ΔADE,
tan 60° = DE/AD
⇒ √3 = DE/7
⇒ DE = 7√3 m
Height of the tower = EC = DE + CD
= (7√3 + 7) m = 7(√3+1) m
217
13.
Let AB be the lighthouse of height 75 m.
Let C and D be the positions of the ships.
30° and 45° are the angles of depression from the lighthouse.
As per question,
In right ΔABC,
tan 45° = AB/BC
⇒ 1= 75/BC
⇒ BC = 75 m
also,
In right ΔABD,
tan 30° = AB/BD
⇒ 1/√3 = 75/BD
⇒ BD = 75√3 m
The distance between the two ships = CD = BD - BC = (75√3 - 75) m = 75(√3-1) m.
14.
Let the initial position of the balloon be A and final position be B.
Height of balloon above the girl height = 88.2 m - 1.2 m = 87 m
Distance travelled by the balloon =
DE = CE - CD
As per question
In right ΔBEC,
tan 30° = BE/CE

⇒ 1/√3= 87/CE
⇒ CE = 87√3 m
also,
In right ΔADC,
tan 60° = AD/CD
⇒ √3= 87/CD
⇒ CD = 87/√3 m = 29√3 m
Distance travelled by the balloon = DE = CE - CD = (87√3 - 29√3) m = 29√3(3 - 1) m = 58√3 m.
218
15.
Let AB be the tower.
D is the initial and C is the final position of the car respectively.
Angles of depression are measured from A.
BC is the distance from the foot of the tower to the car
A/q,
In right ΔABC,
tan 60° = AB/BC
⇒ √3 = AB/BC
⇒ BC = AB/√3 m
also,
In right ΔABD,
tan 30° = AB/BD
⇒ 1/√3 = AB/(BC + CD)
⇒ AB√3 = BC + CD
⇒ AB√3 = AB/√3 + CD
⇒ CD = AB√3 - AB/√3
⇒ CD = AB(√3 - 1/√3)
⇒ CD = 2AB/√3
Here, distance of BC is half of CD. Thus, the time taken is also half.
Time taken by car to travel distance CD = 6 sec.
Time taken by car to travel BC = 6/2 = 3 sec.
219
16.
Let AB be the tower.
C and D be the two points with distance 4 m and 9 m from the base respectively.
As per question,
In right ΔABC,
tan x = AB/BC
⇒ tan x = AB/4
⇒ AB = 4 tan x ... (i)
also,
In right ΔABD,
tan (90°-x) = AB/BD
⇒ cot x = AB/9
⇒ AB = 9 cot x ... (ii)
Multiplying equation (i) and (ii)
AB2 = 9 cot x × 4 tan x
⇒ AB2 = 36
⇒ AB = ± 6
Height cannot be negative. Therefore, the height of the tower is 6 m. Hence Proved.
220
Circles
Class 10 Circles Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. How many tangents can a circle have?
2. Fill in the blanks:

(i) A tangent to a circle intersects it in ............... point(s).
(ii) A line intersecting a circle in two points is called a.............
(iii) A circle can have ............... parallel tangents at the most.
(iv) The common point of a tangent to a circle and the circle is called............
3. A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5 cm meets a line through the centre O at

a point Q so that OQ = 12 cm. Length PQ is :
(A) 12 cm (B) 13 cm (C) 8.5 cm (D) √119 cm
4. Draw a circle and two lines parallel to a given line such that one is a tangent and the
other, a secant to the circle.
5. From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24 cm and the distance of Q from the
centre is 25 cm. The radius of the circle is
(A) 7 cm (B) 12 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 24.5 cm
6. In Fig. 10.11, if TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre O so that ∠POQ = 110°, then
∠PTQ is equal to
(A) 60° (B) 70° (C) 80° (D) 90°
7. If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at angle of
80°,then ∠POA is equal to
(A) 50° (B) 60° (C) 70° (D) 80°
8. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle are parallel.
9. Prove that the perpendicular at the point of contact to the tangent to a circle passes through the
centre
10. The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cm. Find
the radius of the circle.
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11. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the
larger circle which touches the smaller circle.
12. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle (see Fig. 10.12). Prove that AB + CD = AD +
BC
13. In Fig. 10.13, XY and X′Y′ are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent
AB with point of contact C intersecting XY at A and X′Y′ at B. Prove that ∠ AOB = 90°
14. Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the
Centre
15. Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
16. A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 4 cm such that the segments BD and
DC into which BC is divided by the point of contact D are of lengths 8 cm and 6 cm respectively
(see Fig. 10.14). Find the sides AB and AC.
17. Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles
at the center of the circle.
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SOLUTIONS
1. A circle can have infinite tangents.
2. (i) one
(ii) Secant
(iii) Two
(iv)Point of contact
3. The line drawn from the centre of the circle to the tangent is perpendicular to the tangent.
∴ OP ⊥ PQ
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔOPQ,
OQ2 = OP2 + PQ2
⇒ (12)2 = 52 + PQ2
⇒PQ2 = 144 - 25
⇒PQ2 = 119
⇒PQ = √119 cm
(D) is the correct option.
4.
AB and XY are two parallel lines where AB is the tangent to the circle at point C while XY is the
secant to the circle.
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5. The line drawn from the centre of the circle to the tangent is perpendicular to the tangent.
∴ OP ⊥ PQ
also, ΔOPQ is right angled.
OQ = 25 cm and PQ = 24 cm (Given)
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔOPQ,
OQ2 = OP2 + PQ2
⇒ (25)2 = OP2 + (24)2
⇒OP2 = 625 - 576
⇒OP2 = 49
⇒OP = 7 cm
The radius of the circle is option (A) 7 cm.
6. OP and OQ are radii of the circle to the tangents TP and TQ respectively.

∴ OP ⊥ TP and,
∴ OQ ⊥ TQ
∠OPT = ∠OQT = 90°
In quadrilateral POQT,
Sum of all interior angles = 360°
∠PTQ + ∠OPT + ∠POQ + ∠OQT = 360°
⇒ ∠PTQ + 90° + 110° + 90° = 360°
⇒ ∠PTQ = 70°
∠PTQ is equal to option (B) 70°.
7. OA and OB are radii of the circle to the tangents PA and PB respectively.

∴ OA ⊥ PA and,
∴ OB ⊥ PB
∠OBP = ∠OAP = 90°
In quadrilateral AOBP,
Sum of all interior angles = 360°
∠AOB + ∠OBP + ∠OAP + ∠APB = 360°
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⇒ ∠AOB + 90° + 90° + 80° = 360°

⇒ ∠AOB = 100°
Now,
In ΔOPB and ΔOPA,
AP = BP (Tangents from a point are equal)
OA = OB (Radii of the circle)
OP = OP (Common side)
∴ ΔOPB ≅ ΔOPA (by SSS congruence condition)
Thus ∠POB = ∠POA
∠AOB = ∠POB + ∠POA
⇒ 2 ∠POA = ∠AOB
⇒ ∠POA = 100°/2 = 50°
∠POA is equal to option (A) 50°
8. Let AB be a diameter of the circle. Two tangents PQ and RS are drawn at points A and B
respectively.
Radii of the circle to the tangents will be perpendicular to it.
∴ OA ⊥ RS and,
∴ OB ⊥ PQ
∠OAR = ∠OAS = ∠OBP = ∠OBQ = 90º
From the figure,
∠OAR = ∠OBQ (Alternate interior angles)
∠OAS = ∠OBP (Alternate interior angles)
Since alternate interior angles are equal,
lines PQ and RS will be parallel.
Hence Proved that the tangents drawn at
the ends of a diameter of a circle are parallel.
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9. Let AB be the tangent to the circle at point P with centre O.
We have to prove that PQ passes through the point O.
Suppose that PQ doesn't passes through point O. Join OP.
Through O, draw a straight line CD parallel to the tangent AB.
PQ intersect CD at R and also intersect AB at P.
AS, CD // AB PQ is the line of intersection,
∠ORP = ∠RPA (Alternate interior angles but also,
∠RPA = 90° (PQ ⊥ AB)

⇒ ∠ORP = 90°
∠ROP + ∠OPA = 180° (Co-interior angles)
⇒∠ROP + 90° = 180°
⇒∠ROP = 90°
Thus, the ΔORP has 2 right angles i.e. ∠ORP and ∠ROP which is not possible.
Hence, our supposition is wrong.
∴ PQ passes through the point O.
10. AB is a tangent drawn on this circle from point A.
∴ OB ⊥ AB
OA = 5cm and AB = 4 cm (Given)
In ΔABO,
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔABO,
OA2 = AB2 + BO2
⇒ 52 = 42 + BO2
⇒ BO2 = 25 - 16
⇒ BO2 = 9
⇒ BO = 3
∴ The radius of the circle is 3 cm.
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11. Let the two concentric circles with centre O.
AB be the chord of the larger circle which touches the smaller circle at point P.
∴ AB is tangent to the smaller circle to the point P.
⇒ OP ⊥ AB
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔOPA,
OA2 = AP2 + OP2
⇒ 52 = AP2 + 32
⇒ AP2 = 25 - 9
⇒ AP = 4
In ΔOPB,
Since OP ⊥ AB,
AP = PB (Perpendicular from the centre of the circle bisects the chord)
AB = 2AP = 2 × 4 = 8 cm
∴ The length of the chord of the larger circle is 8 cm.
12. From the figure we observe that,

DR = DS (Tangents on the circle from point D) … (i)
AP = AS (Tangents on the circle from point A) … (ii)
BP = BQ (Tangents on the circle from point B) … (iii)
CR = CQ (Tangents on the circle from point C) … (iv)
228
Adding all these equations,
DR + AP + BP + CR = DS + AS + BQ + CQ
⇒ (BP + AP) + (DR + CR) = (DS + AS) + (CQ + BQ)
⇒ CD + AB = AD + BC
13. We joined O and C
A/q,
In ΔOPA and ΔOCA,
OP = OC (Radii of the same circle)
AP = AC (Tangents from point A)
AO = AO (Common side)
∴ ΔOPA ≅ ΔOCA (SSS congruence criterion)
⇒ ∠POA = ∠COA … (i)
Similarly,
ΔOQB ≅ ΔOCB
∠QOB = ∠COB … (ii)
Since POQ is a diameter of the circle, it is a straight line.
∴ ∠POA + ∠COA + ∠COB + ∠QOB = 180 º
From equations (i) and (ii),
2∠COA + 2∠COB = 180º
⇒ ∠COA + ∠COB = 90º
⇒ ∠AOB = 90°
14. Consider a circle with centre O. Let P be an external point from which two tangents PA and PB
are drawn to the circle which are touching the circle at point A and B respectively and AB is the
line segment, joining point of contacts A and B together such that it subtends ∠AOB at center O
of the circle.
OA ⊥ PA
∴ ∠OAP = 90°
Similarly, OB ⊥ PB
∴ ∠OBP = 90°
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In quadrilateral OAPB,
Sum of all interior angles = 360º
∠OAP +∠APB +∠PBO +∠BOA = 360º
⇒ 90º + ∠APB + 90º + ∠BOA = 360º
⇒ ∠APB + ∠BOA = 180º
∴ The angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is supplementary
to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the centre.
15. ABCD is a parallelogram,

∴ AB = CD ... (i)
∴ BC = AD ... (ii)
From the figure, we observe that,

DR = DS (Tangents to the circle at D)
CR = CQ (Tangents to the circle at C)
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BP = BQ (Tangents to the circle at B)
AP = AS (Tangents to the circle at A)
Adding all these,
DR + CR + BP + AP = DS + CQ + BQ + AS
⇒ (DR + CR) + (BP + AP) =
(DS + AS) + (CQ + BQ)
⇒ CD + AB = AD + BC ... (iii)
Putting the value of (i) and (ii) in equation (iii) we get,
2AB = 2BC
⇒ AB = BC ... (iv)
By Comparing equations (i), (ii), and (iv) we get,
AB = BC = CD = DA
∴ ABCD is a rhombus.
16. In ΔABC,
Length of two tangents drawn from the same point to the circle are equal,
∴ CF = CD = 6cm
∴ BE = BD = 8cm
∴ AE = AF = x
We observed that,
AB = AE + EB = x + 8
BC = BD + DC = 8 + 6 = 14
CA = CF + FA = 6 + x
Now semi perimeter of circle s,
⇒ 2s = AB + BC + CA
= x + 8 + 14 + 6 + x
= 28 + 2x
⇒s = 14 + x
Area of ΔABC = √s (s - a)(s - b)(s - c)
= √(14 + x) (14 + x - 14)(14 + x - x - 6)(14 + x - x - 8)
= √(14 + x) (x)(8)(6)
= √(14 + x) 48 x ... (i)
also, Area of ΔABC = 2×area of (ΔAOF + ΔCOD + ΔDOB)
= 2×[(1/2×OF×AF) + (1/2×CD×OD) + (1/2×DB×OD)]
= 2×1/2 (4x + 24 + 32) = 56 + 4x ... (ii)
Equating equation (i) and (ii) we get,
√(14 + x) 48 x = 56 + 4x
Squaring both sides,
48x (14 + x) = (56 + 4x)2
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⇒ 48x = [4(14 + x)]2/(14 + x)

⇒ 48x = 16 (14 + x)
⇒ 48x = 224 + 16x
⇒ 32x = 224
⇒ x = 7 cm
Hence, AB = x + 8 = 7 + 8 = 15 cm
CA = 6 + x = 6 + 7 = 13 cm
17. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle with O such that it touches the circle at point
P, Q, R, S. Join the vertices of the quadrilateral ABCD to the center of the circle.
In ΔOAP and ΔOAS,
AP = AS (Tangents from the same point)
OP = OS (Radii of the circle)
OA = OA (Common side)
ΔOAP ≅ ΔOAS (SSS congruence condition)
∴ ∠POA = ∠AOS
⇒∠1 = ∠8
Similarly we get,
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∠2 = ∠3
∠4 = ∠5
∠6 = ∠7
Adding all these angles,
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 + ∠7 +∠8 = 360º
⇒ (∠1 + ∠8) + (∠2 + ∠3) + (∠4 + ∠5) + (∠6 + ∠7) = 360º
⇒ 2 ∠1 + 2 ∠2 + 2 ∠5 + 2 ∠6 = 360º
⇒ 2(∠1 + ∠2) + 2(∠5 + ∠6) = 360º
⇒ (∠1 + ∠2) + (∠5 + ∠6) = 180º
⇒ ∠AOB + ∠COD = 180º
Similarly, we can prove that ∠ BOC + ∠ DOA = 180º
Hence, opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles at
the centre of the circle.
233
Constructions
Class 10 Constructions Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. Draw a line segment of length 7.6 cm and divide it in the ratio 5:8. Measure the two parts. give
the justification of the construction also
2. Construct a triangle of sides 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm and then a triangle similar to it whose sides are
2/3 of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
3. Construct a triangle with sides 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm and then another triangle whose sides are 7/5
of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.
4. Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 8 cm and altitude 4 cm and then another triangle
whose sides are 1.5 times the corresponding sides of the isosceles triangle
5. Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 6 cm, AB = 5 cm and ∠ABC = 60°. Then construct a triangle
whose sides are 3/4 of the corresponding sides of the triangle ABC.
6. Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 7 cm, ∠B = 45°, ∠A = 105°. Then, construct a triangle whose
sides are 4/3 times the corresponding sides of Δ ABC.
7. Draw a right triangle in which the sides (other than hypotenuse) are of lengths 4 cm and 3 cm.
Then construct another triangle whose sides are 5/3 times the corresponding sides of the given
triangle
8. Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. From a point 10 cm away from its centre, construct the pair of
tangents to the circle and measure their lengths.
9. Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius 6 cm
and measure its length. Also verify the measurement by actual calculation.
10. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Take two points P and Q on one of its extended diameter each at a
distance of 7 cm from its centre. Draw tangents to the circle from these two points P and Q
11. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 5 cm which are inclined to each other at an angle of
60°.
12. Draw a line segment AB of length 8 cm. Taking A as center, draw a circle of radius 4 cm and
taking B as center, draw another circle of radius 3 cm. Construct tangents to each circle from the
center of the other circle.
13. Let ABC be a right triangle in which AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm and ∠B = 90°. BD is the perpendicular
from B on AC. The circle through B, C, D is drawn. Construct the tangents from A to this circle
235
SOLUTIONS
1.
Steps of Construction:
Step I: AB = 7.6 cm is drawn.
Step II: A ray AX making an acute angle with AB is drawn.

