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Mason Color’s high performance pigment technology for coatings provides the ultimate in heat resistance, UV
durability, and chemical resistance. Our mixed metal oxide pigments meet the most exacting color and durability
requirements of the defense, architectural, stove and heating products, and roofing industries. These pigments add
vibrant color to building facades, stove equipment, exhaust parts and outdoor furnishings and equipment. These
advanced technology pigments can be incorporated into any coating platform including powder coatings, electrocoat,
high solids and waterborne paints.
Mason Color Works, Inc. A History of Pigment Technology Excellence

Mason Color Works has been manufacturing high temperature, inorganic pigments since 1842.
For more than 40 years Mason Color has been a global supplier of high performance pigments to all sectors
of the ceramic industry including pottery, artware, bricks, sanitaryware and roofing materials.
In the last 45 years, Mason Color has expanded into the high technology Investment Casting Industry. Our
ISO Compliant Cobalt Aluminate products are integral in the manufacturing jet turbine blades and medical
devices.
In the 1990s heralded the emergence of the fireplace gas log industry and Mason Color's participation as a
supplier of high quality, high temperature pigments for this use.
Soon thereafter, the Swimming Pool and Spa colorant industry

embraced Mason's pigment technology. Our high quality pigment
exceed the demands for resistance to punishing UV energy and the
aggressive chemicals used in swimming pools.
Our fully outfitted Powder Coating Laboratory and skilled

technicians will help you choose the perfect color for your most
demanding requirements.
See you at the American Coatings Show,

April 2010 in Charlotte, NC.
April 2010
VOLUME 26, NUMBER 4
Paint Coatings Industry

Globally Serving Liquid and Powder Manufacturers and Formulators
NEW TECHNOLOGY
www.pcimag.com
Masterpieces
t
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of Mankind! ACS 201
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Showcasing our Portfolio of Color® Booth #
Based on the unmatched quality and consistency of the CHROMA-CHEM®

brand of industrial colorants, Portfolio of Color® is the only all-inclusive
reference guide for the colors and formulas most important to growing your
industrial coatings business. Portfolio of Color® was specifically developed
to give you the freedom to customize a unique guide to meet your individual For more information,
business requirements. please contact your local
Evonik Degussa Account Manager.
CHROMA-CHEM® Color Identifier™ is a hand-held device which speeds
the process of color selection in the field. It reads the target or substrate Evonik Degussa Corporation
color and then locates the closest acceptable color match in the Portfolio 379 Interpace Parkway
of Color® book. Speeding the process increases efficiency, growth and P. O. Box 677
profitability – and most important – your customer’s satisfaction. Parsippany, NJ 07054-0677
Portfolio of Color® and the CHROMA-CHEM® Color Identifier™… phone +1 973 541-8923
Absolutely, positively the fastest way to deliver color!® www.evonik.com/chroma-chem
Mason Color’s high performance pigment technology for coatings provides the ultimate in heat resistance, UV
durability, and chemical resistance. Our mixed metal oxide pigments meet the most exacting color and durability
requirements of the defense, architectural, stove and heating products, and roofing industries. These pigments add
vibrant color to building facades, stove equipment, exhaust parts and outdoor furnishings and equipment. These
advanced technology pigments can be incorporated into any coating platform including powder coatings, electrocoat,
high solids and waterborne paints.
Mason Color Works, Inc. A History of Pigment Technology Excellence

Mason Color Works has been manufacturing high temperature, inorganic pigments since 1842.
For more than 40 years Mason Color has been a global supplier of high performance pigments to all sectors
of the ceramic industry including pottery, artware, bricks, sanitaryware and roofing materials.
In the last 45 years, Mason Color has expanded into the high technology Investment Casting Industry. Our
ISO Compliant Cobalt Aluminate products are integral in the manufacturing jet turbine blades and medical
devices.
In the 1990s heralded the emergence of the fireplace gas log industry and Mason Color's participation as a
supplier of high quality, high temperature pigments for this use.
Soon thereafter, the Swimming Pool and Spa colorant industry

embraced Mason's pigment technology. Our high quality pigment
exceed the demands for resistance to punishing UV energy and the
aggressive chemicals used in swimming pools.
Our fully outfitted Powder Coating Laboratory and skilled

technicians will help you choose the perfect color for your most
demanding requirements.
See you at the American Coatings Show,

April 2010 in Charlotte, NC.
C ONTENTS
April 2010
VOLU M E 2 6 , N U M BE R 4
F EATURES
32 Nanocomposite Coatings for High-Performance Fabrics,
NEI Corp.
38 The World Marketplace for Protective Coatings,
Bayer MaterialScience LLC
48 The Use of Mixed Metal Oxide Pigments in Industrial
Coatings, Mason Color Pigments
52 Novel, Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for
Self-Etching Wash Primers, Nubiola Inorganic Pigments
60 Paint Formulations and the Need for Zeta Potential,
Malvern Instruments Inc.
66 Alkyd Latexes: Opening the Door for a Greener Tomorrow,
Reichhold Inc.
72 Achieving Ideal Dispersions in Coatings, NETZSCH Fine
Particle Technology
80 Environmentally Compliant, Deflocculating Wetting and
Dispersing Agent for Aqueous Dispersions, BASF Corp.
86 Chain Extender Evaluation for Polyurethanes Derived
from Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Resins,
Cray Valley USA LLC
96 Chemical Legislation: Panic or Practicality?
General Plastics Corp.
38
ONLINE FEATURES
w w w.pcimag.com
RadTech Schedule of Events and List of Exhibitors
Jet Coatings for Supersonic Car, AkzoNobel D EPARTMENTS
Dent-Resistant Coating Technology, Ames Corp. 6 Viewpoint 24 Names in the News
New Topcoat Formulated with Polyaspartic Binders 8 Industry News 100 Products
Sets New Standards in Corrosion Protection,
16 Calendar of Events 105 Classifieds
Bayer MaterialScience
18 Company News 106 Advertiser Index
Products Provide NASA with the Durability Needed to
Launch Rocket, National Coatings Corp.
Survey of the Polyurethanes Industry in the United States,
Canada and Mexico, The American Chemistry Council O N T H E C O V E R : Cover design by Clare Johnson.
BUSINESS TOOLS
26 American Coatings Show Exhibitor Showcase
99 Supplier Showcase PCI is the winner of a 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008
APEX award of excellance for graphic design.
PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN 0884-3848) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media, 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite
700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate
for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.: $104.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada:
$137.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $154.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2010, by
BNP Media. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the pub-
lisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing Audited by
offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications BPA Worldwide Associate Member Printed in the U.S.A.
Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Bleuchip International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2.
Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. For
single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or KalbA@bnpmedia.com.
V IEWPOINT
Coatings Attendance is Encouraging!!

Judging by events held in February for the ronment. Despite the travel impact of severe
coatings community and what is scheduled snowstorms that hindered attendees from
for March and April, I think things are look- the northeast, Waterborne still had nearly
ing up. The World of Concrete event held 200 attendees, 25 presentations and 28 post-
in February drew over 55,000 registered ers. The technology showcase featured 15
professionals and over 1,300 exhibiting com- exhibitors. For the first time, the symposium
panies. PACE 2010 was held in about the also featured a Composites Matrix Workshop,
same time frame and also seemed to have which attracted 60 people.
good attendance this year. NACE is sched- The Shelby F. Thames Best Paper Award
uled for mid-March and already is showing was presented to Edwin P. Chan, Kurt A.
over 5,000 registered and 350 exhibiting Page and Christopher M. Stafford from the
companies. All in all I think that is a good start to the Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and
2010 year for the industry. Technology for their paper entitled “Harnessing Surface
Another event held pretty much at the same time was Wrinkling to Measure the Viscoelastic Properties of Poly-
the annual Waterborne Symposium, which is traditionally mer Films and Coatings”.
in New Orleans the week prior to Mardi Gras. The 2010 The PCI Outstanding Paper Award was presented
symposium theme was Advances in Sustainable Coatings to Jung Kwon Oh, Bedri Erdem, Jeff Anderson, Kumar
Technology – a theme of great importance in today’s envi- Nanjundiah and Jeff Sweeney, Dow Coatings Materials,
Dow Chemical Company for their paper entitled “High
Throughput Methods for Developing Low-VOC Water-
borne Coatings Derived from Polyurethane Dispersions
ALL COLORS OF Based on Natural-Oil Polyols”.
In addition, Eastman Chemical Company sponsored the
THE RAINBOW ... USM Best Graduate and Undergraduate Student Poster
Awards. It is gratifying to see support for coatings stu-
AND THEN SOME dents. We need to encourage young people to pursue a

career in the industry. Likewise I think it wonderful to see
this publication continue to support an award at Water-
WATERBASED borne. Mark your calendar for next year’s Waterborne
PIGMENT Symposium which will be held March 2-4, 2011.
And of course the big event is coming up on us quickly
DISPERSIONS – this issue of PCI is the Show issue for the American
Coatings Show and Conference, both of which will
STANDARD undoubtedly exceed expectations. Nearly 100 high-
level papers have been selected from the several hun-
RESINATED AND NON-RESINATED
dred submitted for the conference program. Sixteen
CUSTOM focused sessions will be held during three days, includ-
MADE TO YOUR SPECIFICATIONS ing a new session “Science Today – Coatings Tomor-
row”. The response from the exhibitor community has
been strong, and pre-registrations are high. This event
Reitech will definitely surpass the 2008 inaugural ACS. So if
Corporation you haven’t already done so – make you plans and be
sure to attend. You cannot afford to miss this!!
For a free brochure call 610-929-9451 or
contact us at info@reitechcorporation.com
www.reitechcorporation.com
Visit ads.pcimag.com By Darlene Brezinski, Ph.D. / Editor
6
08084Reitech-rainbow.indd 1 APRIL 2010 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 7/3/08 11:27:11 AM
Brenntag understands Brenntag offers a complete
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has evolved through the know-how, superior logistics
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Coatings Team continues to re-packaging capabilities, and
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Coatings Team can help you brenntagnorthamerica.com
Concrete Stucco Plastic
to adapt and make change
work to your advantage. The Glocal® Chemical Distributor.
I NDUSTRY NEWS
Global Paint Additives Market to Exceed $6 Billion

SAN JOSE, CA – According to a new report est market. The global economic crisis from formulators in an effort to adhere
by Global Industry Analysts Inc. (GIA), decelerated growth in value demand to changing legislation.
the world market for paint additives is pro- of paint additives in the United States. Growth in the global market for paint
jected to exceed $6.0 billion by the year Demand for paint additives is expected additives is primarily originating from
2015. The trend towards low- or zero-VOC to revive in the coming years, owing to emerging markets such as Asia Pacific.
products and the increasing shift towards increasing demand for these products The rapid economic growth in most of the
water-based paint systems are fueling emerging countries in recent years result-
demand for paint additives, providing tre- ed in rampant architectural construction
mendous growth potential for suppliers of and industrial activity, which created sig-
paint and coating additives. nificant demand for paint that, in turn,
The paint and coatings industry has increased demand for paint additives.
been put under significant pressure by Owing to continued growth in architec-
stringent environmental regulations in tural construction activity in countries
recent years. In a bid to minimize the such as India and China, Asia Pacific is
impact of their products on the environ- expected to emerge as the fastest-growing
ment, several manufacturers of coatings regional market for paint additives world-
began reformulating their products. As wide in the coming years.
a result, demand for novel additives that The report, “Paint Additives: A Global
ensure aid in addressing environmental Strategic Business Report,” provides a
concerns has increased in recent years. comprehensive review of market trends,
The United States dominates the world competitive scenarios, product introduc-
paint additives market as the single-larg- tions and recent industry activity.
EPA Increases Transparency Rules on Chemical Risk struction Materials (KICM) to test paint and coatings to MPI
WASHINGTON, DC – The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. Carboline Korea and KCC already have products
(EPA) has announced a new policy to increase the public’s access approved by MPI, and more Korean paint suppliers are expect-
to information on chemicals. EPA has announced its intention ed to follow. This will enable facility owners and specifiers with
to reject a certain type of confidentiality claim, known as Confi- assets in Korea and throughout Asia to access locally sourced
dential Business Information (CBI), on the identity of chemicals. paint and coatings approved via a well-proven mechanism for
The chemicals that will be affected by this action are those that verifying their performance.
are submitted to EPA with studies that show a substantial risk to MPI already has a similar testing agreement with the Paint
people’s health and the environment and have been previously Research Association in the UK for European paint suppliers.
disclosed on the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical With this new agreement, MPI will have global coverage.
Inventory. This action represents another step to use the agency’s Seoul-based KICM is the designated agency for testing, inspec-
authority under the existing TSCA to the fullest extent possible. tion and standards for 41 Korean and international organizations.
Under the TSCA, companies may claim a range of sensitive, The agency performs construction-materials testing and research
proprietary information as CBI. Under Section 8(e) of the TSCA, to assure the safety of architectural structures.
companies that manufacture, process or distribute chemicals
are required to immediately provide notice to EPA if they learn U.S. Minerals Sector Declined in 2009
that a chemical presents a substantial risk of injury to health or RESTON, VA – According to the U.S. Geological Survey’s recently
the environment. The Section 8(e) reports are made available released report, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010, the value
on EPA’s website. Until now, companies would routinely claim of U.S. mineral production significantly declined in 2009.
confidentiality for the actual identity of the chemical covered by The value of raw, nonfuel minerals mined in the United States
the Section 8(e) submission, so the public posting of the informa- was $57.1 billion in 2009, a decline of 20 percent over the past
tion would not include the name of the chemical. The new policy year. The value of materials domestically processed and refined
ends this practice for chemicals on the public portion of the TSCA from these raw minerals was $454 billion in 2009, a 25 percent
Inventory. For additional information on the new policy, visit decline from 2008.
www.epa.gov/oppt/tsca8e/. Also over the past year, U.S. dependence on foreign sources for
minerals has increased, continuing a trend that has been evident
MPI Approval System to be Adopted in Korea for more than 30 years. The United States relied on foreign sources
BURNABY, Canada – MPI, the institute that establishes archi- to supply more than 50 percent of domestic consumption of 38
tectural paint standards and quality assurance programs in mineral commodities in 2009 and was 100 percent reliant on
North America, will partner with the Korea Institute of Con- imports for 19 of those mineral commodities.
8 APRIL 2010 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

I NDUSTRY NEWS
A decline in the U.S. housing market Facility in Boston Harbor. The product, show by visiting the microsite’s Online
during 2009 caused reductions in the a fast-setting, high-solids epoxy coating, Exhibits. Also available on the microsite is
production and consumption of construc- was applied to a gravity thickener at the an Exhibitor Info section that gives a list of
tion materials. Declines in automobile and plant, which is the second-largest water- exhibitors and their booth numbers.
durable-goods manufacturing resulted in treatment facility in the United States.
reduced production and consumption of The George Campbell Award is given for Private U.S. Companies
metals including copper, iron, steel, lead outstanding achievement in the comple- Optimistic About Future
and platinum-group metals. tion of a difficult or complex industrial SOUTHFIELD, MI – The majority of pri-
The USGS report addresses events, commercial coatings project. The Mas- vate U.S. companies are optimistic about
trends and issues in the domestic and sachusetts Water Resources Authority, the U.S. economy in 2010, according to
international mineral industries and owners of the Deer Island plant, and coat- a global survey of 7,400 private firms in
includes statistics on about 90 mineral ings contractor SOEP Painting Corp. of 36 countries. The survey was conducted
commodities. It is available at http://min- Malden, MA, will receive the award in in November 2009 by Grant Thornton
erals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/. conjunction with PPG. International Ltd. In the United States,
private businesses account for an esti-
SSPC Recognizes PPG With George PCI Launches Site Dedicated to mated 100 million jobs, more than 70
Campbell Award American Coatings Show percent of U.S. employment.
PITTSBURGH – PPG Industries’ Protec- TROY, MI – PCI Magazine has introduced In the United States, 51 percent of
tive and Marine Coatings (PMC) business a new microsite dedicated to the Ameri- respondents said that they were optimistic
has been selected as a recipient of The can Coatings Show. The site, www.pci- about the U.S. economy in 2010, while 31
Society for Protective Coatings’ (SSPC) mag.com/ac_show, includes a schedule percent said they were pessimistic. Global-
George Campbell Award for 2009-2010. of the show, a dining guide for Charlotte, ly, 51 percent were optimistic about their
PPG PMC earned the recognition for the and a blog discussing the latest informa- respective country’s economy, and 27
performance of its Amerlock 2/400 coat- tion about the show. Attendees can get a percent were pessimistic. The three most
ing at the Deer Island Water Treatment preview of new products available at the optimistic countries were Chile, India and
PCI08081ELCM.indd 1
Visit ads.pcimag.com 7/17/08 10:08:44 AM

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I NDUSTRY NEWS
Australia; and the three most pessimistic to increase their work force, 14 percent (15 percent), Germany (15 percent) and
countries were Japan, Spain and Ireland. plan to decrease, and 50 percent plan France (16 percent).
By a two-to-one margin, U.S. private no change. Countries with the greatest In the United States, 51 percent believe
businesses plan to increase their work planned increases were Vietnam (64 per- that their company’s revenues will rise in
force rather than decrease it (29 percent cent), Brazil (63 percent) and India (56 the coming year.
verses 14 percent), while 56 percent will percent); the lowest employment increases
keep it the same. Globally, 34 percent plan were planned in Italy (14 percent), Ireland ECOAT 2010 Conference Set for May
LOUISVILLE, KY – ECOAT 2010 is sched-
uled to take place May 4-6, 2010, at the
T ® Louisville Downtown Marriott, Louisville,
H KY. The event is an educational confer-
E ence for people involved in the electrocoat
business and for those interested in learn-
Patented blending/dispersing blade design makes radical ing about electrocoating.
improvement over old saw tooth designs Three keynote addresses will be offered
at the conference. Jeff Oravitz, MetoKote
Corp., will kick off the conference with
the topic “Manufacturing After the Cri-
sis.” Matt Kirchner, American Finishing
Resources LLC, will start day two of the
conference by exploring several trends
in the U.S. energy sector. For the final
keynote of the conference, Steve Schulte,
Hixon Inc., will discuss environmental
impacts to industrial/electrocoat facilities
and practical steps for compliance. Visit
www.electrocoat.org/conference for addi-
tional information.
POLY STAINLESS Brookfield Offers Training to

Maximize Efficiency
* Most efficient and aggressive blending/dispersing blade MIDDLEBORO, MA – Brookfield is offer-
available. ing two courses for users of Brookfield
instrumentation. These day-long training
* Provides proper combination of pumping action and shear/
sessions give attendees the know-how to
dispersion essential for fast consistent results. verify and improve upon the data required
* Built in pumping action cuts processing time. for meaningful research and development
and successful quality-control testing.
* Longer life due to heavier gauge construction. The Practical Course on Viscosity Mea-
* Less heat due to shorter required running time. surements gives attendees the tools and
concepts they need to make the most pre-
* Excellent for high or low speed and high or low viscosity. cise viscosity measurements possible. The
* Supplied with hubs or mounting holes required to retrofit course is designed for operators at all
and upgrade present equipment. levels of experience.
The Applied Course on Viscosity Test
* Pumping blades without teeth are available and are excellent Methods is designed for the intermediate-
for gentle blending and agitation. to-advanced Brookfield instrumentation
user in research and development, analyt-
DESIGNERS AND MANUFACTURES OF INDUSTRIAL MIXING EQUIPMENT ical, and process engineering functions.
Since 1948 Focusing on test methods and techniques,
it will review and discuss how Brook-
CONN AND CO., L.L.C. Stirrers Or Complete Units For:

PAINTS
ADHESIVES
INKS
CEMENTS
URETHANE FOAMS
SLURRIES
GROUTS
ETC. . . .
field rotational viscometers and rheom-
eters can be used to provide meaning-
ful product analysis. The course takes
www.connblade.com participants beyond pass/fail criteria, to
an understanding of how to apply vis-
11 SOUTH MARION STREET • WARREN, PENNA. 16365 • PHONE 814/723-7980
cometric data as a problem solving and
FAX (814) 723-8502 s r r TM
product performance and processing tool.
Visit www.brookfieldengineering.com for
course information.
Visit ads.pcimag.com
The Innovation Principle.
Innovation is the most important formula for success. At BYK we know that innovation
demands forward thinking about new products and processes, effective services and strong
partnerships. It takes imaginative applications of state-of-the-art technologies. Ultimately,
innovation requires knowledge, experience and the drive to discover new solutions. That’s
L
BYK’s Innovation Principle – . Put it to work for you. Together, we can help you achieve a
decisive competitive advantage.
Visit us at the American Coatings Show 2010, April, 13 – 15, Charlotte, NC, USA,
Charlotte Convention Center, Booth # 2608.
www.byk.com/innovation
I NDUSTRY NEWS
Brookfield has also introduced a new Nano-Engineering Conference ence is accepting new paper titles for pre-
series of online training videos detailing Issues Call for Papers sentation. Interested authors should sub-
how to verify calibration of viscometers ANCHORAGE, AK – ICCE-18, the 18th mit detailed two-page short papers to David
and rheometers. Visit www.brookfield- International Conference on Composites Hui at dhui@uno.edu. The conference is
engineering.com/support/videos.asp to or Nano Engineering, will take place July looking for new topics in pure and applied
view the videos. 4-10, 2010, in Anchorage, AK. The confer- science and engineering. All short papers
will be reviewed and published as short
papers in World Journal of Engineering.
Particles on Surfaces
Symposium Solicits Papers
HOPEWELL JUNCTION, NY – A call for
papers has been issued for the 12th Interna-
tional Symposium on Particles on Surfaces:
The World’s Detection, Adhesion and Removal. The con-
ference will be held in conjunction with the
Process Cleaning Expo in Louisville, KY, on
Most Widely Used May 4-6, 2010. For more information about
submitting a paper for the symposium, con-
tact Robert H. Lacombe, Symposium Chair-
Weathering Tester man, at rhl@mstconf.com.
Deacom Announces
ERP Training Schedule
WAYNE, PA –The 2010 course schedule
for DEACOM® University is now available
at www.deacom.net. The schedule will
include new course additions, including
DEACOM Contact Management. DEACOM
University is an accredited ERP train-
ing program dedicated to educating users
in all areas of the DEACOM Integrated
Accounting and Enterprise Resource
Accelerate the Planning (ERP) Software System.
damaging effects of
sunlight, moisture & Cal Poly Offers Polymers and
high temperatures. Coatings Short Course
SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA – The Polymers and
Coatings program at California Polytechnic
State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, will
offer a Polymers and Coatings Introductory
Short Course during the week of July 19-23,
2010. The one-week course will cover many
aspects of coating technology, including
resin chemistry, pigments and fillers, addi-
r#FTUTJNVMBUJPOPGTIPSUXBWF67TVOMJHIU tives, VOC testing, application aspects, and
r.FFUTXPSMEXJEFUFTUNFUIPET rheology. For additional information, visit
ww.polymerscoatings.calpoly.edu.
r5SVTUFECZDVTUPNFSTXPSMEXJEFGPSZFBST
ASTM Offers Online Training
40 th Anniversary WASHINGTON, DC – ASTM International

is offering a series of free, one-hour online
QUV Weathering Tester 1970-2010 training workshops that are designed to
assist ASTM members. Sessions include
Balloting and Handling Negative Votes,
Q-Lab Corporation t The Most Trusted Name in Weathering
Developing and Revising a Standard,
tJOGP!RMBCDPNtXXXRMBCDPN Work Item Collaboration Area Training,
ASTM Online Training and New Member
Orientation. For information, visit www.
astm.org/MEMBER_TRAINING/.
performance loves low VOC
Paints made with our Acronal® acrylic latexes, Joncryl®
emulsions, Pluracoat® and Efka® additives, Mattex®
kaolin extenders and attapulgite can be zero to
low VOC without sacrificing functionality.
And with PureOptions™ colorants and
Xfast® stir-in pigments, they can
be practically any color.
The performance you need

and the sustainability
you want: at BASF,
we create chemistry.
Visit BASF at the American Coatings Show,

April 13-15, Charlotte, NC.
www.basf.us/coatingsindustry
C ALENDAR
Meetings, Shows and Educational Programs

APRIL 6 18-20 4-6 18-20
Ci4000/Ci5000 Weather-Ometer ASC Spring Convention ELECTROCOAT 2010 Advanced Topics in Polymers and
Workshop www.ascouncil.org www.electrocoat.org Coatings
www.atlas-mts.com 4-6 www.emich.edu/cri
20-22
Particles on Surfaces: Detection,
7 Emulsion Polymerization and Adhesion and Removal 19-21
Fundamentals of Weathering Waterborne Coatings www.mstconf.com Spray Finishing Technology
Level I www.emich.edu/cri
Workshop
www.atlas-mts.com 5-6
20-22 Basics of Polyurethane Coatings www.owens.edu/workforce_cs/
8 Logichem 2010 www.emich.edu/cri spray2010.pdf
Fundamentals of Weathering www.logichemeurope.com
12-14 23-26
Level II
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C O M PA NY NEWS
Kelly-Moore Receives Green Business Award

SAN CARLOS, CA – Kelly-Moore Paint used paint cans were returned, the paint previously unrecyclable containers. The
Co. Inc., San Carlos, CA, has received the and cans were considered unrecyclable program resulted in a 10-15 percent
Green Large Business of the Year award. waste. Now, Kelly-Moore uses a system reduction in landfill waste. Addition-
The company outperformed 100,000 that removes the labels and residue from ally, Kelly-Moore’s factory management
California companies to win the award. the cans, making them recyclable. The developed a collection system for rain-
Kelly-Moore was selected for its series returned paint is sorted by color and water to offset water usage and built a
of recycling programs that diverted 60 type and remanufactured into eCoat. berm around the manufacturing plant
percent of its waste and for its abil- In April 2009, Kelly-Moore started to prevent any possible paint spillage
ity to motivate employees to commit to a program to recycle Super Sack stor- from getting into the local creek.
recycling efforts. Kelly-Moore was also age bags, cut-up plastic totes and other Kelly-Moore has continued to green
recognized for its carbon offset its manufacturing facility. It has
program, which resulted in its replaced old HVAC units with
San Carlos plant being carbon energy-efficient ones, installed a
neutral. new dust collector that reduced
In 1995, the company devel- plant noise levels and energy
oped a safer, more environmen- consumption by approximately
tally responsible technique to 50 percent, enrolled in a pro-
dispose of leftover paint and gram to buy carbon offsets, and
became the first paint company captured waste heat generated
in the industry to collect and from the plant’s large compres-
remanufacture a recycled paint, sor and now uses it to heat an
eCoat. Previously, when half- adjacent building.
AkzoNobel Invests in UK Research Hub slabs, which act as a hardwearing base for the ballast-less tracks.
AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands – AkzoNobel is investing almost Forming a waterproof protective layer, the coating will guard the
€10 million to enhance its Felling, UK, site. A fire-protection test- concrete against weather, abrasion, and general wear and tear.
ing laboratory and a polymer lab for powder coatings are being
added to the existing R&D infrastructure at the site. Columbian Chemicals Expands
Due to be completed early next year, the testing lab will be used TCR Industries’ Territory
by the company’s Marine & Protective Coatings (M&PC) business LA PALMA, CA – Columbian Chemicals, Marietta, GA, has
to develop fire-protection coatings. expanded TCR Industries’ territory to represent Columbian’s
The new polymer lab will allow researchers at AkzoNobel Raven® industrial carbon blacks. The expanded territory cov-
Powder Coatings to handle and develop new materials; it will also ers 11 western states through seven warehouses. The territory
include scale-up capability and an application line. includes California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana,
Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona.
Huntsman Amines Bridge Gap in Chinese Rail Project TCR Industries is authorized to promote Columbian carbon
EVERBERG, Belgium – A series of concrete bridges that support a black products in the paint and coatings, inks, plastic, and
new high-speed rail line connecting Beijing and Shanghai is set to construction markets.
benefit from the protective properties of specialty polyetheramines
from the Performance Products division of Huntsman Corp. Daimler Chooses GREENKOTE Coating Process
The Chinese Ministry of Railways is building an 800-mile CLEVELAND – GREENKOTE® Plc, a global coating technology
dedicated passenger rail link to ease pressure on one of China’s company headquartered in Cleveland, will provide corrosion pro-
busiest transport routes. The route crosses the Yellow River and tection for selected Daimler automotive parts beginning in the
the Yangtze delta. Because of the soft terrain in this area and the first half of 2010. Initial orders include components for passenger-
need to minimize land usage, almost 80 percent of the line is being safety-related applications. Additionally, Daimler is finalizing
built on metal and concrete bridges that are compatible with the technical approval of GREENKOTE as one of its suppliers of zinc
transportation system already in place. It is on these structures diffusion coatings, using the company’s patented thermo-diffu-
that Huntsman’s polyetheramines will be used. sion coating process.
JEFFAMINE® D-2000, JEFFAMINE T-5000 and JEFFAMINE GREENKOTE is a thermal-diffusion coatings process that modi-
D-400 polyetheramines have been used to create a polyurea- fies and improves the basic surface characteristics of metals and is
based coating that is being sprayed onto the bridges’ concrete applicable to metal finished parts in many industries.

