1 GSM-Introduction-72 PDF

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Overview
• Introduction
• Evolution of Mobile communication
• Multiple Access Technologies
• Features of GSM
• GSM System Architecture
• Wireless coverage area structure
• Protocol Structure of GSM
ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

OBJECTIVES
• To be aware of the developments of cellular mobile

technology
• To understand the entities that made up GSM

Mobile System
• To know the principles and services that make up

GSM

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Mobile Communications:-
• One of the fastest growing and most demanding of all

telecommunications technologies.
•Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it

was in the 1980’s that it was really developed.
• The main goal of mobile communication is to realize

communication among any objects at any time, and in any
place.

Stages of Evolution of PLMN
GENERATION STAGE
First Analog Mobile Telephone System
Second Digital Mobile Communication System
Third International Mobile Telephony 2000

Major Radio Standards in North America
• AMPS-1983-824-894 MHz FDMA FM 30 Khz

• USDC- 1991-824-894 MHz TDMA II/4-DQPSK 30 Khz
• IS95- 1993 – 824-894 MHz CDMA QPSK/BPSK-1.25 MHz
• 1.8-2.00 GHz
Major Mobile Radio Standards in Europe

• ETACS -1985 -900 MHz FM 25KHZ FDMA
• NMT-450 1981- 450-470 MHz FM 25 KHz FDMA
• GSM – 1990- 890-960 MHz GMSK 200 KHzTDMA
Major Mobile Radio Standards in Japan
• JTACS- 1988 FDMA 860-925 MHz 25 KHz

• PDC -1993 - TDMA 810-1501 MHz II/4-DQPSK 25KHz
FIRST GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEMS
Analog Mobile Telephone System (1G):-
• NMT 450
– Nordic Mobile Telephony: used in 450 MHz, started in 1981
• AMPS
– Advance Mobile Phone System: used in 800 MHz, started
in 1983
• TACS
– Total Access Communication System: used in 900 MHz
started in 1985
• NMT 900
- A variant of NMT 450 at 900 MHz. Started in 1986

Limitations of 1G
• No public air interface between various systems

• Problem in inter-operability with digital networks
• Low frequency availability thus reducing network
capacity
• Low degree of subscriber security and safety

SECOND GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEMS
Digital Mobile Communication System (2G)
1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)

- D-AMPS, PDC, GSM
2. NARROW BAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (N-CDMA)

- IS-95A, IS-95B, CDMA 2000

Digital Mobile Communication System (TDMA):-
• D-AMPS
- Digital – AMPS: used in either 800 or 1900 MHz, started
in 1991
• PDC
- Personal Digital Cellular: used in 1900 MHz, started in
1994
• GSM
- Global Systems for Mobile Communications: used in
900 MHz, started in 1991

Digital Mobile Communication System (N-CDMA):-
• A mobile communication system developed mainly by companies

leaded by the Quacomm Co. on basis of
IS–95.
• The specifications of North American digital cellular systems are

drawn up by the American Telecom Industry Association(TIA).
• This system has been adopted by China Unicom in 2001

THIRD GENERATION OF MOBILE SYSTEM
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELEPHONY 2000 (IMT 2000):-
• The future of mobile network that will allow the multi-media

support of high flow of services and mobility, with performances
higher than those currently offered by the GSM/ GPRS
• Designation of frequency bands is harmonized universally in the

vicinity of 2 GHz
• Ideal transmission speed is 2 Mbps

3G Contd..
Bit rate 2 Mb/s

384 Kb/s
160 Kb/s
64 Kb/s
9.6 Kb/s
Technology
CS data - SMS, 9.6Kbits/s
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
IMT 2000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

EVOLUTION OF GSM (Short History)
1982 - CEPT initiated a new cellular system. Reserve

frequencies in 900 MHz band for GSM
1985 - CEPT time schedule and action plan
1986 - CEPT tested 8 experimental systems in Paris
1987 - Allocation of frequencies for uplink and downlink
1988 - ETSI created. Members fr. admin, industry & user groups
1989 - Final recommendations for GSM Phase I
1990 - Validation sys. Implemented. 1st GSM World
congress in Rome with 650 participants
1991 - First official call in the world with GSM on July 1
1992 - World’s first GSM network in Finland. By
December 13 networks in 7 areas. Australian
operators first non-European signatories of GSM
MoU. New frequency allocation for uplink and
downlink for GSM 1800
EVOLUTION OF GSM (Contd..)
1993 - GSM demonstrated in Africa.