Step III: After that, a ray BY is drawn parallel to AX making equal acute angle as in the previous
step.
Step IV: Point A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 is marked on AX and point B1, B2.... to B8 is marked on BY
such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3=....A4A5 BB1= B1B2 = .... B7B8
Step V: A5 and B8 is joined and it intersected AB at point C diving it in the ratio 5:8.
AC : CB = 5 : 8
2. Steps of Construction:
Step I: AB = 6 cm is drawn.
Step II: With A as a centre and radius equal to 4 cm, an arc is draw.
Step III: Again, with B as a centre and radius equal to 5 cm an arc is drawn on same side of AB
intersecting previous arc at C.
Step IV: AC and BC are joined to form ΔABC.
Step V: A ray AX is drawn making an acute angle with AB below it.
Step VI: 5 equal points (sum of the ratio = 2 + 3 =5) is marked on AX as A1 A2....A5
Step VII: A5B is joined. A2B' is drawn parallel to A5B and B'C' is drawn parallel to BC.
ΔAB'C' is the required triangle
Justification:
∠A(Common)
∠C = ∠C' and ∠B = ∠ B' (corresponding angles)
Thus ΔAB'C' ~ ΔABC by AAA similarity condition
From the figure,
AB'/AB = AA2/AA5 = 2/3
AB' =2/3 AB
AC' = 2/3 AC
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3.
Step I: A triangle ABC with sides 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm is drawn.
Step II: A ray BX making an acute angle with BC is drawn opposite to vertex A.
Step III: 7 points as B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 and B7 are marked on BX.
Step IV; Point B5 is joined with C to draw B5C.
Step V: B7C' is drawn parallel to B5C and C'A' is parallel to CA.
Thus A'BC' is the required triangle.
Justification
ΔAB'C' ~ ΔABC by AAA similarity condition
∴ AB/A'B = AC/A'C' = BC/BC'
and BC/BC' = BB5/BB7 = 5/7
∴A'B/AB = A'C'/AC = = BC'/BC = 7/5
4.
Step I: BC = 8 cm is drawn.
Step II: Perpendicular bisector of BC is drawn and it intersect BC at O.
Step III: At a distance of 4 cm, a point A is marked on perpendicular bisector of BC.
Step IV: AB and AC is joined to form ΔABC.

Step V: A ray BX is drawn making an acute angle with BC opposite to vertex A.
Step VI: 3 points B1 B2 and B3 is marked BX.
Step VII: B2 is joined with C to form B2C.
Step VIII: B3C' is drawn parallel to B2C and C'A' is drawn parallel to CA.
Thus, A'BC' is the required triangle formed.
237
Justification:
ΔAB'C' ~ ΔABC by AA similarity condition.
∴ AB/AB' = BC/B'C' = AC/AC'
also,
AB/AB' = AA2/AA3 = 2/3
⇒ AB' = 3/2 AB, B'C' = 3/2 BC and AC' = 3/2 AC
5.
Step II: At point B, AB = 5 cm is drawn making an
∠ABC = 60° with BC.
Step III: AC is joined to form ΔABC.
Step IV: A ray BX is drawn making an acute angle with BC opposite to vertex A.
Step V: 4 points B1 B2 B3 and B4 at equal distance is marked on BX.
Step VII: B3 is joined with C' to form B3C'.
Step VIII: C'A' is drawn parallel CA.
Thus, A'BC' is the required triangle.
Justification:
∠A = 60° (Common)
∠C = ∠C'
∴ AB/AB' = BC/B'C' = AC/AC'
also,
AB/AB' = AA3/AA4 = 4/3
⇒ AB' = 3/4 AB, B'C' = 3/4 BC and AC' = 3/4 AC
238
6.
Sum of all side of triangle = 180°
∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠C = 180° - 150° = 30°
Step II: At B, a ray is drawn making an angle of 45° with BC.
Step III: At C, a ray making an angle of 30° with BC is drawn intersecting the previous ray at A.
Thus, ∠A = 105°.
Step IV: A ray BX is drawn making an acute angle with BC opposite to vertex A.
Step V: 4 points B1 B2 B3 and B4 at equal distance is marked on BX.
Step VI: B3C is joined and B4C' is made parallel to B3C.
Step VII: C'A' is made parallel CA.
Thus, A'BC' is the required triangle.
Justification:
∠B = 45° (Common)
∠C = ∠C'
∴ BC/BC' = AB/A'B' = AC/A'C'
also,
BC/BC' = BB3/BB4 = 34
⇒ AB = 4/3 AB', BC = 4/3 BC' and AC = 4/3 A'C'
7.
Step II: At B, A ray making an angle of 90° with BC is drawn.
Step III: With B as centre and radius equal to 4 cm, an arc is made on previous ray intersecting it
at point A.
239
Step IV: AC is joined to form ΔABC.
Step V: A ray BX is drawn making an acute angle with BC opposite to vertex A.
Step VI: 5 points B1 B2 B3 B4 and B5 at equal distance is marked on BX.
Step VII: B3C is joined B5C' is made parallel to B3C.
Step VIII: A'C' is joined together.
Thus, ΔA'BC' is the required triangle.
8.
Step I: With O as a centre and radius equal to 6 cm, a circle is drawn.
Step II: A point P at a distance of 10 cm from the centre O is taken. OP is joined.
Step III: Perpendicular bisector OP is drawn and let it intersected at M.

Step IV: With M as a centre and OM as a radius, a circle is drawn intersecting previous circle at Q
and R.
Step V: PQ and PR are joined.
Thus, PQ and PR are the tangents to the circle.
On measuring the length, tangents are equal to 8 cm.
PQ = PR = 8cm.
Justification:
OQ is joined.
∠PQO = 90° (Angle in the semi circle)
∴ OQ ⊥ PQ
Therefore, OQ is the radius of the circle then PQ has to be a tangent of the circle.
Similarly, PR is a tangent of the circle.
240
9.
Step II: With O as a centre and radius equal to 6 cm, a concentric circle is drawn.
Step III: P be any point on the circle of radius 6 cm and OP is joined.
Step IV: Perpendicular bisector of OP is drawn which cuts it at M
Step V: With M as a centre and OM as a radius, a circle is drawn which intersect the the circle of
radius 4 cm at Q and R
Step VI: PQ and PR are joined.
Thus, PQ and PR are the two tangents.
Measurement:
OQ = 4 cm (Radius of the circle)
PQ = 6 cm ( Radius of the circle)
Applying Pythagoras theorem in ΔPQO,
PQ2 + QO2 = PO2
⇒ PQ2 + 42= 62
⇒ PQ2 + 16 = 36
⇒ PQ2 = 36 - 16
⇒ PQ2 = 20
⇒ PQ = 2√5
Justification:
∴ OQ ⊥ PQ
Therefore, OQ is the radius of the circle then PQ has to be a tangent of the circle.
Similarly, PR is a tangent of the circle.
241
10.
Step II: The diameter of the circle is extended both sides and an arc is made to cut it at 7 cm.
Step III: Perpendicular bisector of OP and OQ is drawn and x and y be its mid-point.
Step IV: With O as a center and Ox be its radius, a circle is drawn which intersected the previous
circle at M and N.
Step V: Step IV is repeated with O as center and OY as radius and it intersected the circle at R
and T.
Step VI: PM and PN are joined also QR and QT are joined.
Thus, PM and PN are tangents to the circle from P and QR and QT are tangents to the circle
from point Q.
Justification:
∠PMO = 90° (Angle in the semi-circle)
∴ OM ⊥ PM
Therefore, OM is the radius of the circle then PM has to be a tangent of the circle.
Similarly, PN, QR and QT are tangents of the circle.
11.
We know that radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangents.
Sum of all the 4 angles of quadrilateral = 360°
∴ Angle between the radius (∠O) = 360° - (90° + 90° + 60°) = 120°
Step I: A point Q is taken on the circumference of the circle and OQ is joined. OQ is radius of the
circle.
Step II: Draw another radius OR making an angle equal to 120° with the previous one.
Step III: A point P is taken outside the circle. QP and PR are joined which is perpendicular OQ and
OR.
242
Thus, QP and PR are the required tangents inclined to each other at an angle of 60°.
Justification:
Sum of all angles in the quadrilateral PQOR = 360°
∠QOR + ∠ORP + ∠OQR + ∠RPQ = 360°
⇒ 120° + 90° + 90° + ∠RPQ = 360°
⇒∠RPQ = 360° - 300°
⇒∠RPQ = 60°
Hence, QP and PR are tangents inclined to each other at an angle of 60°.
12.
Step I: A line segment AB of 8 cm is drawn.
Step II: With A as center and radius equal to 4 cm, a circle is drawn which cut the line at point O.
Step III: With B as a center and radius equal to 3 cm, a circle is drawn.
Step IV: With O as a center and OA as a radius, a circle is drawn which intersect
the previous two circles at P, Q and R, S.
Step V: AP, AQ, BR and BS are joined.
Thus, AP, AQ, BR and BS are the required tangents.
Justification:
∠BPA = 90° (Angle in the semi-circle)
∴ AP ⊥ PB
Therefore, BP is the radius of the circle then AP has to be a tangent of the circle.
Similarly, AQ, BR and BS are tangents of the circle.
243
13.
Step I: A ΔABC is drawn.
Step II: Perpendicular to AC is drawn to point B which intersected it at D.
Step III: With O as a center and OC as a radius, a circle is drawn. The circle through B, C, D is
drawn.
Step IV: OA is joined and a circle is drawn with diameter OA which intersected the previous circle
at B and E.
Step V: AE is joined.
Thus, AB and AE are the required tangents to the circle from A.
Justification:
∠OEA = 90° (Angle in the semi-circle)
∴ OE ⊥ AE
Therefore, OE is the radius of the circle then AE has to be a tangent of the circle.
Similarly, AB is tangent of the circle.
244
Areas Related to
Circles
Class 10 Areas Related to Circles Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. The radii of two circles are 19 cm and 9 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle which has
circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two circles.
2. The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle having area
equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.
3. Fig. 12.3 depicts an archery target marked with its five scoring regions from the centre outwards
as Gold, Red, Blue, Black and White. The diameter of the region representing Gold score is 21 cm
and each of the other bands is 10.5 cm wide. Find the area of each of the five scoring regions.
4. The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete revolutions does each wheel
make in 10 minutes when the car is travelling at a speed of 66 km per hour?
5. Tick the correct answer in the following and justify your choice: If the perimeter and the area of a
circle are numerically equal, then the radius of the circle is
(A) 2 units (B) π units (C) 4 units (D) 7 units
6. Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 6 cm if angle of the sector is 60°.
7. Find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 22 cm.
8. The length of the minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. Find the area swept by the minute hand in 5
minutes.
9. A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends a right angle at the centre. Find the area of the
corresponding: (i) minor segment (ii) major sector. (Use π = 3.14)
10. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find: (i) the length of
the arc (ii) area of the sector formed by the arc (iii) area of the segment formed by the
corresponding chord
11. A chord of a circle of radius 15 cm subtends an angle of 60° at the center. Find the areas of the
corresponding minor and major segments of the circle. (Use π = 3.14 and √3 = 1.73)
12. A chord of a circle of radius 12 cm subtends an angle of 120° at the center. Find the area of
the corresponding segment of the circle. (Use π = 3.14 and √3 = 1.73)
246
13. A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of side 15 m by means of a
5m long rope (see Fig. 12.11). Find
(i) The area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze.
(ii) The increase in the grazing area if the rope were 10 m long instead of 5 m. (Use π = 3.14)
14. A brooch is made with silver wire in the form of a circle with diameter 35 mm. The wire is also
used in making 5 diameters which divide the circle into 10 equal sectors as shown in Fig. 12.12.
Find:
(i) The total length of the silver wire required.
(ii) The area of each sector of the brooch.
15. An umbrella has 8 ribs which are equally spaced (see Fig. 12.13). Assuming umbrella to be a flat
circle of radius 45 cm, find the area between the two consecutive ribs of the umbrella.
247
16. A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length 25 cm sweeping
through an angle of 115°. Find the total area cleaned at each sweep of the blades.
17. To warn ships for underwater rocks, a lighthouse spreads a red coloured light over a sector of
angle 80° to a distance of 16.5 km. Find the area of the sea over which the ships are warned.
(Use π = 3.14)
18. A round table cover has six equal designs as shown in Fig. 12.14. If the radius of the cover is 28
cm, find the cost of making the designs at the rate of 0.35 per cm2 . (Use √3 = 1.7)
19. Tick the correct answer in the following:

Area of a sector of angle p (in degrees) of a circle with radius R is
(A) p/180 × 2πR (B) p/180 × π R2 (C) p/360 × 2πR (D) p/720 × 2πR2
20. Find the area of the shaded region in Fig. 12.19, if PQ = 24 cm, PR = 7 cm and O is the centre of
the circle.
21. Find the area of the shaded region in Fig. 12.20, if radii of the two concentric circles with centre
O are 7 cm and 14 cm respectively and ∠AOC = 40°.
248
22. Find the area of the shaded region in Fig. 12.21, if ABCD is a square of side 14 cm and APD and
BPC are semicircles.
23. Find the area of the shaded region in Fig. 12.22, where a circular arc of radius 6 cm has been
drawn with vertex O of an equilateral triangle OAB of side 12 cm as centre.
24. From each corner of a square of side 4 cm a quadrant of a circle of radius 1 cm is cut and also a
circle of diameter 2 cm is cut as shown in Fig. 12.23. Find the area of the remaining portion of
the square.
25. In a circular table cover of radius 32 cm, a design is formed leaving an equilateral triangle ABC in
the middle as shown in Fig. 12.24. Find the area of the design.
249
26. In Fig. 12.25, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. With centres A, B, C and D, four circles are drawn
such that each circle touches externally two of the remaining three circles. Find the area of the
shaded region.
27. Fig. 12.26 depicts a racing track whose left and right ends are semi-circular.
The distance between the two inner parallel line segments is 60 m and they are each 106 m long.
If the track is 10 m wide, find:
(i) The distance around the track along its inner edge
(ii) The area of the track.
28. In Fig. 12.27, AB and CD are two diameters of a circle (with center O) perpendicular to each other
and OD is the diameter of the smaller circle. If OA = 7 cm, find the area of the shaded region.
250
29. The area of an equilateral triangle ABC is 17320.5 cm2. With each vertex of the triangle as centre,
a circle is drawn with radius equal to half the length of the side of the triangle (see Fig. 12.28).
Find the area of the shaded region. (Use π = 3.14 and √3 = 1.73205)
30. On a square handkerchief, nine circular designs each of radius 7 cm are made (see Fig. 12.29).
Find the area of the remaining portion of the handkerchief.
31. In Fig. 12.30, OACB is a quadrant of a circle with centre O and radius 3.5 cm. If OD = 2 cm, find
the area of the
(i) quadrant OACB, (ii) shaded region.
251
32. In Fig. 12.31, a square OABC is inscribed in a quadrant OPBQ. If OA = 20 cm, find the area of the
shaded region. (Use π = 3.14)
33. AB and CD are respectively arcs of two concentric circles of radii 21 cm and 7 cm and centre O
(see Fig. 12.32). If ∠AOB = 30°, find the area of the shaded region.
34. In Fig. 12.33, ABC is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm and a semicircle is drawn with BC
as diameter. Find the area of the shaded region.
252
35. Calculate the area of the designed region in Fig. 12.34 common between the two quadrants of
circles of radius 8 cm each.
253
SOLUTIONS
1.
Let the radius of the third circle be R.
Circumference of the circle with radius R = 2πR
Circumference of the circle with radius 19 cm = 2π × 19 = 38π cm
Circumference of the circle with radius 9 cm = 2π × 9 = 18π cm
Sum of the circumference of two circles = 38π + 18π = 56π cm
Circumference of the third circle = 2πR = 56π
⇒ 2πR = 56π cm
⇒ R = 28 cm
The radius of the circle which has circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the
two circles is 28 cm.
2.
Let the radius of the third circle be R.
Area of the circle with radius R = πR2
Area of the circle with radius 8 cm = π × 82 = 64π cm2
Area of the circle with radius 6 cm = π × 62 = 36π cm2
Sum of the area of two circles = 64π cm2 + 36π cm2 = 100π cm2
Area of the third circle = πR2 = 100π cm2
⇒ πR2 = 100π cm2
⇒ R2 = 100 cm2
⇒ R = 10 cm
Thus, the radius of the new circle is 10 cm.
3.
Diameter of Gold circle (first circle) = 21 cm
Radius of first circle, r1 = 21/2 cm = 10.5 cm
Each of the other bands is 10.5 cm wide,
∴ Radius of second circle, r2 = 10.5 cm + 10.5 cm = 21 cm
∴ Radius of third circle, r3 = 21 cm + 10.5 cm = 31.5 cm
∴ Radius of fourth circle, r4 = 31.5 cm + 10.5 cm = 42 cm
∴ Radius of fifth circle, r5 = 42 cm + 10.5 cm = 52.5 cm
Area of gold region = π r12 = π (10.5)2 = 346.5 cm2
Area of red region = Area of second circle - Area of first circle = π r22 - 346.5 cm2
= π(21)2 - 346.5 cm2 = 1386 - 346.5 cm2 = 1039.5 cm2
Area of blue region = Area of third circle - Area of second circle = π r32 - 1386 cm2
= π(31.5)2 - 1386 cm2 = 3118.5 - 1386 cm2 = 1732.5 cm2
Area of black region = Area of fourth circle - Area of third circle = π r32 - 3118.5 cm2
= π(42)2 - 1386 cm2 = 5544 - 3118.5 cm2 = 2425.5 cm2
Area of white region = Area of fifth circle - Area of fourth circle = π r42 - 5544 cm2
= π(52.5)2 - 5544 cm2 = 8662.5 - 5544 cm2 = 3118.5 cm2
254
4.
Diameter of the wheels of a car = 80 cm
Circumference of wheels = 2πr = 2r × π = 80 π cm
Distance travelled by car in 10 minutes = (66 × 1000 × 100 × 10)/60 = 110000 cm/s
No. of revolutions = Distance travelled by car/Circumference of wheels
= 1100000/80 π = (1100000 × 7)/ (80×22) = 4375
4375 complete revolutions, each wheel make in 10 minutes.
5.
Let the radius of the circle be r.
∴ Perimeter of the circle = Circumference of the circle = 2πr
∴ Area of the circle = π r2
A/q,
2πr = π r2
⇒2=r
Thus, the radius of the circle is 2 units. (A) is correct.
6.
Area of the sector making angle θ = (θ/360°)×π r2
Area of the sector making angle 60° = (60°/360°)×π r2 cm2
= (1/6) ×62π = 36/6 π cm2 = 6 × 22/7 cm2 = 132/7 cm2
7.
Quadrant of a circle means sector is making angle 90°.
Circumference of the circle = 2πr = 22 cm
Radius of the circle = r = 22/2π cm = 7/2 cm
Area of the sector making angle 90° = (90°/360°)×π r2 cm2
= (1/4) × (7/2)2π = (49/16) π cm2 = (49/16) × (22/7) cm2 = 77/8 cm2
8.
Here, Minute hand of clock acts as radius of the circle.
∴ Radius of the circle (r) = 14 cm
Angle rotated by minute hand in 1 hour = 360°
∴ Angle rotated by minute hand in 5 minutes = 360° × 5/60 = 30°
Area of the sector making angle 30° = (30°/360°) ×π r2 cm2
= (1/12) × 142π = 196/12 π cm2 = (49/3) × (22/7) cm2 = 154/3 cm2
Area swept by the minute hand in 5 minutes = 154/3 cm2
255
9.
Radius of the circle = 10 cm
Major segment is making 360° - 90° = 270°
Area of the sector making angle 270°
= (270°/360°) × π r2 cm2
= (3/4) × 102π = 75 π cm2
= 75 × 3.14 cm2 = 235.5 cm2
∴ Area of the major segment = 235.5 cm2
Height of ΔAOB = OA = 10 cm
Base of ΔAOB = OB = 10 cm
Area of ΔAOB = 1/2 × OA × OB
= 1/2 ×10 × 10 = 50 cm2
Major segment is making 90°
Area of the sector making angle 90°
= (90°/360°) × π r2 cm2
= (1/4) × 102π = 25 π cm2
= 25 × 3.14 cm2
= 78.5 cm2
Area of the minor segment = Area of the sector making angle 90° - Area of ΔAOB
= 78.5 cm2 - 50 cm2 = 28.5 cm2
10
(i) ΔAOB is isosceles as two sides are equal.
∴ ∠A = ∠B
Sum of all angles of triangle = 180°
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
⇒ 2 ∠A = 180° - 60°
⇒∠A = 120°/2
⇒∠A = 60°
Triangle is equilateral as ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
OA = OB = AB = 21 cm
The length of the arc is 21 cm.
(ii) Angle subtend by the arc = 60°
Area of the sector making angle 60° = (60°/360°) × π r2 cm2
= (1/6) × 212π = 441/6 π cm2
= 441/6 × 22/7 cm2 = 231 cm2
∴ Area of the sector formed by the arc is 231 cm2
(iii) Area of equilateral ΔAOB = √3/4 × (OA) 2 = √3/4 × 212 = (441√3)/4 cm2
Area of the segment formed by the corresponding chord
= Area of the sector formed by the arc - Area of equilateral ΔAOB
= 231 cm2 - (441√3)/4 cm2
256
11.
ΔAOB is isosceles as two sides are equal.
∴ ∠A = ∠B
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
⇒ 2 ∠A = 180° - 60°
⇒∠A = 120°/2
⇒∠A = 60°
∴ OA = OB = AB = 15 cm
Area of equilateral ΔAOB = √3/4 × (OA) 2 = √3/4 × 152
= (225√3)/4 cm2 = 97.3 cm2
Angle subtend at the centre by minor segment = 60°

Area of Minor sector making angle 60° = (60°/360°) × π r2 cm2
= (1/6) × 152 π cm2 = 225/6 π cm2
= (225/6) × 3.14 cm2 = 117.75 cm2
Area of the minor segment = Area of Minor sector - Area of equilateral ΔAOB
= 117.75 cm2 - 97.3 cm2 = 20.4 cm2
Angle made by Major sector = 360° - 60° = 300°
= (5/6) × 152 π cm2 = 1125 /6 π cm2
= (1125/6) × 3.14 cm2 = 588.75 cm2
Area of major segment = Area of Minor sector + Area of equilateral ΔAOB
= 588.75 cm2 + 97.3 cm2 = 686.05 cm2
257
12.
Radius of the circle, r = 12 cm
Draw a perpendicular OD to chord AB. It will bisect AB.
∠A = 180° - (90° + 60°) = 30°
cos 30° = AD/OA
⇒ √3/2 = AD/12
⇒ AD = 6√3 cm
⇒ AB = 2 × AD = 12√3 cm
sin 30° = OD/OA
⇒ 1/2 = OD/12
⇒ OD = 6 cm
Area of ΔAOB = 1/2 × base × height
= 1/2 × 12√3 × 6 = 36√3 cm
= 36 × 1.73 = 62.28 cm2
Angle made by Minor sector = 120°

= (1/3) × 122 π cm2 = 144/3 π cm2
= 48 × 3.14 cm2 = 150.72 cm2
∴ Area of the corresponding Minor segment = Area of the Minor sector - Area of ΔAOB
= 150.72 cm2 - 62.28 cm2
= 88.44 cm2
258
13.
Side of square field = 15 m
Length of rope is the radius of the circle, r = 5 m
Since, the horse is tied at one end of square field; it will graze only quarter of the field with
radius 5 m.
(i) Area of circle = π r2 = 3.14 × 52 = 78.5 m2
Area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze = 1/4 of area of the circle = 78.5/4 =
19.625 m2
(ii) Area of circle if the length of rope is increased to 10 m = π r2 = 3.14 × 102 = 314 m2
Area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze = 1/4 of area of the circle
= 314/4 = 78.5 m2
Increase in grazing area = 78.5 m - 19.625 m = 58.875 m2
2 2
14
Number of diameters = 5
Length of diameter = 35 mm
∴ Radius = 35/2 mm
(i) Total length of silver wire required = Circumference of the circle + Length of 5 diameter
= 2π r + (5×35) mm = (2 × 22/7 × 35/2) + 175 mm
= 110 + 175 mm = 185 mm
(ii) Number of sectors = 10
Area of each sector = Total area/Number of sectors
Total Area = π r2 = 22/7 × (35/2)2 = 1925/2 mm2
∴ Area of each sector = (1925/2) × 1/10 = 385/4 mm2
15.
Number of ribs in umbrella = 8
Radius of umbrella while flat = 45 cm
Area between the two consecutive ribs of the umbrella =
Total area/Number of ribs
Total Area = π r = 22/7 × (45)2 = 6364.29 cm2
2
∴ Area between the two consecutive ribs = 6364.29/8 cm2

= 795.5 cm2
16.
Angle of the sector of circle made by wiper = 115°
Radius of wiper = 25 cm
Area of the sector made by wiper = (115°/360°) × π r2 cm2
= 23/72 × 22/7 × 252 = 23/72 × 22/7 × 625 cm2
= 158125/252 cm2
Total area cleaned at each sweep of the blades = 2 ×158125/252 cm2 = 158125/126 = 1254.96
cm2
259
17.
Let O bet the position of Lighthouse.
Distance over which light spread i.e. radius, r = 16.5 km
Angle made by the sector = 80°
Area of the sea over which the ships are warned = Area made by the sector.
Area of sector = (80°/360°) × π r2 km2
= 2/9 × 3.14 × (16.5)2 km2
= 189.97 km2
18
Number of equal designs = 6
Radius of round table cover = 28 cm
Cost of making design = 0.35 per cm2
∠O = 360°/6 = 60°
ΔAOB is isosceles as two sides are equal. (Radius of the circle)
∴ ∠A = ∠B
∠A + ∠B + ∠O = 180°
⇒ 2 ∠A = 180° - 60°
⇒∠A = 120°/2
⇒∠A = 60°
Area of equilateral ΔAOB = √3/4 × (OA)2 = √3/4 × 282 = 333.2 cm2
Area of sector ACB = (60°/360°) × π r2 cm2
= 1/6 × 22/7 × 28 × 28 = 410.66 cm2
Area of design = Area of sector ACB - Area of equilateral ΔAOB
= 410.66 cm2 - 333.2 cm2 = 77.46 cm2
Area of 6 design = 6 × 77.46 cm2 = 464.76 cm2
Total cost of making design = 464.76 cm2 × 0.35 per cm2 =Rs. 162.66
19.
Area of a sector of angle p = p/360 × π R2
= p/360 × 2/2 × π R2
= 2p/720 × 2πR2
Hence, Option (D) is correct.
260
20.
PQ = 24 cm and PR = 7 cm
∠P = 90° (Angle in the semi-circle)
∴ QR is hypotenuse of the circle = Diameter of the circle.
QR2 = PR2 + PQ2
⇒ QR2 = 72 + 242
⇒ QR2 = 49 + 576
⇒ QR2 = 625
⇒ QR = 25 cm
∴ Radius of the circle = 25/2 cm
Area of the semicircle = (π R2)/2
= (22/7 × 25/2 × 25/2)/2 cm2
= 13750/56 cm2 = 245.54 cm2
Area of the ΔPQR = 1/2 × PR × PQ
= 1/2 × 7 × 24 cm2
= 84 cm2
Area of the shaded region = 245.54 cm2 - 84 cm2 = 161.54 cm2
21.
Radius inner circle = 7 cm
Radius of outer circle = 14 cm
Angle made by sector = 40°
Area of the sector OAC = (40°/360°) × π r2 cm2
= 2/9 × 22/7 × 142 = 136.89 cm2
Area of the sector OBD = (40°/360°) × π r2 cm2

= 2/9 × 22/7 × 72 = 34.22 cm2
Area of the shaded region ABDC = Area of the sector OAC - Area of the sector circle OBD
= 136.89 cm2 - 34.22 cm2 = 102.67 cm2
261
22.
There are two semicircles in the figure.
Side of the square = 14 cm
Diameter of the semicircle = 14 cm
∴ Radius of the semicircle = 7 cm
Area of the square = 14 × 14 = 196 cm2
Area of the semicircle = (π R2)/2
= (22/7 × 7 × 7)/2 cm2 = 77 cm2
Area of two semicircles = 2 × 154 cm2 = 154 cm2
Area of the shaded region = 196 cm2 - 154 cm2 = 42 cm2
23.
OAB is an equilateral triangle with each angle equal to 60°.
Area of the sector is common in both.
Radius of the circle = 6 cm.
Side of the triangle = 12 cm.
Area of the equilateral triangle = √3/4 × (OA)2 = √3/4 × 122 = 36√3 cm2
Area of the circle = π R2 = 22/7 × 62 = 792/7 cm2
= 1/6 × 22/7 × 62 cm2 = 132/7 cm2
Area of the shaded region = Area of the equilateral triangle + Area of the circle - Area of the
sector
= 36√3 cm2 + 792/7 cm2 - 132/7 cm2
= (36√3 + 660/7) cm2
24.
Side of the square = 4 cm
Four quadrant of a circle are cut from corner and one circle of radius is cut from middle.
Area of square = (side)2 = 42 = 16 cm2
Area of the quadrant = (π R2)/4 cm2 = (22/7 × 12)/4 = 11/14 cm2

∴ Total area of the 4 quadrants = 4 × (11/14) cm2 = 22/7 cm2
Area of the circle = π R2 cm2 = (22/7 × 12) = 22/7 cm2
Area of the shaded region = Area of square - (Area of the 4 quadrants + Area of the circle)
= 16 cm2 - (22/7 + 22/7) cm2
= 68/7 cm2
262
25.
Draw a median AD of the triangle passing through the centre of the circle.
⇒ BD = AB/2
Since, AD is the median of the triangle
∴ AO = Radius of the circle = 2/3 AD
⇒ 2/3 AD = 32 cm
⇒ AD = 48 cm
In, ΔADB,
AB2 = AD2 + BD2
⇒ AB2 = 482 + (AB/2)2
⇒ AB2 = 2304 + AB2/4
⇒ 3/4 (AB2) = 2304
⇒ AB2 = 3072
⇒ AB = 32√3 cm
Area of ΔADB = √3/4 × (32√3)2 cm2 = 768√3 cm2
Area of circle = π R2 = 22/7 × 32 × 32 = 22528/7 cm2
Area of the design = Area of circle - Area of ΔADB