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And if you need to be GREEN, we can offer you Zero

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C O M PA NY NEWS
AkzoNobel Powder Coatings tally sound anionic surfactant based on Hockmeyer Equipment
to Supply Ingersoll Rand alkyl polyglycosides technology. Bronze Granted Fifth Patent
AMSTERDAM, the Netherlands – AkzoNo- went to the developers of a customized HARRISON, NJ – Hockmeyer Equipment’s
bel Powder Coatings has entered into a Euperlan pearlizer concentrate. Finally, fifth patent covering immersion mill
three-year agreement with Ingersoll Rand the Special Category Award, which was enhancement has been granted by the
that makes it the preferred global supplier presented for the first time this year, was U.S. government. The patent covers the
for powder coatings. AkzoNobel will supply won by a team that implemented a pack- deterrence of wear at a bearing construct
powder coatings to Ingersoll Rand through age of measures to improve the ether in a basket media mill.
its brand, Interpon Every Color Is Green. sulfate production process. The device involves the introduction
of slots in the rotating peg hub within
Cognis Recognizes Malvern Instruments Opens the basket. As the hub rotates, centrifu-
Innovative Employees Center of Excellence in India gal force pulls the media and feedstock
MONHEIM, Germany – Cognis has MALVERN, UK – Malvern Instruments away from the polymer-bearing con-
announced recipients of its internal Inno- has opened a third center of excellence in struct within the peg hub. This creates
vation Award. The award recognizes India, established through its joint-ven- two favorable conditions. One result is
teams responsible for innovative and suc- ture company Malvern Aimil Instruments extended bearing life regardless of the
cessful projects. Pty. Located in Delhi and designed to serve media type or size; the other is the elimi-
The Gold Award went to a team from customers in the north and northeast of nation of micro media escaping through
the Functional Products strategic busi- India, the new center of excellence hous- the clearance between the rotating drive
ness unit (SBU) for Emgard FE, a fuel-effi- es laboratories that are equipped with a shaft and the bearing construct. Bearing
cient axle lubricant for heavy-duty trucks. range of Malvern systems and staffed by a life, typically six months to one and a half
The Silver and Bronze Awards went to full-time applications team. The team will years, has more than doubled.
two teams from the Care Chemicals SBU. provide demonstrations and deliver train-
Silver was given to the employees behind ing, applications and technical support, as BASF Expands Superior Materials’
Plantapon LGC Sorb, a new environmen- well as sample analysis. Distribution Agreement
GARDEN CITY, NY – BASF Corp. has
announced an expansion of Superior Mate-
rials Inc.’s distribution responsibilities.
$PHULFDQ&RDWLQJV6KRZERRWK1R
70

2[\OLQN For customers in the plastics indus-
try, Superior Materials Inc. will now be
responsible for sales of BASF’s pigments,
colorants, dyes and additives portfolio in
New York, New Jersey and Connecticut.
)RUEHWWHU For customers in the coatings, seal-
ZDWHUERUQH ants, adhesives, elastomers and ink
industries, Superior Materials Inc. will
FRDWLQJV be responsible for sales of pigments, col-
orants, dyes, dispersions and Uvinyls®
in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut,
%H*UHHQDQG%HWWHU Maryland, Delaware, Washington D.C.
and Pennsylvania east of Harrisburg.
Superior Materials Inc. will also be
7KHSHUIRUPDQFHDGGLWLYHIRU responsible for sales of Attapulgite addi-

tives in New York, New Jersey, Connecti-

Ŷ 6WURQJHU ZDWHUERUQHFRDWLQJV cut, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia,
Ŷ )DVWHU GU\LQJ Maryland, Delaware and Washington D.C.
Ŷ %HWWHU EORFNLQJUHVLVWDQFH Nevada DOT Approves

Ŷ +LJKHU KXPLGLW\UHVLVWDQFH Seicoat Corp. Coatings
LOS ANGELES – A line of anti-graffiti
Ŷ 5HGXFHG GLUWSLFNXS coatings from Seicoat Corp. has recently
been approved and added to the Quali-
&DOOXVIRUDIUHHVDPSOH
fied Products List by the Nevada Depart-
ment of Transportation. The products
2[\OLQN#EXKOHUJURXSFRP are GPA-200 Graffiti Proofer ® Anti-Stick
86$&DQDGD and GPA-300 Graffiti Proofer Non-Stick
(XURSH$VLD
ZZZEXKOHUJURXSFRP
anti-graffiti coatings.
The GPA-200 coating is extremely
durable and causes most paints to simply
run off the film. The GPA-300 product
allows anyone to remove graffiti with a
dry cloth or water rinse without the use of
any cleaning chemicals. The coatings are
clear, UV stable, chemical and abrasion
resistant, and provide true non-stick sur-
faces that resist paint, permanent mark-
ers, stickers and adhesives.
Siltech Acquires Rhodia

Manufacturing Facility
TORONTO – Siltech Corp. has acquired
Rhodia’s manufacturing facility in
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The
113,000-square-foot plant is equipped
with highly specialized chemical reactors,
bulk storage and railroad facilities. Siltech
will retain Rhodia’s employees and will Bring on all your bright ideas.
continue to manufacture Rhodia’s prod-
ucts under a long-term contract. Siltech’s
Our global UV/EB resources help make
present manufacturing and research facil- them winners.
ity in Toronto, Canada, will continue to
operate as the company’s headquarters.
Hexion Specialty Chemicals Wherever you need UV/EB support, Sartomer is there for you – in the Americas,
Plans Monomer Plant in Korea
COLUMBUS, OH – Hexion Specialty Chem- Europe, and Asia. We deliver leading-edge UV/EB technology and responsive
icals Inc. has approved construction of a local manufacturing. We can also help with the complexities of product/country
manufacturing plant in Onsan, Korea, to
produce Cardura™ monomer, a glycidyl registration issues.
ester derivative of Versatic Acid 10. The
plant will be constructed within an exist- Our in-depth expertise and high-performance specialty chemicals will help you
ing Hexion manufacturing complex in
Onsan. Construction of the new facility bring all your ideas to life and get them to market – fast. Now you can take on
will begin in the first quarter, and comple-
any job – plastic and metal coatings, inks, display, automotive, adhesives –
tion is slated before the end of this year.
or even a totally new application. Rely on us from initial concept to final delivery.
Hexion to Sell Solventborne
Coating Resins Business Formulators choose Sartomer for UV/EB innovation and consistent quality…
COLUMBUS, OH – Hexion Specialty Chem-
icals Inc. has signed a definitive agree- batch after batch. Our broad line of more than 500 monomers and oligomers leads
ment to sell its Italian solventborne alkyd
the world. If your formulation calls for something unique, we tailor a custom fit.
and polyester coating resins business to an
affiliate of Tenax Group, an Italian-based
company that produces similar products. Contact us now for the help you want to beat the competition.
The sale will include all aspects of the
Call 800-SARTOMER, 610-363-4100 or visit www.sartomer.com.
business, including a production facility in
Cola di Lazise, Italy.
The sale represents Hexion’s exit from the
European solventborne coatings market.
Hexion continues to fully participate in the Visit us at RadTech 2010 Baltimore, MD; May 24-26, Booth 309
waterborne, powder coatings and coating
resins markets, both in Europe and globally.
Eastman Acquires Specialty

Polymers Facility in China
KINGSPORT, TN – Eastman Chemical Co.
has completed the acquisition of Tongxi-
ang Xinglong Fine Chemical Co. Ltd., a
cellulose-based specialty polymers man-
ufacturing facility located near Shang-
PA I N T & C O AT I N G S I N D U S T RY 21
C O M PA NY NEWS
hai, China. The acquisition will support Arkema Integrates Acrylics The acrylic monomers production site
Eastman’s Coatings, Adhesives, Specialty Assets From Dow in Clear Lake, TX, is being integrated
Polymers and Inks segment, specifically CARY, NC – Arkema has formally completed into Arkema’s existing Acrylics business
its Ensure™ product line, by providing its acquisition of Dow’s Acrylic Monomers unit, within the Industrial Chemicals
additional capacity to meet the growing and Acrylic Latex Polymers (UCAR Emul- business segment.
demand in China. sion Systems) business in North America. The acrylic latex polymers activity
forms a new business unit, Arkema Emul-
sion Systems, which is dedicated to the
::: Intelligence in Rheometry paint, coatings, adhesives and construc-
tion-product markets. This new business
unit will be part of the Industrial Chemi-
Rheometry cals business segment. Richard Jenkins
has been appointed President of this newly
Focusing on Solutions created business unit. Jenkins was pre-
viously the General Manager of Dow’s
UCAR Emulsions Systems and Monomers
business. Arkema Emulsion Systems is
headquartered in Cary, NC, and operates
three latex production facilities in Cali-
fornia, Illinois and Louisiana. Research
and development, marketing, sales and
administration functions are located at
the North Carolina headquarters.
The Polyphobe™ rheology modifiers
formerly in the UCAR Emulsion Systems
product line are being integrated into
Arkema’s Coatex subsidiary. The inte-
gration will extend Coatex’s portfolio
for the paint and coatings industry to
the United States, Canada, Mexico and
Puerto Rico markets.
BASF Venture Capital Invests in

Quantiam Technologies
LUDWIGSHAFEN, Germany – BASF
Venture Capital GmbH, Ludwigshafen,
Germany, is investing in Quantiam
Technologies Inc., Edmonton, Canada.
Quantiam Technologies develops and
markets functional coatings for extreme
operating environments such as petro-
chemicals industry applications. Quan-
tiam will use the additional capital to
fund further growth. A major focus of
Fully automated, robotically operated: the investment will be catalytic surface
The HTR High Throughput Rheometer coatings known as catalyzed-assisted
from Anton Paar. manufacture of olefins or CAMOL.
Flint Group to Acquire Torda

³ Automatic sample filling and cleaning of
LUXEMBOURG – The Flint Group has
measuring systems
signed an agreement to acquire Torda,
³ Processes up to 96 samples in a single run up a manufacturer of printing inks for the
to 24 hours packaging markets in northern Europe,
Anton Paar® USA
the Balkans and the Middle East, with a
³ Modular setup, flexible to individual applications
800-722-7556 substantial presence in Eastern Europe.
³ All standard MCR 301 test types, configurations info.us@anton-paar.com This acquisition is the third step Flint
and accessories apply www.anton-paar.com Group has taken within the last 12
months to foster its expansion in Eastern
European markets.
22
PCI03094ANTN.indd 1
APRIL 2010 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 2/3/09 9:55:41 AM
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N AMES IN THE NEWS
Patrice Barthelmes has been appointed CEO

of Eliokem, a worldwide specialty chemical
company. Barthelmes served as Vice President
and Director for the Packaging & Building Mate-
rials division of Rohm & Haas, a position he held
from 1999 until 2009, when Dow purchased
Rohm & Haas. In 2009, he was appointed Vice
President and Group Director for Dow’s Adhe-
sives & Functional Polymers division. Barthelmes
Kristopher Felice has joined CAS-MI as a Chemist/Coatings

Technologist. In his new role, Felice uses a wide range of ana-
lytical techniques, such as SEM/EDXA, FTIR, ATR, Microscopic
FTIR and MDSC. He also has expertise in paint and coatings
physical testing, as well as failure analysis.
Scott Harris has been promoted to the position of Operations

Manager at Thermcraft Inc. Harris has over 25 years of manu-
facturing experience.
Jeff Hartel has joined NSL Analytical Services Inc. as

Account Manager for metallurgical and mechanical testing.
Hartel will assist with business development activities. He will
also introduce NSL’s elemental chemical analysis capabilities to
metallurgical and mechanical testing customers.
NanoHorizons Inc. has appointed Chris Haupt to the newly

created position of Vice President, Industrial Business Unit. Haupt’s
professional focus and expertise are in polymer chemistry and busi-
ness development for the C.A.S.E and flexible-foam markets.
Timothy M. Knavish has been appointed Vice President, Automo-

tive Coatings, Americas, for PPG Industries. He will report directly
to Cynthia A. Niekamp, Vice President, Automotive Coatings.
Malvern Instruments has appointed

Terry Liu to the role of Process Specialist.
Liu is part of the Malvern China team and
works from the company’s Shanghai office.
He will support customers across a range of
industries in their implementation of Insitec
in-, on- and at-line solutions for particle-size
measurement and process optimization.
Liu
Joan A. Schuller has been named General Manager for the North
American region of Dow Coating Materials. In her role, Schuller is
responsible for setting the business strategy and leading the North
American Leadership Team.
H. Morgan Smith has been named the Chairman of the Board of

Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. Barrett C. Fisher III has assumed the
role of President, and Brian Boorman has been named the Execu-
tive Vice President.
Superior Materials Inc. has hired Peter Zillitto as Regional

Sales Manager, Mid-Atlantic. Zillitto will be responsible for the
sale of BASF pigments, colorants, additives and Attagel® prod-
ucts in eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware, along
with Attagel in all of Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia.
He will also sell Imerys, Evonik, Akzo Nobel, Kronos, DayGlo
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A D D I T I V E S
AC Show Booth #1732

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ACS
TIANSORB™
TIANS
SORB
B™ UV Absorbers
Ab b and
d Light
Li ht Stabilizers
St bili Booth #1640
Shanghai Tiansheng Chemical Co., Ltd. is the professional manu-
A D D I T I V E S
facturer of UV Absorbers and Light Stabilizers in China.Through

continuous efforts in R&D, we offer a range of high-quality
TIANSORBs to improve the weather resistance of coatings.
Concept to Commercialization
Quality First - we use medicine standard to produce our coat-
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M A N U FA C T U R I N G - R E L AT E D
"Green" Dispersion Blades
Quickblades Inc’s dispersion blades are “Green”. Coatings
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American Coatings Show.
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www.cmcmilling.com (610) 926-0984 AC Show Booth #1932
Bo AC
ot
S
Hockmeyer Immersion Mill Russell Finex Inc h
#
21
24
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PACKAGING/MATERIAL HANDLING
Cleveland Steel Container Introduces
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nd
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t Straighter body prole: increased label area ea
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Sycoat™ Polymers
R E S I N S / P O LY M E R S
Saiden Technologies introduces Sycoat™ polymers for
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We have the right polymer for your needs!
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A
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lk yd resins
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inss WorléeKyd®
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AC Show Booth #2148
AC Show Booth #2841

Nanocomposite
for High-Performance Fabrics
I nflatable fabrics are used in a number of differ-
ent applications, such as automotive airbags,
parachutes, rafts, hot air balloons and inflatable
structures for space exploration. An inflatable
fabric consists of a base fabric that provides
strength and a multifunctional coating layer. Besides
blocking pores in the fabric and providing impermeabil-
ity, the coating imparts flexibility, toughness and tear
strength to the fabric. In addition, the coating protects
cone base polymer. The second part presents data on NEI’s
nanoscale additive-reinforced silicone-coated fabric.
Forming Silicone Nanocomposites

In recent years, polymer nanocomposites have received
significant attention since nanoscale particles provide
an opportunity for enhancing the mechanical and func-
tional properties of the polymer at relatively low-volume
fractions, thereby preserving the desirable properties of
the fabric from the heat generated during inflation and the polymer, such as flexibility and ductility. The reasons
provides smooth deployment. A desirable coating material for using nanoscale particles in a polymer matrix are out-
should have low permeability, good adhesion to the fabric lined in the following points.
and good mechanical strength. 1. Incorporating nanoscale particles, particularly those
The first generation of inflatable fabrics was based on with a high aspect ratio (e.g., platelet-shaped clay nano-
nylon 6,6 fabric with a neoprene coating. However, neo- particles) in a polymer matrix leads to several beneficial
prene had several shortcomings, including necessarily features, including low percolation threshold (< 2 vol%),
thick coatings, a tendency to stick when deployed, limited high interfacial area and a size scale that is comparable to
environmental stability and marginal thermal resistance. that of polymeric molecules.
As improvements in nylon 6,6 and alternative fab- 2. The interface between surface-modified nanopar-
rics continue, silicone coatings are being used more ticles and the polymer matrix will be smooth, resulting in
often than neoprene coatings to: (a) protect the fabric effective load transfer to the matrix and a smooth surface
from heat-scorching; (b) allow thinner and more fold- finish to the final nanocomposite. Conversely, coarse par-
able coated fabrics; (c) improve long-term environmental ticles, because of their large size and particularly when
stability; and (d) provide better compatibility with nylon. added in large volume fractions, do not bond well with the
Silicone coatings are increasingly used on inflatable fab- polymer matrix. Consequently, coarse particles degrade
rics in several consumer, military and space applications. the mechanical properties of the base polymer.
An excellent example is the successful deployment of the 3. Incorporating solid particles (or nanoparticles) in a
airbag system for the Mars Pathfinder. Silicone coatings polymer matrix or in a polymer-based coating formula-
exhibit one to two orders of magnitude less atomic oxygen tion can give rise to processing issues such as a significant
erosion compared to their organic counterparts in low change in viscosity, inhomogeneous mixing and reduc-
earth orbit.1 tion of shelf life. All these problems can degrade the final
Notwithstanding their excellent long-term thermal properties of the nanocomposite. Nanoparticles present
stability, weatherability and flexibility, silicone coatings less of a problem than micon-sized particles because
are relatively weak compared to other elastomers. Fillers, nanoparticles can be added in much smaller quantities
such as amorphous silica, are often added to the matrix to achieve a similar reinforcing effect. Additionally, when
to reinforce the network. Another drawback of silicone nanoparticles are modified with a suitable organic mol-
material is its poor adhesion to the substrates because of ecule/oligomer, they become compatible with the matrix
its low surface energy. These problems can be addressed and ameliorate processing problems.
by nanotechnology, and indeed various attempts have Silicones, also referred to as polysiloxanes or PDMS,
been made using nanoscale additives to strengthen the have the repeating unit [Si(R)2-O]- and are prepared from
silicone and reduce gas permeability. This article intro- chlorosilanes. Depending upon the number of repeating
duces a commercially viable nanoscale additive developed units in a polymer chain and the degree of crosslinking,
by NEI Corporation that improves fabric tear strength, several different types of commercial silicone products can
tensile strength and hardness at low additive loadings. At be produced: fluids, emulsions, compounds, lubricants,
the same time, the NEI product greatly improves adhesion resins and elastomers or rubbers. The silicone material
between the silicone and the fabric. The NEI product is a discussed in this article is a silicone elastomer, suitable for
nanoscale additive package that is easily added to com- use as an inflatable fabric coating.
mercial silicone coating formulations to impart excellent Nanoscale additives in silicone coatings offer the oppor-
coating properties. tunity to improve physical gas barrier properties, in
The first part of this article discusses how nanoscale addition to enhancing mechanical properties. Some data
additives can be used to improve the properties of the sili- indicates that oxygen transmission rates for nanocompos-
By Kenneth Eberts, Runquing Ou and Kunal Shah | NEI Corporation, Somerset, NJ

Coatings
ites of silicone are usually less than fitted with a 5kN load cell and rub-
half that of the unmodified poly- ber-faced, manual grips. To pre-
mers. The aspect ratio of the addi- pare T-Peel test samples, uncured
tive nanoparticles has been shown coating material was applied to the
to have a major effect on enhancing coated faces of two cured, coated
gaseous barrier properties, particu- Vectran sheets using a drawdown
larly with higher aspect ratios.2 process. The sheets were then laid
Researchers at Argonne National face-to-face to make sandwiched
Laboratory demonstrated that the sheets, which were compressed
oxygen barrier properties of nano- together and cured.
composite films were 200,000 Spherical test articles, 18” in
times better than oriented propyl- diameter, were fabricated at ILC
ene and over 2,000 times better Dover (a leading manufacturer of
than Nylon-6.3 Researchers at NASA showed that by add- high-performance softgoods, and a collaborator on this
ing about 2 vol% additives in a thermoplastic matrix, the project) for leakage testing (Figure 1). The test articles
hydrogen permeability can be reduced by 10 to 20%.4 were inflated to 1, 2 and 3 psi, and the leak rate was
measured. This was followed by holding the inflation
Experimental Procedures pressure at 5 psi, then reducing the pressure and repeat-
An example of the wide variety of airbag applications is ing the leakage tests at 3, 2, and 1 psi.
the Mars Pathfinder airbag system. With funding pro-
vided by NASA, we chose to work with materials similar
to those used for this Mars mission. Dow Corning Liquid Nanoscale additives in silicone
Silicone Rubber (LSR 3730) was used as the base silicone
material. It is a two-component, fumed silica-filled, high
solids (>98%) vinyl-addition (platinum catalyzed), high-
coatings offer the opportunity
temperature-curing (150-200 °C) silicone with high vis-
cosity (165,000 cSt). This is a commercial coating formu- to improve physical gas barrier
lation optimized for adhesion to fabrics and is chemically
similar to the silicone rubber used to coat the Mars Path- properties, in addition to
finder airbags (i.e., Silastic LT-50, a Dow Corning product
designed for enhanced low temperature performance). enhancing mechanical properties.
The fabric used was Vectran, a commercial woven fabric
obtained from Fabric Development, Inc.
NEI nanoscale additives, hereafter called Nanomyte™
FIGURE 1 | Pressurization testing of 18” test spheres at ILC Dover.
PC-30, were prepared by modifying the surface of inor-
ganic nanoparticles with organic functional groups that
can react with the silicone matrix, thereby facilitating dis-
persion and allowing chemical bonding of the nanopar-
ticles with the matrix. The functional groups also improve
the adhesion of the silicone coating with the fabric.
Nanomyte PC-30 was mixed thoroughly with part
B of LSR 3730 before mixing with part A and catalyst.
The mixed, uncured silicone resin was then applied to
Vectran fabric and cured at 190 °C, followed by aging
at 120 °C. This coating and curing process was then
repeated to apply a second coat.
Coated Vectran sheets were cut to the standard geom-
etry as specified in MIL-C-21189(Aer) TM 10.2.4 for cut-
slit tear testing. Samples were tested on a CRE-type tensile
machine using hydraulic/pneumatic grips.
Peel testing was conducted according to ASTM D 1876-
01, Standard Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives
(T-Peel Test) using an MTS QTest/25 Elite Controller frame
PA I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y 33
Nanocomposite Coatings for High-Performance Fabrics
Results and Discussion appearance, offering evidence of a cohesive failure; this