Roaming agreement between several operators
32 GSM networks operating in 18 areas by December
1994 - First GSM network in South Africa
GSM phase 2 data/fax bearer services
69 GSM networks in operation by December
GSM MoU with 156 members from 86 areas
GSM World Congress in Madrid with 1400 participants
1995 - 117 GSM Networks in operation around the world
Fax, data and SMS roaming were implemented.
GSM phase 2 standardization completed including
adaptation for GSM 1900. 1st GSM 1900 network in US
1996 - 120 Networks in operation. 8K SIM launched and
Pre-Paid GSM SIM Cards
1998 - Over 2 million GSM 1900 users in US and a total of
120 million GSM 900/1800/1900 users worldwide.
EVOLUTION OF GSM DATA SERVICES
2M
384K
171.2K
57.6K
9.6K

Summary
1G 2G 3G
Analog Digital cellular Digital cellular

cellular
Voice Voice /data Vioce / high speed data
AMPS CDMA 1XRtt CDMA2000
TACS GSM GPRS W_CDMA
80’ 1992 1999 20 01 2003
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

TACS: Total Access Communication System
GPRS: General Packet Radio Services
MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES
Transmission
Medium
Multiplexing（Multiplex Access Technology）：Transmit two or

more voice signals through one pair of cables without mutual
interference at the same time.
FDMA---Different user use different FDMA
frequency
TACS、AMPS Power
TDMA---Different user use different

time slot of one frequency
TDMA
GSM、DAMPS
Power
CDMA---Different user use same

frequency at the same time,but
with different spreading code CDMA
Large capacity: 8 -10 times than Power
AMPS and 4-6 times than GSM

INTRODUCTION TO GSM
What is GSM?
Problem: Beginning of 1980s - European countries were

using many and different incompatible mobile phone
systems. Increased needs for telecommunication services
Action by CEPT: founded a group to specify a common

mobile system for WESTERN EUROPE
Name of the Group and System: GSM

“Groupe Speciale Mobile”
Global System for Mobile Communications

Why was there a need to develop a cellular
standard?
• Incompatibility among existing cellular systems

which were mostly analog
• Spectrum Efficiency
• International roaming capability
• Low mobile and Station Cost
• Good subjective voice quality
• Ability to support new services

FEATURES OF GSM
1. Spectrum Efficiency
2. Capacity
3. Voice Quality
4. Open Interfaces
5. Security
6. Interconnection with other Networks
7. Roaming

(1) Spectrum efficiency: due to the adoption of high-efficiency
modulator, channel coding, interleaving, equalization and voice
coding technologies, the system has a high spectrum efficiency.
(2) Capacity: due to the increase of the transmission bandwidth of

each channel, the requirement of co-channel reuse carrier-to-
interference ratio is lowered to 9dB, So,the cofrequency reuse
mode of the GSM system can be narrowed down to 4/12 or 3/9 or
even less (for a analog system, it is 7/21).
GSM system capacity is 3~5 times higher than that of a TACS system.

(3) Voice quality: due to digital transmission
technology, GSM system has a strong anti-
interference capability compared with analog system,
thus the voice quality is guaranteed.
(4) Interfaces openness: the open interfaces provided

by GSM standards refer not only to air interface (Um),
but also A interface.

(5) Security: security is guaranteed with authentification,
encryption and TMSI.
(6) Interconnection with ISDN, PSTN, etc.:

interconnections with other networks normally use the
existing standard interfaces, such as ISUP or TUP.
(7) Roaming: roaming is realized on basis of SIM cards.

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

NETWORK DIAGRAM
MS (Mobile Station)
MS
BTS
BSS (Base Station System)
BSC
PSTN, ISDN...
MSC
NSS (Network Switching
Voicemail Server
Subsystem)
SM-SC VLR HLR AuC EIR
OMC OMC
OMM(Operations & Maintenance
NMC GSM interfaces
X.25 links Management)

Block Diagram of GSM System
OMC
Um interface
Abis interface
B ISDN
T PLMN
S MSC/VLR
PSTN
PSPDN
B
MS
T BSC
S
BSS(1) SC HLR/AUC EIR