= (22528/7 - 768√3) cm2
26.
Side of square = 14 cm
Four quadrants are included in the four sides of the square.
∴ Radius of the circles = 14/2 cm = 7 cm
Area of the square ABCD = 142 = 196 cm2
Area of the quadrant = (π R2)/4 cm2 = (22/7 × 72)/4 cm2
= 77/2 cm2
Total area of the quadrant = 4 × 77/2 cm2 = 154 cm2
Area of the shaded region = Area of the square ABCD - Area of the quadrant
= 196 cm2 - 154 cm2
= 42 cm2
263
27.
Width of track = 10 m
Distance between two parallel lines = 60 m
Length of parallel tracks = 106 m
DE = CF = 60 m
Radius of inner semicircle, r = OD = O'C
= 60/2 m = 30 m
Radius of outer semicircle, R = OA = O'B
= 30 + 10 m = 40 m
Also, AB = CD = EF = GH = 106 m
Distance around the track along its inner edge = CD + EF + 2 × (Circumference of inner semicircle)
= 106 + 106 + (2 × πr) m = 212 + (2 × 22/7 × 30) m
= 212 + 1320/7 m = 2804/7 m
Area of the track = Area of ABCD + Area EFGH + 2 × (area of outer semicircle) - 2 × (area of inner
semicircle)
= (AB × CD) + (EF × GH) + 2 × (πr2/2) - 2 × (πR2/2) m2
= (106 × 10) + (106 × 10) + 2 × π/2 (r2 -R2) m2
= 2120 + 22/7 × 70 × 10 m2
= 4320 m2
27.
Radius of larger circle, R = 7 cm
Radius of smaller circle, r = 7/2 cm
Height of ΔBCA = OC = 7 cm
Base of ΔBCA = AB = 14 cm
Area of ΔBCA = 1/2 × AB × OC = 1/2 × 7 × 14 = 49 cm2
Area of larger circle = πR2 = 22/7 × 72 = 154 cm2
Area of larger semicircle = 154/2 cm2 = 77 cm2
Area of smaller circle = πr2 = 22/7 × 7/2 × 7/2 = 77/2 cm2
Area of the shaded region = Area of larger circle - Area of triangle - Area of larger
semicircle + Area of smaller circle
Area of the shaded region = (154 - 49 - 77 + 77/2) cm2
= 133/2 cm2 = 66.5 cm2
264
28
ABC is an equilateral triangle.
∴∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
There are three sectors each making 60°.
Area of ΔABC = 17320.5 cm2
⇒ √3/4 × (side) 2 = 17320.5
⇒ (side)2 = 17320.5 × 4/1.73205
⇒ (side)2 = 4 × 104
⇒ side = 200 cm
Radius of the circles = 200/2 cm = 100 cm
Area of the sector = (60°/360°) × π r2 cm2
= 1/6 × 3.14 × (100)2 cm2
= 15700/3 cm2
Area of 3 sectors = 3 × 15700/3 = 15700 cm2
Area of the shaded region = Area of equilateral triangle ABC - Area of 3 sectors
= 17320.5 - 15700 cm2 = 1620.5 cm2
29.
Number of circular design = 9
Radius of the circular design = 7 cm
There are three circles in one side of square handkerchief.
∴ Side of the square = 3 × diameter of circle = 3 × 14 = 42 cm
Area of the square = 42 × 42 cm2 = 1764 cm2
Area of the circle = π r2 = 22/7 × 7 × 7 = 154 cm2

Total area of the design = 9 × 154 = 1386 cm2
Area of the remaining portion of the handkerchief = Area of the square - Total area of the design
= 1764 - 1386 = 378 cm2
30.
Radius of the quadrant = 3.5 cm = 7/2 cm
(i) Area of quadrant OACB = (πR2)/4 cm2
= (22/7 × 7/2 × 7/2)/4 cm2
= 77/8 cm2
(ii) Area of triangle BOD = 1/2 × 7/2 × 2 cm2
= 7/2 cm2
Area of shaded region = Area of quadrant - Area of triangle BOD
= (77/8 - 7/2) cm2 = 49/8 cm2
= 6.125 cm2
265
31.
Side of square = OA = AB = 20 cm
Radius of the quadrant = OB
OAB is right angled triangle
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔOAB ,
OB2 = AB2 + OA2
⇒ OB2 = 202 + 202
⇒ OB2 = 400 + 400
⇒ OB2 = 800
⇒ OB = 20√2 cm
Area of the quadrant = (πR2)/4 cm2 = 3.14/4 × (20√2)2 cm2 = 628 cm2
Area of the square = 20 × 20 = 400 cm2
Area of the shaded region = Area of the quadrant - Area of the square
= 628 - 400 cm2 = 228 cm2
32.
Radius of the larger circle, R = 21 cm
Radius of the smaller circle, r = 7 cm
Angle made by sectors of both concentric circles = 30°
Area of the larger sector = (30°/360°) × π R2 cm2
= 1/12 × 22/7 × 212 cm2
= 231/2 cm2
Area of the smaller circle = (30°/360°) × π r2 cm2
= 1/12 × 22/7 × 72 cm2
= 77/6 cm2
Area of the shaded region = 231/2 - 77/6 cm2

= 616/6 cm2 = 308/3 cm2
33.
Radius of the the quadrant ABC of circle = 14 cm
AB = AC = 14 cm
BC is diameter of semicircle.
ABC is right angled triangle.
By Pythagoras theorem in ΔABC,
BC2 = AB2 + AC2
⇒ BC2 = 142 + 142
⇒ BC = 14√2 cm
Radius of semicircle = 14√2/2 cm = 7√2 cm
Area of ΔABC = 1/2 × 14 × 14 = 98 cm2
Area of quadrant = 1/4 × 22/7 × 14 × 14 = 154 cm2
Area of the semicircle = 1/2 × 22/7 × 7√2 × 7√2 = 154 cm2
Area of the shaded region = Area of the semicircle + Area of ΔABC - Area of quadrant
= 154 + 98 - 154 cm2 = 98 cm2
266
34.
AB = BC = CD = AD = 8 cm
Area of ΔABC = Area of ΔADC = 1/2 × 8 × 8 = 32 cm2
Area of quadrant AECB = Area of quadrant AFCD = 1/4 × 22/7 × 82
= 352/7 cm2
Area of shaded region = (Area of quadrant AECB - Area of ΔABC) + (Area of quadrant AFCD - Area
of ΔADC)
= (352/7 - 32) + (352/7 -32) cm2
= 2 × (352/7 -32) cm2
= 256 /7 cm2
267
Surface Areas and
Volumes
Class 10 Surface Areas and Volumes Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. 2 cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the resulting
cuboid.
2. A vessel is in the form of a hollow hemisphere mounted by a hollow cylinder. The diameter of the
hemisphere is 14 cm and the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the inner surface area of the
vessel.
3. A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of same radius. The total
height of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface area of the toy.
4. A cubical block of side 7 cm is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the greatest diameter the
hemisphere can have? Find the surface area of the solid.
5. A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden block such that the
diameter d of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube. Determine the surface area of the
remaining solid.
269
6. A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its ends.
The length of the entire capsule is 14 mm and the diameter of the capsule is 5 mm. Find its
surface area.
7. A tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top. If the height and diameter of the
cylindrical part are 2.1 m and 4 m respectively, and the slant height of the top is 2.8 m, find the
area of the canvas used for making the tent. Also, find the cost of the canvas of the tent at the
rate of Rs 500 per m2. (Note that the base of the tent will not be covered with canvas.)
8. From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of the same
height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the remaining solid to
the nearest cm2.
9. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid cylinder, as
shown in figure. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm, and its base is of radius 3.5 cm, find the total
surface area of the article.
10. A solid is in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both their radii being equal to 1
cm and the height of the cone is equal to its radius. Find the volume of the solid in terms of π.
270
11. Rachel, an engineering student, was asked to make a model shaped like a cylinder with two
cones attached at its two ends by using a thin aluminium sheet. The diameter of the model is 3
cm and its length is 12 cm. If each cone has a height of 2 cm, find the volume of air contained in
the model that Rachel made. (Assume the outer and inner dimensions of the model to be nearly
the same.)
12. A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find approximately how
much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each shaped like a cylinder with two
hemispherical ends with length 5 cm and diameter 2.8 cm.
13. A pen stand made of wood is in the shape of a cuboid with four conical depressions to hold pens.
The dimensions of the cuboid are 15 cm by 10 cm by 3.5 cm. The radius of each of the
depressions is 0.5 cm and the depth is 1.4 cm. Find the volume of wood in the entire stand
14. A vessel is in the form of an inverted cone. Its height is 8 cm and the radius of its top, which is
open, is 5 cm. It is filled with water up to the brim. When lead shots, each of which is a sphere of
radius 0.5 cm are dropped into the vessel, one-fourth of the water flows out. Find the number of
lead shots dropped in the vessel.
15. A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter 24 cm, which is
surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius 8 cm. Find the mass of the pole,
given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately 8 g mass.
16. A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing on a
hemisphere of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of water such that it
touches the bottom. Find the volume of water left in the cylinder, if the radius of the cylinder is
60 cm and its height is 180 cm
17. A spherical glass vessel has a cylindrical neck 8 cm long, 2 cm in diameter; the diameter of the
spherical part is 8.5 cm. By measuring the amount of water it holds, a child finds its volume to be
345 cm3. Check whether she is correct, taking the above as the inside measurements, and π =
3.14.
18. A metallic sphere of radius 4.2 cm is melted and recast into the shape of a cylinder of radius 6
cm. Find the height of the cylinder
19. Metallic spheres of radii 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm, respectively, are melted to form a single solid
sphere. Find the radius of the resulting sphere.
20. A 20 m deep well with diameter 7 m is dug and the earth from digging is evenly spread out to
form a platform 22 m by 14 m. Find the height of the platform
271
21. A well of diameter 3 m is dug 14 m deep. The earth taken out of it has been spread evenly all
around it in the shape of a circular ring of width 4 m to form an embankment. Find the height of
the embankment.
22. A container shaped like a right circular cylinder having diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is full of
ice cream. The ice cream is to be filled into cones of height 12 cm and diameter 6 cm, having a
hemispherical shape on the top. Find the number of such cones which can be filled with ice
cream.
23. How many silver coins, 1.75 cm in diameter and of thickness 2 mm, must be melted to form a
cuboid of dimensions 5.5 cm × 10 cm × 3.5 cm?
24. A cylindrical bucket, 32 cm high and with radius of base 18 cm, is filled with sand. This bucket is
emptied on the ground and a conical heap of sand is formed. If the height of the conical heap is
24 cm, find the radius and slant height of the heap.
25. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/h. How much area
will it irrigate in 30 minutes, if 8 cm of standing water is needed?
26. A farmer connects a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm from a canal into a cylindrical tank in her
field, which is 10 m in diameter and 2 m deep. If water flows through the pipe at the rate of 3
km/h, in how much time will the tank be filled?
27. A drinking glass is in the shape of a frustum of a cone of height 14 cm. The diameters of its two
circular ends are 4 cm and 2 cm. Find the capacity of the glass.
28. The slant height of a frustum of a cone is 4 cm and the perimeters (circumference) of its
circular ends are 18 cm and 6 cm. Find the curved surface area of the frustum.
29. A fez, the cap used by the Turks, is shaped like the frustum of a cone. If its radius on the
open side is 10 cm, radius at the upper base is 4 cm and its slant height is 15 cm, find the
area of material used for making it.
30. A container, opened from the top and made up of a metal sheet, is in the form of a
frustum of a cone of height 16 cm with radii of its lower and upper ends as 8 cm and 20
cm, respectively. Find the cost of the milk which can completely fill the container, at the
rate of Rs 20 per litre. Also find the cost of metal sheet used to make the container, if it
costs Rs 8 per 100 cm2
31. A metallic right circular cone 20 cm high and whose vertical angle is 600 is cut into two
parts at the middle of its height by a plane parallel to its base. If the frustum so obtained
be drawn into a wire of diameter 1/16 cm, find the length of the wire.
272
32. A copper wire, 3 mm in diameter is wound about a cylinder whose length is 12 cm, and diameter
10 cm, so as to cover the curved surface of the cylinder. Find the length and mass of the wire,
assuming the density of copper to be 8.88 g per cm3.
33. A right triangle, whose sides are 3 cm and 4 cm (other than hypotenuse) is made to revolve
about its hypotenuse. Find the volume and surface area of the double cone so formed.
34. A cistern measuring 150 cm x 120 cm x 110 cm has 129600 cm3 water in it. Porous
bricks are placed in the water until the cistern is full to the brim. Each brick absorbs one
seventeenth of its own volume of water. How many bricks can be put in without
overflowing the water, each brick being 22.5 cm x 7.5 cm x 6.5 cm?
35. In one fortnight of a given month, there was a rainfall of 10 cm in a river valley. If the
area of the valley is 97280 km2, show that the total rainfall was approximately equivalent
to the addition to the normal water of three rivers each 1072 km long, 75 m wide and 3 m
deep
36. An oil funnel made of tin sheet consists of a 10 cm long cylindrical portion attached to a
frustum of a cone. If the total height is 22 cm, diameter of the cylindrical portion is 8 cm
and diameter of the top of the funnel is 18 cm, find the area of the tin sheet required to
make the funnel.
37. Derive the formula for the curved surface area and total surface area of the frustum of
cone.
273
SOLUTIONS
1.
Side of cube

3
Volume
 64  4 cm
3
Length of new cuboid = 8 cm, height = 4 cm, width = 4 cm

Surface Area can be calculated as follows:
 2 ( lb  lh  bh )
 2 (8  4  8  4  4  4 )
 2  80  160 cm
2
Alternate Method:
Surface area of cube = 6 x side2
When two cubes are joined end to end, then out of 12 surfaces; two surfaces are lost due to
joint. Thus, we need to take surface area of 10 surfaces and hence surface area can be given as
follows:
= 10 x side 2 = 10 x 42 = 160 cm2
2.
Radius = 7 cm
Height of cylindrical portion = 13 – 7 = 6 cm
Curved surface are of cylindrical portion can be calculated as follows:
 2  rh
22
 2 76
7
Curved surface area of hemispherical portion can be calculated as follows:
 2 r
2
22
 2 77
7
 308 cm
2
Total surface are = 308 + 264 = 572 sq cm
274
3.
Radius of cone = 3.5 cm, height of cone = 15.5 – 3.5 = 12 cm
Slant height of cone can be calculated as follows:
l   r
2 2
h
  3 .5
2 2
12
 44  12 . 25
 156 . 25  12 . 5 cm
Curved surface area of con can be calculated as follows :

  rl
22
  3 . 5  12 . 5
7
 137 . 5 cm
2
Curved surface area of hemispheri cal portion can be calculated as follows
 2 r
2
22
 2  3 .5  3 .5
7
 77 cm
2
Hence, total surface area  135.7  77  214.5sq cm
4.
The greatest diameter = side of the cube = 7 cm
Surface Area of Solid = Surface Area of Cube – Surface Area of Base of Hemisphere + Curved
Surface Area of hemisphere
Surface Area of Cube = 6 x Side2
= 6 x 7 x 7 = 294 sq cm
Surface Area of Base of Hemisphere
 r
2
22
  3 .5  38 . 5 cm
2 2
7
Curved Surface Area of Hemisphere = 2 x 38.5 = 77 sq cm
Total Surface Area = 294 – 38.5 + 77 = 332.5 sq cm
5.
This question can be solved like previous question. Here the curved surface of the hemisphere is
a depression, unlike a projection in the previous question
Total Surface Area
2 2
d  d 
   2  
2
6d
 2   2 
2
d 
 6d  
2
 2 
1
 d
2
  24 
4
275
6.
Height of Cylinder = 14 – 5 = 9 cm, radius = 2.5 cm
Curved Surface Area of Cylinder
2  rh
 2  2 .5  9
 45  cm
2
Curved Surface Area of two Hemispheres

 4 r
2
 4  2 .5
2
 25  cm
2
Total Surface Area

 45   25 
 70   220 cm
2
7.
Radius of cylinder = 2 m, height = 2.1 m and slant height of conical top = 2.8 m
Curved Surface Area of cylindrical portion
 2  rh
 2  2  2 .1
 8 .4 m
2
Curved Surface Area of conical portion

  rl
   2  2 .8
 5 .6 m
2
Total CSA
 8 .4  5 .6 
22
 14   44 m
2
Cost of canvas = Rate x Surface Area

= 500 x 44 = Rs. 22000
276
8.
Radius = 0.7 cm and height = 2.4 cm
Total Surface Area of Structure = Curved Surface Area of Cylinder + Area of top of cylinder +
Curved Surface Area of Cone
2  rh
 2  0 .7  2 .4
 3 . 36  cm
2
Area of top
 r
2
   0 .7
2
 0 . 49  cm
2
Slant height of cone can be calculated as follows:

l   r
2 2
h
  0 .7
2 2
2 .4
 5 . 76  0 . 49
 6 . 25  2 . 5 cm
Curved Surface Area of Cone

  rl
   0 .7  2 .5
 1 . 75  cm
2
Hence, remaining surface area of structure

3 . 36   0 . 49   1 . 75 
 5 . 6   17 . 6 cm
2
 18 cm
2
( approx
277
9.
Radius = 3.5 cm, height = 10 cm
Total Surface Area of Structure = CSA of Cylinder + CSA of two hemispheres
 2  rh
 2   3 . 5  10
 70  cm
2
Surface Area of Sphere