Figure 2 shows the results from cut-slit tear testing. The was not observed to such a degree for control samples,
coated fabric containing Nanomyte PC-30 exhibits signifi- where yarns were typically stripped bare.
cantly improved tear strength. Examination of the tested The above tests demonstrate the importance of adhe-
samples revealed that different degrees of delamination of sion between the fabric and coating, which is promoted by
the silicone coating material from the fabric had occurred Nanomyte PC-30. Further evidence of stronger adhesion is
as a result of the tearing action (Figure 3). In general, shown by the T-Peel test. Figure 4 shows a strong correlation
there appeared to be substantial delamination of coating between Nanomyte PC-30 loading and adhesive strength.
material from the Vectran for control samples, especially In addition to enhancing coating-fabric adhesion and
at the grip points and along tears. This delamination is mechanical strength, Nanomyte PC-30 greatly sup-
an adhesive failure. The samples containing Nanomyte presses leakage in fully sealed test articles. Figure 5
PC-30 exhibited minimal or no delamination. Further, in shows a strong trend towards reduced test article leak-
some cases, residual coating material remained connected age for spheres manufactured with the nanocomposite
to exposed yarns within the tear zone giving a “toothed” material versus control.
FIGURE 2 | Averaged tearing strength of coated fabric with and FIGURE 4 | Averaged peel resistance data for self-adhesion of
without 1.5 wt% Nanomyte PC-30. coating formulations.
700
45
40
650
Average Tearing Strength (lbs)
Peel Resistance (N) 35
600 30
25
550
20
15
500
10
450 5
0
400 0 3 6
Control Nanomyte™ PC-30 Nanomyte™ PC-30 (wt%)
FIGURE 3 | Macro photograph of cut-slit tear samples along the tear. FIGURE 5 | Graph of leak rate during pressure testing of optimally
sealed test articles.
Control Nanomyte™ 400
PC-30 Nanomyte™ PC-30
350 (1.5wt%)
Leakage Rate (sccm)
300 Control
Coated
Yarns 250
200
Bare
Yarns 150
100
50
0
Delamination 1 2 3 3 2 1
Pressure (psi)

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Univar Copyright ©2009
Nanocomposite Coatings for High-Performance Fabrics
the test articles fabricated. Most importantly, NEI’s tech-

…the mechanical strength and nology has a minimal impact on the coating application
process. That is, NEI’s patent-pending technology can be
coating-fabric adhesion can be readily incorporated into commercially available coating
formulations and requires no special processing or equip-
ment when applied to the fabric. In addition, using the NEI
significantly enhanced by adding nanoparticle additive approach, other desirable function-
alities can be engineered into the coating formulation.
relatively low levels of nanoparticles. Acknowledgments
NEI Corporation is grateful to the NASA SBIR program for funding this Phase
II effort, which was carried out under contract NNL07AA11C. The authors
Conclusions wish to thank Ms. Robin C. Hardy of NASA Langley Research Center, Vir-
We have shown that the mechanical strength and coat- ginia, for her constant encouragement and suggestions during the Phase II
ing-fabric adhesion can be significantly enhanced by program. The authors also wish to thank Ms. Jody Ware of ILC Dover for her
adding relatively low levels of nanoparticles. Certain support of this development work, particularly with respect to prototype
fabric coatings that are used for space applications are airbag fabrication and testing.
formulated with fillers, including metal oxide particles,
in order to increase strength. However, these additives References
1 Dworak, P; Soucek, M. D. Progress in Organic Coatings 2003,
typically require high additive loading in order to attain 47, 448.
the desired properties, which can adversely impact the 2 Takeuchi, H.; Cohen, C. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6792.
weight of the part and potentially result in degradation of 3 http ://w w w.anl.gov/techtransfer/pd f/Nanocompos-
mechanical properties. Our approach permits the use of ite4-7-03.pdf.
far lower levels of additive loading, which better preserves 4 www.grc.nasa.gov/www/RT2001/5000/5150campbell.html.
the material’s desirable characteristics. Further, NEI’s For more information see www.neicorporation.com or email
nanoscale additives significantly suppress air leakage in keberts@neicorporation.com.
The World Marketplace
for Protective Coatings –
T he past 35 years have brought massive

changes to the protective coatings indus-
try. Increasing levels of regulatory over-
sight and the reduction in VOC emissions
are among the more obvious impacts.
The industry also faced a shift in markets, as China, Dubai
and other world areas made significant investments in
infrastructure to support economic development.
However, change is also a reaction to the global trends
coating for bridges, ships, infrastructure and other indus-
trial – not to mention consumer – applications in industri-
alized nations.
Soon thereafter, the industry faced another major chal-
lenge: sweeping regulations focused on lowering vola-
tile organic compounds (VOCs). Space does not permit a
detailed discussion into the regulatory environment taking
place during this time. However, it is possible to briefly
summarize some of the key milestones. In the 1980s, some
occurring throughout the world: population growth, countries in Europe had adopted VOC rules that limited
globalization/urbanization, climate change/global warm- the VOC content of certain paint products.1 By 1990 a
ing, the healthcare revolution and accelerated technology number of air quality districts, such as SCAQMD (South
changes. All of these trends have and will continue to Coast Air Quality Management District), were regulating
create new opportunities. How can our business model Architectural and Industrial Maintenance (AIM) coatings.
recognize and take advantage of these trends that create Additionally, under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
coatings opportunities? (CAAA), the EPA established the Ozone Transport Com-
mission (OTC) to tackle the issue of ozone drifting from
Sowing the Seeds of Change: 1970s – 1990s one state’s airspace into another’s. And, in 1998, the EPA
Evolving Regulations issued a national rule for VOCs, “National Volatile Organic
In the 1970s, heightened environmental awareness gal- Compound Emission Standards for Consumer and Com-
vanized organizations and mercial Products,” restricting VOC content in most indus-
individuals into action, cul- trial maintenance and marine antifouling coatings to 450
minating in unprecedented g/L (a limit that is actually above restrictions in some states
changes for the protective and districts).2 Lowering VOCs effectively eliminated the
coatings industry. The first use of chlorinated rubbers and vinyls – both of which were
truly game-changing seeds extensively used in infrastructure applications.
of change were sown with These changing regulations resulted in a technology
the Consumer Product shift from low-performance systems to high-performance
Safety Commission’s 1978 systems, to waterborne systems. Looking back, it is not an
ban of lead-based paint exaggeration to say that these technology changes repre-
in the United States. This sented a turning point for the industry.
caused a ripple effect that
increased the scrutiny of Global Shift
the use of lead-based paint Around the same time the protective coatings industry
in other countries. To fully was facing shifting regulations, another shift was occur-
appreciate the impact, it’s ring that would also have a significant and lasting impact
important to remember that on the industry: the acceleration of infrastructure/eco-
lead-based paint (oil alkyds) nomic development beyond the Western world.
had been used as a univer- One such growing market at the time was China, where
sal coating for a thousand the economic reform that began in 1978 brought great
years, and was a dominant changes in many areas of Chinese economy, including
By Dr. Karsten Danielmeier, Vice President of Business Development, Coatings, Adhesives & Specialties | Bayer MaterialScience LLC,
Pittsburgh, PA
3
38 APRIL
APR IL 2010 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M
The World Marketplace for Protective Coatings – Opportunities and Trends
infrastructure development.3 Another growth area was new opportunities, particularly within the context of five
Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, which saw economic global megatrends: population growth, globalization/
growth in the 1970s due to revenues from oil and trade. urbanization, climate change/global warming, health-
This growth was further strengthened by the establish- care revolution and accelerated technology changes.
ment of Jebel Ali port in 1979, followed by JAFZA (Jebel
Ali Free Zone), which was built around the port in 1985, Population Growth
enabling customers to take full advantage of the port’s As of November 6, 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau esti-
ISO-certified container and general cargo operations.4 mated the world’s population to be 6.795 billion.5 While
Another event that forever changed the global eco- the overall rate of growth is slowing (Figure 1), the
nomic landscape was the fall of the Berlin population gains continue to severely tax
Wall in 1989. This event, which to many natural resources, making food and water
symbolizes the end of the Cold War, was not increasingly scarce. One viable option for
only a social revolution, but an economic conserving drinking water is pipeline mod-
revolution as well, essentially creating new ernization, which minimizes the loss of
markets with which the Western world water caused by leakage. This presents
could do business. a tremendous opportunity – as well as
The significance of this global shift is a challenge – to the protective coatings
twofold. First, it created a global market for industry. Additional areas where protec-
high-performance coatings products and tive coatings can be utilized to support the
technologies needed as these geographic population boom include housing, as well
areas built out their infrastructure to help as the construction and repair of the trans-
support economic development. Second, it portation infrastructure, among others.
also continued the march toward a truly
global economy. This impacted coatings
To many, the Burj Al Arab luxury
Globalization/Urbanization
manufacturers who needed to ensure their hotel symbolizes Dubai’s urban Globalization increases wealth and the
products were in compliance with varying transformation. demand for mobility and communications,
regulations in the different markets. At particularly in emerging areas, such as
the same time, it created the opportunity for manufac- APAC (Asia and Pacific) and BRICM (Brazil, Russia, India,
turers to establish facilities in what had until this time China and Mexico). In fact, much has been written about
been largely untapped markets, translating into improved how the five BRICM economies will surpass the current
economies of scale, as well as greater manufacturing and major economic powers in the decades to come. This is
distribution efficiencies. a prospect that must be considered for protective coat-
ings manufacturers and their suppliers, who may seize
Today and Tomorrow: the opportunities these areas offer, and therefore shift
Seeds of Change Grow, Blossom the geographic location of their current manufacturing
It is with this backdrop of the last 35 years or so in mind operations to be better able to serve these burgeoning
that we turn our attention to the protective coatings economies going forward.
industry today … and look toward tomorrow. Productiv- In terms of urbanization, significant investments in
ity, sustainability and quality are the key drivers in the mass transportation, as well as infrastructure construc-
coatings industry today. As such, they are both central tion and maintenance, present opportunities for protec-
and essential to how the industry operates and seizes tive coatings products and technologies, as well. The
numbers are, in fact, staggering. A recent report by CIBC
FIGURE 1 | World population: 1950-2050. World Markets in Toronto predicts that global spending
on infrastructure could reach $25 -$30 trillion over the
10
next two decades. Of this, the United States will account
9 for roughly $150 billion a year in new infrastructure
8 9 Billion investment; Europe will require roughly $300 billion a
Population (billions)
7 8 Billion year; China, at least $400 billion a year. The report also
6 7 Billion states that approximately 40 percent of this money will go
6 Billion
to transport and nearly one-third to power facilities.6
5
Certain countries within such geographic areas
4 5 Billion
as Africa are looking to build new infrastructure to
3 4 Billion improve not only their economy, but also the health
2 3 Billion and well being of its people. In an address given Feb. 2,
1 2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stated: “…
0
infrastructural development is key to economic growth
and social progress. Africa needs good roads, schools
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
and hospitals; as well as reliable and efficient water

services, electricity grids and telecom networks; while
Year information and communication technologies must
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, June 2009 Update. also be a bigger part of Africa’s future. These remain the

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building blocks for job creation and the be equivalent to a VOC level of 600 g/L
ability to compete in global markets.”7 or above. However, the development of
The United States, on the other hand, lower-viscosity resins, both in the polyol
is investing significant resources in component (polyesters, polyacrylates and
repairing an infrastructure that is crum- polyaspartic esters) as well as low-viscosity
bling, or expanding infrastructure that polyisocyanates, enables the formulation of
is now inadequate due to population high-solids coatings.
shifts. According to the U.S. Department One approach to the market’s need
of Transportation, as of Nov. 3, 2009, for higher solids coatings is a new class
nearly 8,500 highway projects have been Baseball stadium at Wide World of Sports Dis- of co-reactants, namely polyamino co-
approved under the American Recovery ney World in Florida. reactants. In the past, the extremely high
and Reinvestment Act, and nearly 5,000 reactivity of primary amines has pre-
highway projects are underway.8 and the U.S. EPA is developing an amend- vented their use as a viable co-reactant
ment to the national rule that will also be in coating applications. However, the sig-
Climate Change/Global Warming effective in 2010.9 nificantly reduced reactivity of hindered
From power generation to automotive Necessity is the mother of invention, it is or blocked amines, such as polyaspartic
and nearly everything in between, this said. For the protective coatings industry, esters and aldimines has allowed for a
megatrend is changing the way compa- the effort to minimize the use of solvents whole new family of co-reactants avail-
nies – and entire industries – do business. has opened the door to the development able to polyurethane formulators. The
Greener solutions that address VOC regu- and use of more environmentally friendly coatings based on these polyamino co-
lations continue to be an area of focus for alternatives, including high-solids coat- reactants can be formulated with solid
the coatings industry. This is particularly ings, waterborne coatings, waterborne levels in excess of 70 percent, resulting
true as new and modified regulations are UV coatings and powder coatings. in a system with VOC levels at 2 lbs/
on the horizon. For example, Canada has Traditional solventborne polyurethane gal or less. The availability of various
proposed a 340 g/L limit that is expected coatings are typically formulated at a polyaspartic esters with vastly different
to become effective sometime in 2010, solid level of 30-40 percent, which would reactivities and viscosities makes these
compounds more versatile co-reactants
Purity
for formulators. One can blend two or
more polyaspartic esters to achieve a
wide range of application viscosities and
through potlifes. One significant characteristic of

the coatings based on polyaspartic esters
innovation is that they offer extremely high hard-

ness, balanced with a reasonable flex-
ibility. In addition, both aldimines and
Global Sieving and Filtration Specialists polyaspartic esters are compatible with
most traditional polyester or polyacrylic
resins. The polyaspartic esters can easily
be blended with polyesters or polyacryl-
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hardness, viscosity and cost.
For all its advantages, the Journal of
Protective Coatings & Linings singled out
polyaspartics as one of the top product
developments over the last 25 years.10
Successful utilization of this coatings
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phatic isocyanates, which met stringent project require- solvents in their formula, powder coatings release little
ments that called for a flexible concrete coating with low- to zero VOCs into the atmosphere. This not only helps
to zero-VOCs. This was a smart solution that offered VOC the environment, but it also reduces costs for finishers
compliance as well as proven long-term durability. because they no longer have to purchase and maintain
And while traditional solventborne polyurethanes have expensive pollution control equipment. In addition,
long set the standard for high-performance coatings most powder coating overspray that does not adhere
systems, the development of waterborne polyurethane to the substrate can be reclaimed for future use. As
coatings technologies are offering new, even lower-VOC a result, finishers utilize nearly 100 percent of their
solutions to the coating formulator. Two-component coating material, leaving little waste and less clean-
waterborne polyurethane coatings, when properly formu- up. Despite these positive aspects, powder coating has
lated with the wide variety of waterborne polyols available, drawbacks, as well: it is less environmentally friendly
have film characteristics similar to those of solventborne from an energy consumption perspective and, practi-
coatings. These properties include high gloss and distinct- cally speaking, lacks the durability and weatherability
ness of image (DOI), good balance of flexibility and hard- that high-performance applications require.
ness, good abrasion and chemical resistance, and good
outdoor weatherability. Much progress continues to be Healthcare Revolution
made pertaining to waterborne chemistries. Early water- At first, it may seem unusual to include coatings used in
borne coatings had as much as 300 g/L of co-solvent; healthcare in a discussion of industrial high-performance
new commercial systems are now actually waterborne at coatings. But there are lessons to be learned here. Today,
0-15 g/L. A key industry focus is keeping VOCs low while the coatings industry is fine-tuning raw materials up to
improving product performance. To that end, the industry (semi-)finished materials for the healthcare industry’s
continues to strive toward the formulation of waterborne product designers, resulting in system solutions. Some
coating technologies that can outperform solvent-based examples include topical tissue adhesives, which replace
coatings in the highest-performing applications. sutures and staples; hydrophilic coatings that facilitate
The Los Angeles Unified School District #9 offers catheter insertion; drug-eluting stent coatings for reduced
another example of the successful implementation of restenosis and thrombosis, as well as anti-bacterial coat-
a more eco-friendly coating solution. An anti-graffiti ings to minimize the spread of infection.
coating system based on 2K waterborne technology was These novel applications remind those of us in the area
applied to all perimeter poured-in-place concrete walls. In of high-performance coatings to “think outside the box”
addition to preserving the architect’s desired look of the when looking ahead to how coatings will be utilized mov-
concrete as a design element, this near zero-VOC coatings ing forward. In other words, we must rethink the role of
solution also met stringent SCAQMD and California Air coatings and how they will be used differently in the future,
Resources Board (CARB) guidelines. presenting new opportunities for functional coatings –
Often referred to as “dry painting,” powder coatings such as printed circuit boards and other applications, for
technology is another option that offers environmental example – some of which we may not yet fully understand.
and application advantages. The term “dry painting”
refers to powder coatings’ lack of liquid, solvent or Accelerated Technology Change
water, in its formula. It is applied “dry” directly to a The evolution of coatings in the healthcare industry
surface in a fine powder form. Because they don’t use segues nicely into the final global megatrend being
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CREATING TOMORROW‘S SOLUTIONS

considered for this technical discussion: in silicon-free organic solar cells – cells tion of technology. Near-term applications
accelerating technology change. that could revolutionize power genera- are primarily for signage and in integral
One of the new technologies with tion because they could be produced eco- night lighting. But if one looks further into
implications for a number of industries is nomically in large quantities. the future, one may envision that these
nanotechnology. With multi-walled car- Printed light based on coating layers advancements in printed light technology
bon nanotubes (CNTs) it may be possible containing electroluminescent pigments might someday be used to illuminate a
to combine the best properties of differ- within the film and a small source of wide range of objects in an environmen-
ent materials – light metals and polymer electricity is another natural transforma- tally responsible way.
compounds – resulting in a new class
of materials. As an example, reinforced
composite materials based on CNTs and
aluminum powder may offer entirely
new design opportunities in lightweight
construction. CNT-containing compo-
nents may have much higher mechanical
strength, which may mean they can be
produced with thinner walls and there-
fore weigh less than their counterparts
of non-reinforced aluminum. The tensile
strength of this new class of materials
could be similar to that of steel, but weighs
only half as much because of its lower
density. This weight reduction may result
in much improved energy efficiency and
a better CO2 balance. For opportunistic
protective coatings manufacturers, this
may provide an opportunity to formu-
late new coatings technologies to protect
these nano-based structures.
Another growing area is coatings based
on renewable raw materials, for instance,
natural oil-based coatings. Natural oil-
based resins, which are used where
nature has provided unique structures
that are technically and economically
viable, may reduce the climate impact of
finished products. Applications for these
natural oil-based coatings include self-
leveling floor coatings, secondary con-
tainment and corrosion protection. There
is much potential for the protective coat-
ings industry, as owners, architects and
engineers increasingly seek out materi-
als that may support LEED certification
and its resultant tax credits. Demand for
greener technologies is here to stay, and
the protective coatings industry must be
ready with the appropriate solutions.
Functional films is yet another area
with exceptionally dynamic growth
potential that is pushing the boundar-
ies of the very definition of coatings and
the properties they impart to end-use
components. This growth includes devel-
opments in modern film technologies,
holography and polymer electronics.
Nanoparticles can play an important role
here, for example in electrically conduc-
tive printing inks based on nanometallic
particles or carbon nanotubes or quan-
tum dots that could be used in the future
PCI06084Shep.indd 1
PA I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y 4/25/08
2:17:54
45 PM
Shanghai Tiansheng The World Marketplace for Protective Coatings –
Opportunities and Trends
Chemical Co., Ltd.
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Shanghai Tiansheng Chemical Co., Ltd. is the pro- ogy behind flexible coatings used to provide abrasion resistance
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Stabilizers in China.Through continuous efforts in R&D, could some day be used to formulate coatings that don’t crack
we offer a range of high-quality TIANSORBs to improve or split when being exposed to harsh weather conditions for
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Quality First - we use medicine standard to produce Could painting ever be obsolete? Based on current develop-
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process for bridges or other structures, and instead, wrap it in
Good Service - we are committed to provide excellent film, then heat shrink it to fit, resulting in a VOC-free, defect-free
service for the customers with our application knowl- structure. This represents a novel process for an organic material
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must “rethink” the painting process … expanding its definition to
Product List (UV Absorbers embrace other innovative ways coatings may be applied.
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TIANSORB 1130, TIANSORB 384-2, industry has come in just the last 35 years offers great optimism
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For more information, innovative developments in industries as diverse as healthcare,
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balization/ urbanization, climate change/global warming, the
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References
FOR ALL 1 Dankin, M. Spanning 25 Years of Development in Heavy-Duty Coat-
ings. J. of Protective Coatings and Linings 2009, 8, 47.
MILLING 2 Kaelin, A. B.; Kapsanis, K. A. Regulations and Coatings Work: Devel-

opments Over 25 Years. J. of Protective Coatings and Linings 2009, 8,
APPLICATIONS 73-74.
3 Public Infrastructure Development in China. Lin, Shuanglin Com-
parative Economic Studies, June 22, 2001.
Any density - any diameter - any composition 4 UAEFreeZones.com.
5 U.S. Census Bureau – International Database.
Zirconium Oxide, Glass, Steel, Steel Shot, Tungsten 6 Benjamin Tal, “Capitalizing on the Upcoming Infrastructure Stimu-
Carbide, Alumina, Silicon Carbide, Silicon Nitride, lus,” CIBC World Markets, Jan. 26, 2009.
Ottawa Sand, Agate, Titanium Oxide, Flint Pebbles, 7 “Development of Africa’s Infrastructure Key to Economic Growth,
Rare Earth ZrO/CeO, Nickel, Plastics, etc. Social Progress,” United Nations new release, Feb. 2, 2009.
8 “Highway Investment Hits $20 Billion,” U.S. Department of Transpor-
Precision Glass Balls for ball bearings, check valves, tation, Nov. 3, 2009.
level gauges and low temperature 9 Harding, M. Update on Low VOC Regulations for Coatings. J. of Pro-
critical applications are also available tective Coatings and Linings 2009, 10, 23.
10 Hower, H. Top Product Developments, 1984 to the Present. J. of Pro-
Small orders welcome. tective Coatings and Linings 2009, 8, 67-68.