……
A interface
BSS（n）
Fig.1-1 GSM Mobile Communication Network Structure

LOGICAL NETWORK CONFIGURATION
Um Abis
BSC MSC/VLR/GMSC
A
BTS
TRAU HLR/AUC
BTS Qx PSTN / PLMN /

PSPDN / ISDN
EIR SMC
OMC
BTS
NSMU FSMU TRAU
BSC MSC/VLR/GMSC
Ater A
BTS

WIRELESS COVERAGE STRUCTURE
GSM Service Area
PLMN Service Area

• CELL
MSC Service Area
Location Area
• LOCATION AREA
Cell
• MSC SERVICE AREA
• PLMN SERVICE AREA
• GSM SERVICE AREA

PROTOCOL STACK STRUCTURE
MS BTS BSC MSC
CM CM
MM MM
RR BSSAP BSSAP
RR RR
BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD
MTP2 MTP2
Radio Carrier E1/ T1 E1/ T1
Um Abis A

Abis interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3)

FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPD
FLA ADD CON MESSAGE FCS FLA

G R TL G
SAPI TEI N(S) N(R)

Um interface SIGNALING PROTOCOL MODEL (3)
FRAME STRUCTURE OF LAPDm
1 1 21
ADD CON MESSAGE
R TL
SAPI N(S) N(R)
SAPI 0 : Signaling Application
ZTE University
SAPI 3: Short Message www.univ.zte.com.cn
TWO KINDS OF BSSAP SIGNALING

DTAP
MS BTS/ BSC MSC

BSSMAP
• DTAP: transfer transparently through BSS (MM +CM)

• BSSMAP:BSS management message

Um Interface

Overview
• GSM Wireless Operating Band

• Channel Types
• Types of Burst
• TDMA Frame structure in GSM
• Channel combination
• Traffic
• Voice Transform Process
GSM WIRELESS OPERATING BANDS
SYSTEM P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Frequencies
- Uplink 890 - 915 MHz 880 - 915 MHz 1710 - 1785 MHz 1850 - 1910 MHz
- Downlink 935 - 960 MHz 925 - 960 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz
Wavelength ~33 cm ~33 cm ~17 cm ~16 cm
Bandwidth 25 MHz 35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz
Duplex Distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz
Carrier Separation 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
Radio Channels 125 175 375 300

GSM Channel Numbering
GSM900
GSM900： FU(n) = 890 + 0.2n MHz
FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz，1  n  124
E-GSM900： FU(n) = 890 + 0.2(n-1024)，974  n  1023
FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz
n is called Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number.
GSM1800
Fu(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512) MHz
FD(n) = Fu(n) + 95 MHz， 512  n  885
374 channels

CHANNEL TYPES
TIME SLOT IN TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY-

DOMAIN
Frequency
200 kHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Timeslot
BP
Interval
15/26 ms

GSM Channel Classification
Channels are divided into physical and logical

channels:
1. Physical Channels – the path used to carry

information between an MS and a BTS
2.Logical Channels – different information

carried on the physical channels
a. Control Channels
b. Traffic Channels

Classification of Logical Channels
Logical
Channels
Control Traffic
Channels Channels
Broadcast Common Control Dedicated Control Full Rate Half Rate

Channels Channels Channels Traffic Traffic
Channels Channels
FCCH RACH SDCCH
SCH AGCH SACCH
BCCH PCH FACCH

BROADCAST CHANNELS
all downlink! Hey. I’m a GSM?

GSM xmitter!
FCCH
GSM!!!
SCH TDMA#…BSIC...
BCCH
LA…neigbors…cell info…max power...
Hey! Don’t shout

at me, lower your
power... Ok…ok

COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS
Hello! You have a call.
Hello! I have to set

PCH downlink only
up a call.
I need SDCCH.
RACH uplink only
AGCH downlink only
Ok. Use SDCCH.

DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS
uplink and downlink On SDCCH:
-call set up signaling
-location updating
-periodic registration
SDCCH -IMSI attach/detach
-SMS
-facsimile
etc…..
SACCH
timing advance On SACCH
MS power -mobile transmits signal
strength on ncell quality
FACCH
Don’t shout
handover at me.
I can’t hear
you little
butt.