 4 r
2
 4  3 .5
2
 49 
Total Surface Area
 70   49 
 119 
22
 119   374 cm
2
10.
radius = 1 cm, height = 1 cm
Volume of hemisphere
2
 r
3
3
2
  1
3
3
2
  cm
2
Volume of cone
1
r h
2
3
1
  1 1
2
3
1
  cm
2
Total volume
2 1
      cm
3
3 3
278
11.
Height of cylinder = 12 – 4 = 8 cm, radius = 1.5 cm, height of cone = 2 cm
Volume of cylinder
r h
2
   1 .5  8
2
 18  cm
3
Volume of cone
1
 r h
2
3
1
   1 .5  2
2
3
 1 . 5  cm
2
Total volume
 1 . 5   1 . 5   18 
 21   66 cm
2
12.
Length of cylinder = 5 – 2.8 = 2.2 cm, radius = 1.4 cm
Volume of cylinder
 r h
2
   1 .4  2 .2
2
 4 . 312 
2
cm
Volume of two hemispheres
4
 r
3
3
4
   1 .4
3
3
10 . 976
  cm
2
Total volume
10 . 976
 4 . 312   
3
Volume of syrup = 30% of total volume
 10 . 976 
   4 . 312    30 %
 3 
23 . 912 30 22
  
3 300 7
 7 . 515 cm
3
Volume of syrup in 45 gulab jamuns = 45 x 7.515 = 338.184 cm3
279
13.
Dimensions of cuboid = 15 cm x 10 cm x 3.5 cm, radius of cone = 0.5 cm, depth of cone = 1.4 cm
Volume of cuboid = length x width x height
= 15 x 10 x 3.5 = 525 cm3
Volume of cone
1
 r h
2
3
1 22
   0 .5  1 .4
2
3 7
11

3
cm
30
Volume of wood = Volume of cuboid – 6 x volume of cone
11
 525  6 
30
11
 525 
5
 522 . 8 cm
3
14.
radius of cone = 5 cm, height of cone = 8 cm, radius of sphere = 0.5 cm
Volume of cone
1
 r h
2
3
1
  5 8
2
3
200
  cm
3
3
Volume of lead shot
4
 r
3
3
4
   0 .5
3
3
1
  cm
3
Number of lead shots

200 1 1
    
3 4 6
50  6
   100
3 
280
15.
radius of bigger cylinder = 12 cm, height of bigger cylinder = 220 cm
Radius of smaller cylinder = 8 cm, height of smaller cylinder = 60 cm
Volume of bigger cylinder
 r h
2
   12  220
2
 31680 
3
cm
Volume of smaller cylinder
 r h
2
  8  60
2
 3840  cm
3
Total volume
 31680   3840 
 35520  cm
3
Mass = Density x volume+

 8  35520 
 892262 . 4 gm
 892 . 3 kg
16.
Radius of cone = 60 cm, height of cone = 120 cm
Radius of hemisphere = 60 cm
Radius of cylinder = 60 cm, height of cylinder = 180 cm
Volume of cone
1
 r h
2
3
1
   60  120
2
3
 144000  cm
3
Volume of hemisphere
4
 r
3
3
2
   60
3
3
Volume of solid
 (144000  144000 ) 
 288000  cm
3
Volume of cylinder
 r h
2
   60  180
2
 648000  cm
3
281
Volume of water left in the cylinder
 ( 648000  288000 ) 
 360000 
 1130400
3
cm
17.
Radius of cylinder = 1 cm, height of cylinder = 8 cm, radius of sphere = 8.5 cm
Volume of cylinder
 r h
2
  1  8
2
 8  cm
3
Volume of sphere
4
 r
3
3
3
4 8 .5 
   
3  2 
614125
  cm
3
6000
Total volume
 614125 
   8 
 6000 
 614125  48000 
  
 6000 
 346 . 51 cm
2
18.
Radius of sphere = 4.2 cm, radius of cylinder = 6 cm
Volume of sphere
4
 r
3
3
4
   4 .2
3
3
Volume of cylinder
 r h
2
  6 h
2
Since volume of cylinder = Volume of sphere

Hence, height of cylinder
4    4 .2
3
h 
3  6
2
 2 . 744 cm
282
19.
Radii of spheres = 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm
Volume of sphere
4
 r
3
3
Total volume of three spheres
 6  8  10 
4

3 3 3
3
4
   616  512  1000 
3
4
   1728
3
Hence radius of biggest sphere
  12 cm
3
1728
20.
Radius of well = 3.5 m, depth of well = 20 m
Dimensions of rectangular platform = 22 m x 14 m
Volume of earth dug out
 r h
2
   3 . 5  20
2
 770
3
m
Area of top of platform = Area of Rectangle – Area of Circle
(because circular portion of mouth of well is open)
 22  14    3 . 5
2
 308  38 . 5  269 . 5 m
2
Height = Volume/Area
770
  2 . 85 m
269 . 5
283
21.
Radius of well = 1.5 m, depth of well = 14 m, width of embankment = 4 m
Radius of circular embankment = 4 + 1.5 = 5.5 m
Volume of earth dug out
 r h
2
   1 . 5  14
2
 31 . 5  m
3
Area of top of platform = (Area of bigger circle – Area of smaller circle)

  (R  r )
2 2
  (5 .5  1 .5 )
2 2
 28 
Height = Volume/Area
31 . 5 
  1 . 125 m
28 
22.
Radius of cylinder = 6 cm, height of cylinder = 15 cm
Radius of cone = 3 cm, height of cone = 12 cm
Radius of hemispherical top on ice cream = 3 cm
Volume of cylinder
 r h
2
  6  15
2
 540  cm
3
Volume of cone
1
    3  12
2
3
 36  cm
3
Volume of hemisphere+
2
 r
3
3
2
  3
3
3
 18  cm
3
Volume of ice cream

 ( 36  18 ) 
 54  cm
3
Hence, number of ice creams = Volume of cylinder/Volume of ice cream

540 
  10
54 
284
23.
Radius of coin = 0.875 cm, height = 0.2 cm
Dimensions of cuboid = 5.5 cm x 10 cm x 3.5 cm
Volume of coin
 r h
2
   0 . 875  0 .2
2
 0 . 48125
2
cm
Volume of cuboid = 5.5 x 10 x 3.5 = 192.5 cm3
Number of coins
192 . 5
  400
0 . 48125
24.
Radius of cylinder = 18 cm, height = 32 cm
Height of cone = 24 cm
Volume of cylinder
 r h
2
   18  32
2
Volume of cone = Volume of cylinder

Volume of cone
1
  r  24
2
3
Hence, radius of cone can be calculated as follows:
3    18  32
2

2
r
  24
 18  2
2 2 2
Or r
Or , r  36 cm
Now, slant height of conical heap can be calculated as follows:
l   r
2 2
h
  36
2 2
24
 576  1296
 1872  36 13 cm
25.
Depth = 1.5 m, width = 6 m, height of standing water = 0.08 m
In 30 minutes, length of water column = 5 km = 5000 m
Volume of water in 30 minutes = 1.5 x 6 x 5000 = 45000 cubic m
Area = Volume/Height
45000
  562500
2
m
0 . 08
285
26.
Radius of pipe = 10 cm = 0.1 m, length = 3000 m/h
Radius of tank = 5 m, depth = 2 m
Volume of water in 1 hr through pipe
 r h
2
   0 . 1  3000
2
 30  m
3
Volume of tank
 r h
2
  5  2
2
 50  m
3
Time taken to fill the tank = Volume of tank/Volume of water in 1 hr

50 
  1 hr 40 min
30 
27.
We have R = 2, r = 1 cm and h = 14 cm
Volume of frustum
1
 h(R  r  Rr )
2 2
3
1
   14 ( 2  1  2)
2 2
3
1 22
   14  7
3 7
2
 102
2
cm
3
28.
Slant height l = 4 cm, perimeters = 18 cm and 6 cm
Radii can be calculated as follows:
perimeter
Radius 
2
18 9
Or , R   
2 
6 3
and r  
2 
Curved surface area of frustum
  ( R  r )l
 9 3 
   4
  
 48 cm
2
286
29.
R = 10 cm, r = 4 cm, slant height = 15 cm
  ( R  r )l
  (10  4 )15
22
  14  15  660
7
Area of upper base
 r    4
2 2
2
 16   50
7
Hence, total surface area
2
 660  50
7
2
 710
2
cm
7
30.
Height of frustum = 16 cm, R = 20 cm, r = 8 cm
Volume of frustum
1
 h(R  r  Rr )
2 2
3
1
   16 ( 20  8  160 )
2 2
3
1 22
   16  400  64  160 
3 7
1 22
   16  604
3 7
 10449 . 92 cm
2
Cost of milk @ Rs. 20 per 1000 cubic cm

10.44992 x 20 = Rs. 208.99
For calculating surface area, we need to find slant height which can be calculated as follows:
l   (R  r)
2 2
h
  ( 20  8 )
2 2
16
 256  144
 400  20 cm
Surface area of frustum
287
  ( R  r )l   r
2

  ( R  r )l  r
2

  ( 20  8 ) 20  8 
2
  ( 560  64 )
22
  624  1959 . 36
7
Cost of metal sheet @ Rs. 8 per 100 sq cm = 19.5936 x 8 = Rs. 156.75
31.
Volume of frustum will be equal to the volume of wire and by using this relation we can
calculate the length of the wire.
In the given figure; AO = 20 cm and hence height of frustum LO = 10 cm

In triangle AOC we have angle CAO = 300 (halft of vertical angle of cone BAC)
Therefore;
OC

0
tan30
AO
1 OC
Or , 
3 20
20
Or , OC 
3
Using similarity criteria in triangles AOC and ALM it can be shown that LM = 10/√3 (because LM
bisects the cone through its height)
Similarly, LO = 10 cm
Volume of frustum can be calculated as follows:
288
1
V   h ( r1  r 2  r1 r 2 )
2 2
3
  20  10 
2 2
1  10  20
    10         
3   3   3  3 3

1  400 100 200 
   10    
3  3 3 3 
7000
  cub cm
9
Volume of cylinder is given as follows:
r h
2
2
 1 
Or ,      h
 32 
7000
 
9
7000
Or , h   1024
9
 796444 . 44 cm
32.
For copper wire: Diameter = 3 mm = 0.3 cm
For cylinder; length h = 12 cm, d = 10 cm
Density of copper = 8.88 gm cm3
Curved surface area of cylinder can be calculated as follows:
 2  rh
   10  12
 120 
2
cm
Length of wire can be calculated as follows:
Area
Length 
Width
120 
  400 
0 .3
 1256 cm
Now, volume of wire can be calculated as follows:
V  r h
2
 3 . 14  0 . 15  1256
2
 88 . 7364
3
cm
Mass can be calculated as follows:
Mass = Density × Volume
= 8.88 × 88.7364
= 788 g (approx)
289
33.
In triangle ABC;
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Or, AC2 = 32 + 42
Or, AC2 = 9 + 16 = 25
Or, AC = 5 cm
In triangle ABC and triangle BDC;
 ABC   BDC ( right angle )
 BAC   DBC
Hence ,  ABC  BDC

So, we get following equations:
AB BD

AC BC
3 BD
Or , 
5 4
3 4
Or , BD   2 .4
5
In triangle BDC;
DC2 = BC2 – BD2
Or, DC2 = 42 – 2.42
Or, DC2 = 16 – 5.76 = 10.24
Or, DC = 3.2
From above calculations, we get following measurements for the double cone formed:
Upper Cone: r = 2.4 cm, l = 3 cm, h = 1.8 cm
Volume of cone
1
 r h
2
3
1
  3 . 14  2 . 4  1 .8
2
3
 10 . 85184
3
cm
Curved surface area of cone
  rl
 3 . 14  2 . 4  3
 22 . 608 cm
2
Lower Cone: r = 2.4 cm, l = 4 cm, h = 3.2 cm
290
Volume of cone
1
 r h
2
3
1
  3 . 14  2 . 4  3 .2
2
3
 19 . 2916
3
cm
Curved surface area of cone

  rl
 3 . 14  2 . 4  4
 30 . 144 cm
2
Total volume = 19.29216 + 10.85184 = 30.144 cm3

Total surface area = 30.144 + 22.608 = 52.752 cm2
34
Volume of cistern = length x width x depth
= 150 x 120 x 110
= 1980000 cm3
Vacant space = Volume of cistern – Volume of water
= 1980000 – 129600 = 1850400 cm3
Volume of brick = length x width x height
= 22.5 x 7.5 x 6.5
Since the brick absorbs one seventeenth its volume hence remaining volume will be equal to
16/17 the volume of brick
Remaining volume
16
 22 . 5  7 . 5  6 . 5 
17
Number of bricks = Remaining volume of cistern/remaining volume of brick
1850400  17

22 . 5  7 . 5  6 . 5  16
31456800
  1792
17550
291
35.
Area of the valley = 97280 km2
If there was a rainfall of 10 cm in the valley then amount of rainfall in the valley = area of the
valley × 10 cm
Amount of rainfall in the valley = 97280 km2 × 10 cm
10
 97280  (1000 m ) 
2
m
100
 9728  10 m
6 3
 9 . 728  10 m
9 3
Length of each river, l = 1072 km = 1072 × 1000 m = 1072000 m

Breadth of each river, b = 75 m
Depth of each river, h = 3 m
Volume of each river = l × b × h
= 1072000 × 75 × 3 m3
= 2.412 × 108 m3
Volume of three such rivers = 3 × Volume of each river
= 3 × 2.412 × 108 m3
= 7.236 × 108 m3
Thus, the total rainfall is not approximately same as the volume of the three rivers.
36.
Curved surface area of cylinder
2  rh
   8  10
 80 
Slant height of frustum can be calculated as follows:
l   ( r1  r 2 )
2 2
h
  (9  4 )
2 2
12
 144  25
 169  13 cm
  ( r1  r 2 ) l
  ( 9  4 )  13
 169 
Total curved surface area

 169   80 
 249  3 . 14
 781 . 86 cm
2
292
37.
DF AF AD
 
BG AG AB
h1  h l1  l
2
r
1
 
r h1 l1
r2 h 1
1 1
r1 h1 l1
h r2
1 
h1 r1
h r2 r1  r 2
1 
h1 r1 r1
h1 r1

h r1  r 2
r1 h
h1 
r1  r 2
Volume of frustum of cone=Volume of cone ABC – Volume of cone ADE
293
1 1
  r1 h 1   r2 ( h1  h )
2 2
3 3

 r1
2
h1  r2 ( h1  h )
2

3
   hr 1   hr 
  r1     r2   h
2 2
  
3   r1  r 2   r1  r 2 
   hr   hr  hr 1  hr 2  
3
     r2  1 
2
  
3   r1  r 2   r1  r 2 
  hr 1 
3 3
hr 2
   
3  r1  r 2 r1  r 2 
 r1  r 2 

3 3
 h 
3  r1  r 2 
  ( r1  r 2 )( r1  r 2  r1 r 2 ) 
2 2
 h 
3  r1  r 2 
 h r1  r 2  r1 r 2 
1

2 2
294
Statistics
Class 10 Statistics Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness
programme, in which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in 20
houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per house.
Number of plants 0 - 2 2 - 4 4 - 6 6 - 8 8 - 10 10 - 12 12 - 14
Number of houses 1 2 1 5 6 2 3
Which method did you use for finding the mean, and why?
2. Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50 worker of a factory.
Daily wages (in Rs) 100 - 120 120 - 140 140 -160 160 - 180 180 - 200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
3. The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The mean
allowance is Rs.18. Find the missing frequency f.
Daily pocket allowance (in Rs) 11 - 13 13 - 15 15 -17 17 - 19 19 - 21 21 - 23 23 - 25

Number of workers 7 6 9 13 f 5 4
4. Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and the number of heart beats per minute
were recorded and summarized as follows. Fine the mean heart beats per minute for these
women, choosing a suitable method.
Number of heart beats per minute 65 - 68 68 - 71 71-74 74 - 77 77 - 80 80 - 83 83 - 86