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The Use of
Mixed Metal
Oxide Pigments
in Industrial Coatings
M ixed metal oxide (MMO) pigments,
also known as complex inorganic
color pigments (CICPs), have been
around since the early 1800s. Their use in the ceramic
and pottery industries is well known due to their overall
inertness, which contributes to outstanding heat, chemi-
cal and UV resistance. The use of MMOs in industrial
aluminum. Different metal combinations produce a wide
spectrum of hues ranging from black to brown to green,
blue, yellow and red. All MMOs are produced by a cal-
cination process consisting of an intimate mixture of
appropriate metal precursor materials being fired at tem-
peratures of 800 to 1300 °C. It is this calcining process
that creates the extremely stable metal oxide bonds. The
coatings is less common and more chemical stability of these bonds
for special purposes. This paper will affords the outstanding durability
discuss the benefits of formulating of this class of color pigments.
coatings with MMOs as a replace-
ment for, or in conjunction with, the UV Durability
more common organic types. The chemical inertness of inorganic
Mixed metal oxide pigments are MMOs renders their excellent resis-
compounds comprised of a group tance to UV radiation and the ele-
of two or more metals and oxygen. ments encountered in the most
The most common crystal struc- extreme outdoor environments. Most
tures are rutile (MeO2) hematite organic pigments degrade when
(Me2O3) or spinel (Me3O4). Metals exposed for more than a few years
commonly present include: cobalt, in UV-intense tropical environments.
iron, trivalent chrome, tin, anti- High-performance organic pigments
mony, titanium, manganese and that do provide acceptable durability
Common Mixed Metal Oxide Pigments
C.I. Name Chemistry CAS # Name Structure Color

PBrn 33 (Zn,Fe(Fe,Cr)2O4 68186-88-9 Zinc iron chromite Spinel Reddish brown
PBrn 35 Fe2CrO4 68187-09-7 Iron chromite Spinel Dark brown
PY 53 (Ni Ti Sb)O2 8007-18-9 Nickel antimony titanate Rutile Yellow
PBr 24 (Ti, Cr, Sb)O2 68186-90-3 Chrome antimony titanium buff Rutile Yellow tan
PG 17 CrOAl 68909-79-5 Chromium green Hematite Yellowish green
PG 26 CoCr2O4 68187-49-5 Cobalt chromite Spinel Green
PG 50 Co2TiO4 68186-85-6 Cobalt titanate Rutile Green
PG 17 Blk CrOFe 68909-79-5 Chromium green-black Hematite Brownish black
PBlk 28 CuCr2O4 68186-91-4 Copper chromite black Spinel Black
PBlk 30 (Ni,Fe)(Cr,Fe)2O4 71631-15-7 Chrome iron nickel black Spinel Black
PB 28 CoAl2O4 1345-16-0 Cobalt aluminate Spinel Reddish blue
PB 36 Co(Al,Cr)2O4 68187-11-1 Cobalt chromium aluminate Spinel Turquois
PY 119 (Zn Fe)Fe2O4 68187-51-9 Zinc ferrite Spinel Brown
By Kevin Biller | Mason Color Pigments, East Liverpool, OH

are typically very expensive, commanding two to four times region, causing a significant increase in surface tem-
the cost of a metal oxide pigment. MMOs are therefore the perature. This increased temperature is deleterious for a
colorant material of choice for architectural coatings requir- number of reasons. Most important are coatings used for
ing extremely high durability such as the performance speci- architectural structures such as roofing and cladding. The
fied in AAMA 2605-05 (Architectural Aluminum Manufac- heat increase associated with highly absorptive organic
turers Association). This specification calls for maintenance pigments causes the temperature of the interior of buildings
of color and gloss after 10 years exposure in south Florida. to rise. This obviously translates into higher cooling costs
in summer months. MMOs provide substantially higher
Chemical Resistance infrared reflectivity (total solar reflectivity – TSR) and
The exceptionally stable chemical bonds characteristic therefore stay cooler in the sunlight. The Lawrence Berke-
of MMO pigments make them insoluble in most chemi- ley National Laboratory has conducted extensive research
cals including strong acid and alkali, and virtually all and has qualified a large amount of MMOs as replacements
organic solvents. Because of this insolubility, coatings for poorly reflective organic pigments (http://coolcolors.lbl.
formulated with MMOs will not lose color due to pigment gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/database.html).
degradation even with the most extreme exposure to IR reflective pigmentation has other practical uses. Main-
aggressive chemicals. Atmospheric pollution including taining cooler surfaces of playground equipment, park
acid rain, volcanic fallout and waste incineration does benches, outdoor sports facilities and bus stops provides more
not chemically attack these pigments. Moreover, coat- comfort and a safer surface in sunny locales. Furthermore,
ings requiring resistance to strong chemical exposure cooler surfaces on utility cabinetry such as cable junction
such as laboratory and chemical manufacturing facili- boxes, electrical enclosures and outdoor generators keeps
ties can use MMOs and be assured of color stability. internal components cooler and increases product longevity
and minimizes service calls.
Heat Resistance Mixed Metal Oxide Crystal Morphology
The thermal stability of MMOs is well known in the
ceramic and pottery industries. This class of pigments is Crystal Type Chemistry Crystal Structure
processed for hours at temperatures ranging from 800
to 1300 °C in their manufacture. Consequently, they are
chemically and color stable at these temperatures in ser-
vice. As mentioned, the ceramic industry has used mixed
metal oxides for color glazes for centuries. The glazes used
in ceramics are regularly fired at temperatures of 985 to Rutile MeO2
1300 °C (1800 to 2350 °F) without significant color shift.
The use of MMOs in thermally stable coating formula-
tions such as those based on silicone (polysiloxane) resins
brings a palette superseding the traditional black and
silver high-heat choices. This brings an attractive array of
color possibilities to the designer of specialized and sport
transportation such as motorcycles, ATVs and jet skis.
Infrared Reflectivity
Metal oxide pigments possess unique spectroscopic prop- Hematite Me2O3
erties. The infrared reflective characteristics of the cobalt
chromite, cobalt titanate and chrome oxide greens make
them ideal for non-detectable camouflage coatings. Com-
mon organic green pigments such as those based on cop-
per phthalocyanine strongly absorb infrared radiation
and make them a poor choice for military coatings.
Solar Reflectivity
One of the more exciting developments in MMO technol-
ogy is the recognition of how this pigment technology
can provide colors that significantly reflect the infrared
energy generated by the sun. Colored materials, includ- Spinel Me3O4
ing pigments and dyes, absorb and reflect radiation in
the visible range (approximately 400 to 700 nm). They
also inherently reflect and absorb in the near-infrared
region (700 to 2500 nm) of radiation. It is this range that
is responsible for the increase of temperature experienced
when colored surfaces are exposed to sunlight.
Organic pigments, especially carbon black and phtha-
locyanine types (blue and green), absorb strongly in this Me = metal atom
The Use of Mixed Metal Oxide Pigments in Industrial Coatings
Cooler coating temperatures not only provide comfort and for an architectural or automotive coating while maintaining
increased component longevity but also improve the overall dura- or improving durability. In some cases an improvement in hid-
bility of the coating system. The lower temperatures experienced ing can be realized.
in service keep the coating binder cooler and thus slow the chemi-
cal degradation of the polymers in the coating. Tinting in Pastels
Highest reflectivity is characteristic of yellows (PY 53 and PBrn In general MMOs are weaker and somewhat lower in tint strength
24), browns (PBrn 33 and PBrn 35), some greens (PG 17) and compared to organic pigments. Because of this, they are an excel-
some blacks (PG 17 and PBrn 35). Blues (PB 28 and PB 36) and lent choice to tint white and pastel colors. This is especially true
greens (PG 17, PG 26 and PG 50) provide reasonable alternatives when compared to difficult-to-disperse organic pigments such as
to traditional organic types. phthalocyanine blues and greens and carbon black.
Organic Pigment Extenders Summary

Mixed metal oxides can enhance the durability and lower the Mixed metal oxide pigment technology is well known and time-
cost of coatings formulated with high-performance organic tested in the decorative ceramics industry. Its widespread use
pigment systems. This is especially relevant in bright yellow, in organic coatings has not yet reached its full potential. These
orange and red color spaces. These organic hues not only pigments offer a multitude of benefits for the coatings formula-
are relatively weak in hiding (opacifying) properties, they tor, including excellent outdoor durability, chemical resistance
typically possess high oil absorption, which affect rheologi- and heat stability. Inherent infrared reflective properties make
cal properties especially at the high concentrations needed them a good foundation for camouflage and “cool” coatings. The
to achieve acceptable opacity. MMOs have relatively low oil low oil absorption characteristic of MMOs allow them to reduce
absorption compared to their organic counterparts, thus pro- the concentration of high-cost, high-performance organic pig-
viding improved flow and leveling in industrial coatings. This ments with a positive effect on coating rheology. The coatings
is especially true in powder coatings, which rely on resin melt formulator is therefore strongly encouraged to include this class
viscosity to achieve a smooth finish. of pigments in his or her formulating toolkit.
The incorporation of pigment yellow 53 or pigment brown 24
(yellow buff) typically lowers the overall cost of pigmentation For more information, visit www.masoncolorpigments.com.
See it in action at www.hockmeyer.com/videos/HCPS

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Novel, Environmentally
Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for
Self-Etching
Wash Primers
T his study found that an etch-primer
formulation that incorporated Nubirox
301 showed comparable results in adhe-
sion and corrosion inhibition when com-
pared to a traditional, commercial etch
primer that contained zinc tetraoxy chromate. Nubirox
301, a calcium and strontium phosphosilicate corrosion
inhibitor, gives an effective and cost-efficient pathway to
making an environmentally friendly self-etching primer.
however, is not only chrome-free, it is zinc-free as well
– therefore, it is not required to report this inhibitor for
environmental compliance.
Introduction
In the automobile refinishing and industrial manu-
facturing industries, and where untreated or bare
metal is painted, an etch primer is typically used to
increase adhesion of the paint to the metal surface and
The formulations were applied to three different substrates to improve the anticorrosive quality of the coating.
(cold rolled steel, galvanized steel and aluminum) and Historically, etch primers have utilized zinc tetraoxy
were put through a series of tests (EIS, SEM/EDX Analysis, chromate as the primary corrosion inhibitor. However
ASTM B 117, ASTM D 5894 and ASTM D 4585). Each of due to the toxicity and carcinogenic concerns associ-
the tests concluded that, overall, the addition of Nubirox ated with chromates, as well as the dawning of the new
301 showed the most advantageous results. The formula- era of “green regulations”, an environmentally friendly
tions were in compliance with low-VOC requirements; alternative is needed for this market.
however, since the commercial etch primer contained the Zinc phosphate corrosion inhibitors have been stud-
zinc tetraoxy chromate, it still required the reporting of ied as a replacement for zinc tetraoxy chromate in this
that environmentally hazardous substance. Nubirox 301, type of application, and they have seen limited suc-
cess. Historically, zinc phosphate has exhibited similar
FIGURE 1 | EIS test model. performance to chromates in real-world outside expo-
sure. However, in harsher conditions such as marine
environments and accelerated salt spray or prohesion
Electrolyte Coating Corrosion Metal testing, the results are less favorable; however, it is
Reaction important to note that under these more harsh condi-
tions, zinc phosphate still helps in the preservation of
Coating
the metal substrate, just not to the degree the chromate
Reference Capacitance Working presents. Even though zinc is not considered a heavy
Electrode (Coating) Electrode metal, it is still a requirement to report its use.
Etch primers are traditionally formulated with phos-
Uncompensated Pore Resistance Double Layer phoric acid and zinc tetraoxy chromate in an alcohol
Resistance (Ru) (Rpore) Capacitance (Cdl) medium, using polyvinyl butyral as the binder, which acts
as a ligand of the reaction products. As new global envi-
Polarization ronmental standards are put in place, stricter formulation
Resistance (Rp)
guidelines will become prevalent. In the near future a push
By Rebecca R. Daley and Dr. Steve A. Hodges, Nubiola Inorganic Pigments | Nubiola USA, Norcross, GA

to lower VOCs and HAPS-free systems, to eliminate chrome,
to limit reportable compounds, and to develop water-based FIGURE 2 | EIS values from the highest performance formulations.
hybrids are in store for the etch-primer market. Exp. 1
Biode Diagram Exp. 2
The objective of the work presented herein was to
109 Control
develop a chrome-free self-etching primer that meets acdcac: -2 V, 20 min, 100 Exp. 3
Exp. 4
current and future global environmental demands, 25 min EIS, 3h relax
as well as offer improved performance over an exist- 107 80
ing chrome-free formula utilizing zinc phosphate and
Phase Θ (*)
comparable to improved results to an industry-stan-
60
|Z| Ω
dard zinc tetraoxy chromate-containing etch primer. 105
A range of Nubirox corrosion inhibitors were evaluated
40
in this study in order to determine which chrome-free
inhibitor showed the best results. 103
20
Project Design
The formulations were based on an epoxy/phenolic-mod- 101 0
10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106
ified polyvinyl butyral (PVB) system. The pigment vol-
Frequency (Hz)
ume concentration (PVC) of each formulation was held
constant at 12%, and the PVC/CPVC ratio remained at
0.29. Four Nubirox inhibitors, and combinations thereof,
FIGURE 3 | SEM/EDX mapping.
were evaluated at different levels in order to determine
which gave the most advantageous results. In all, there Exp. 7 Exp. 6
were 10 experimental data points evaluated, along with
two controls (a commercially available zinc tetraoxy
chromate-containing (5.5% by total formula weight) self-
etching wash primer along with one that is chrome-free
and utilizes zinc phosphate (5% by total formula weight)). Exp. 5 Exp. 4 Exp. 3
The four Nubirox inhibitors evaluated were:
• Nubirox N2 – standard zinc phosphate;
• Nubirox 106 –molybdate-modified zinc phosphate;
• Nubirox 213 – multiphase iron and zinc phosphate;
and Exp. Exp. 2 Control
• Nubirox 301 – calcium and strontium phosphosilicate;
along with a 1:1 ratio of combinations of the following
inhibitors:
• Nubirox 213 : Nubirox 106;
• Nubirox 213 : Nubirox 301; and
• Nubirox 106 : Nubirox 301. TABLE 1 | Aluminum salt spray evaluation.
The inhibitors were evaluated at two loading levels, Aluminum Visual Rating
1.5% total formula weight (t.f.w.) and 3.0% t.f.w. – with TEST TYPE: ASTM B 117 Hrs in Test: 309
the exception of the Nubirox N2, which was only evalu-
% Addition
ated at 1.5% t.f.w. Each combination of inhibitors was Inhibitor Blister Scribe Rust Field Rust
(t.f.w.)
evaluated at the loading of 1.5% t.f.w. per inhibitor.
5% Zinc phosphate D4 10 10
The formulations were evaluated over three types of
substrates – galvanized steel, cold rolled steel and alumi- 5.5% Zinc tetraoxy chromate None 10 10
num. A total of 432 panels were coated via spray appli- 3% Nubirox 213 MD2 10 10
cation using a HVLP (high-volume low-pressure) spray 1.5% Nubirox 106 M2 10 10
gun. The top half of each panel showed the self-etching 3% Nubirox 301 None 10 10
primer alone, and the lower half showed the etch primer
along with a commercially available intermediate sand- TABLE 2 | Aluminum Prohesion evaluation.
ing primer. One panel for each test was also sprayed with Aluminum Visual Rating
a commercially available acrylic topcoat.
Characterization of the film formed by the etch-primer TEST TYPE: ASTM D 5894 Hrs in Test: 537
formulations was done via Electro-Impedance Spectros- % Addition
Inhibitor Blister Scribe Rust Field Rust
copy (EIS, see Figure 1) and SEM/EDX analysis. (t.f.w.)
The panels were allowed to rest for 7 days before cor- 5% Zinc phosphate MD4 10 10
rosion testing began. They were then evaluated to assess 5.5% Zinc tetraoxy chromate None 10 10
blistering, rusting and adhesion via accelerated ASTM D 3% Nubirox 213 MD4 10 10
4585 humidity testing, ASTM B-117 salt spray testing, 1.5% Nubirox 106 D2 10 10
as well as ASTM D 5894 cyclic QUV/prohesion testing. 3% Nubirox 301 None 10 10
Novel, Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for Self-Etching Wash Primers
FIGURE 4 | Salt spray pictorial results. FIGURE 5 | Cyclic QUV/prohesion pictorial results. FIGURE 6 | Additional testing using a different 2K
self-etching wash primer.
2K PVB Etch / Wash Primer 2K PVB Etch / Wash Primer

C.R.S. / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 309 hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTM B117) C.R.S. / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 537 hours QUV/Probation Testing (ASTM D5834)
2K PVB Etch / Wash Primer

C.R.S. / D.F.T ~ 0.8 Mils 301hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTM B117)
Control 1 Control 2 Control 1 Control 2 3.0% 1.5% 3.0%

3.0% 1.5% 3.0% 5.0% Zinc 5.5% Zinc
5.0% Zinc 5.5% Zinc Nubirox 213 Nubirox 106 Nubirox 301 Nubirox 301 Nubirox 106 Nubirox 213
Phosphate Tetraoxy Phosphate Tetraoxy
Chromate Percentages based on total formula weight Chromate Percentages based on total formula weight
Figure 4 (a): Cold Rolled Steel Figure 5 (a): Cold Rolled Steel
5.5% Lf.w 1.5% Lf.w 3.0% Lf.w 3.0% Lf.w
Zinc Tetraoxy Nubriox 301 Nubriox 301 Nubriox 213
Chromate

Aluminum / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 309 hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTM B117)
Aluminum / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 537 hours QUV/Probation Testing (ASTM D5834 Figure 6 (a): ASTM B 117
(Cold Rolled Steel)

C.R.S. / D.F.T ~ 0.8 Mils /504 hours Cyclic QUV/Probation Testing(ASTM D5894)
Control 1 Control 2 Control 1 Control 2 3.0% 1.5% 3.0%

3.0% 1.5% 3.0% 5.0% Zinc 5.5% Zinc
5.0% Zinc 5.5% Zinc Nubirox 301 Nubirox 106 Nubirox 213 Nubirox 213 Nubirox 106 Nubirox 301
Phosphate Tetraoxy Phosphate Tetraoxy
Chromate Percentages based on total formula weight Chromate Percentages based on total formula weight
Figure 4 (b): Aluminum Figure 5 (b): Aluminum

2K PVB Etch / Wash Primer Galvanized Steel / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 537 hours QUV/Probation Testing (ASTM D5834) 5.5% Lf.w 1.5% Lf.w 3.0% Lf.w 3.0% Lf.w
Galvanized Steel / D.F.T ~ 0.7 Mils (top) ~3 Mils (bottom) / 309 hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTM B117 Zinc Tetraoxy Nubriox 301 Nubriox 301 Nubriox 213
Chromate
Figure 6 (b): ASTM D 5894

(Cold Rolled Steel)

Galvanized Steel / D.F.T ~ 0.8 Mils /301 hours Salt Spray Testing (ASTM B117)
Control 1 Control 2 3.0% 1.5% 3.0%

Control 1 Control 2 3.0% 1.5% 3.0% 5.0% Zinc 5.5% Zinc Nubirox 301 Nubirox 106 Nubirox 213
5.0% Zinc 5.5% Zinc Nubirox 301 Nubirox 106 Nubirox 213 Phosphate Tetraoxy
Phosphate Tetraoxy Chromate Percentages based on total formula weight
Chromate Percentages based on total formula weight
Figure 4 (c): Galvanized Steel Figure 5 (c): Galvanized Steel
Each test contained three replicates of 2. As can be seen, Nubirox 301 at 3%

each experimental and of each control by t.f.w. (shown as Exp 2 denoted by red
5.5% Lf.w 3.0% Lf.w 1.5% Lf.w 1.5% Lf.w 3.0% Lf.w
– one topcoat along with two etch/etch- circles) exhibited similar trend in imped- Zinc Tetraoxy
Chromate
Nubriox 213 Nubriox 106 Nubriox 301 Nubriox 301
intermediate panels. ance values as that of zinc tetraoxy chro- Figure 6 (c): ASTM B 117
The ASTM D 4585 humidity testing mate (shown as control denoted by green (Galvanized Steel)
was conducted for a set 94 hours; how- triangles). The remaining experiments
ever, in the other tests the panels were denoted on the chart are as follows: Exp.
periodically evaluated and when enough 1 Nubirox 106 at 1.5% by t.f.w., Exp. 3 2K PVB Etch / Wash Primer
Galvanized Steel / D.F.T ~ 0.8 Mils /504 Cyclic QUV/Probation Testing(ASTM D5894)
differential was seen among all the experi- Nubirox 213 at 3% by t.f.w., and Exp. 4
ments as well as the controls, the panels Nubirox N2 at 1.5% by t.f.w.
were removed from test, the middle por- SEM-EDX is the name of the energy-
tion of the film was stripped, and the metal dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis
beneath the film was then evaluated via conducted by means of scanning electron
ASTM D 610 for panel corrosion, ASTM D microscopy. It is an analytical technique
1654 for scribe corrosion and ASTM D 714 used to determine the chemical composition
for panel/scribe blister. of a given specimen as well as its morphol-
ogy and structure. SEM-EDX analysis was 5.5% Lf.w
Zinc Tetraoxy
3.0% Lf.w
Nubriox 213
1.5% Lf.w
Nubriox 106
1.5% Lf.w
Nubriox 301
3.0% Lf.w
Nubriox 301
Results employed in this study for mapping quanti- Chromate
The EIS values from the highest perfor- tative and qualitative oxidation generation Figure 6 (d): ASTM D 5894
mance formulations can be seen in Figure on the surface of the various substrates. (Galvanized Steel)

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TABLE 3 | Cold rolled steel salt spray evaluation. The pictorial results from the SEM/EDX analysis are
Cold Rolled Steel Visual Rating shown below in Figure 3. As with the EIS values, the
TEST TYPE: ASTM B 117 Hrs in Test: 309 results from this analysis show that the Nubirox 301 at
3% by t.f.w. is most comparable to the 5.5% by t.f.w. zinc
% Addition
Inhibitor Blister Scribe Rust Field Rust tetraoxy chromate. Exp. 1-4 shown are the same from the
(t.f.w.)
EIS evaluation; Exp 5-7 are the 1:1 blends.
5% Zinc phosphate None 7 3
In accelerated corrosion testing, overall the best results
5.5% Zinc tetraoxy chromate None 5 2
were seen with the addition of Nubirox 301 at 3.0% t.f.w.
3% Nubirox 213 D2 8 3
Nubirox 301, in both salt spray and prohesion tests and
1.5% Nubirox 106 M4 8 6
on all substrates, showed better adhesion promotion,
3% Nubirox 301 M2 6 4 less field corrosion, and comparable to improved scribe
TABLE 4 | Cold rolled steel Prohesion evaluation. rust inhibition in comparison to the control utilizing 5%
by t.f.w. standard zinc phosphate. Nubirox 301 at 3.0%
Cold Rolled Steel Visual Rating t.f.w. also had comparable to improved results to the etch
TEST TYPE: ASTM D 5894 Hrs in Test: 537 primer containing 5.5% by t.f.w. zinc tetraoxy chromate
(Figures 4 and 5). The salt spray (ASTM B 117) testing
% Addition
Inhibitor Blister Scribe Rust Field Rust was pulled after 309 hours, and the cyclic QUV/prohesion
(t.f.w.)
(ASTM D 5894) testing was pulled after 537 hours.
5% Zinc phosphate None 7 2
Additional testing was conducted using a slightly differ-
5.5% Zinc tetraoxy chromate F2 9 10
ent 2K self-etching wash primer. These results (Figure 6)
3% Nubirox 213 MD4 7 3
also show Nubirox 301 having advantageous results when
1.5% Nubirox 106 F4 7 6 compared to zinc tetraoxy chromate in both the ASTM B
3% Nubirox 301 None 10 10 117 and the ASTM D 5894 testing on cold rolled and gal-
TABLE 5 | Galvanized steel salt spray evaluation. vanized steel. These additional pictorial results show the
etch primer alone – with no intermediate primer.
Galvanized Steel Visual Rating As stated previously, each panel was rated via ASTM
TEST TYPE: ASTM B 117 Hrs in Test: 309 D 610 for panel corrosion, ASTM D 1654 for scribe cor-
rosion, and ASTM D 714 for panel/scribe blister. Tables
% Addition 1 through 6 give the detailed ratings of the experiments
(t.f.w.) that exhibited the best results (correlating pictorial
5% Zinc phosphate F2 10 8 results from Figures 4 and 5). The blister ratings are as
5.5% Zinc tetraoxy chromate None 10 9 follows: F (for few), M (for medium), MD (for medium
3% Nubirox 213 None 10 8 dense) and D (for dense) – along with a number to des-
1.5% Nubirox 106 None 10 7 ignate the percent of area affected. The field rust rating
3% Nubirox 301 None 10 10 ranges from 10 (being no area affected) to 0 (being over
50 percent rusted). The scribe rust rating ranges from
TABLE 6 | Galvanized steel Prohesion evaluation. 10 (being no rust from scribe) to 0 (being over 16 mm
rust from scribe). Each of these rating scales is directly
Galvanized Steel Visual Rating
taken from the respective ASTM.
TEST TYPE: ASTM D 5894 Hrs in Test: 537
% Addition Summary
(t.f.w.) It is apparent by both the pictorial results and the ASTM
5% Zinc phosphate MD4 9 8 evaluations that Nubirox 301 presents a favorable alterna-
5.5% Zinc tetraoxy chromate None 10 10 tive to chrome in a 2K epoxy/phenolic PVB etch primer
3% Nubirox 213 F4 10 7 system. The results show that Nubirox 301 shows overall
1.5% Nubirox 106 D3 9 7 comparable results to zinc chromate in this system, and in
3% Nubirox 301 None 10 10 most cases out-performs standard zinc phosphate, which
is the current alternative.
FIGURE 7 | Paint film depiction of phosphoric acid reaction to form the passive layer. Nubirox 301, an “eco-friendly” zinc-free corrosion
inhibitor, meets both the ever increasing and limiting
Paint Film environmental demands, as well as the performance
requirements needed for this type of application. Nubirox
Ca+2 Sr+2 Ca+2 301 is a calcium and strontium phosphate complex car-
Sr+2 Ca+2
Sr+2 ried on a silicate core. The calcium and strontium cations
H3PO4 - H3PO4 - provide direct anodic inhibition, where the silica-core
alkalinity provides good cathodic inhibition. This chemi-
Passive Layer (CaO · SrO · P2O5 )
cal composition works within the etch-primer formula-
Substrate tion and reacts with the phosphoric acid to form the
passive layer seen in Figure 7.
In addition to the chemical activity of this corrosion
inhibitor, Nubirox 301 has a unique particle morphol-
[Ca2SiO4·3SrCO3 + 2H3PO4 + XH2O → 2CaO·Sr3(PO4)2·SiO2 + XH2O + 3CO2↑]