GSM Frame Structure
TDMA FRAME
1 TDMA frame TDMA1 TDMA25 or 50

fi 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Multiframe
Channel 0
Channel 1
Channel 7

Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel

Structure of 51-Frame Control Channel
51 Ö¡
BCCH+CCCH
F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I
£¨ÏÂÐÐ£©
BCCH+CCCH
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
£¨ÉÏÐÐ£©
(a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH
8 SDCCH/8
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3 I I I
£¨ÏÂÐÐ£©
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 I I I
8 SDCCH/8
A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
£¨ÉÏÐÐ£©
A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4
(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7)
BCCH+CCCH
F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I
+4SDCCH/4
£¨ÏÂÐÐ£© F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I
BCCH+CCCH
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 F S D2
+4SDCCH/4
£¨ÉÏÐÐ£© D3 R R A0 A1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 F S D2
(c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)
F£º FCCH S£ºSCH

B£ºBCCH C£ºCCCH£¨CCCH=PCH+AGCH+RACH£©
R£ºRACH D£ºSDCCH
A£ºSACCH/C I£º idle
CHANNEL COMBINATION
Item Configuration Combination

1 TCHFull TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF
2 TCHHalf TCH/H)+FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH
3 TCHHalf2 TCH/H + FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH+ TCH/H
4 MainBCCH FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4+
BCCHCombined
5 SACCH/C4
6 BCH BCCH + CCCH
7 SDCCH SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4+
BCCHwithCBCH
8 SACCH/C4 + CBCH
9 SDCCHwithCBCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/C8+CBCH

Channel Assignment inside Cells
• Small capacity cell with only 1 TRX
TN0:FCCH+SCH+CCCH+BCCH+SDCCH/4(0,_,3)+
SACCH/C4(0,_,3);
TN1_7: TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF
• The medium-size cell with 4 TRXs

1 TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH;
2 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7);
29 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF

• Large-size cell with 12 TRXs
1 TN0 group: FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH;
1 TN2 group, 1 TN4 group and 1 TN6 group:
BCCH+CCCH;
5 SDCCH/8(0,_,7)+SACCH/C8(0,_,7);
87 TCH/F+FACCH/F+SACCH/TF

Traffic
• Traffic refers to the numbers of subscribers the network can
support and is usually described as follows:
A=n×T/3600
where,
n- calls made by a subscriber within an hour；
T- average duration of each call(in seconds)
A - Traffic, in Erlang
If one call is made by a subscriber within an hour and last 120

seconds, the traffic is calculated as: A=1×120/3600=33mErl。
For convenience of engineering calculation, the traffic is usually

defined as 25mErl per subscriber.

GOS
• Grade of Service（GOS）：GOS refers to the degree of

network congestion or call loss rate.
GOS=2% means that 98% of subscribers can make calls

successfully and 2% of subscribers will end up with
unsuccessfulness.
For network operators, 2-5% of GoS is adopted.

Erlang-B Traffic Tables
Abbreviated - For P.02 Grade of Service Only
#TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs #TrunksErlangs

1 0.0204 26 18.4 51 41.2 76 64.9 100 88 150 136.8 200 186.2 250 235.8
2 0.223 27 19.3 52 42.1 77 65.8 102 89.9 152 138.8 202 188.1 300 285.7
3 0.602 28 20.2 53 43.1 78 66.8 104 91.9 154 140.7 204 190.1 350 335.7
4 1.09 29 21 54 44 79 67.7 106 93.8 156 142.7 206 192.1 400 385.9
5 1.66 30 21.9 55 44.9 80 68.7 108 95.7 158 144.7 208 194.1 450 436.1
6 2.28 31 22.8 56 45.9 81 69.6 110 97.7 160 146.6 210 196.1 500 486.4
7 2.94 32 23.7 57 46.8 82 70.6 112 99.6 162 148.6 212 198.1 600 587.2
8 3.63 33 24.6 58 47.8 83 71.6 114 101.6 164 150.6 214 200 700 688.2
9 4.34 34 25.5 59 48.7 84 72.5 116 103.5 166 152.6 216 202 800 789.3
10 5.08 35 26.4 60 49.6 85 73.5 118 105.5 168 154.5 218 204 900 890.6
11 5.84 36 27.3 61 50.6 86 74.5 120 107.4 170 156.5 220 206 1000 999.1
12 6.61 37 28.3 62 51.5 87 75.4 122 109.4 172 158.5 222 208 1100 1093
13 7.4 38 29.2 63 52.5 88 76.4 124 111.3 174 160.4 224 210
14 8.2 39 30.1 64 53.4 89 77.3 126 113.3 176 162.4 226 212
15 9.01 40 31 65 54.4 90 78.3 128 115.2 178 164.4 228 213.9
16 9.83 41 31.9 66 55.3 91 79.3 130 117.2 180 166.4 230 215.9
17 10.7 42 32.8 67 56.3 92 80.2 132 119.1 182 168.3 232 217.9
18 11.5 43 33.8 68 57.2 93 81.2 134 121.1 184 170.3 234 219.9
19 12.3 44 34.7 69 58.2 94 82.2 136 123.1 186 172.4 236 221.9
20 13.2 45 35.6 70 59.1 95 83.1 138 125 188 174.3 238 223.9
21 14 46 36.5 71 60.1 96 84.1 140 127 190 176.3 240 225.9
22 14.9 47 37.5 72 61 97 85.1 142 128.9 192 178.2 242 227.9
23 15.8 48 38.4 73 62 98 86 144 130.9 194 180.2 244 229.9
24 16.6 49 39.3 74 62.9 99 87 146 132.9 196 182.2 246 231.8
25 17.5 50 40.3 75 63.9 100 88 148 134.8 198 184.2 248 233.8