Number of women 2 4 3 8 7 4 2
5. In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling mangoes kept in packing boxes. These boxes
contained varying number of mangoes. The following was the distribution of mangoes according
to the number of boxes.
Number of mangoes 50 - 52 53 - 55 56 - 58 59 - 61 62 - 64
Number of boxes 15 110 135 115 25
Find the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box. Which method of finding the mean did
you choose?
6. The table below shows the daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a locality.
Daily expenditure (in Rs) 100 - 150 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350
Number of households 4 5 12 2 2
Find the mean daily expenditure on food by a suitable method.
296
7. To find out the concentration of SO2 in the air (in parts per million, i.e., ppm), the data was
collected for 30 localities in a certain city and is presented below:
8. A class teacher has the following absentee record of 40 students of a class for the whole term.
Find the mean number of days a student was absent.
Number of days 0-6 6 - 10 10 - 14 14 - 20 20 - 28 28 - 38 38 - 40
Number of students 11 10 7 4 4 3 1
9. The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean literacy rate.
Literacy rate
(in %) 45 - 55 55 - 65 65 - 75 75 - 85 85 - 95
Number of cities 3 10 11 8 3
10. The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year:
Age (in years) 5 - 15 15 - 25 25 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55 55 - 65
Number of patients 6 11 21 23 14 5
Find the mode and the mean of the data given above. Compare and interpret the two measures
of central tendency.
11. The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225 electrical
components:
Lifetimes (in
hours) 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 80 - 100 100 - 120
Frequency 10 35 52 61 38 29
Determine the modal lifetimes of the components.
297
12. The following data gives the distribution of total monthly household expenditure of 200 families
of a village. Find the modal monthly expenditure of the families. Also, find the mean monthly
expenditure.
Expenditure Number of families

(in Rs)
1000 - 1500 24
1500 - 2000 40
2000 - 2500 33
2500 - 3000 28
3000 - 3500 30
3500 - 4000 22
4000 - 4500 16
4500 - 5000 7
298
13. The following distribution gives the state-wise teacher-student ratio in higher secondary schools
of India. Find the mode and mean of this data. Interpret the two measures.
Number of students Number of

per teacher states/U.T
15 - 20 3
20 - 25 8
25 - 30 9
30 - 35 10
35 - 40 3
40 - 45 0
45 - 50 0
50 - 55 2
299
14. The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsmen of the world in
one-day international cricket matches.
Number of students Number of

per teacher states/U.T
3000 - 4000 4
4000 - 5000 18
5000 - 6000 9
6000 - 7000 7
7000 - 8000 6
8000 - 9000 3
9000 -10000 1
10000 - 11000 1
Find the mode of the data.
15. A student noted the number of cars passing through a spot on a road for 100 periods each of 3
minutes and summarized it in the table given below. Find the mode of the data:
Number
of cars 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 6 60 - 70 70 - 80
Frequency 7 14 13 12 20 11 15 8
300
16. The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68
consumers of a locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data and compare them.
Monthly consumption (in units) Number of consumers
65 - 85 4
85 - 105 5
105 - 125 13
125 - 145 20
145 - 165 14
165 - 185 8
185 - 205 4
17. If the median of the distribution is given below is 28.5, find the values of x and y.
Class interval Frequency
0 - 10 5
10 - 20 x
20 - 30 20
30 - 40 15
40 - 50 y
50 - 60 5
Total 60
301
18. A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100 policy holders.
Calculate the median age, if policies are given only to persons having age 18 years onwards but
less than 60 year.
Age (in years) Number of policy holders
Below 20 2
Below 25 6
Below 30 24
Below 35 45
Below 40 78
Below 45 89
Below 50 92
Below 55 98
Below 60 100
19. The lengths of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to the nearest millimeter, and the data
obtained is represented in the following table:
Length (in mm) Number or leaves fi
118 - 126 3
127 - 135 5
136 - 144 9
145 - 153 12
154 - 162 5
163 - 171 4
172 - 180 2
Find the median length of the leaves.
302
20. Find the following table gives the distribution of the life time of 400 neon lamps:
Life time (in hours) Number of lamps
1500 - 2000 14
2000 - 2500 56
2500 - 3000 60
3000 - 3500 86
3500 - 4000 74
4000 - 4500 62
4500 - 5000 48
Find the median life time of a lamp.
21. 100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and the frequency
distribution of the number of letters in the English alphabets in the surnames was obtained as
follows:
Number of
letters 1-4 4-7 7 - 10 10 - 13 13 - 16 16 - 19
Number of
surnames 6 30 40 6 4 4
Determine the median number of letters in the surnames. Find the mean number of letters in
the surnames? Also, find the modal size of the surnames.
303
22. The distribution below gives the weights of 30 students of a class. Find the median weight of the
students.
Weight
(in kg) 40 - 45 45 - 50 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65 65 - 70 70 - 75
Number of
students 2 3 8 6 6 3 2
23. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory.
Daily income (in Rs) 100 - 120 120 - 140 140 - 160 160 - 180 180 - 200
Number of workers
12 14 8 6 10
Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution, and draw
its ogive.
24. During the medical check-up of 35 students of a class, their weights were recorded as follows:
Weight (in kg) Number of students
Less than 38 0
Less than 40 3
Less than 42 5
Less than 44 9
Less than 46 14
Less than 48 28
Less than 50 32
Less than 52 35
Draw a less than type give for the given data. Hence obtain the median weight from the graph
verify the result by using the formula.
304
25. The following table gives production yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farms of a village.
Production
yield (in
kg/ha) 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65 65 - 70 70 - 75 75 - 80
Number of
farms 2 8 12 24 38 16
Change the distribution to a more than type distribution and draw give.
305
SOLUTIONS
1.
Let us find class marks (xi) for each interval by using the relation.
Upper class lim it  lower class lim it
Class Mark (xi)=
2
Now we may compute xi and fixi as following
Number of Number of houses
plants (fi) xi fixi
0-2 1 1 1— 1 = 1
2-4 2 3 2—3=6
4-6 1 5 1—5=5
6-8 5 7 5 — 7 = 35
8 - 10 6 9 6 — 9 = 54
2 —11 =
10 - 12 2 11 22
3 — 13 =
12 - 14 3 13 39
Total 20 162
From the table we may observe that
Mean ( x ) =
 fx i i

162
 8 .1 .
 f i
20
So, mean number of plants per house is 8.1.

We have used here direct method as values of class marks (xi) and fi are small.
2.
Let us find class mark for each interval by using the relation.
xi=
2
Class size (h) of this data = 20
Now taking 150 as assured mean (a) we may calculate di, ui and fiui as following.
Daily
wages (in Number of x i  150
ui 
Rs) workers (fi) xi di = xi - 150 h fiui
-
100 -120 12 110 40 -2 - 24
-
120 - 140 14 130 - 20 1 - 14
140 - 160 8 150 0 0 0
160 -180 6 170 20 1 6
180 - 200 10 190 40 2 20
Total 50 -12
306
 f i  50
f i u i   12

Mean x  a  
 fu i i

h
 
  f i 
  12 
 150    20
  50 
24
 150 
5
 150  4 . 8
 145 . 2
So mean daily wages of the workers of the factory is Rs.145.20
3.
We may find class mark (xi) for each interval by using the relation.
xi=
2
Given that mean pocket allowance xi = Rs.18
Now taking 18 as assured mean (a) we may calculate di and fidi as following.
Daily pocket allowance (in Number of children Class mark di = xi -
Rs.) fi xi 18 fidi
11 - 13 7 12 -6 - 42
13 - 15 6 14 -4 - 24
15 - 17 9 16 -2 - 18
17 - 19 13 18 0 0
19 - 21 f 20 2 2f
21 - 23 5 22 4 20
23 - 25 4 24 6 24
2f -
Total  f i  44  f 40
From the table we may obtain
307
 f i  44  f
 f i u i  2 f  40
x  a 
 fd i i
 f i
 2 f  40 
18  18   

 44  f 
2 f  40  0
2 f  40
f  20
Hence the missing frequency f is 20.
4.
We may find class mark of each interval (xi) by using the relation.
Xi=
2
Class size h of this data = 3
Now taking 75.5 as assumed mean (a) we may calculate di, ui, fiui as following.
di =
Number of heart beats per Number of xi - x i  75 . 5
ui 
minute women fi xi 75.5 h fiui
65 - 68 2 66.5 -9 -3 -6
68 - 71 4 69.5 -6 -2 -8
71 - 74 3 72.5 -3 -1 -3
74 - 77 8 75.5 0 0 0
77 - 80 7 78.5 3 1 7
80 - 83 4 81.5 6 2 8
83 - 86 2 84.5 9 3 6
Total 30 4
Now we may observe from table that

 f i  30
 f iu i  4

Mean x  a  
 fu
i i

 h
 
  f i 
 4 
 75 . 5   3
 30 
 75 . 5  0 . 4  75 . 9
So, mean heart beats per minute for these women are 75.9 beats per minute.
308
5.
Number of boxes
Number of mangoes fi
50 - 52 15
53 - 55 110
56 - 58 135
59 - 61 115
62 - 64 25
We may observe that class intervals are not continuous. There is a gap of 1 between two class
1 1
intervals. So we have to add to upper class limit and subtract from lower class limit of
2 2
each interval.
And class mark (xi) may be obtained by using the relation
xi=
2
Class size (h) of this data = 3
Now taking 57 as assumed mean (a) we may calculate di, ui, fiui as following –
x i  57
ui 
Class interval fi xi di = xi - 57 h fiui
49.5 - 52.5 15 51 -6 -2 -30
52.5 - 55.5 110 54 -3 -1 -110
55.5 - 58.5 135 57 0 0 0
58.5 - 61.5 115 60 3 1 115
61.5 - 64.5 25 63 6 2 50
Total 400 25
Now we may observe that

 f i  400
 f i u i  25

mean x  a  
 fui i

 h
 
  f i 
 25 
 57   3
 400 
3
 57   57  0 . 1875
16
 57 . 1875
57 . 19
Clearly, mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box is 57.19.
We have chosen step deviation method here as values of fi, di are big and also there is a
common multiple between all di.
309
6.
We may calculate cla
mark (xi) for each interval by using the relation
Xi=
2
Class size = 50
Now taking 225 as assumed mean (a) we may calculate di, ui, fiui as following
Daily di =
expenditure xi - x i  225
ui 
(in Rs) fi xi 225 h fiui
-
100 - 150 4 125 100 -2 -8
150 - 200 5 175 -50 -1 -5
200 - 250 12 225 0 0 0
250 - 300 2 275 50 1 2
300 - 350 2 325 100 2 4
Total 25 -7
Now we may observe that –

 f i  25
 f iu i   7

 fu
i i

 h
 
  f i 
7
 225      50 
 25 
 225  14
 211
So, mean daily expenditure on food is Rs.211
310
7.
concentration of SO2 (in pmm) Frequency
0.00 - 0.04 4
0.04 - 0.08 9
0.08 - 0.12 9
0.12 - 0.16 2
0.16 - 0.20 4
0.20 - 0.24 2
Find the mean concentration of SO2 in the air.

We may find class marks for each interval by using the relation
Xi=
2
Class size of this data = 0.04
Now, taking 0.14 as assumed mean (a) we may calculated di,ui,fiuias following
Concentration of SO2 (in Class mark di = xi - x i  0 . 14

xi 
ppm) Frequency xi 0.14 h fiui
-
0.00 - 0.04 4 0.02 -0.12 -3 12
-
0.04 - 0.08 9 0.06 -0.08 -2 18
0.08 - 0.12 9 0.10 -0.04 -1 -9
0.12 - 0.16 2 0.14 0 0 0
0.16 - 0.20 4 0.18 0.04 1 4
0.20 - 0.24 2 0.22 0.08 2 4
-
Total 30 31
 f i  30
 f i u i   31

 fu i i

 h
 
  f i 
  31 
 0 . 14    ( 0 . 04 )
 30 
 0 . 14  0 . 04133
 0 . 09867
=0.099 ppm
So , mean concentration of SO2 in the air is 0.099 PPM.
311
8.
We may find class mark of each interval by using the relation
Xi=
2
Now taking 16 as assumed mean (a) we may calculate di and fidi as following
Number of Number of students

days fi xi di = xi - 16 fidi
0-6 11 3 -13 -143
6 -10 10 8 -8 -80
10 - 14 7 12 -4 -28
14 - 20 4 16 0 0
20 - 28 4 24 8 32
28 - 38 3 33 17 51
38 - 40 1 39 23 23
Total 40 -145

 f i  40
 f i d i   145
mean

x  a  
 fd
i i


 
  f i 
  145 
 16   
 40 
=16-3.625
=12.375
=12.38
So, mean number of days is 12.38 days, for which a student was absent
312
9.
We may find class marks by using the relation
Xi=
2
Class size (h) for this data = 10
Now taking 70 as assumed mean (a) we may calculate di, ui, and fiui as following
Number of
Literacy rate cities
(in %) fi xi di = xi - 70 fiui
45 - 55 3 50 -20 -2 -6
55 - 65 10 60 -10 -1 -10
65 - 75 11 70 0 0 0
75 - 85 8 80 10 1 8
85 - 95 3 90 20 2 6
Total 35 -2

 f i  35
 f iu i  2

fu i i

 h
 
 u i 
 2
 70     (10 )
 35 
20
 70 
35
 70  0 . 57
 69 . 43
So, mean literacy rate is 69.43%.
313
10.
We may compute class marks (xi) as per the relation
Xi=
2
Now taking 30 as assumed mean (a) we may calculate di and fidi as following.
class
Age (in Number of patients mark
years) fi xi di = xi - 30 fidi
-
5 - 15 6 10 -20 120
-
15 - 25 11 20 -10 110
25 - 35 21 30 0 0
35 - 45 23 40 10 230
45 - 55 14 50 20 280
55 - 65 5 60 30 150
Total 80 430
 f i  80
 f i d i  430
Mean x  a 
 fd
i i
 f i
 430 
 30   
 80 
=30+5.375
=35.375
Approximately equals to = 35.38
clearly, mean of this data is 35.38. It represents that on an average the age of a patient
admitted to hospital was 35.38 years.
As we may observe that maximum class frequency is 23 belonging to class interval 35 - 45.
So, modal class = 35 - 45
314
Lower limit (l) of modal class = 35
Frequency (f1) of modal class = 23
Class size (h) = 10
Frequency (f0) of class preceding the modal class = 21
Frequency (f2) of class succeeding the modal class = 14
 f1  f 0 
Now mode  l    h
 
 2f1  f 0  f 2 
 23 - 21 
 35     10

 2(23) - 21 - 14 
 2 
 35   10
 
 46  35 
20
 34 
11
 35  1 . 81
 36 . 8
Clearly mode is 36.8.It represents that maximum number of patients admitted in hospital were
of 36.8 years.
11.From the data given as above we may observe that maximum class frequency is 61 belonging to
class interval 60 - 80.
Lower class limit (l) of modal class = 60
Frequency (f0) of class preceding the modal class = 52
Class size (h) = 20
 f1  f 0 
Mode  l   h
 
 2f1  f 0  f 2 
 61  52 
 60    ( 20 )

 2 ( 61 )  52  38 
 9 
 60    ( 20 )
 122  90 
 9  20 
 60   
 32 
90
 60   60  5 . 625
16
 65 . 625
So, modal lifetime of electrical components is 65.625 hours.
315
12.
We may observe from the given data that maximum class frequency is 40 belonging to 1500 -
2000 intervals.
Frequency (f0) of class preceding modal class = 24
Frequency (f2) of class succeeding modal class = 33
Class size (h) = 500
 f1  f 0 
Mode  l   h
 