FIGURE 8 | SEM and Malvern sedigraph of Nubirox 301. ogy, a fine mean particle size, along with a narrow particle size
distribution (Figure 8) – thus providing more uniform pigment
500μ
packing, which allows for excellent thin-film performance.
This is ideal for the etch primer market, seeing that the primer
is typically applied at less than 1 mil (25 μ) dry film thick-
ness. It also lends to the excellent package stability found with
Nubirox 301 in this system.
Conclusions
• Nubirox 301 at an addition of 3.0% t.f.w. in a 2K epoxy/pheno-
lic-modified PVB self-etching wash primer showed comparable
results vs. a commercially available zinc tetraoxy chromate-
Nubirox 301 containing etch primer.
Particle Size Distribution (Malvern Sedigraph) • Nubirox 301 (zinc-free) was the most effective non-chrome
50%
100% inhibitor for multi-substrates.
90 • Nubirox 301 is a calcium and strontium phosphate complex car-
80
ried on a silicate core; therefore, it is not only chrome-free, it is
70
zinc-free as well. Thus it is the most eco-friendly alternative avail-
60
able. There are no components of this inhibitor that are required
50
to be reported.
40
30
• The fine particle size of Nubirox 301 is ideal for thin film sys-
20 tems such as etch primers.
10
0 Acknowledgements
0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 • Nathan Karszes, Laboratory Manager, Nubiola North American Technology Center.
Particle Diameter (μm.) • Richard March Raurell, R&D Manager, Nubiola Spain.
Avg. Particle Size = 1.0 μ
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Paint Formulations
and the Need for
Zeta Potential
As latex waterborne
paints command a
growing share of the
market, zeta potential
measurement and
its manipulation
is increasingly
important for product
optimization. Zetasizer Nano
P aints are multi-component systems for-

mulated to produce specific product prop-
erties. The rate and uniformity at which
these coatings wet spread and coalesce
into a film can be controlled by the con-
stituents in the formulation. Depending on their end
use, coatings can have four or more components in their
mixture. Solid or higher-viscosity components consist
of pigments used to obtain a specific color, and oil emul-
trophoretic mobility (electrophoresis) measurement and
adjusted to optimize coating formulations. Studying zeta
potential results enables the building of relationships
between the chemical composition of formulated coatings
and the required final physical properties and color. Today,
zeta potential is easy to measure and aids in predicting
long-term stability and optimizing product properties.
Electrophoresis
sions or latex components that provide film formation When an electric field is applied across an electrolyte, sus-
or coating properties. Both are mixed with a number pended charged particles are attracted to the electrode of
of water-soluble materials, such as surfactants, silanes, opposite charge. Viscous forces acting on the particles tend
viscosity modifiers, processing aids, color aids and poly- to oppose this movement. When equilibrium is reached
electrolytes, which can also be surface active. These between the two opposing forces, the particles move with
water-soluble surface-active elements can affect the sur- constant velocity. This velocity depends on electric field
face chemistry or interfacial behavior of the solid particle or voltage gradient strength, the dielectric constant of the
components. The soluble components play a vital role in medium, its viscosity and the zeta potential.
the final film properties and color of a paint formulation, A particle’s velocity in a unit electric field is known as
and can be studied using zeta potential. its electrophoretic mobility. Zeta potential is related to elec-
Zeta potential is a physical property exhibited by any trophoretic mobility through the Henry equation, which
particle in suspension. It can be quantified using elec- relates it to zeta potential based on physical constants such
By Ana Morfesis | Malvern Instruments Inc., Westborough, MA

as the dielectric constant, viscosity and ionic strength of • Electrostatic or charge stabilization is the effect on
the medium. Current instrumentation makes zeta potential particle interaction due to the distribution of charged
measurement easy and automatic. species in the system.
Each mechanism has its benefits for particular systems.
Measuring Electrophoretic Mobility Steric stabilization is simple, requiring only a suitable
The essence of a classical micro-electrophoresis system is polymer. However, it can be difficult subsequently to floc-
a capillary cell with electrodes at either end, to which a culate the system if this is what is required. Expense may
potential is applied. Particles move towards the electrode, be a drawback, and sometimes it is not desirable to have a
their velocity is measured and is expressed in unit field polymer present.
strength as their mobility. Electrostatic or charge stabilization works by simply
Early methods involved direct observation of individual altering the concentration of ions in the system – a revers-
particles using ultra-microscope techniques. This proce- ible and potentially inexpensive process.
dure suffers from a number of disadvantages, including Zeta potential has long been recognized as a very good
the strenuous effort required to make a measurement, index of the magnitude of the interaction between colloi-
particularly with small or poorly scattering particles.
Modern methods, however, are fully automated. One of the
FIGURE 1 | Optical configuration of the Zetasizer Nano series for zeta potential mea-
most widely used systems is the Zetasizer Nano (Malvern surements.
Instruments), which combines laser Doppler electropho-
resis with phase analysis light scattering (PALS) in the 6 2 7 Combining
patented M3-PALS technique. This allows measurement Reference optics
of particle electrophoretic mobility even in samples with beam
low mobility and also in high-conductivity samples. In
addition, the low voltages involved avoid any risk of Compensation
Beam splitter Scattering
sample effects due to heating. optics
Incident beam Attenuator beam
Optical Configuration Cell
A zeta potential measurement system consists of six
main components (Figure 1). First, a laser [1] is used Laser
1
tor
as a light source to illuminate the particles within the
tec
sample. For zeta potential measurements, this is split to
De
provide an incident and reference beam. The incident
beam passes through the center of the sample cell [2],
and the light scattered at a forward angle is detected
[3]. When an electric field is applied across the cell, any
particles moving through the measurement volume will
cause the intensity of light detected to fluctuate with a
frequency proportional to the particle speed, and this Digital signal
information is passed to a digital signal processor [4] processor
and onto a computer [5]. The Zetasizer Nano software,
for example, produces a frequency spectrum from which
the electrophoretic mobility and hence zeta potential
information is calculated. The intensity of the detected,
scattered light must be within a specific range for the
detector to successfully measure it. This is achieved 5 4 3
using an attenuator [6], which reduces the intensity of
the laser and, hence, reduces the intensity of the scatter- FIGURE 2 | Steric and electrostatic stabilization mechanisms of colloidal dispersions.
ing. To correct for any differences in the cell wall thick-
ness and dispersant refraction, compensation optics [7]
are installed to maintain optimum alignment.
Stability and Interfacial Surface Effects

Two fundamental mechanisms affect dispersion stability
(Figure 2).
• Steric repulsion – where polymers added to the
system adsorb onto the particle surface and pre-
venting particle surfaces coming into close contact.
When sufficient polymer adsorbs, the thickness of
the coating is enough to maintain particle separation
through steric repulsion between the polymer layers.
At such separations the van der Waals forces are too Steric stabilization Electrostatic stabilization
weak to cause the particles to adhere.
Paint Formulations and the Need for Zeta Potential
from the surface, the surface would be uncharged. In fact

FIGURE 3 | Schematic representation of zeta potential. silver ions dissolve preferentially, leaving a negatively
charged surface. If Ag+ ions are now added the charge
Electrical double layer falls to zero. Further addition leads to a positively charged
surface.
Stern Diffuse
Adsorption of Charged Species (Ions and Ionic Surfactants)
layer layer
Surfactant ions may be specifically adsorbed on the sur-
face of a particle, leading, in the case of cationic surfac-
tants, to a positively charged surface and, in the case of
anionic surfactants, to a negatively charged surface.
The Electrical Double Layer

Based on the above mechanisms, latexes, pigments and
Negatively in fact most materials suspended in aqueous media, carry
charged Slipping plane a surface charge. The development of a net charge at the
particle particle surface affects the distribution of ions in the sur-
rounding interfacial region, resulting in an increased
concentration of counter ions (ions of opposite charge to
that of the particle) close to the surface. Thus an electrical
double layer exists round each particle.
Zeta Potential
The liquid layer surrounding the particle exists as two
parts; an inner region (Stern layer) where the ions are
strongly bound and an outer (diffuse) region where they
Surface potential are less firmly associated. Within the diffuse layer there is
Zeta potential a notional boundary inside which the ions and particles
form a stable entity. When a particle moves (e.g., due to
mV gravity), ions within the boundary move with it. Those
ions beyond the boundary stay with the bulk dispersant.
The potential at this boundary (surface of hydrodynamic
shear) is the zeta potential (Figure 3).
The magnitude of the zeta potential gives an indication
of the potential stability of the colloidal system. If all the
Distance from particle surface particles in suspension have a large negative or positive
zeta potential then they will tend to repel each other and
dal particles. Zeta potential measurements are commonly there is no tendency for the particles to come together.
used to assess the stability of colloidal systems. However, if the particles have low zeta potential values
then there is no force to prevent the particles coming
Origins of Surface Charge together and therefore they will flocculate or coagulate.
Most colloidal dispersions in aqueous media carry an
electric charge. This can originate in many ways depend- What This Means for Coatings
ing upon the nature of the particle and its surrounding Historically, coatings have been formulated as solvent-
medium. The more important mechanisms are the ones borne (oil-based paints) or waterborne paints (latex,
considered here. water-based paints). Environmental requirements limit-
ing VOCs have mandated the reduction of solvent con-
Ionization of Surface Groups centration in coating products. Other factors such as ease
Dissociation of acidic groups on the surface of a particle of use have helped minimize consumer use of oil-based
will give rise to a negatively charged surface. Conversely, a paints. Therefore latex, waterborne paints command an
basic surface will take on a positive charge. In both cases, ever-increasing share of the market. It is easy to study zeta
the magnitude of the surface charge depends on the acidic potential in these coatings and, because of the additives
or basic strengths of the surface groups and on the pH of and formulated nature of the products, manipulating zeta
the solution. The surface charge can be reduced to zero by potential is highly relevant as an optimization tool.
suppressing surface ionization – by decreasing the pH for Specifically, because water has a high surface tension,
negatively charged particles or increasing it for positively waterborne paints present unique formulation challenges.
charged particles. It is more difficult to wet the non-polar components of the
formulation, such as pigments, etc. Also, because of the
Differential Loss of Ions from the Crystal Lattice physical properties of the oil and polymers used in these
As an example, consider a crystal of silver iodide placed in aqueous based dispersions, the film formation character-
water. If equal amounts of Ag+ and I- ions were to dissolve istics of the latex paints themselves tend to be restricted.

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Paint Formulations and the Need for Zeta Potential
Type ZY Premium
Type ZY
Type ZS
Type Z FIGURE 4 | Zeta potential versus adsorption of a processing aid.
Type GZ 50
Zeta Potential, [mV]

40 ZP
®
SiLibeads 30
20
10
0
-10 0 5 10 15 20
-20
-30
King„ of all Beads” Additive Concentration, [ml]
strong
powerfull FIGURE 5 | Paint formulation versus zeta potential and surface defects.
ZP
Surface Defects
30 300
Zeta Potential, [mV]
20 200
10 100
0 0
than just -10

1 2 3 4
-100
grinding media -20

Paint Formulation
-200
Therefore, a variety of additives including surfactants (wetting

nd
ess a agents), processing aids and polyelectrolytes, play an important
proc nalysis role in latex (waterborne) paint products.
a
cost ead As the particle concentration increases during wetting,
ro ugh b spreading and coalescence of the coating, the viscosity
s th
st saving ycling increases. Based on this scenario, there is a point of phase
co rec rs
inversion where the latex particles touch and deform into what
g se mina Pleas
e will become the continuous phase – the film/coating. The
illin ops s at process of film formation goes through four steps: (1) discrete
wet m worksh visit u oating
C emulsion particles; (2) concentration of the particles or evapo-
and Ame
rican ration of the water phase; (3) coalescence where the particles
Sh w 36
o
deform; and (4) maturation or diffusion of the chains.
6
no.: 1
Stand p ril Waterborne paints require additives to build the interfacial
5A
13 -1 characteristics to achieve the desired stability for the storage
and film formation characteristics needed in the final product.
Amongst other properties these include good wetting, uniform
film formation, zero defects, specific color, brightness, long-term
adhesion and strength.
Zeta potential provides a measurement technique that allows
the study of latex and pigment components, and also of addi-
SIGMUND LINDNER GmbH Your innovative and
Oberwarmensteinacher Str. 38 reliable partner tives and their possible combinations. Such data provides
D-95485 Warmensteinach / Germany for 155 years insight into the particle interfacial structure and allows opti-
Phone (++49) 92 77 - 99 40 mization of each component in the formulation to give the
Fax (++49) 92 77 - 9 94 99
desired final product properties.
E-Mail: sili@sigmund-lindner.com
www.sili.eu Figure 4 shows a latex or film former study as a function of a
surface-active processing aid. These data represent an initial step
in understanding how various additives interact with the surface dispersed particulates and can be related to the required final
of a film former in a paint formulation. The results indicate that product properties.
this specific processing aid does adsorb to the surface of the latex,
which has a -20 mV zeta potential initially without any additive. References
It reverses charge and becomes cationic with increased addition of 1. Henry, D.C. Proc.Roy. Soc, 1931, A133, 106.
a cationic processing aid. This type of data not only shows surface 2. Hunter, R.J. Introduction to Modern Colloid Science, Oxford University
activity but also indicates the optimal concentration required for Press, 1993.
the processing aid to be effective. 3. Chevalier, Y., Pichot, C. Graillar, C., Joancot, M., Wong, K., Maquet,
Figure 5 shows a study of a series of paint formulations prepared J., Lindner, P., and Cabane, B. Colloid & Polymer Sci. 1992, 270, 806.
with the identical latex and pigment components but having differ- 4. Winnik, M.A. and Wang, Y., J. of Coatings Tech.1992,64 (811), 51.
ent additives. Labeling these formulations as Paint 1 through 4 in 5. Davidson, G. and Lane, B. Eds. Additives in Waterborne Coatings, RSC,
the order of the highest negative zeta potential to highest positive 2003.
zeta potential, and relating zeta potential to coating defects of the 6. Conley, R. F. Practical Dispersion: A Guide to Understanding and Formu-
final product, a clear trend arises. In this case it indicated that a lating Slurries, VCH Pub. Inc., 1996.
cationic formulation resulted in fewer defects per 100,000 parts.
For more information, visit www.malvern.com or call 508/768.6400.
Conclusion
In conclusion, paints are multi-component systems formulated to
produce specific product properties. The rate and uniformity at
which these coatings wet spread and coalesce into a film can be For AC Show coverage visit:
controlled by the chemical components used in the formulation. www.pcimag.com/ac_show
Coatings, depending on their end use, are complex formulations with
a minimum of four components added into a dispersed mixture. Or follow our coverage
Zeta potential measurements provide insight into the stabil-
ity of the latex and pigments in the dispersion. Zeta potential
on Twitter.
also helps to elucidate the interfacial characteristics of the
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Alkyd Latexes:
Opening the Door for
a Greener Tomorrow
A s environmental regulations and the “go
green” era continue to be the driving
force of current coatings resin develop-
ment, the importance of having a versa-
tile, low-VOC resin is evident. With the
chemical industry affected by the economic crisis that is
being experienced globally, many companies have
downsized their staff, production and research capa-
bilities. This makes it hard for paint companies to
programs have been developed to help ensure the environ-
mental benefits of specific products. These certifications
are offered by independent third parties and typically
entail a detailed certification process. Most programs for
the coatings industry are focused on chemical exemp-
tions, VOC limits, performance requirements and pack-
aging constraints. Currently, reputable programs for a
broad range of products, including coatings products, are
Green Seal, Ecologo and the Coatings Research Group,
delve into new research areas, as they are constantly Inc.’s Green Wise. Other programs exist, but are targeted
reformulating product lines to meet current and toward specific market segments. Table 1 provides a sum-
future acceptable VOC levels as they also mary of the certification plans and criteria for different
strive for “green” certification. The green coatings applications.
certification process, available from a All of the certification programs outlined
variety of independent third parties, in Table 1 are currently the most fre-
is offered to companies and regarded quently used across the coatings indus-
as a positive from many consumers’ try. It is evident the renewable resource
perspectives and has become a crucial content of the product does not play
part of new product development for a role in any of these certification
several industries. These certification processes. As more of these organiza-
programs have a list of certain criteria that are required tions are developed and the definition
for a product to boast their stamp of approval. In addition, of what characterizes a green product
existing and novel coatings products must continue to continues to evolve, one can presup-
meet allowable levels of VOCs in both architectural and pose that in the future the renewable resource content of
industrial paints that vary from region to region. As the a product will be pertinent for green certification.
uncertainty of the economic situation continues, wouldn’t
it be nice to have a multipurpose resin that can be used in History of Alkyds
multiple applications that easily meets current and future Alkyd chemistry has been a strong force in the coat-
VOC allowances and qualifies for green certification? ings industry for many years. The chemistry, although
very established, still has room for growth as the focus
Green Certification Programs on materials from renewable resources continues to
While the environmental component emerges as an develop. Although alkyds have predominantly been
important aspect in a consumer’s decision, certification available in organic vehicles, the thrust to develop supe-
By Jamie Dziczkowski, Ph.D., Chemist Associate, Coatings Technology | Reichhold, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC

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Alkyd Latexes: Opening the Door for a Greener Tomorrow
rior waterborne alkyds has been set in motion. Water- initial film exhibits good flow and leveling characteristics
borne alkyd technologies including water reducible due to the low molecular weight, low glass transition
alkyds, alkyd dispersions, and alkyd latexes have been temperature (Tg) and flexibility of the polymer chains.
commercially available for several decades. Although Then, following air crosslinking, the final film exhibits
still possessing some of the positive attributes of alkyd good adhesion, hardness, gloss and corrosion resistance.
resins, these first-generation waterborne alkyds were The film formation for an alkyd resin is depicted in Figure
inferior to the acrylic latex due to their poor hydro- 1. By starting with a low-molecular-weight polymer, the
lytic stability. Today, several large resin suppliers have lack of coalescent helps keep the VOC to a minimum when
brought a number of alkyd dispersions and alkyd latexes moving to an aqueous carrier.
to the table that mimic solventborne alkyd performance
while providing desired hydrolytic stability. Using Alkyd Latexes to Achieve Green Products
One attractive component of alkyd chemistry is the New-generation alkyd latexes, including the Beckosol® AQ
ability for oxidation that is contributed from the oil com- line of alkyd latexes currently available from Reichhold,
ponent of the polymer. Oxidation occurs through the are made by the introduction of external surfactants and
unsaturated moieties that are found along the pendant advanced processing techniques that offer a stable latex
fatty acid chains. The benefits presented by an oxidizable in a continuous aqueous phase. These stable latexes are
system are evident. With an alkyd-bound coating, the achieved by careful selection of the surfactant system
TABLE 1 | Certification plans and criteria summary for coatings applications.

Company
Green Seal Ecologo Green Wise (CRGI 1) Green Guard Institute
Product Type Standard #/Key Requirements2
CCD-147
GS-40
Specific performance
requirements, VOC limits,
requirements, non-
Floor Care no halogenated solvents,
toxic, non-corrosive, na na
Prducts no isocyanate or polymers
nonsensitizing, FP > 150 °C,
of urethane, free monomer
recyclable packaging, no
content < 50 ppm, pH < 12.5, be
APE's or heavy metals
biodegradable as described
GGPS.EC.016
GS-11 CRGI
Allowable limits of styrene,
Specific performance CCD-047 Green Wise Specific
formaldehyde, and aldehydes,
requirements, compound Specific performance performance requirements
VOC levels must meet (SCAQMD)
Paints/ prohibitions (APEs, requirements, no aromatic or depending on type of
Rule #1113, top coats must meet
Coatings phthalates, heavy metals), halogenated compounds, no paint, VOC limits, chemical
Green Seal Standard GS-11,
VOC limits, conusmer formaldehyde, MEK, or AN, FP > component limitations (no
anticorrosive paints must meet
education, packaging/ 142 °C, VOC limits aromatics, phthalates, MEK,
chemical requirements of Green
labeling heavy metals)
Seal Standard GS-03
CCD-048
GS-43
Recycled- requirements, > 50% post
requirements, compound
Content consumer material by volume, na na
prohibitions (aromatics,
Latex Paints chemical prohibitions ( APEs,
phthalates, metals, ketones),
aromatics, MEK, metals), FP > 142
VOC limits
°C, VOC limits
GGPS.EC.016
GS-47 CRGI
Allowable limits of styrene,
Specific performance Green Wise Specific
formaldehyde, and aldehydes,
requirements, compound performance requirements
VOC levels must meet (SCAQMD)
Stains and prohibitions (APEs, See Paints and Coatings depending on type of
Rule #1113, top coats must meet
Finishes phthalates, metals, Specifications (CCD-047) paint, VOC limits, chemical
Green Seal Standard GS-11,
halogenated solvents), VOC component limitations (no
anticorrosive paints must meet
limits, VAC limits, packaging aromatics, phthalates, MEK,
chemical requirements of Green
requirements heavy metals)
Seal Standard GS-03
1Coatings Research Group, Inc.

2Summary of requirements. For detailed qualifications please visit the corresponding website.
http://www.greenseal.org/
http://www.terrachoice-certified.com/en/
http://www.greenwisepaint.com/performance-standards.aspx
http://www.greenguard.org/

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Alkyd Latexes: Opening the Door for a Greener Tomorrow
alkyd resin is stabilized and hydrolysis rates are hindered.

FIGURE 1 | Benefits of oxidation in an alkyd system. This type of system addresses the VOC issue and provides
the benefits of a traditional alkyd resin. See Figure 2 for
a pictorial description of an alkyd binder in a latex paint
stabilized by an outer protective layer.
One benefit of alkyd latex-based paint is once the coat-
Alkyd - low MW O2 + driers ing is applied, the low-molecular-weight, low-Tg alkyd
& flexible polymer chain resin crosslinks through the traditional oxidative cross-
linking mechanism characteristic of alkyd resins. This
Crosslinking eliminates the need for expensive coalescing solvents and
additives that are needed in acrylic latex paints in order
to get excellent application properties. Another benefit
of alkyd latexes is that it formulates like a typical latex
paint. Standard latex rheological additives, dispersants
Excellent wetting and defoamers are effective in developing alkyd latex
due to low MW and low Tg paints. Thus, once a system is established with an alkyd
Air-crosslinking to build molecular latex, formulating chemists will have more time to spend
weight and coating performance on new R&D instead of reformulating. This is all a result
of the <50 g/L VOC capabilities of the alkyd latexes.
and precise control of the emulsion process. A key fac- Furthermore, new waterborne alkyd technology is
tor for stabilization is attaining small emulsion particle applicable to all classes of alkyds including long, medium
diameters. The quality of the latex is dependent on the and short oils as well as modified systems. This allows
surface tension present in the particles. Alkyd latexes for a wide range of architectural and industrial product
can be prepared by either direct emulsification or a phase development based on a single technology. An added ben-
inversion process. By achieving stable emulsions through efit of alkyd latexes is the renewable resource content that
the introduction of a protective surfactant shell, the core is contributed by the use of different plant/vegetable oils
PCI02094Aber.indd 1 1/27/09 1:20:31 PM
and industrial paints. With the near-zero is an extra benefit as the focus on green
FIGURE 2 | Core alkyd resin stabilized by an VOC capabilities of these products, the technology continues to advance. The ver-
external surfactant protective shell. ability to meet current and future allow- satility of said resins contributes to a more
able VOC levels are made easy and conve- efficient production and inventory system
nient through one product line. In addi- as companies continue to face the effects
Surfactant Shell
Surfactant Shell
tion, the renewable resource content that of a challenging global economy.
is contributed by the use of different plant/
nts
me vegetable oils during polymer synthesis For more information, visit www.reichhold.com.
Pig
Core
Core Alkyd
Alkyd
Resin
Resin
Water
Water:
Continuous
Water: ContinuousPhase
Phase
Polymeric Binder
Rh
eo
Ad logi
dit cal
ive
s
during polymer synthesis. As a specific

example, the Beckosol AQ line contains
up to 50% renewable material on a solids
basis. Though renewable resource content
is not a current requirement to obtain the
green label from several agencies, as the
development of what constitutes a green
product continues to advance, renewable
resource content could and probably will
play a pertinent role as the third-party
agencies seek to differentiate themselves
from one another. Hence, converting to a
product line based on alkyd latex provides
a number of benefits and a head start in
future markets.
Using Alkyd Latexes

to Attain Green Assets
Since more companies are commercial-
izing products based on the new and
improved waterborne alkyds, realization
of the convenience of such a technol-
ogy is beginning to broaden. These prod-
uct lines include but are not limited to
deck stains, primers, gloss enamels and
industrial paints. As research on the new
generation of alkyd latexes continues it
is anticipated that more companies will
convert existing product lines to alkyd
latex-based products. Furthermore, with
the uncertainty of the current global eco-
nomic crisis, companies are searching
for ways to cut cost on manufacturing,
raw materials and inventory. The use of
the new generation of alkyd latexes will
aide to achieve these goals as companies
attempt to rebuild their staff and research
capabilities. Finally, with the near-zero
VOC capabilities of the technology, the
need for having different formulas for dif-
ferent regions will also dissipate.
Summary
Alkyd latexes are versatile polymers that
can be used to develop both architectural
PCI05094Myers.indd 1
PA I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y 3/27/09
71
4:12:19 PM
Achieving Ideal
Dispersions
in Coatings
The Case for Basket Mills
W hen providing samples for mill

equipment testing, coatings
manufacturers often submit
large batches of the most chal-
lenging products to grind. Their
logic is that if a machine can handle the hardest materi-
als in large amounts, it can handle virtually anything. If
the test returns unacceptable results, a machine is often
removed from a manufacture’s vendor list, even though it
The basket mill concept has improved since its intro-
duction in the 1980s. New designs offer improved pro-
ductivity and even finer dispersion quality. With these
enhancements and the proper pilot testing, coatings
manufacturers should be convinced that a basket mill can
produce the ideal dispersion.
Basics of the Basket Mill

Basket mills feature a rotating basket that uses centrifu-
may be suitable for many of its other products. gal force to accelerate the grinding media, much like an
But this typical process is flawed when sourcing basket amusement park ride where passengers lean against a
mills for coatings dispersions because they excel at small wall while the ride rotates at high speeds. Unlike the ride,
batch production. Consequently, some manufacturers which merely locks passengers into place, the basket con-
have the misconception that basket mills do not work well tains a disk installed with pegs to permit grinding.
with hard-to-grind materials, and unfortunately they may As illustrated in Figure 1, the top, bottom and sides of
end up purchasing a less-effective piece of equipment. the basket are perforated to allow the product to enter.
The truth is quite the opposite. Basket mills offer easy In the center of the basket the grinding disc attaches to a
operation, fast cleanup with little waste, repeatable per- shaft that is centered in the basket drive shaft. This inner
formance and high production rates, while still provid- shaft is braked to prevent the disc from rotating with the
ing high-quality grinding for coatings. Some of today’s beads and product. The sieve basket rotates around the
designs have even addressed environmental concerns by fixed grinding disc.
reducing solvent emissions. The basket is filled about 80 to 85 percent by volume
with the grinding beads. When the basket rotates, the
FIGURE 1 | Basket mill illustration. centrifugal force compresses the beads against the grind-
ing disc. The shearing forces for dispersion are created
between the fixed disc, the moving bead mass and the
rotating basket. The blocks mounted to the top and bot-
tom of the basket along with the grinding disc create
turbulence for higher shearing force.
In most cases, steel, glass or ceramic beads with a diam-
eter of 1.2 mm for a smaller basket, and 2 mm for a larger
basket, are best for coatings dispersions. However, bead
size is ultimately determined by the basket’s slot sizes.
Updated Basket Mill Designs