 2f1  f 0  f 2 
 40  24 
 1500     500

 2 ( 40 )  24  33 
 16 
 1500     500
 80  57 
8000
 1500 
23
=1500+347.826
=1847.826=1847.83
So modal monthly expenditure was Rs. 1847.83
Now we may find class mark as
upper class limit  lower class limit
Class mark 
2
Class size (h) of give data = 500
Now taking 2750 as assumed mean (a) we may calculate di, ui and fiui as following
316
Number of
Expenditure families x i  2750 fiui
ui 
(in Rs) fi xi di = xi - 2750 h
1000 - 1500 24 1250 -1500 -3 -72
1500 - 2000 40 1750 -1000 -2 -80
2000 - 2500 33 2250 -500 -1 -33
2500 - 3000 28 2750 0 0 0
3000 - 3500 30 3250 500 1 30
3500 - 4000 22 3750 1000 2 44
4000 - 4500 16 4250 1500 3 48
4500 - 5000 7 4750 2000 4 28
Total 200 -35
Now from table may observe that

 f i  200
 f i u i   35

x ( mean )  a  
 fui i

 h
 
  f i 

x ( mean )  a  
 f iu i 
   35
 f iu i 
  
  35 
x  2750     500
 200 
 2750  87 . 5
 2662 . 5
So, mean monthly expenditure was Rs.2662.50.
317
13.
We may observe from the given data that maximum class frequency is 10 belonging to class
interval 30 - 35.
Class size (h) = 5
 f1  f 0 
Mode  l    h
 
 2 f1  f 0  f 2 
 10  9 
 30     (5 )

 2 ( 10 )  9  3 
 1 
 30   5
 20  12 
5
 30   30 . 625
8
Mode  30 . 6
It represents that most of states/U.T have a teacher student ratio as 30.6
Now we may find class marks by using the relation
Upper class limit  lower class limit
Class Mark=
2
Now taking 32.5 as assumed mean (a) we may calculate di, ui and fiui as following.
318
Number of
Number of students states/U.T x i  32 . 5
ui 
per teacher (fi) xi di = xi - 32.5 h fiui
15 - 20 3 17.5 -15 -3 -9
20 - 25 8 22.5 -10 -2 -16
25 - 30 9 27.5 -5 -1 -9
30 - 35 10 32.5 0 0 0
35 - 40 3 37.5 5 1 3
40 - 45 0 42.5 10 2 0
45 - 50 0 47.5 15 3 0
4
50 - 55 2 52.5 20 8
35
Total -23

Now mean x  a  
 fu i i

h
 
  f i 
  23 
 32 . 5   5
 35 
23
 32 . 5   32 . 5  3 . 28
7
 29 . 22
So mean of data is 29.2
It represents that on an average teacher - student ratio was 29.2.
319
14.
From the given data we may observe that maximum class frequency is 18 belonging to class
interval 4000 - 5000.
 f1  f 0 
Now mode  l   h
 
 2f1  f 0  f 2 
 18  4 
 4000     1000

 2 (18 )  4  9 
 14000 
 4000   
 23 
 4000  608 . 695
 4608 . 695
So mode of given data is 4608.7 runs.
15.
From the given data we may observe that maximum class frequency is 20 belonging to 40 - 50
class intervals.
Class size = 10
 f1  f 0 
mode  l   h
 
 2f1  f 0  f 2 
 20  12 
 40     10
 2 ( 20 )  12  11 
 80 
 40   
 40  23 
80
 40 
17
 40  4 . 7
 44 . 7
So mode of this data is 44.7 cars.
320
16.
We may find class marks by using the relation
Class mark 
2
Taking 135 as assumed mean (a) we may find di, ui, fiui, according to step deviation method as
following
Number of di = xi -
Monthly consumption consumers xi class 135 di
ui 
(in units) (f i) mark 20 fiui
65 - 85 4 75 - 60 -3 - 12
85 - 105 5 95 - 40 -2 - 10
105 - 125 13 115 - 20 -1 - 13
125 - 145 20 135 0 0 0
145 - 165 14 155 20 1 14
165 - 185 8 175 40 2 16
185 - 205 4 195 60 3 12
Total 68 7
 f iu i  7
 f i  68
class size (h)  20
Mean

x  a  
 fu
i i

 h
 
  f i 
7
 135   20
68
140
 135 
68
 137 . 058
Now from table it is clear that maximum class frequency is 20 belonging to class interval 125 -
145.
321
Modal class = 125 - 145
Class size (h) = 20
 f1  f 0 
Mode  l   h
 
 2f1  f 0  f 2 
 20  13 
 125     20
 2 ( 20 )  13  14 
7
 125   20
13
140
 125   135 . 76
13
We know that
3 median = mode + 2 mean
= 135.76 + 2 (137.058)
= 135.76 + 274.116
= 409.876
Median = 136.625
So median, mode, mean of given data is 136.625, 135.76, 137.05 respectively.
322
17. We may find cumulative frequency for the given data as following
Cumulative
frequency
Class interval Frequency
0 - 10 5 5
10 - 20 x 5+x
20 - 30 20 25 + x
30 - 40 15 40 + x
40 - 5 y 40 + x + y
50 - 60 5 45 + x + y
Total (n) 60
It is clear that n = 60
45 + x + y = 60
x + y = 15 (1)
Median of data is given as 28.5 which lies in interval 20 - 30.
So, median class = 20 - 30
Lower limit (l) of median class = 20
Cumulative frequency (cf) of class preceding the median class = 5 + x
Frequency (f) of median class = 20
Class size (h) = 10
 n 
  cf 
2
Now , median  l   h
 f 
 
 
 60 
 (5  x )
 
2
28 . 5  20     10
 20 
 
 25  x 
8 .5   
 2 
17  25  x
x  8
From equation (1) 8 + y = 15
y=7
Hence values of x and y are 8 and 7 respectively.
323
18.
Here class width is not same. There is no need to adjust the frequencies according to class
intervals. Now given frequency table is of less than type represented with upper class limits. As
policies were given only to persons having age 18 years onwards but less than 60 years, we can
define class intervals with their respective cumulative frequency as below
Number of policy holders Cumulative frequency

Age (in years) (fi) (cf)
18 - 20 2 2
20 - 25 6-2=4 6
25 - 30 24 - 6 = 18 24
30 - 35 45 - 24 = 21 45
35 - 40 78 - 45 = 33 78
40 - 45 89 - 78 = 11 89
45 - 50 92 - 89 = 3 92
50 - 55 98 - 92 = 6 98
55 - 60 100 - 98 = 2 100
Total (n)
Now from table we may observe that n = 100.
n  100 
Cumulative frequency (cf) just greater than  i .e ,  50  is 78 belonging to interval 35 - 40
2  2 
So, median class = 35 - 40
Class size (h) = 5
Cumulative frequency (cf) of class preceding median class = 45
324
 n 
  cf 
2
Meadian  l   h
 f 
 
 
 50  45 
 35   5
 33 
25
 35 
33
 35 . 76
So, median age is 35.76 years.
19.
The given data is not having continuous class intervals. We can observe that difference between
two class intervals is 1. So, we have to add and subtract
1
 0 .5 to upper class limits and lower class limits.
2
Now continuous class intervals with respective cumulative frequencies can be represented as
below
Length (in mm) Number or leaves fi Cumulative frequency
117.5 - 126.5 3 3
126.5 - 135.5 5 3+5=8
9
135.5 - 144.5 8 + 9 = 17
144.5 - 153.5 12 17 + 12 = 29
5
153.5 - 162.5 29 + 5 = 34
162.5 - 171.5 4 34 + 4 = 38
171.5 - 180.5 2 38 + 2 = 40
From the table we may observe that cumulative frequency just greater then
n  40 
 i .e .  20  is 29, belonging to class interval 144.5 - 153.5.
2  2 
Median class = 144.5 - 153.5
Lower limit (l) of median class = 144.5
325
Class size (h) = 9
 n 
  cf 
2
Median  l   h
 f 
 
 
 20  17 
 144 . 5   9
 12 
9
 144 . 5   146 . 75
4
So, median length of leaves is 146.75 mm.
20.
We can find cumulative frequencies with their respective class intervals as below -
Life time Number of lamps (fi) Cumulative frequency
1500 - 2000 14 14
2000 - 2500 56 14 + 56 = 70
2500 - 3000 60 70 + 60 = 130
3000 - 3500 86 130 + 86 = 216
3500 - 4000 74 216 + 74 = 290
4000 - 4500 62 290 + 62 = 352
4500 - 5000 48 352 + 48 = 400
Total (n) 400
n  400 
Now we may observe that cumulative frequency just greater than  i .e .,  200  is 216
2  2 
belonging to class interval 3000 - 3500.
Median class = 3000 - 3500
326
 n 
  cf 
2
 f 
 
 
 200  130 
 3000     500
 86 
70  500
 3000 
86
So, median life time of lamps is 3406.98 hours.
21.
We can find cumulative frequencies with their respective class intervals as below
Frequency (fi)
Number of letters Cumulative frequency
1-4 6 6
4-7 30 30 + 6 = 36
7 - 10 40 36 + 40 = 76
10 - 13 16 76 + 16 = 92
13 - 16 4 92 + 4 = 96
16 - 19 4 96 + 4 = 100
Total (n) 100

Now we may observe that cumulative frequency just greater than is 76 belonging to
n  100 
class  i .e ,  50  interval 7 - 10.
2  2 
Class size (h) = 3
327
 n 
  cf 
2
 f 
 
 
 50  36 
 7   3
 40 
14  3
 7 
40
 8 . 05
Now we can find class marks of given class intervals by using relation
Class mark 
2
Taking 11.5 as assumed mean (a) we can find di, ui and fiui according to step deviation method as
below.
Number of Number of xi  a
ui 
letters surnames xi xi - a 3 fiui
1-4 6 2.5 -9 -3 -18
4-7 30 5.5 -6 -2 -60
7 - 10 40 8.5 -3 -1 -40
10 - 13 16 11.5 0 0 0
13 - 16 4 14.5 3 1 4
16 - 19 4 17.5 6 2 8
Total 100 -106
 f i u i   106
 f i  100
Mean

x  a  
 fu i i


 
  f i 
  106 
 11 . 5   3
 100 
 11 . 5  3 . 18  8 . 32
We know that
328
3 median = mode + 2 mean
3(8.05) = mode + 2(8.32)
24.15 - 16.64 = mode
7.51 = mode
So, median number and mean number of letters in surnames is 8.05 and 8.32 respectively while
modal size of surnames is 7.51.
22.
We may find cumulative frequencies with their respective class intervals as below
n  30 
Cumulative frequency just greater than  i .e ,  15  is 19, belonging to class interval 55 -
2  2 
60.
Cumulative frequency (cf) of median class = 13
Class size (h) = 5
 n 
  cf 
2
 f 
 
 
 15  13 
 55   5
 6 
10
 55 
6
 56 . 666
So, median weight is 56.67 kg.
329
23.
We can find frequency distribution table of less than type as following –
Daily income
(in Rs)
(upper class limits) Cumulative frequency
Less than 120 12
Less than 140 12 + 14 = 26
Less than 160 26 + 8 = 34
Less than 180 34 + 6 = 40
Less than 200 40 + 10 = 50
Now taking upper class limits of class intervals on x-axis and their respective frequencies on y-
axis we can draw itsgive as following -
330
24.
The given cumulative frequency distributions of less than type is -
Weight
(in kg) Number of students
upper class limits (cumulative frequency)
Less than 38 0
Less than 40 3
Less than 42 5
Less than 44 9
Less than 46 14
Less than 48 28
Less than 50 32
Less than 52 35
Now taking upper class limits on x-axis and their respective cumulative frequency on y-axis we
may draw its ogive as following -
Now mark the point A whose ordinate is 17.5 its x-coordinate is 46.5. So median of this data is
46.5.
We may observe that difference between two consecutive upper class limits is 2. Now we may
obtain class marks with their respective frequencies as below
331
Weight
(in kg) Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency
Less than 38 0 0
38 - 40 3- 0=3 3
40 - 42 5-3=2 5
42 - 44 9-5=4 9
44 - 46 14 - 9 = 5 14
46 - 48 28 - 14 = 14 28
48 - 50 32 - 28 = 4 32
50 - 52 35 - 32 = 3 35
Total (n) 35
n  35 
Now the cumulative frequency just greater than  i .e ,  17 . 5  is 28 belonging to class
2  2 
interval 46 - 48
Lower class limit (l) of median class = 46
Class size (h) = 2
 n 
  cf 
2
 f 
 
 
 17 . 5  14 
 46    2
 14 
3 .7
 46 
7
 46 . 5
So median of this data is 46.5
Hence, value of median is verified.
332
25.
We can obtain cumulative frequency distribution of more than type as following -
Production yield
(lower class limits) Cumulative frequency
more than or equal to 50 100
more than or equal to 55 100 - 2 = 98
Now taking lower class limits on x-axis and their respective cumulative frequencies on y-axis we
can obtain itsgive as following.
333
Probability
Class 10 Probability Mathematics
QUESTIONS
1. Complete the statements:
(i) Probability of event E + Probability of event “not E” = _______________
(ii) The probability of an event that cannot happen is _______________. Such an event is called
_______________.
(iii) The probability of an event that is certain to happen is _______________. Such an event is
called _______________.
(iv) The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is
_______________.
(v) The probability of an event is greater than or equal to _______________ and less than or
equal to _______________.
2. Which of the following experiments have equally likely outcomes? Explain.

(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A trial is made to answer a true-false question. The answer is right or wrong.
(iv)A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.
3. Why is tossing a coin considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get the ball at the
beginning of a football game?
4. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event:

(A) 2/3
(B) -1.5
(C) 15%
(D) 0.7
5. If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of ‘not E’
6. A bag contains lemon flavoured candles only. Malini takes out one candy without looking into the
bag. What is the probability that she takes out:
(i) an orange flavoured candy?
(ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
7. It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same birthday
is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday?
8. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is
the probability that the ball drawn is:
(i) red? (ii) not red?
9. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of
the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be:
(i) red? (ii) white? (iii) not green?
335
10. A piggy bank contains hundred 50 p coins, fifty Re. 1 coins, twenty Rs. 2coins and ten Rs. 5 coins.
If it is equally likely that of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down, what is
the probability that the coin:
(i) will be a 50 p coin?
(ii) will not be a Rs.5 coin?
11. Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at random
from a tank containing 5 male fishes and 8 female fishes (see figure). What is the probability that
the fish taken out is a male fish?
12. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see figure) and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the
probability that it will point at:
(i) 8
(ii) An odd number?
(iii) A number greater than 2?
(iv) A number less than 9?
13. A dice is thrown once. Find the probability of getting:

(i) A prime number
(ii) A number lying between 2 and 6
(iii) An odd number.
14. One card is drawn from a well – shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting.
(i) A king of red colour
(ii) A face card
(iii) A red face card
(iv) The jack of hearts
(v) A spade
(vi) The queen of diamonds
336
15. Five cards – then ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face
downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked up is
(a) an ace? (b) a queen?
16. defective pens are accidently mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a pen
and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot. Determine
the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
17. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contains 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What is
the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at
random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective?
18. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from
the box, find the probability that it bears (i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square number
a number divisible by 5
19. A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below:
The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting:

(i)A? (ii)D?
20. Suppose you drop a die at random on the rectangular region shown in the figure given on the
next page. What is the probability that it will land inside the circle with diameter 1 m?
21. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri will
buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at
random and gives it to her. What is the probability that:
(i) she will buy it?
(ii) she will not buy it?
337
22. Refer to example 13. (i) Complete the following table:
Event 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sum of 2
dice
Probability 1 5 1
36 36 36
(ii)A student argues that there are 11 possible outcomes 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and 12. Therefore
1
each of them has a probability . Do you agree with this argument? Justify your answer.
11
23. A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time. Hanif wins
if all the tosses give the same result, i.e., three heads or three tails and loses otherwise. Calculate
the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
24. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that:

(i) 5 will not come up either time?
(ii) 5 will come up at least once
25. Which of the following arguments are correct and which are not correct? Give reasons for your
answer:
(i) If two coins are tossed simultaneously there are three possible outcomes – two heads, two
1
tails or one of each. Therefore, for each of these outcomes, the probability is .
3
(ii) If a die is thrown, there are two possible outcomes – an odd number or an even number .
1
Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number is .
2
26. Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Tuesday to
Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the
probability that both will visit the shop on (i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different
days?
27. A die is numbered in such a way that its faces show the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is thrown two
times and the total score in two throws is noted. Complete the following table which gives a few
values of the total score on the two throws:
338
What is the probability that the total score is:

(i)Even (ii)6 (iii) at least 6?26. Two customers Shyam and Ekta are visiting a particular shop in
the same week (Tuesday to
Saturday). Each is equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the
probability that both will visit the shop on (i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different
days?
28. A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball is double
that of a red ball, determine the number of blue balls in the bag.
29. A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black. If one ball is drawn at random from the box,
what is the probability that it will be a black ball?
If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the probability of drawing a black ball is now double of
what it was before. Find x.
30. A jar contains 24 marbles, some are green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn at random
2
from the jar, the probability that it is green is . Find the number if blue balls in the jar.
3
339
SOLUTIONS
1:
(i) 1
(ii) 0, impossible event
(iii) 1, sure event or certain event
(iv) 1
(v) 0,1
2
(i) In the experiment, “A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start”, we are
not justified to assume that each outcome is as likely to occur as the other. Thus, the
experiment has no equally likely outcomes.
(ii) In the experiment, “A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots or misses the
shot”, we are not justified to assume that each outcome is as likely to occur as the other.
Thus, the experiment has no equally likely outcomes.
(iii) In the experiment “A trial is made to answer a true-false question. The answer is right or
wrong.” We know, in advance, that the result can lead in one of the two possible ways –
either right or wrong. We can reasonably assume that each outcome, right or wrong, is
likely to occur as the other.
Thus, the outcomes right or wrong are equally likely.
(iv) In the experiment, “A baby is born, It is a boy or a girl”. We know, in advance that the
outcome can lead in one of the two possible outcomes – either a boy or a girl. We are
justified to assume that each outcome, boy or girl, is likely to occur as the other. Thus, the
outcomes boy or girl are equally likely
3.
The tossing of a coin is considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get the ball at
the beginning of a football game as we know that the tossing of the coin only land in one of two
possible ways – either head up or tail up. It can reasonably be assumed that each outcome, head
or tail, is as likely to occur as the other, i.e., the outcomes head and tail are equally likely. So the
result of the tossing of a coin is completely unpredictable.
4.
(B) Since the probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that
0≤P(E)≤1
∴ - 1.5 cannot be the probability of an event.
5.
Since P(E) + P ( not E) = 1
∴ P ( not E) = 1 – P(E) = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95
340
6.
(i) Consider the event related to the experiment of taking out of an orange flavoured candy
from a bag containing only lemon flavoured candies.
Since no outcome gives an orange flavoured candy, therefore, it is an impossible event so its
probability is 0.
(ii) Consider the event of taking a lemon flavoured candy out of a bag containing only lemon
flavoured candies. This event is a certain event so its probability is 1.
7.
Let E be the event of having the same birthday
 P(E) = 0.992
But P(E) + P ( E )=1
∴ P( E )=1-( E )=1-0.992=0.008
8.
Total number of elementary events = 8

(i) Since the bag contains 3 red balls, therefore, one red ball can be drawn in 3
ways.
∴ Favourable number of elementary events=3
3
Hence P ( getting a red ball ) =
8
(ii) Since the bag contains 5 black along with 3 red balls, therefore one black ( not
red) ball can be drawn in 5 ways.
∴ Favourable number of elementary events = 5
5
Hence P ( getting a black ball) =
8
9.
Total number of marbles in the box = 5+8+4=17
Total Number of elementary events = 17
(i) There are 5 red marbles in the box.
5
∴ P ( getting a red marble ) =
17
(ii) There are 8 white marbles in the box.
8
∴ P ( getting a white marble ) =
17
(iii) There are 5+8=13 marbles in the box, which are not green.
13
∴ P ( not getting a green marble ) =
17
341
10.
Total number of coins in a piggy bank = 100+50+20+10=180
∴ Total number of elementary events = 180
(i) There are one hundred 50 coins in the piggy bank.
100 5
∴ P ( falling out of 50 p coin) = 
180 9
(ii) There are 100+50+20=170 coins other than Rs. 5 coin.
170 7
∴ P (falling out of a coin other than Rs. 5 coin) = 
180 18
11.
Total number of fish in the tank = 5 + 8 = 13
∴ Total number of elementary events = 13
There are 5 male fishes in the tank.
5
Hence, P ( taking out a male fish ) =
13
12.
Out of 8 numbers, an arrow can point any of the numbers in 8 ways.
∴ Total number of favorable outcomes = 8
(i) Favourable number of outcomes = 1
1
Hence, P ( arrow points at 8 ) =
8
(ii) Favourable number of outcomes = 4
4 1
Hence, P ( arrow points at an odd number ) = 
8 2
(iii) Favourable number of outcomes = 6
6 3
Hence, P ( arrow points at a number > 2 ) = 
8 4
(iv) Favourable number of outcomes = 8
8
Hence, P ( arrow points at a number < 9) = 1
8
342
13.
Total number of favourable outcomes of throwing a dice = 6
(i) On a dice, the prime numbers are 2,3 and 5.
Therefore favourable outcomes = 3
3 1
Hence P ( getting a prime number ) = 
6 2
(ii) On a dice, the number lying between 2 and 6 are 3,4,5.
Therefore favourable outcomes =3
3 1
Hence P ( getting a number lying between 2 and 6 ) = 
6 2
(iii) On a dice, the odd numbers are 1,3 and 5.
Therefore favourable outcomes = 3
3 1
Hence P ( getting an odd number ) = 
6 2
14.
(i) There are two suits of red cards, i.e diamond and heart Each suit contains one king
∴ Favourable outcomes = 1
2 1
Hence, P ( a king of red colour) = 
52 26
(ii) There are 12 face cards in a pack.
12 3
Hence, P ( a face card ) = 
52 13
(iii) There are two suits of red cards i.e. diamond and heart . Each suit contains 3 face cards.
∴ Favourable outcomes = 2 ×3 = 6
6 3
Hence, P ( a red face card ) 
52 26
(iv) There are only one jack of heart.
∴ Favourable outcome = 1
1
Hence, P ( the jack of hearts ) =
52
(v) There are 13 cards of spade.
13 1
Hence, P ( a spade) = 
52 4
(vi) There is only one queen of diamonds.
1
Hence. P ( the queen of diamonds) =
52
Total number of favourable outcomes = 5
343
15.
(i) There is only one queen.
1
Hence, P( the queen) =
5
(ii) In this situation, total number of favourable outcomes = 4
(a) Favourable outcome = 1
1
Hence, P ( an ace) =
4
(b) There is no card as queen.
0
Hence, P ( the queen ) =  0
4
16.
Total number of favourable outcomes = 132+12=144
Number of favourable outcomes = 132
132 11
Hence, P ( getting a good pen) = 
144 12
17.
(i) Total number of favourable outcomes = 20
4 1
Hence P ( getting a defective bulb) = 
20 5
(ii) Now total number of favourable outcomes = 20-1=19
Number of favourable outcomes = 19-4=15
15
Hence P (getting a non-defective bulb) =
19
344
18.
(i) Number of two-digit numbers from 1 to 90 are 90- 9 =81
81 9
Hence, P ( getting a disc bearing a two-digit number ) = 
90 10
(ii) From 1 to 90, the perfect squares are 1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64 and 81
9 1
Hence P ( getting a number divisible by 5 ) = 
90 10
(iii) The number divisible by 5 from 1 to 90 are 18.
18 1
Hence P ( getting a number divisible by 5) = 
90 5
19.
Total number of favourable outcomes =6
(i) Number of favourable outcomes = 2
2 1
Hence P ( getting a letter A) = 
6 3
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes = 1
1
Hence P ( getting a letter D) =
6
20.
Total area of the given figure ( rectangle) = 3 × 2 = 6 m2
2
2 1 
  
2
And Area of circle = πr = m
2 4
 /4 
Hence, P ( die to land inside the circle) = 
6 24
21.
(i) Number of none-defective pens=144-20=124
∴ Number of favourable outcomes = 124
124 31
Hence P ( she will buy) = P ( a non – defective pen) = 
144 36
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes = 20
20 5
Hence P ( she will not buy) = P ( a defective pen) = = 
144 36
345
22.
Total favourable outcomes of throwing two dice are:
(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5 ) (5,6)
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
∴ total number of favourable outcomes = 36
(i) Favourable outcomes of getting the sum as 3 =2
2 1
Hence P ( getting the sum as 3 ) = 
26 18
Favourable outcomes of getting the sum as 4 = 3
3 1
Hence P ( getting the sum as 4) = 
36 12
4 1
36 9
Favourable outcomes of getting the sum as 6=5
5
Hence P ( getting the sum as 6)=
36
6 1
36 6
4 1
36 9
3 1
Hence P (getting the sum as 10)= 
36 12
2 1
26 18
Event 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sum of 2
dice
Probability 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
(ii) I do not agree with the argument given here. Justification has already been given in part
(i).
346
23.
The outcomes associated with the experiment in which a coin is tossed
thrice: HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT, TTT
Therefore, Total number of favourable outcomes = 8
6 3
Hence required probability = 
8 4
24.
(i) The outcomes associated with the experiment in which a dice is thrown is twice:
(1,1)(1,2)(1,3)(1,4)(1,5)(1,6)
(2,1)(2,2)(2,3)(2,4)(2,5)(2,6)
(3,1)(3,2)(3,3)(3,4)(3,5)(3,6)
(4,1)(4,2)(4,3)(4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
Therefore, Total number of favourable outcomes = 36
Now consider the following events:
A=First throe shows5 and B = second throw shows 5
Therefore, the number of favourable outcomes = 6 in each case.
6 6
∴ P(A) = and P(B) =
36 36
6 30 5 5
 P ( A)  1    and P ( B ) 
36 36 6 6
5 5 25
∴ Required probability =  
6 6 36
(ii) Let S be the sample space associated with the random experiment of throwing a die
twice.
Then, n(S) = 36
∴ A  B= first and second throw shoe 5, i.e getting 5 in each throw.
We have, A=(5,1)(5,2)(5,3)(5,4)(5,5)(5,6)
And B=(1,5)(2,5)(3,5)(4,5)(5,5)(6,5)
6 6 1
∴ P(A) = P(B)= and P(A  B) =
36 36 36
∴ Required probability= Probability that at least one of the two throws shows 5
= P(A  B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A  B)
6 6 1 11
=   
36 36 36 36
25:
(i) Incorrect: We can classify the outcomes like this but they are not then, ‘equally likely’.
Reason is that ‘one of each’ can result in two ways – from a head on first coin and tail on the
second coin or from a tail on the first coin and head on the second coin. This makes it twice as
likely as two heads (or two tails).
(ii) Correct: The two outcomes considered in the question are equally likely.
347
26.
Total favourable outcomes associated to the random experiment of visiting a particular shop in
the same week (Tuesday to Saturday) by two customers Shyam and Exta are:
(T,T) (T,W) (T,TH) (T,F) (T,S)
(W,T) (W,W) (W,TH) (W,F) (W,S)
(TH,T) (TH,W) (TH,TH) (TH,F) (TH,S)
(F,T) (F,W) (F,TH) (F,F) (F,S)
(S,T) (S,W) (S,TH) (S,F) (S<S)
∴ Total number of favourable outcomes = 25
(i) The favourable outcomes of visiting on the same day are ( T, T) (W,W) (TH,TH) , (F,F) and
(S,S).
5 1
25 5
(ii) The favourable outcomes of visiting on consecutive days are ( T,W) (W,T) (W,TH) (TH,W)
(TH,F) (F,TH), (S,F) and (F,S)
8
Hence required probability =
25
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes of visiting on different days are 25-5=20
∴ number of favourable outcomes=20
20 4
25 5
27.
It is clear that total number of favourable outcomes = 6 ×6=36

(i) Number of favourable outcomes of getting total score even are 18
18 1
Hence P ( getting total score even ) = 
36 2
(ii) Number of favourable outcomes of getting total score 6 are 4
4 1
Hence P ( getting total score 6 ) = 
36 9
(iii) Number of favourable outcomes of getting total score at least 6 are 15
15 5
Hence P ( getting total score at least 6) = 
36 12
348
28.
Let there be x blue balls in the bag.
∴ total number of balls in the bag = 5+x
x
Now, P1=Probability of drawing a blue ball =
5  x
5
And P2= Probability of drawing a blue ball =
5  x
But according to question , P1=2p2
x 5 x 5 x
  2    2
5 x 5 x 5 x 5
 x = 10
Hence, there are 10 blue balls in the bag.
29.
There are 12 balls in the box.
Therefore, total number of favouble outcomes =12
The number of favourable outcomes =x
x
Therefore P1=P( getting a black ball ) =
12
If 6 more balls put in the box, then
Total number of favourable outcomes = 12+6=18
And Number of favourable outcomes = x+6
x  6
∴ P2=P ( getting a black ball ) =
18
According to questions, P2=2P1
x  6 x x  6 12
  2    2
18 12 18 x
 x  3
30.
Here, Total number of favourable outcomes = 24
Let there be x green marbles.
Therefore favourable number of outcomes = x
x
∴ P(G) =
24
2
But P(G) =
3
x 2
∴   x=16
24 3
Therefore number of green marbles are 16
And number of blue marbles = 24-16=8
349

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NCERT - SOLUTIONS

6. Express each number as product of its prime factors:

9. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).

11. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.

13. Prove that √5 is irrational.

14. Prove that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.

15. Prove that the following are irrationals:

2. Let take a as any positive integer and b = 6.

4. Let a be any positive integer and b = 3.

5. Let a be any positive integer and b = 3

14. Let take that 3 + 2√5 is a rational number.

15. (i) Let take that 1/√2 is a rational number.

(iii) Let take that 6 + √2 is a rational number.

16. (i) 13/3125

(ix) 35/50 divide denominator and nominator both by 5 we get 7/10

17. (i) 13/3125 = 13/55 = 13×25/55×25 = 416/105 = 0.00416

Quotient = x-3 and remainder 7x - 9

Quotient = -x2 -2 and remainder -5x +10

__________ __________ _____

Since the remainder is 0,

(ii) x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2

__________ __________ ___

__________ __________ ______

Since the remainder is 0,

__________ __________ _____

__________ __________ _______

__________ __________ _____

27. In a ΔABC, ∠C = 3 ∠B = 2 (∠A + ∠B). Find the three angles.

29. Solve the following pair of linear equations.

(iv) (a − b) x + (a + b) y = a2− 2ab − b2

(v) 152x − 378y = − 74

Three years from now ,

x 3900 1300 -1300

Given that the cost of 4 kg of apples and 2 kg of grapes is Rs 300

Therefore, number of boys = 3 and number of girls = 7.

(ii): Let cost of pencil = Rs x

Given that 7 pencils and 5 pens together cost Rs 46

Therefore, cost of one pencil = Rs 3 and cost of one pen = Rs 5.

From equation (1), we obtain

Substituti ng this value in equaiton (3), we obtain

(vi) 3/2x - 5/3y = -2 ... (i)

Substituti ng this value in equation (3) we obtain

(iv) x/2 + 2y/3 = - 1 and x – y/3 = 3

Let the age of Ani and Biju be x and y years respectively.

Using the informatio n given in the question, we obtain

Multiplyin g equation (ii) by 2, we obtain

Subtrcting equation (i) from equation (iii), we obtain

Using this in equation (i), we obtain

Therefore, those friends had Rs 40 and Rs 170 with them respective ly

Total students of the class

Let the number of row be x and number of students in a row be y

Total students of the class

 Number of rows x number of students in a row

using the informatio n given in the question

Total number of students  ( x  1) ( y  3 )

Total number of students  ( x  2 ) ( y  3)

Subtractin g equation (ii) from (i)

By using equation (i), we obtain

Number of students in a row  y  9

Number of total students in a class  xy  4  9  36

The graphical representation of these lines will be as follows

Multiplyin g equation (i) by 3, we obtain

Adding equations (ii) and (iii) we obtain

____ _

__ _

__

____ _

__ _

____ _