Basket mill design improvements have helped increase
productivity and produce finer dispersion quality, with
slot widths as small as 0.5 mm. The new design substan-
By Harry Way | NETZSCH Fine Particle Technology, Fernandina Beach, FL

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Achieving Ideal Dispersions in Coatings The Case for Basket Mills
tially increases pumping rate and media increase in pumping rate also eliminates
compression performance. settling problems that may occur in the
Increasing the pumping rate through process tank.
the basket results in a higher re-circu- Newer basket designs also increase the
lating rate. This means that the batch media compression zone. One downside
volume passes through the basket more to older designs was the basket’s size and
frequently, giving a narrower particle shape. The basket was essentially a solid
size distribution, or a cleaner grind. The cylinder, large in diameter and narrow
Global Expert in height. Two problems could occur

in Waterborne Paint with this design. With very low-viscosity
products, a high basket speed sometimes
and Coating Additives resulted in a vortex that entered only
@
the periphery of the basket. This left the
t Rh o
Rhodia develops paint additives that meet the
ever-changing requirements of the paint industry Visi center of the basket empty and subject
dia
today, tomorrow and beyond. We offer innovative to high frictional heat, resulting in pre-
performance solutions and custom-made mature media wear and, in some cases,
BOO
products for a variety of applications. a dried fused media slug that would lock
the basket against the stationary disc. The
TH
RHODAFAC®, RHODASURF®, SOPROPHOR®,
ABEX®, GEROPON®, SIPOMER® PAM & WAM #1943 second problem was with viscous materi-
als because they had the tendency to slide
Guarantee Emulsion Stability and greatly Enhance Adhesion.
off the top and bottom plates, never enter-
RHODOLINE® WA, RHODAFAC® NS AND GEROPON® ing the basket for dispersion.
Enhance Surface Wetting, Color Development, improve Gloss and Dispersion Stability.
RHODOLINE® DF
Updated designs leave the top and bot-
Performance Additive to Avoid/Reduce Foam during Processing and Application tom plates solid. The hollow center of the
of Waterborne Formulations. basket uses centrifugal force, much like
RHODOLINE® FT a centrifugal pump, to force the mate-
Freeze-Thaw Stability for Low/Zero VOC Paint Formulations. rial through the grinding area (Figure
RHODOLINE® OTE 2). The material must pass through the
A Novel Additive to Extend Open Time for Low/Zero VOC Paint Formulations.
grinding zone. The fixed rods attached
RHODIASOLV® to the fixed disc provide the turbulence
Low Odor Coalescing agents for Low/Zero VOC Paint Formulations
necessary to create shear. This design
allows a substantial increase in basket
AN EXTENSIVE RANGE OF ADDITIVES FOR PAINT INNOVATORS speed. Higher basket speed creates bet-
ter circulating of the batch and higher
www.rhodia.com compression of the media. Higher media
RHD-NAMCustomerConcierge@us.rhodia.com
Wetting & compression results in a finer particle
dispersing
agents Defoamers size distribution. If a large vortex is cre-
ated, this no longer poses a problem,
North America
Coalescing Phone: +1-609-860-4000 since the center of the basket is now
agents Special
additives Fax: +1-609-860-0463 empty of grinding media.
Europe Essentially the production rate of bas-
Additives
Phone: +33 (0) 1 53 56 50 00 ket mills has doubled, and the ceiling of a
for latexes Fax: +33 (0) 1 53 56 53 90 7 (12.5 microns) Hegman grind has been
synthesis
Asia Pacific broken. Manufacturers can now produce
Phone: +65 - 6291 1921 off-scale grinds. The graph in Figure 3 illus-
Fax: +65 - 6394 3376
trates production time versus grind quality
Latin America
Phone: + 55 11 3741-7637
for a typical product. For most products,
Fax: +55 11 3741-8378 these grinding results exceed a manufac-
turer’s typical expectations.
Mills with a rotating basket are also
more efficient than previously used sta-
tionary baskets with a rotating rotor. If the basket is stationary,

FIGURE 2 | Updated basket mill design; the hollow center of the basket
it is harder to clean. Another issue is that stationary designs
uses centrifugal force to force the material through the grinding area.
use an open top to allow the product to enter the basket. This
can lead to beads flowing out when the product viscosity is
Stationary high. If the beads come out, the grinding efficiency is lost and
Shaft the product must be filtered, adding an additional step.
While the stationary design requires a special tank, a mill with
a rotating basket is compatible with tanks already in use at the
factory, which can reduce a manufacturer’s start-up costs. For
harder-to-grind material, however, a tank with a cooling jacket is
recommended to control temperature during dispersion.
Rotating In the past, the production of solventborne products posed
Shaft a large environmental concern for solvent emissions. New
basket mill designs have greatly reduced this problem because
there are no feed and discharge tanks requiring extra lids and
no open flow discharge into a tank. To further prevent emis-
sions, manufacturers should use a tank with a lid designed to
allow the solvent vapors produced to condense and drip down
Stationary the tank’s inner walls. This keeps the upper portion of the
Disc tank relatively clean.
Updated Design in Action

Using NETZSCH’s most recent basket mill design, the TopMill, as
an example, the steps for producing the ideal coatings dispersion
are explained below.
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FIGURE 3 | Production time versus grind quality for a typical production FIGURE 4 | Basket TopMill illustration – product is drawn through the slots
batch. of the upper and under surface into the grinding zone and radially dis-
charged.
105
NETZSCH TM 10 TopMill
100 0.5 mm U-Basket
95 Solventborne alkyd enamel base Stationary Shaft
90 Drum Coating
Hegman Grind (Micron Scale)
TiO2, PC Blue, Bentone

85 8,000 centipoise initial viscosity Rotating Shaft
80 3120 centipose final viscosity
75 35-gallon batch
70 520 RPM shaft speed
1 mm SAZ media
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4
Production Time (Hours) Stationary Grinding Disc
Premixing: This is the first step for ideal coating dispersion. In

fact, premixing is as important as any other milling operation.
The product is premixed with a high-speed dissolver (HSD) as is
done with all basket mills.
Priming: The premixed batch is transported to the TopMill. The

basket is lowered into the batch, and it is turned on and off for
several cycles. During this process, air bubbles rise from the batch.
Priming the batch and pre-grinding the solids is a very important
step in de-aeration, preventing a foamy batch.
Grinding: The basket is then turned on to maximum speed. A

supplied Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) controls the speed of
the basket with the maximum speed determined by power con-
sumption or the vortex level. For example, on a 50 horsepower
machine, the batch size can range from 45 gallons to 220 gal-
lons. If a smaller batch size is run, the basket speed is slower. A
larger batch size leads to a higher basket speed for faster produc-
tion. In the end, about the same amount of time is required for
Will your coatings stand both small and large batches – about one to four hours to reach
a 7 Hegman grind.
the test of time? One concern may be that the material in the tank is not cir-
culating through the basket. The basket operates as an impeller,
ACT Test Services is your one stop shop for much like a high-speed dissolver. The product flows in a vortex
testing the corrosion resistance of coatings. in the batch tank with the same characteristics of the HSD pro-
From the application of your coatings on our cess (Figure 4). Higher-viscosity products are handled by adding
pumping blades to the radius of the basket.
standardized test substrates through testing and After desired grind quality is achieved, the basket is raised from
reporting of results, our knowledgeable staff the batch. At this point the basket is rotated very briefly to spin
will be there for you every step of the way. or centrifuge the bulk of the remaining product from the basket.
With this design, the batch yield is nearly 100 percent. This
Contact us today for reduces the waste material and the cleaning required.
detailed information on
all our services! Conclusion
Today’s basket mills have been re-developed to achieve optimal
www.acttestpanels.com - 517.439.1485 results in the coatings industry. Even the most difficult-to-grind
materials can be processed in a basket mill, leading to high-qual-
ity end products. When investigating new grinding equipment,
manufacturers should look beyond trial results based on large “Innovative Silicone Technologies”
batch sizes and consider basket mills for a clean, efficient and
quality process, especially for smaller batch production.
The Silicone Elastomer Handbook
For more information, visit www.netzsch-grinding.com.
A guide to applied silicone elastomer technology
Appendix
7.0 NETZSCH TopMill 150 Based upon a course taught by the
6.5 TMC-50 - 50 HP DRIVE
0.5 mm U-Basket author at the Akron Polymer Training
Fineness of Grind Gauge
6.0 140
Batch Temperature (°F)

5.5 Center, College of Polymer Science and
(Hegman Scale)
5.0 Polymer Engineering at the University of

4.5 130
4.0
Hegman Grind
Hours vs Temp. ºF Akron.
3.5 120
3.0
2.5 Author David M. Brassard has taken
110
2.0 Milori (Iron) blue paint tint base his years of experience and compiled
1.5 200-gallon batch
1.0
275 RPM shaft speed at start
450 RPM shaft speed after 2 hours 100 them into this useful guide to serve as
0.7-1.2 mm zirconium oxide media
0.5 104 KU (~2000 cps) viscosity at start
No cooling water used
an industry resource for applied silicone
0.0 90
0 1 2 3 technology.
Production Time (Hours )
NETZSCH TopMill
8 Also this book is expected to find utility in:
TM-8-10 HP drive
U-basket
7 - Academia as a text book
Hegman Grind (NS Scale)
Solventborne acrylic primer

Titanium dioxide
Strontium chromate - Libraries as a technology guide
Barium sulfate 6
35% pigment
6% resin solids
1380 cps final viscosity
15-gallon batch
5
300 RPM shaft speed
1 mm SAZ media
4 Available Now at:
3 www.siliconehandbook.com
2
1
- 369 pages
0
0 15 30 45 60 - 144 figures and tables
Production Time (Minutes)
8 NETZSCH TopMILL TM 10
- Extensive 27 page
Solventborne alkyd enamel base
50% titanium dioxide
glossary
7 15% resin solids
1360 centipoise final viscosity
- Property constants
Hegman Grind (NS Scale)
15-gallon batch
6 300 RPM shaft speed
1 mm SAZ media and conversion chart
5 - Insightful chapters on
property modification
4
and troubleshooting
3
- Actual case histories
2 to reinforce key
technology facets
1
- A formulation guide
0
0 15 30 45 60
Process Time (Minutes) - Forward by Dr. Barry
Arkles
50 NTZSCH TM-10 TopMill
0.5 mm U-basket
45 Solventborne epoxy enamel base
Hegman Grind (Micron Scale)
50% titanium dioxide/wax

15% resin solids
40 1840 centipoise final viscosity
40-gallon batch
420 RPM shaft speed
35 1 mm SAZ media
30
25
20 www.siliconesolutions.com
15 1670-C Enterprise Pkwy.
10 Twinsburg, Ohio 44087
5 Phone 330-405-4595
0 Fax 330-405-4596
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
Production Time (Minutes) Visit ads.pcimag.com
asi04104Silicone.indd 1 3/5/10 9:10:28 AM
Environmentally Compliant, Deflocculating
Aqueous wetting/dispersing properties, wide range of operabil-

ity and favorable cost/performance, despite their higher
water sensitivity and foam stabilization. In an attempt
to overcome these limitations, modern dispersing agents
are based on high-molecular-weight acrylate or urethane
polymers that offer enhanced steric stabilization and
improved water sensitivity. However, sheer size of these
molecules renders them ineffective wetting agents.
The wealth of industrial experience dictates that effi-
cient and homogeneous distribution of solid pigments is
a key factor affecting the performance, stability and ulti-
mate profitability of the paint formulation. In order to fully
develop properties of pigmented dispersions and eliminate
defects (i.e., flocculation, color shift, flooding, floating,
leveling, settling), pigment agglomerates and aggregates
are broken down to their fundamental particles and dis-
tributed homogeneously throughout the medium. This
process usually consists of three fundamental steps:1,2
· wetting agglomerates by the medium;

· separation of the pigment particles; and
· stabilization of the pigment particles in the dispersed
state preventing reagglomeration and flocculation.
Although fundamentally distinct, these stages are inter-

related and largely overlap. Thus, wetting additives enable
the wetting of pigment agglomerates and dispersing addi-
tives improve stabilization of the pigment dispersion. In
reality, the same product can function as both. Such prod-
ucts adsorb onto the pigment surface and maintain proper
D
pigment spacing through electrostatic repulsion or steric
ue to the changing environmental cli-
mate as well as market initiatives, paint TABLE 1 | Physical properties of Pluracoat® CF 20 surfactant.
and coating formulators are being driven Characteristic Value
to develop more eco-sustainable prod-
Clear liquid at ambient
ucts. This includes the reduction and/ temperatures; milky white
or elimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as Physical state and appearance
paste at sub ambient
well as alkyl phenol ethoxylates (APEOs) from coating for- temperatures
mulations. APEO compounds have become less acceptable, Specific gravitya 1.046
due to the harmful effects of their degradation products on
Viscosity,a cPs 200
aquatic life forms and their potential effect on organism fer-
Pour point,b ºF 45
tility. The latter considerations are mainly responsible for
Cloud point,c ºF 195
paint manufacturers and raw materials suppliers choosing
to work with environmentally friendly materials, gradually Flash point,d ºF 392
phasing out, or banning outright, the use of APEO com- VOCe 0
a Property assessed at 23 °C.
pounds, despite the absence of any legislative guidelines
b According to ASTM D 97.
prohibiting their use. c Measured on 1 wt% aqueous solution.
Alkyl phenol ethoxylates have found their way into a d Cleveland Open Cup method.
variety of industrial formulations due to their excellent e According to ASTM D 3960.
By Dr. Elvira Stesikova, Development Leader; Gregory Drewno, Research Technical Specialist; Ronald Lee, Marketing Manager, Care
Chemicals BASF, and John Kelly, Chemist; Dr. Jacob Wildeson, Research Chemist, Dispersions BASF | BASF Corporation, Florham Park, NJ
Wetting and Dispersing Agent for
Dispersions
hindrance. This reduces the tendency towards uncon- TABLE 2 | Viscosity data of flat and semi-gloss paint formulations containing Sample
trolled flocculation and agglomeration driven by the high A and Pluracoat® CF 20 dispersing additives, respectively, measured at 50 º C after
surface energy and omnipresent van der Waals forces. 14 days of exposure (Heat Stability test).
Dispersing agents could simply be classified according
Paint Dispersing Additive Time (Days) Viscosity (KU)
to their chemical structure3 as anionic, cationic and non-
Flat Sample A 14 107
ionic. However, it is far more important to distinguish them
Pluracoat® CF 20 14 104
based on whether the additives stabilize the deflocculated
or flocculated state.4 In flocculated stabilization, the con- Semi-gloss Sample A 14 105
trolled flocculating wetting and dispersing additives form Pluracoat® CF 20 14 102
three-dimensional structures responsible for thixotropic
behavior and improved sagging and settling, flooding and FIGURE 1 | Aging test performed on flat and SG paint formulations containing
floating. On the other hand, deflocculating dispersing and Sample A and Pluracoat® CF 20 dispersant agents. Viscosity is plotted as a function
wetting additives provide dispersions of small particles with of time after introducing the dispersing additive.
Newtonian flow and lower viscosity, allowing high pig-
ment loading. All these will result in high gloss, increased
120 Flat paint 120 Semi-gloss paint
color strength and more efficient pigment utilization. Such
Viscosity (cPs)
Viscosity (cPs)
additives are typically low-molecular-weight polymers that

110 110
adsorb upon the pigment surface and stabilize defloccu-
lated condition by steric hindrance. 100 100
The main focus of this work was to develop a zero-VOC
and APEO-free highly effective deflocculating wetting and 90 90
Sample A Sample A
dispersing agent with low foam and water sensitivity profile. Pluracoat® CF 20 Pluracoat® CF 20
Pluracoat® CF 20 is a nonionic deflocculation dispersing and 80 80
wetting additive for water-based coating systems. It has been 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
designed specifically to provide superior performance in wet- Time (Days) Time (Days)
ting, dispersing and deflocculation of pigment particles and
to comply with environmental regulations (Table 1). that both dispersing agents provide excellent heat stability,
since the paint viscosities remain mainly unchanged after
Viscosity of Paint Dispersions 14 days of exposure to 50 °C. Both dispersing additives pro-
Rheological evaluation is possibly the most common vided comparable stabilization effect on the paint formula-
technique for assessment of pigment dispersant effective- tions. No significant differences were observed between the
ness in coating formulations. Tremendous reduction in Sample A and Pluracoat® CF 20 formulations.
viscosity is one indicator of dispersive power providing
an analytical tool for comparative studies of various Freeze/Thaw Stability
surfactants. For the purpose of this study, Pluracoat® Freeze/thaw stability test results, depicted in Figure 2 for
Performa CF20 was compared against an industry-stan- the semi-gloss formulation, suggest very good compat-
dard APEO-based (Octylphenol Ethoxylate, capped) color ibility of Pluracoat® CF 20 with the paint formulation and
float/color acceptance additive (Sample A). This disper- its comparable performance with Sample A. In fact, the
sant/wetting agent has been widely used in architectural overall rise in viscosity after five freeze/thaw cycles was
and industrial coatings for improved color acceptance only 5.0 and 5.5 KU for Sample A and Pluracoat® CF 20
as well as imparting freeze/thaw stability. Despite the containing dispersions, respectively. Note that the same
environmental pressure, Sample A remains an excellent paint, free of dispersing additive, failed this test. This fact
benchmark due to its outstanding performance. Both suggests that Pluracoat® CF 20 is indeed a very effective
additives were added to the paint dispersions at the same deflocculating dispersing additive.
loading level of 3.5 lb/100 gal.
Figure 1 and Table 2 present viscosity data obtained Adhesion
for flat and semi-gloss paint dispersions. Age stability test Adhesion results obtained for the flat and semi-gloss disper-
results (Figure 1) indicate that both surfactant additives are sion systems tested in this study are listed in Table 3. Based
powerful and efficient dispersing agents that significantly on the results, it is evident that the choice of the dispersing
reduce the viscosity and provide dispersion stability over agent did not have a significant effect on the adhesion prop-
the time range tested in this study. Table 2 data also indicate erties. Both dispersing agents revealed excellent adhesion.
Environmentally Compliant, Deflocculating Wetting
and Dispersing Agent for Aqueous Dispersions
Water Resistance of Sample A dispersing additive. Tables 5 and 6 present

Water resistance of the resultant coatings is one of the color development data for Universal Red organic colorant
primary formulating concerns when selecting surfac- in flat and semi-gloss formulations, respectively.
tants and additives for performance optimization. Water In the flat paint dispersion formulation, tint strength of
resistance data for the flat and semi-gloss formulations the Pluracoat® CF 20-containing system matches that of
tested in this study are presented in Table 4. As evident Sample A. The E between the two additives is negligibly
by the data, Pluracoat® CF 20 not only matched the per- small, i.e., 0.08. The hiding power K-E values are 0.18
formance of the Sample A additive, but it also decreased and 0.25 for Sample A and Pluracoat® CF 20 respectively,
the water uptake of the coating by 15% in flat and 6% in and are well below the 1.0 acceptable standard. The Rub
semi-gloss formulations. These very encouraging results Out coefficients (RO) have small negative values indicat-
should provide additional flexibility to the paint formula- ing small if not insignificant pigment float to the surface
tors when balancing performance and stability attributes of the coating.5 Furthermore, E measurement between
of the complex coating systems. rubbed and unrubbed coating areas, listed in Table 5 as
E(RO), confirm that the changes caused by sheer forces
Pigment Dispersion and Color Evaluation are only marginal.
In addition to dispersion stability tested by rheology and In semi-gloss paint dispersions, the tint strength of the
freeze/thaw stability, efficiency of pigment utilization is Pluracoat® CF 20-containing system differs from that of
best revealed by color development testing. The perfor- Sample A by 0.8. This could partly be interpreted as a
mance of Pluracoat® CF 20 was evaluated relative to that slight improvement of the dispersing power of Pluracoat®
CF 20 and partly could be attributed to the accuracy of
the measurement. The E between the two additives is
FIGURE 2 | Viscosity of a semi-gloss paint formulation containing Sample A (circle also negligibly small, i.e., 0.1, indicating once again a
symbols) and Pluracoat® CF 20 (square symbols) measured after each freeze/thaw match of pigment dispersing powers of the additives. The
cycle. hiding power K-E values are 0.09 and 0.18 for Sample
110
A and Pluracoat® CF 20 respectively, well below the 1.0
acceptable standard. The RO results have positive values,
2.10 and 1.36, indicating TiO2 float to the surface of the
coating.5 Despite the relatively large RO values, E mea-
105
surement between rubbed and unrubbed coating areas,
KU Viscosity (cPs)
listed in Table 6 as E(RO), indicate that visual changes

are small and not significant, since E values remain well
100 below 1.0.
The touch-up test, and specifically low-temperature
touch-up, has been designed to mimic real life applica-
tion conditions. Albeit being a poor predictor of actual
95 performance of the formulation, this remains one of the
Sample A most challenging tests to pass. Typical touch-up test
Pluracoat® CF 20 consists of two coating applications over a period of 24
hours. After allowing a first layer to cure overnight, the
90 second coating is applied partially overlapping the first
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 one. The color readings are taken to compare the areas
Freeze/Thaw Cycles coated with one and two layers. Some variations of this
method could be adopted allowing one or both layers to
TABLE 3 | Adhesion results for the flat and semi-gloss paint dispersions containing be applied and cured at low temperatures. The results of
different dispersing additives. these tests, conducted for semi-gloss paint at room tem-
perature (RT) and low temperature (LT) conditions, are
Flat Paint SG Paint presented in Table 7.
Surfactant Dry Wet Scrub Dry Wet Scrub The results of the touch-up study indicate that pigment
Adhesion Adhesion Resistance Adhesion Adhesion Resistance dispersion properties are equally well developed in the
Sample A 5 5 2190 5 5 2540 presence of either Sample A or Pluracoat® CF 20. Thus,
when the first and second layer of coating are applied at
Pluracoat®
5 5 2200 5 5 2530 the same condition (first set of data at RT and second set of
CF 20
data at LT), the E and Tint Strength (CREL) results show
no difference between one and two layer coating. How-
TABLE 4 | Water resistance of the flat and semi-gloss coating formulations containing ever, when the first layer was applied at RT followed by
different dispersing additives measured as % water uptake by 20 mil dried coating the second coat at LT, a slight increase in E (up to 0.22)
submerged in water for 24 hours. is accompanied by reduction of tint strength (down to
98.4 and 98.5). While this is a clear performance limita-
Surfactant Flat Paint SG Paint
tion, both Sample A and Pluracoat® CF 20 exhibit similar
Sample A 8.91 22.28
behavior, indicative of fundamental formulation issues
Pluracoat® CF 20 7.61 21.08
rather than issues related to the dispersing additive.

3MART&ORMULATING
4OGETHER
!DDITIVES
#OLORING WWWSMARTFORMULATINGCOM
#ROSSLINKERS
-ATTING
2ESIN#OMPONENTS
2ESINS
Environmentally Compliant, Deflocculating Wetting
and Dispersing Agent for Aqueous Dispersions
TABLE 5 | Color evaluation results, using an X-Rite spectrophotometer, for the flat Conclusion
paint formulation containing different dispersant agents. Note that Sample A con- Pluracoat® CF 20 was developed as an effective and
taining paint dispersion was used as a control. environmentally compliant deflocculating dispersing and
wetting additive. This zero-VOC and alkyl phenol-free sur-
Surfactant TS DE K-DE RO DE (RO)
factant has proven to perform as a suitable replacement
Sample A 100 0 0.18 -0.20 0.25
for Sample A in a number of aqueous-based dispersant
Pluracoat® CF 20 99.6 0.08 0.25 -0.36 0.22 formulations with an added benefit of improved water
sensitivity. As a multifunctional additive, Pluracoat® CF
TABLE 6 | Color evaluation results, using an X-Rite spectrophotometer, for the semi- 20 allows the preparation of stable aqueous dispersions,
gloss paint formulation containing different dispersant agents. Note that Sample A providing a good opportunity to reformulate existing plat-
containing paint dispersion was used as a control. forms to comply with low/zero-VOC regulations and alkyl
phenol ethoxylate-free requirements.
Surfactant TS DE K-DE RO DE (RO) Gloss 20º Gloss 60º
Sample A 100 0 0.09 2.10 0.51 16.2 53.7
References
Pluracoat® CF 20 100.8 0.1 0.15 1.36 0.52 15.7 53.0 1 Patton, T.C. Paint Flow and Pigment Dispersion; Wiley
Interscience Publication, 1979.
2 Doren, K.; Freitag, W.; Stoye, D. Waterborne Coatings; Han-
TABLE 7 | Touch up test results for semi-gloss paint dispersions containing different
dispersing additives. ser Publishers, 1994.
3 Swarp, S.; Schoff, C.K. Progress in Organic Coatings 1993,
System Control DE* CREL 23, 1-22.
Sample A RT Sample A RT 0 100 4 Scholtz, W. De Verfkroniek, vol 71, 1998, p 33-36.
Pluracoat® CF20 RT Pluracoat® CF20 RT 0.18 100.8 5 Kaluza, U. Physical/Chemical Fundamentals of Pigment
Sample A LT Sample A LT 0 100 Processing for Paints and Painting Inks, Edition Lack und
Pluracoat® CF20 LT Pluracoat® CF20 LT 0.18 100.9 Chemie, 1981.
Sample A LT Sample A RT 0.22 98.4
Pluracoat® CF20 LT Pluracoat® CF20 RT 0.22 98.5 For more information, visit www.basf.com.
Eversorb® Product Types

• Benzophenone • Benzotriazole • HALS • Performance Products
Eversorb® Applications
• Automotive Coatings • Refinish Coatings • Wood Coatings
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• ISO 9001 Certified in 1994

• ISO 14001 Certified in 1996
• OHSAS 18001 Certified in 2001
EVERLIGHT USA, INC.
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(704) 588-1004 (800) 252-3247 Fax: (704) 588-0051
E-mail: everlight@everlightusa.com http://www.ecic.com
pci03104Ever.indd 1 2/2/10 9:16:07 AM
Optiwhite MX. Still making a world of difference.
F ROM first line quality to low-cost paints, Optiwhite MX contributes significantly to hiding
properties, wet and dry. This leads to greater extending of Ti02. Better properties at less
cost gives you a competitive edge
in value. Call or e-mail us for
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eMail: pci--mxw@burgesspigment.com
Chain Extender Evaluation for Polyurethanes Derived
Polybutadiene
C hain extenders play a significant role in
enhancing the final mechanical properties
of polyurethanes derived from hydroxyl-
terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and
4,4´-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate)
(MDI). Conventionally, N,N-diisopropanol aniline (DIPA)
and 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD) are recommended for
their compatibility and physical property enhancement of
the polyurethane elastomer. By comparison, 1,4-butane-
many chain extenders designed for polyether or polyester
polyols were proven to be unsuitable for the HTPB-derived
polyurethanes. The poor compatibility between the chain
extenders and the non-polar nature of the polybutadiene
backbone was attributed to be the root cause.
Two types of HTPB resins are available commercially.
Poly bd® resins are radically polymerized products, hav-
ing about 2.5 hydroxyl functionalities.4 Krasol® LBH and
LBH-P polybutadiene diols are anionically polymerized
diol (BDO), widely employed in polyurethanes based on products with a very narrow molecular-weight distribu-
polyether or polyester polyols, is not a good choice owing tion, each containing no species with a functionality
to its poor compatibility with HTPB resins. A systematic higher than 2.0.4,6 We have shown in previous publica-
screening of both aromatic and aliphatic diols as potential tions that 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol and N,N-diisopropanol
chain extenders in standard HTPB-based polyurethane aniline (Voranol® 220-530) were excellent chain extend-
formulations has been carried out. Although a good cor- ers1,5 for the polyurethanes derived from either Poly bd
relation could not be drawn between the diol structure or Krasol resins. Because of recurring supply issues, we
and mechanical performance, two new aliphatic diols were initiated a search for alternative chain extenders suitable
notable for their superior performance. for the polyurethane system based on HTPB resins. This
report describes our preliminary findings.
Introduction
Polyurethanes based on polybutadiene polyols are known Experimental
for excellent hydrophobicity, hydrolytic and chemical Materials
resistance, electrical insulation properties, and low-tem- Poly bd and Krasol resins were obtained from Cray Valley
perature flexibility.1-3 Similar to other polyurethanes, USA, LLC. Chain extenders 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD),
the gum stock formulations based on neat HTPBs and 1,3-butanediol (1,3-BG), 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol
stoichiometric amounts of diisocyanates usually pos- (BEPG), and 2,4-diethyl-1,5-pentanediol (PD-9) were
sess inferior mechanical properties. Incorporating chain sampled from Kyowa Hakko U.S.A. Inc. Hydroquinone
extenders, such as diols of low molecular weight, in the bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether, N-phenyldiethanolamine,
gum stock formulas enhances the elastomeric properties 4,4´-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), dibutyltin
of the resulting polyurethanes, because the small diols dilaurate (DBTDL), 1,6-hexanediol, and 2,2,4-trimethyl-
react with diisocyanates and form hard domains to serve 1,3-pentanediol (TMPD) were purchased from Aldrich.
as the physical crosslink for the polyurethane systems. HER™ HP, i.e., resorcinol di(β-hydroxyethyl)ether was
Traditionally, 1, 4-butanediol is one of the most impor- kindly given to us by Indspec Chemical Corporation. All
tant chain extenders used in commercial polyurethane the materials were used in the reaction as is without fur-
elastomers based on polyether or polyester polyols. Since ther purification.
HTPBs have a completely non-polar backbone structure,
Preparation of Polyurethanes – Lab Procedure
TABLE 1 | Compatibility of aromatic chain extenders (CE) with Krasol LBH 2000 resin. One-Shot Procedure
Miscibility and Solubility Krasol LBH-2000 resin was added to a four-necked resin
Wt Ratio of
Chemical Name kettle, followed by degassing and dehydrating at 85 ºC in
CE / LBH- 2000 @ 23 °C @ 110 °C vacuo (<10 mm Hg) for 1.5 h. Diisocyanate MDI flakes and
1,3-bis(2-hydroxy ethoxy) Two phases solid chain extenders (CE) were melted in an oven right
3.2/10.0 Two liquid phases
benzene, (HER™ HP) (liquid, solid) before usage. Liquid Krasol resin, MDI, CE, and DBTDL
Hydroquinone bis(2- Two phases Two phases catalyst were then charged to a centrifuge cup. The mix-
3.2/10.0
hydroxyethyl) ether (liquid, solid) (liquid, solid) ture was homogenized in a SpeedMixer™ (model DAC
Two phases 150), then poured onto a hot metal mold. The sample was
N-phenyldiethanolamine 3.0/10.0 Two liquid phases
(liquid, solid) initially cured in an oven at 110 ºC for 3.5 h, and then at
By Herbert Chao and Nan Tian | Cray Valley USA, LLC, Exton, PA

from Hydroxyl-Terminated
Resins
65 ºC overnight. The sample was further aged one week Results and Discussion
at room temperature to ensure complete curing before A few diols of low molecular weight, including aromatic
physical property testing was performed. and aliphatic types, were selected as potential chain
extenders. Examining the compatibility of the diols with
Prepolymer Procedure HTPB resins at various temperatures serves as the initial
MDI flakes were charged to a four-necked resin kettle. screening before incorporating them in polyurethane
The kettle was heated with stirring to melt the MDI under formulations. Two preparative procedures, namely, one-
nitrogen. To the kettle containing liquid MDI was added shot and prepolymer, were used to make the polyurethane
warm (65 ºC) Krasol LBH 2000 resin. The reaction was sheets. The hard domain contents in the polyurethane
held at 75 ºC for 1.5 h to form the prepolymer, which was sheets were set at 30, 35, 40 and 45% for monitoring the
then degassed at 75 ºC in vacuo. The prepolymer, liquid concentration effect of the chain extenders on physical
CE, and DBTDL catalyst were then charged to a centri- properties. As to HTPB resins, both Krasol LBH 2000 and
fuge cup. The mixture was homogenized in a SpeedMixer Poly bd R45HTLO resin were examined.
(model DAC 150), then poured onto a hot metal mold. The
sample was initially cured in an oven at 110 ºC for 3.5 h, TABLE 2 | Compatibility of aliphatic chain extenders (CE) with Krasol LBH 2000 resin.
and then at 65 ºC overnight. The sample was further aged
one week at room temperature to ensure complete curing Wt Ratio of Miscibility and Solubility
before the testing of physical properties was performed. Chemical Name
CE / LBH- 2000 @ 23 °C @ 110 °C
1,6-hexanediol 3.0/10.0 Two layers Two layers
Characterization and Testing
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,
An Instron Materials Tester (model 4301) was used for 3.2/10.0 Soluble Soluble
3-pentanediol (TMPD)
measuring the physical properties of polyurethane sheets
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
at 22.2 °C (72 ºF) and 60% relative humidity. Tensile Any ratio Soluble Soluble
(EHD)
strength, elongation and modulus (at 50% strain) were
Intensely
obtained by following the ASTM D 412 protocol. Tear 1,3-butanediol (1,3-BG) 2.0/10.0 Cloudy
cloudy
strength was determined by following the ASTM D 624
2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3- Partial BEPG Clear,
protocol. For each sample four or five specimens were 3.0/10.0
propanediol (BEPG) crystallized homogeneous
tested and an average value reported. Sample hardness
2,4-diethyl-1,5- Cloudy, Lightly cloudy,
was determined with a Round Shore Durometer Type A 3.0/10.0
pentanediol (PD-9) heterogeneous no separation
or Type D at room temperature.
TABLE 3 | Krasol resin-derived polyurethanes having 30% hard domain contents.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Krasol LBH 2000L, g 100 100 100 100 100 100
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, g 11.69 --- --- 11.69 --- ---
2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, g ---- 12.45 --- ---- 12.45 ---
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, g --- --- 11.46 --- --- 11.46
4,4´-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate), g 31.11 30.56 31.14 31.11 30.56 31.14
20% DBTDL solution in dibutyl phthalate(DBP), drop(s) 2 1 2 1 2 2
Hard segment content, wt.% 29.97 30.08 29.87 29.97 30.08 29.87
Equivalent ratio of LBH/MDI/chain extender 1/2.8/1.8 1/2.75/1.75 1/2.7/1.7 1/2.8/1.8 1/2.75/1.75 1/2.7/1,7
Procedure in Synthesis One Shot Prepolymer

Physical Property
Hardness (shore A) at 23 °C 79 79 80 82 80 79
Tensile strength, psi 1106 1300 1650 2139 2147 1263
Modulus, psi 438 434 418 518 491 404
Elongation at break, % 216 315 511 440 465 553
Tear resistance, Ibf/in 308 305 313 334 312 283
Chain Extender Evaluation for Polyurethanes Derived from Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Resins
TABLE 4 | Polybd resin-derived polyurethanes having 30% hard domain contents.

1 2 3 4 5 6
Polybd R45 HTLO, g 100 100 100 100 100 100
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, g 11.62 ---- ----- 11.62 ---- -----
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, g ---- ---- 10.62 ---- ---- 10.62
Isonate 143L 32.86 32.27 32.86 32.86 32.27 32.86
20% DBTDL solution in DBP, drop(s) 3 4 3 2 1 1
Equivalent ratio of R45HTLO / Isonate143L / CE 1 / 2.75/1.75 1/2.7/1.7 1/ 2.75/1.75 1 / 2.75/1.75 1/2.7/1.7 1/ 2.75/1.75

Physical Property
Modulus, psi 450 425 458 449 355 454
TABLE 5 | Krasol resin-derived polyurethanes having 45% hard domain contents.

1 2 3 4 5 6
Krasol LBH 2000L, g 100 100 100 100 100 100
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, g 26.30 --- --- 26.30 --- ---
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, g --- --- 26.28 --- --- 26.28
4,4´-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate), g 56.11 54.45 56.51 56.11 54.45 56.51
Equivalent ratio of LBH/MDI/chain extender 1/5.05/4.05 1/4.9/3.9 1/4.9/3.9 1/5.05/4.05 1/4.9/3.9 1/ 4.9/3.9

Physical Property
Modulus, psi 1104 1145 1439 1565 1512 1702
Aromatic Diols as Chain Extenders The chain extender 1,6-hexanediol turned out to be too
The compatibility of the aromatic chain extenders with incompatible with the Krasol resin in the one-shot pro-
Krasol LBH 2000 resin was evaluated and the results are cess. The approach was abandoned. Similarly, the chain
listed in Table 1. It is conceivable that the aromatic chain extenders 1,3-butanediol and PD-9 yielded parts of low
extenders selected have extremely poor compatibility hardness, tensile strength and modulus compared with
with the Krasol resin. We managed to evaluate 1,3-bis(2- those made using EHD in the one-shot process. Although
hydroxy ethoxy) benzene and N-phenyldiethanolamine the prepolymer procedure in general mitigated the com-
in a prepolymer procedure, hoping that pre-reacting patibility issue to a certain degree, the polyurethane
of the diols with MDI would mitigate the compatibility parts made by using 1,6-hexanediol, 1,3-butanediol or
issue. Unfortunately, with the 30%, 35% and 40% hard PD-9 were still not on a par with the materials containing
domain contents, the polyurethanes derived from both EHD. On the other hand, the chain extenders TMPD and
chain extenders were inferior to the controls containing BEPG yielded excellent polyurethane parts with the hard
EHD. Thus, they were not evaluated further. domain contents ranging from 30 to 45%.
The formulations and physical properties of the poly-
Aliphatic Diols as Chain Extenders urethanes having hard domain contents of 30% are listed
The aliphatic diol candidates were chosen based on their in Tables 3 and 4, which employ Krasol LBH 2000 and
commercial availability and significant hydrocarbon moiety Poly bd R45HTLO resin, respectively, along with three
in the molecules. They were submitted for compatibility test- outstanding chain extenders. Since the polyurethanes
ing with Krasol LBH 2000 resin and the results are listed in derived from Krasol resin and 4,4’-MDI should be ther-
Table 2. There is no strong distinction based on compatibility moplastic in nature (Table 3), they have better elonga-
to favor any one chain extender over the others. Thus, they tion, tear resistance and tensile strength than those
were all tested in the polyurethane formulations. crosslinked polyurethanes derived from Poly bd resin and

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Isonate 143L (Table 4). However, the differences in physi- are completely soluble in HTPB resins (Table 1). The
cal properties between those derived from Krasol and Poly solubility criterion seems to be a necessary condition for
bd resin (Tables 5 and 6, respectively) are not as signifi- the chain extenders to have before further examining the
cant when the hard domain contents reach 45%. mechanical properties of the polyurethanes derived from
Based on the limited examples above, it is noted that them and HTPB resins. Needless to say, the molecular
the good chain extenders, namely, EHD, BEPG, and TMPD weight of the chain extenders cannot be excessively large
TABLE 6 | Polybd resin-derived polyurethanes having 45% hard domain contents.

1 2 3 4 5 6
Polybd R45 HTLO, g 100 100 100 100 100 100
2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, g 23.67 ---- ----- 23.67 ---- -----
2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, g ---- ---- 23.67 ---- ---- 23.67
Isonate 143L 58.56 57.96 58.56 58.56 57.96 58.56
Equivalent ratio of R45HTLO / Isonate143L / CE 1 / 4.9 / 3.9 1/4.85/3.85 1/ 4.9 / 3.9 1 / 4.9 / 3.9 1/4.85/3.85 1/ 4.9 / 3.9

Physical Property
Hardness (shore A) at 23 °C 95 96 97 92 - 93 96 – 97 96 - 97
Modulus, psi 1384 1427 1565 1500 1385 1406
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to disrupt the hard domain formation out to be outstanding again in those polyol Conclusions
through hydrogen bonding. Interestingly, blends.5 Similarly, BDO is a better chain In addition to the two classic chain extend-
EHD was found not to be a suitable chain extender than EHD for the polyurethane ers, namely, N,N-diisopropanol aniline and
extender any longer when HTPB resins block copolymers derived from HTPB and 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, recommended for
were blended with polyether polyols, such polyester polyols7 regarding the mechani- the polyurethane systems derived from
as polypropylene glycol (PPG) and poly- cal properties enhancements. hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes, two
tetramethylene glycol (PTMEG), to make Physical properties are noted in the more aliphatic diols are identified through
polyurethane copolymers. BDO turned charts in Appendix 1. extensive testing for the same utility. These
two new chain extenders, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-
1,3-propanediol and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-
pentanediol are not only miscible with
hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes, but
also enhance the mechanical properties in
the HTPB-derived polyurethanes, as well
as the benchmark 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
chain extender.
References
1 “Sartomer Products for Urethane Elasto-
mers,” Sartomer Technical Bulletin No. 1560,
Sartomer Co., 08/05.
2 Pytela, J.; Sufcak, M.; Cermak, J.; Drobny,
J.G. “Novel Isocyanate Prepolymers Based
on Polybutadiene Diols for Composite Bind-
ers and Cast Elastomers,” Proceedings of
the Polyurethanes, 1998, EXPO98, Dallas,
September 1998, pp. 563
3 Pytela, J.; Sufcak, M. “Polybutadiene-
Urethane Elastomers with Outstanding
Resistance to Aggressive Aqueous Media,”
UTECH 2000 Conference, The Hague, The
Netherlands, March 2000. Conference Pro-
ceedings, Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants and
Elastomers Session, Paper 9.
4 “Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene Res-
ins and Derivatives - Poly bd and Krasol,”
Sartomer Technical Bulletin No. 3151, Sar-
tomer Co., 06/07.
5 Chao, H. S.; Pytela, J.; Tian, N.; Murphy,
J. “Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs)
Derived from Hydroxyl-Terminated Polyb-
utadienes (Krasol®)” API 2005 Polyure-
thanes Technical Conference and Trade
Fair, October 17-19, 2005.
6 Pytela J.; Sufcak, M. “New Anionic Polyb-
utadiene Diols for Polyurethane Systems,”
Proceedings of the Polyurethanes World Con-
gress 1997, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
September 1997, pp. 704.
7 Chao, H. S.; Tian, N. “Preparation and
Property Evaluation of Thermoplastic Poly-
urethanes (TPUs) Based on Polybutadiene
and Polyester Polyols” Polyurethanes 2007
Technical Conference, September 24-26,
2007.
For more information, contact Herbert.Chao@CrayVal-

leyUS.com.
This paper was presented at Polyurethanes 2009 Tech-

nical Conference in Fort Washington, MD on behalf of
the Center for the Polyurethanes Industry (CPI).
92
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Appendix 1: Physical Properties
Hardness of Polyurethanes from Tear Resistance of Polyurethanes from Modulus of Polyurethanes from
New Chain Extenders and Polybd Resin New Chain Extenders and Polybd Resin New Chain Extenders and Krasol Resin
2000
100 One-Shot Prepolymer One-Shot Prepolymer One-Shot Prepolymer
500
Shore A Hardness at 25 ºC
Tear Resistance (lbs/in)

95 EHD EHD
EHD BEPG 1500 BEPG
BEPG 400
Modulus (psi)
TMPD TMPD
TMPD
90
300
85 1000
200
80
500
75 100
70 0 0
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Hard Segment (%) Hard Segment (%) Hard Segment (%)
Tensile Strength of Polyurethanes from Hardness of Polyurethanes from Elongation at Break of Polyurethanes from
New Chain Extenders and Polybd Resin New Chain Extenders and Krasol Resin New Chain Extenders and Krasol Resin
100 600
3500 One-Shot Prepolymer One-Shot Prepolymer One-Shot Prepolymer
Shore A Hardness at 25 ºC
3000 95
Elongation at Break (%)

500
Tensile Strength (psi)
EHD EHD EHD

BEPG BEPG BEPG
2500 TMPD 90 TMPD 400 TMPD
2000
85 300
1500
80 200
1000
75 100
500
0 70 0
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Modulus of Polyurethanes from Tensile Strength of Polyurethanes from Tear Resistance of Polyurethanes from
New Chain Extenders and Polybd Resin New Chain Extenders and Krasol Resin New Chain Extenders and Krasol Resin
One-Shot Prepolymer
Prepolymer
4000 600
One-Shot Prepolymer
One-Shot
1600 3500
Tensile Strength (psi)
EHD
500 EHD
1400 EHD
Tear Resistance (lbs/in)
BEPG 3000 BEPG BEPG

TMPD TMPD TMPD
1200 400
Modulus (psi)
2500
1000
2000 300
800
1500
600 200
400 1000
500 100
200
0 0 0
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45
Elongation at Break of Polyurethanes from

New Chain Extenders and Polybd Resin
One-Shot Prepolymer
Visit www.pcimag.com/ac_show TODAY
300
250
EHD
BEPG
to get easy access to
Elongation at Break (%)
TMPD
200
AC Show updates!
150
• Conference Schedules
100
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50
• Dining Guide for Charlotte
0
30 35 40 45 30 35 40 45 And, much more!
Hard Segment (%)

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Chemical
Legislation
Panic or Practicality?
I have been formulating adhesives and coat-

ings since 1956, and in those years have seen
government policies and regulations change
entire industries, some justifiably, others not
so justifiably.
Historical Perspective
In the early years, some adhesives and most coatings had
to meet severe fire-retardance tests. Adhesives, being sand-
were buried at various sites, until someone decided to
market them as cheap, chlorinated fire-retardant resins.
They could be coupled with asphalt to make low-cost,
fire-retardant roof coatings, whereas previous efforts to
fire retard inexpensive asphalts were cost prohibitive.
Suddenly, the still bottoms became a series of marketable
products rather than a landfill. These became the Montar
series of resins.
Those of you in the industry at the time probably recall
wiched between two substrates, and therefore having less the publicity surrounding the sudden, mysterious decline
exposed surface, were faced with far fewer and less stringent in the peregrine falcon population. Apparently, something
restrictions than coatings. Flame-retardant additives were, was responsible for the incomplete formation of the falcon
for the most part, expensive, calling for judicious use of the eggshells, leaving them thin and extremely vulnerable to
products, using just enough to meet the requirements. breakage. This was ultimately traced to residual quanti-
In those years, Monsanto had a marvelous chlorinated ties of these chlorinated resins.
resin/plasticizer/fire retardant series trade named Aro- These were the polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlo-
chlor. Available in both liquid and solid forms, covering a rinated polyphenyls that became so notorious under the
multitude of melting points and a broad range of chlorine general designation PCBs. When they were withdrawn
contents, these resins imparted flame retardance to a host from the marketplace, they left a tremendous void, which
of varied products. Soluble in many organic solvents, they formulators found difficult to fill.
could be added directly to solvent systems. They could
also be emulsified for addition to water-based systems. Filling the Fire-Retardant Gap
Formulations could be modified with these resins to meet One product that appeared to be a reasonable candidate to
the most stringent test requirements. fill the void was Firemaster T23P, from Michigan Chemi-
Distillation, an important procedure in the course of cal Corporation. This excellent fire retardant was so good,
the manufacture of each Arochlor resin, resulted in a in fact, that it was used to flame retard textiles, some of
dark, residual, high chlorine content still bottom as a by which were used in the manufacture of children’s paja-
product requiring disposal. For years, these still bottoms mas. As a result of some dermatological reactions, a ques-
By Jerome B. Marks, Ph.D., Technical Director | General Plastics Corporation, Bloomfield, NJ

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Chemical Legislation
to ceramic tile adhesives. It was also used in automotive

brake linings, as building insulation, in high-temperature
protective gloves and fire-protective clothing. In short, it
found a place in virtually every industry.
In 1962, Dr. Irving Selikoff, Director of the Environ-
mental Services Laboratory at the Mt. Sinai School of
Medicine in New York, was hired by New York Local 12
and Newark Local 32, International Association of Heat
and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers’ Union to
examine the overabundance of asbestos-related illnesses
in union members. Dr. Selikoff found an apparent link
between asbestos exposure and the incidence of lung can-
cer, asbestosis and mesothelioma.
Although asbestos was a primary raw material in the
products of such prestigious organizations as National
Starch, GAF, PPG, 3M, HB Fuller, etc., the panic resulting
tion arose as to the possible carcinogenicity of T23P. Some from Dr. Selikoff’s report fomented government legislation
of you may remember the “Tris” fiasco, which resulted that placed the entire asbestos industry in jeopardy.
in yet another flame retarding compound being removed The fact that the large majority of these cases stemmed
from the marketplace. from overexposure to the dense fogs of airborne asbes-
Antimony oxide coupled with chlorinated hydrocarbon tos fibers so common in the World War II shipyards of
resins is, to a great extent, filling the void … for now. 20 years prior, did absolutely nothing to mitigate the
general panic and concern regarding asbestos. Rather,
Other Legislative Efforts/Effects it fostered a whole new, highly regulated, exceptionally
Paints and other exterior coatings were, for years, color lucrative industry … asbestos abatement.
matched to the recognized standards of the various
companies whose plants and manufacturing sites they OSHA
adorned. Lead and chromate pigments which, among oth- In 1970, the Williams Steiger Act was passed into law.
ers, gave the formulator the versatility of color matching This ultimately became the Occupational Safety and
coatings to any desired shade, were deemed hazardous Health Act (OSHA). Under OSHA requirements, employ-
and removed from the market. ers must maintain a complete and accurate Material
Mercurial preservatives, the most effective fungicides Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each hazardous material
and bactericides in the world, were viewed as being haz- that is used in the facility.
ardous, and were, therefore, removed from the market- The MSDS is a detailed information bulletin prepared
place. Their replacements initially resulted in inferior end by the manufacturer, which describes the physical and
products, with higher raw material costs. chemical properties, physical and health hazards,
We can go back as far as 1966, when Los Angeles routes of entry, precautions for safe handling and use,
enacted Rule 66 and San Francisco passed Regulation 3. emergency and first aid procedures and control and
Both severely limited the use of “photoreactive” solvents, disposal methods, for each product. An MSDS must
such as xylene, in adhesives and coatings in order to accompany each shipment of hazardous or potentially
reduce smog generation. Then came a major trend going hazardous material.
from products in “dangerous, highly flammable” solvents OSHA 174, preceded by OSHA Form 20, is a simple,
such as hexane, acetone and toluene to the “safer” non- easy-to-read and understand two-page affair. Although
flammable chlorinated solvents. In that span of time, the OSHA specifies the information to be included in an
legal, Department of Transportation definition of a “flam- MSDS, it does not prescribe the precise format. The result
mable liquid”, i.e., one requiring the red, diamond shaped has been completely worthless and totally incomprehen-
“Flammable Liquid” warning label, went from one having sible 20- and 30-page documents, serving no purpose
less than an 80 °F flash point to one having less than a 100 other than to comply with the letter of the law.
°F flash point. To add to the confusion, IATA (International In no possible way could a police officer, confronted
Air Transport Association) regulations define a flammable with a spill of a hazardous substance, quickly and easily
liquid as one having a flash point below 140 °F. Today, the take the necessary emergency measures to reduce the
cry is for the elimination of ODS (ozone-depleting solvents) hazard by reading the MSDS accompanying the shipment.
such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane and the “toxic/carcinogenic” He wouldn’t be able to locate the pertinent information, let
chlorinated solvents such as methylene chloride. alone comprehend it. This is very definitely self-protective
Then came the mother of them all … asbestos. As a overkill sponsored by government legislation.
raw material in adhesives and coatings, asbestos was Something would certainly appear to be very wrong
unique. It is flame retardant, acid and alkali resistant, with government legislation when it is easier to purchase
weather resistant, it is an insulation, a thixotrope, a film an assault weapon than it is to buy a few drops of cycla-
reinforcer and … it was CHEAP. mate to sweeten your coffee.
For decades asbestos was used in adhesives and coat-
ings in a multitude of applications from mobile home roofs Comments may be directed to Dr. Marks at jmarks@gpnorth.com.

SUPPLIER SHOWCASES
Reynolds Mixers do
three things better*
than any other mixers.
Which means you can do three
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1. Mix viscous products faster
2. Have less product waste
3. Increase your profit
CINIC is a world wide supplier of high quality, high performance organic

pigments to the Coatings, Plastics and Speciality Inks markets. Through *Get better mixing results.
our Cinilex range of products, CINIC has quickly become a key high Get Reynolds in the Mix™
performance pigments supplier in the global market. näÎÊx{n{Îä£ÊUÊÀiÞ`ÃÝiÀÃ°V
For more information, please visit our new website: www.cinic.com
Conn and Company, LLC

Conn and Company, LLC, will
feature its new CONN Blade®
of UHMW Polyethylene as Schold Machine
well as its high-pumping/ Celebrating our 61st year of manufacturing
rugged, dependable process equipment for
low-shear blending blades and low to ultra-high viscosity products.
high-pumping/high-shear Other than countless custom designs,
dispersion blade. we offer Single, Multiple and Co-Axial Shaft
Dispersers, Rotor Stators, Mixers, Blenders
and Letdown Agitators.
We also offer Horizontal and Vertical Bead
814-723-7980 Mills as well as several styles of Hydraulic
www.connblade.com Discharge Presses.
www.schold.com
DeFelsko Corporation –
The Measure of Quality
U.S. manufacturer of coating thickness
gages and inspection instruments. The
simple, durable and accurate PosiTector
6000 Series is ideal for measuring
coating thickness on all metals while the
PosiTector 200 series measures coatings
on non-metals. Also featured are the NEW
PosiTest® AT-A Automatic Adhesion
Tester, PosiTector® Dew Point Meter
and the PosiTector® Ultrasonic
Thickness Gage.
Address: 802 Proctor Ave., Ogdensburg, NY 13669

Phone: +1 315/393-4450 Fax: +1 315/393-8471
E-mail: techsale@defelsko.com Web: www.defelsko.com
Measure Reflected Visit www.pcimag.com/ac_show TODAY

Color of Coatings
The HunterLab LabScan XE color mea- to get easy access to AC Show updates!
surement spectrophotometer is ideal for
quality control and color formulation of
paint. Its advanced optical design auto- • Conference Schedules
matically includes the effects of gloss
and texture so it “sees” color the way • Exhibitor Information
your eye does. The system measures
raw materials such as pigments, bases • Dining Guide for
and additives as well as finished product Charlotte
including liquid paint, powder coatings,
paint draw-downs and coated product. • Blogs before and
during the show
HunterLab
Follow @PCImag
Tel (703) 471-6870 www.hunterlab.com info@hunterlab.com on Twitter!
P RODUCTS
Oven enables the system to operate without a pump and induct pow-
PRECISION QUINCY: Model ders at unprecedented rates, resulting in shorter mixing cycles, an
EC4156TCDIF has an immediate lump-free dispersion of the powders, improved end-
overhead trolley conveyor product quality and a safer working environment by eliminating
support that enables long “dusting” in the plant. Visit www.highshearmixers.com.
parts to be loaded into the
oven by manually pushing Additive
the conveyor trolley. Once BYK ADDITIVES & INSTRUMENTS: ANT-TERRA®-250 offers superb
loaded, the operator closes stabilization of fillers and inorganic pigments, resulting in good
the heavy-duty doors on color acceptance and low-E values in the coating system. Floating
the oven entrance end. and flooding of these pigments is prevented and, due to the thix-
When curing is complete, otropy effect, settling and sagging in aqueous systems is avoided.
double doors on the exit end are opened to pass through the It is recommended for water-reducible primers, emulsion paints
finished parts. This Class A oven is custom designed and opti- and floorings. Free of solvents and with a high solids content, it
mized for powder curing of long pieces of aluminum extrusions. improves flow and leveling, especially in waterborne self-leveling
The interior working space on this model is 360 cubic feet with flooring based on epoxy resins. Visit www.byk.com.
an anticipated operating temperature of 375 °F and a maximum
temperature of 450 °F. Visit www.precisionquincy.com. Container
PLASTICAN INC.: The 36BR is a 4.25-gallon rectangular plastic
Mixer container designed to provide better cube efficiency and volume
CHARLES ROSS & SON CO.: The In-line SLIM does not require a packaging. Rigid yet lightweight, these containers tolerate a wide
pump or eductor, thereby lowering operation and maintenance temperature range. They also offer easy handling and excellent
costs. The unique rotor/stator generator in this system includes stacking strength. Produced using high-density polyethylene or
progressive spiral porting, which produces high flow, high shear propylene, these pails score high on environmental sustainabil-
and a high level of vacuum within the rotor/stator generator. This ity scorecards. Hinged lids are available, are easily resealed and
feature a tamper-evident tear strip. Bi-directional handle options
allow better ergonomics. Visit www.plastican.com.
Heating Element
PROCESS TECHNOLOGY: The CE-certified quartz infrared heat-
ing elements offer a heavy-wall quartz sheath. They are available
in sizes 500-4000 watts and in a variety of voltages, includ-
ing 120, 208 and 240.
Ceramic insulators
provide positive elec-
trical insulation. The
elements are used
for curing, baking
and drying applica-
tions and are capable
of reaching full heat
in 40 to 65 seconds.
With watt densities of
50 watts per square
inch, the elements contain long-life nickel chrome resistance wire.
E-mail ssmith@process-technology.com.
Mixer
SPX: Nettco i-Series portable and fixed-mount mixers satisfy a
wide range of mixing and mounting requirements, utilizing a
distinctive modular assembly design. Multiple mounting configu-
rations include clamp style, open tank or sealed designs for maxi-
mum flexibility. The mixer design can be quickly converted from
one mounting arrangement to another in as little as two minutes.
Visit www.lightninmixers.com.
Specialty Chemical
DOW: ECHELON™ MU 290 specialty isocyanate is a uretonimine-
modified MDI-based solution for adhesives, sealants, elastomers
and coatings applications. With improved shelf life and reduced
P RODUCTS
emissions, it has good compatibility for The aqueous solution of actives will not and sealants. The preservative may be
mixing. It offers improved clarity for the contribute to the VOC of the product added at any point in the production
creation of products with lighter color preserved and contains no formaldehyde. cycle. E-mail aficon@ispcorp.com.
requirements and can be used for the It is demonstrated as an in-can pres-
production of quasi and full prepolymers, ervation system for water-based paint Carbon Black
and two-component urethane coatings, and coatings systems, aqueous polymer CABOT CORP.: EMPEROR 1800 provides
adhesives, sealants, and solid and micro- emulsions and latex systems, adhesives, high black color performance, rapid and
cellular elastomers. A liquid product, it
offers improved shelf life and low-tem-
perature flexibility and can be stored eco-
nomically and conveniently at room tem-
perature. Visit www.dowechelon.com.
Resin
DSM POWDER COATING RESINS :
Uralac® P 3220 gives excellent durability
in a wide range of colors at lower cur-
ing temperatures with improved blanch-
ing performance and heat resistance.
This polyester resin offers an all-in-one
solution for curing: low temperature, fast
curing, excellent flow and non-blooming.
Visit www.dsmpowdercoatingresins.com.
Media Mill
NETZSCH FINE PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY:
The updated ZETA RS is equipped with an
advanced media separation system and
improved mechanical seal system that allow
the mill to handle the smallest grinding
media and enable the mill to grind particles
as small as 50 nm. It also meets require-
ments for comminution down to the nano
range using the mild dispersion process,
which protects the desired properties of the
material. With a new tilting-chamber feature
that allows easier loading and unloading
of grinding media, it is available in four
chamber sizes, ranging from two liters to 25.
Visit http://grinding-netzsch.com.
Rheology Modifier
COGNIS: DSX 3291 is an associative thick-
ener for “green” water-based coatings. An
excellent pseudo-plastic viscosity builder,
it is up to five times more efficient than
conventional products. It is easy to handle,
can be incorporated into coating formula-
tions with low shear power, and enables
thick coatings to be easily sprayed. It is
suitable for all types of paints, including
premium flat and eggshell, semi-gloss,
and gloss coatings. Visit www.cognis.com.
Preservative
ISP PERFORMANCE CHEMICALS :
Nuosept ® BMc 422 is a broad-spec-
trum preservative that is active against
microbes, bacteria and fungi at use levels
ranging from 0.05-0.5 percent by weight.
Selecting the best
Additives is Child’s Play P RODUCTS
Serving the Paint and Coatings Industry with innovative silicone additives
for better flow, leveling, slip, mar resistance, and foam control.
Innovative Silicones for your Technology
economical dispersion, and long-term performance stability. Con-
sisting of small-particle carbon black that is chemically modified
in order to attach specific functional groups to the pigment sur-
face, it is fully compatible with waterborne systems and delivers
better performance than conventional oxidized carbon black
pigments. It disperses quickly. As a result, grinding times are
shortened and the quantity of dispersion additives required to
Manufacturer of organo
achieve optimum performance can be considerably reduced.
modified & reactive silicones. E-mail Gerard_romainville@cabot-corp.com.
SILTECH CORPORATION
225 Wicksteed Avenue,
Catalog
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, BROOKFIELD ENGINEERING LABORATORIES: This 2010 full-color
M4H 1G5 catalog features a new powder flow tester that delivers quick
Tel: (416) 424-4567 and easy analysis of powder flow behavior in industrial process-
Fax: (416) 424-3158 ing equipment. Also
www.siltechcorp.com included are: DV-II+Pro
EXTRA, a viscometer
that delivers time sav-
ings and superior per-
formance in the lab;
EZ-Lock spindle cou-
pling kits; the Falling
Ball viscometer, an
instrument that pro-
vides dynamic viscos-
Visit ads.pcimag.com ity measurement of
transparent Newto-
nian fluids; and the RS
JBW Systems has Portable Rheometer,
which operates in the
manufactured lab, on the production
high-quality, mixing floor or in the field with
a rechargeable battery.
equipment for Visit www.brookfieldengineering.
drums and totes
for over 18 years Fluorosurfactant
CHEMGUARD: S-764P fluorosurfactant is a VOC-free, short-chain
– proving that it is (C6), phosphate-ester-based product ideal for use in VOC-free
possible to have coatings, floor polishes and inks. Its surface activity rivals competi-
tive longer-chain perfluoro products now on the market, with no
superior mixing at need to increase concentrations to obtain similar results. Chloride-
an affordable cost. free and available as an easy-to-use liquid, it provides numerous
benefits in paint, adhesives, metal plating, waxes and polishes.
E-mail bgilbert@chemguard.com.
Balance
PAUL N. GARDNER
CO., INC.: FX-iWP is
The JBW Line of
the first waterproof
Patented Conical, Turbine and dustproof, 0.001 g,
Impellers for Drums, compact precision bal-
Totes® and Lift Systems ance. It incorporates a
reduced-size, compact,
super-hybrid sensor
that provides quick
JBW Systems, Inc. To learn more about our (one-second) readings
innovative mixing equipment – with high precision.
(614) 882-5008 call JBW Systems today. The new statistical cal-
www.jbwsystems.com culation function provides statistical data display or output of
weighed samples. Visit www.gardco.com.
102
PCI06074JBW.indd 1 APRIL 2010 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M 3/7/07 2:09:04 PM
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS. GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE.
WACKER’s dispersions, binders, resins, additives and elastomeric materials for most
every conceivable (and inconceivable) coating application are being showcased at the
American Coatings Show. Speak with our technical experts about how WACKER can
help build sustainable solutions into your products’ performance and appearance.
See us at the American Coatings Show, booth #2408, and put our innovative solutions
and global knowledge to work for you.
CREATING TOMORROW’S SOLUTIONS
Wacker Chemical Corporation, 3301 Sutton Road, Adrian, MI 49221, USA

TEL: +1 888 922 5374, FAX: +1 517 264 4068, info.usa@wacker.com
Wacker Chemie AG, Hanns-Seidel-Platz 4, 81737 München, Germany
TEL: +49 89 6279 0, FAX: +49 89 6279 1770, www.wacker.com
Plot Your Course for Real
SUC CESS
Working with Clear Seas Research allows
you to competitively position your business
within the industry market and ultimately
guides your company to make successful
and informed decisions, establish a plan for
the future and reach it’s overall objectives.
At Clear Seas Research, we

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research solutions.
CLEAR SEAS RESEARCH.

Making the Complex Clear.
Find out how we can customize a

research solution to help your bottom line.
BETH SUROWIEC | 248.786.1619
surowiecb@clearseasresearch.com
www.clearseasresearch.com
C LASSIFIEDS
CUSTOM MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT POSITIONS AVAILABLE
Toll Manufacturing, DEVELOPMENT CHEMIST

Converting, Packaging, Manufacturer of world’s #1 resist ink and coat-
Fill Off and Private Labeling ings for the printed circuit board industry has an
immediate opening for a Development Chemist.
Urethanes, Solvent & Water-Based Systems,
Acrylics, Epoxy, Ink, etc. Duties include, but are not limited to: product
Packaging from quarts to totes Stainless IT Stainless ITT development, modification, and testing of inks
and coatings, analyzing test results, composing
High speed dispersion, blending, milling
Best color matching in the industry The CONN Blade®s detailed written reports regarding chemical
characteristics. Qualifications: BS Chemistry,
QC and testing equipment Most Efficient & Aggressive Available Chemical Engineering or Polymer Science
Enviro, UV, abrasion, adhesion testing required. Knowledge of inks, coatings, conduc-
tive pastes, and/or UV cure systems is a plus.
California permitted to meet enviro regs
Sony Green Partner UHMW Poly Mail or fax resume to:
Jeff Laird (866) 894-5252 ext. 220 Taiyo America, Inc.
Huntington Beach, CA Attn: Human Resources
www.paintmfg.com www.connblade.com 2675 Antler Drive
(814) 723-7980 Carson City, NV 89701
775-885-9972 (fax)
Product Development Specialist

– Polymer Coatings-
NEI Corporation of Somerset, NJ is a
Custom/Contract Manufacturing leading manufacturer of Nanomaterials for
Polymers-Coatings-Adhesives diverse industrial applications and is seeking
Polymerization: Acrylic Emulsion, highly technical individuals with experience
Solution Acrylic, Waterbased in coatings science and engineering:
& Solventbased Urethanes Requires experience in:
Pigment Dispersion & Pigmentation • Materials synthesis and coatings formulations
Resin Cuts, Blending • Polymer synthesis
R&D, Q.C., Custom Color Matching • UV cured coatings
Drums, Totes, Bulk • Materials characterization
ISO 9001: 2001 Registered • Applications development
Contact Mike Lombard • Writing and presentation
Ph: 978-988-0880, ext. 304 Visit www.pcimag.com/classifieds
FAX: 978-658-3366 for more details of this position.
info@allcoattech.com www.allcoattech.com Please send resume to:
HumanResources@neicorporation.com
EQUIPMENT
REPS WANTED
Horizontal Peeler Centrifuges

Vertical Basket Centrifuges
HOCKMEYER
EQUIPMENT CORPORATION
Inverting Filter Centrifuges
A leader in the grinding and
dispersion industries
856-467-3399
www.heinkelusa.com New & Used Equipment
Dispersers • Mills • Mixers •
Tank & Tote Washers •
Particle Size Analysis • Vessels
Visit us at
www.hockmeyer.com
or call us at 252-338-4705
Wanted to purchase:
Used Dispersers
& Mixers
www.pcimag.com/classifieds
C LASSIFIEDS
RECRUITMENT SERVICES CUSTOM MANUFACTURING CONSULTING & TESTING
Specializing in paint/coatings industry. Seeking

Executive Search & Organizational
passionate, high-impact professionals for nationwide Design for the Coatings Industry
positions. Send your resume in confidence to:
Spencer M. Hermann
THOMAS BROOKE
INTERNATIONAL
SEARCHLIGHT PARTNERS Contact Nicola James
30092 Ivy Glenn Dr., Suite 210
888-896-3330 ext. 22
Laguna Niguel, CA 92677
(949)429-8813 • spencer@mrisearchlight.com
www.thomasbrooke.com
To place your classified ad, contact

AD INDEX Andrea Kropp
13th Annual Coatings Elementis Specialties . . . . . . 57 Pilot Chemical Company . . 76
Trends & Technologies . . . . 97 www.elementis.com www.pilotchemical.com Ph: (810) 688-4847 Fax: (248) 502-1048
www.coatingsconference.com EMD Chemicals, Inc. . . . . . .
Acme-Hardesty Co. . . . . . . . 26 www.emdpigments.com
30 Premier Mill,
An SPX Brand . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Email: kroppa@pcimag.com
www.acme-hardesty.com Ethox Chemicals LLC. . . . . . 27 www.premiermill.com
ACT Test Panels . . . . . . . 28, 78 www.ethox.com Q-Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
www.acttestpanels.com Emerald Performance www.q-lab.com
Air Products . . . . . . . . . . 17, 26 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Quickblades, Inc. . . . . . . . . . 29
www.airproducts.com/newdawn www.emeraldmaterials.com www.quickblades.com
Alberdingk Boley . . . . . . . . . 31 EVERLIGHT USA, INC. . 27, 84 RadTech UV&EB 2010 . . . . 95
www.AlberdingkUSA.com www.ecic.com www.RADTECH2010.com
American Coatings Evonik Industries . . . . . . . . . . .2 R.E. Carroll, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . 29
Show 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 www.evonik.com/chroma-chem www.recarroll.com
www.american-coatings-show. Evonik Industries . . . . . . . . . 83 Reitech Corporation . . . . . . . .6
com www.smartformulating.com www.reitechcorporation.com
Anton Paar . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 28 Fitz Chem Corporation . . . 101 Reynolds Industries. . . . . . . 99
www.anton-paar.com www.fitzchem.com www.reynoldsmixers.com
Arch Biocides . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Glen Mills Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . 46
www.archbiocides.com/
Rhodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 74 P U B L I S H I N G / S A L E S S TA F F
www.glenmills.com www.rhodia.com
proxelbzplus
Heubach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 30 Ross, Charles & Son . . . . . . . 25 Publisher/ Donna M. Campbell
BASF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 www.heubachcolor.com
www.mixers.com
polyorders@basf.com East Coast/Europe/ Tel: 610/650.4050 • Fax: 248/502.1091
Hockmeyer Equipment . 29, 50 Russell Finex Inc. . . . . . . 29, 42
BASF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 26 www.hockmeyer.com
www.russellfinex.com Far East Sales E-mail: campbelld@pcimag.com
HunterLab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Saiden Technologies . . . . . . 31
Brenntag North America . . . .7 www.hunterlab.com Midwest/ Lisa Guldan
www.brenntagnorthamerica.com www.saiden.com
IMERYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 43 Sartomer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 West Coast Sales Tel: 630/882.8491
Buhler Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 26 www.imerys-perfmins.com
www.buhlergroup.com www.sartomer.com
JBW Systems, Inc. . . . . . . . 102 Sasol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
E-mail: guldanL@bnpmedia.com
Burgess Pigment . . . . . . . . . 85 www.jbwsystems.com
www.burgesspigment.com www.sasoltechdata.com
Inside Sales Manager Andrea Kropp
Jyoti Ceramic Industries . . . . .3 Schold Machine . . . . . . . 92, 99
BYK USA Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 www.jyoticeramic.com
www.schold.com
Tel: 810/688.4847
www.byk.com/innovation E-mail: kroppa@pcimag.com
King Industries. . . . . . . . 27, 58 Shamrock
Cabot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 63 www.kingindustries.com
www.cabot-corp.com/coatings Technologies, Inc. . . . . . 28, 67
Kish Company. . . . . . . . . . . . 29 www.shamrocktechnologies.com
Production Manager Monica Hackney
Calumet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Tel: 248/244.6434 • Fax: 248/244.3915
www.kishcompany.com Shanghai Tiansheng
www.calumetspecialty.com
KW Container. . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Chemical Co., Ltd. . . . . . 28, 46 E-mail: hackneym@bnpmedia.com
CAS-MI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 www.tianshengchem.com.cn
www.kwplastics.com
www.InnovationCAS-MI.com
Celanese Emulsion LANGGUTH America Ltd. . 30 The Shepherd Color
Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 55
www.langguth-america.com Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 E D I T O R I A L S TA F F
www.celanese.com LANXESS Corporation . . . . 69 www.shepherdcolor.com
www.mpp.us.lanxess.com Sigmund Lindner GmbH30, 64 Editor Darlene R. Brezinski, Ph.D.
CINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 99
www.cinic.com LyondellBasell. . . . . . . . . . . . 73 www.sili.eu Tel: 906/779.9498
www.tbac.com Silicone Solutions. . . . . . . . . 79
Clariant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 www.siliconesolutions.com
E-mail: darpaint@aol.com
www. pa.clariant.com MACE Polymers &
Siltech Corporation . . . . . . 102
Clear Seas Research. . . . . . 104 Additives, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 www.siltechcorp.com
Managing Editor Kristin Johansson
www.maceco.com
www.clearseasresearch.com Tel: 248/641.0592 • Fax: 248/502.2094
Specialty Polymers, Inc. . . . 31
Cleveland Steel Container . 30 Maroon Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 www.specpoly.com E-mail: johanssonk@bnpmedia.com
www.cscpails.com www.marooninc.com
Taber Industries . . . . . . . . . . 70
Cognis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Mason Color Works, Inc. . . . .4 www.taberindustries.com Associate Editor Karen Parker
www.cognis.com www.masoncolorpigments.com
TCR Industries . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Tel: 248/229.2681
Conn and Co.. . . . . . . . . . 12, 99 Michelman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 E-mail: parkerpcimag@gmail.com
www.michelman.com www.tcrindustries.com
www.connblade.com
Micro Powders, Inc. . . . 27, 107 TRICOR Systems Inc. . . . . . 99
CRODA Coatings &
www.micropowders.com www.tricor-systems.com Art Director Clare L. Johnson
Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
www.crodapolymersandcoatings. Morchem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Troy Corporation . . . . . . 28, 51
com www.morchem.com www.troycorp.com
Custom Milling & Münzing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Unimin Corp.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
O P E R AT I O N S S TA F F
Consulting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 www.munzing.com www.BrilliantAdditions.com
www.cmcmilling.com
Single Copy Sales Ann Kalb
MYERS Univar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
www.univarusa.com
E-mail: kalba@bnpmedia.com
Cytec Industries Inc. . . . . . . 65 Engineering, Inc. . . . . . . 29, 71
www.cytec.com www.myersmixer.com Wacker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Reprint Manager Jill L. DeVries
DeFelsko Corp. . . . . . . . . 36, 99 Nubiola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 75 www.wacker.com/e-business
www.defelsko.com www.nubiola.com 248/244.1726
Wacker Chemical
Dow Coating Materials . . 1, 31 Pan Technology, Inc.. . . 19, 30 Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 E-mail: devriesj@bnpmedia.com
www.dowcoatingmaterials.com www.pantechnology.com www.wacker.com
Dow Microbial Control . . . . 23 PCI’s AC Show Microsite93, 99 Worlée-Chemie GmbH . 31, 41
www.dowmicrobialcontrol.com www.pcimag.com/ac_show www.worlee.com For subscription information or service,
Elcometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Perstorp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 77 Yuron Chemical Industry. . 91 please contact Customer Service at:
www.elcometer.com www.perstorp.com www.yulongchem.com Tel: 847/763.9534 or Fax: 847/763.9538 or
e-mail PCI@halldata.com
BIG or small...
www.micropowders.com
We’ve got your^size!

particle
Visit us at
ACS booth
#2049
Micro Powders High-Performance Micronized Wax Additives

Whether your formula demands care separate us from our competition.
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we can ensure a consistent particle at www.micropowders.com or call
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Micro Powders’ sophisticated technical At Micro Powders, we’ve got your
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580 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591 Telephone: 914.793.4058 Fax: 914.472.7098 Email: mpi@micropowders.com
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Best defoamer for pigment grind applications; lower costs, improved performance
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Münzing. The Perfect Solution. The Only Solution.

When looking to perfect a product formulation, chemists need to rely on a company that understands their needs
and has the expertise to deliver results. With over 175 years of industry experience and the willingness to develop
the precise defoaming additive to solve any problem, Münzing is committed to delivering optimum performance
and expert technical support.
The Industry Standard in Defoamers

To try our FOAM BAN defoamers and take advantage
AGITAN® 731 DEE FO® 806-102 DEE FO® PG-30 of our unlimited technical service,
AGITAN® 785 DEE FO® PG-2 DEE FO® PG-35 call +1
DEE FO® 1015 DEE FO® PG-20 DEE FO® PI-16P
973-279-1306
www.munzing.com I info@munzing.us

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Mason Color’s high performance pigment technology for coatings provides the ultimate in heat resistance, UV

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