Suggested Channel Configuration
• Based on 2% GoS, Zhongxing adopts

followed traffic model.
TRXs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CCHs 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
TCHs 7 14 22 30 37 45 53
Traffic(Erl) 2.94 8.2 14.9 22 28 35.5 43

Voice Transform Process
RPE-LTP
20ms 8KHz 13 bit 260Bit/20ms
13 kbit/s
Voice
Segment Channel
A/D Voice Coding Coding
22.8 kbit/s
Transmit
Interleaving
Encryption Burst Modulation
33.8 kbit/s 270.8 kbit/s

Form the burst
156.25bit÷(120ms/26Frame）=33.8kbit
TB information bit F TSC F TB GP

NB information bit
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25

Channel Coding
Error Coding: Detect and correct error bits in the receiving
end by adding redundant bits
Message Redundant Transmit

0 000 0000
1 111 1111
Message: 1 0 0 1 1 0
After channel coding:1111,0000,0000,1111,1111,0000
Receiving: 1111,0010,1000,0110,1110,0000
Judgement: 1 0 0 X 1 0

Channel Coding
+3 *2+4
Block
50bit
coder
456bit
Excited
coder
132bit
78bit

An example of interleaving
Suppose we will send a sentence below:

“Shallweholdameetingthisevening”
 is blank charactor,We will form 6 groups by 6
character per group，
1: S h a l l  1: S w d e t v
2: w e  h o l 2: h e  t h e
3: d  a  m e
interleaving 3: a  a i i n
4: e t i n g  4: l h  n s i
5: t h i s  e 5: l o m g  n
6: v e n i n g 6:  l e  e g
Then we do interleaving by 6 letters,it becomes
Swdetv hethe aaiin lh nsi lomgn leeg
If one of the six groups losed,then it becomes：
Sh llwe hold meet ngth seveni g
Obviously,the sentence can be identified。
2019/3/23 1 61
Channel Interleaving
First Level
Interleaving
Second Level
Interleaving

GSM SYSTEM
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

Network Switching Subsystem
F
C
EIR
A
MSC B D
VLR
BSC/ TRC
E G HLR/ AUC
B D
VLR
C
MSC
F

MODULATION

CELL GLOBAL IDENTITY (CGI)
 Cell Global Identity (CGI)

• It is used for identifying individual cells within an
LA
3 Digits 2-3 Digits Max 16 Bits Max 16 bits
MCC MNC LAC CI
LAI
Cell Global Identity

Call Set-Up in a GSM Network:
MSISDN = CC +NDC +SN
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber #
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN ( fixed 15 digits )
MCC = Mobile Country Code

MNC = Mobile Network Code
MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Identification #
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC = Mobile Country Code (of visiting country)

MNC = Mobile Network Code(of serving PLMN)
LAC = Location Area Code

Characteristics of Mobile
Communication
• Mobility：
– flexible and convenient，global personal
communication
• Poor environment and conditions ：
– Co-channel interference, multi-path(space
and time), power change and other noise
• Multiple MS and channels：
– Interference 、near and far effect
• Limit of frequency resources
• Reliability is important
– registration, handoff, switching
Frequency Reuse Factor
AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

If Frequency 1 3 1 Users 2
reuse factor is 7
6
1
3
4
Vulnerability:
1;
5
C/I @ 17 dB
network
30 30 10 kHz
Typical Frequency Reuse N=7
design and GSM

expanding Vulnerability: 2
8 Users C/I @ 12-14 dB
become much
1
3
4
easier 200 kHz
Ex: CDMA
CDMA Vulnerability: 1
Eb/No @ 6--7 dB 1 1
1
1 1
20 Users 1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1250 kHz 1
Evolution of Mobile
Communication System
1G 2G 3G
Analog Digital cellular Digital cellular

cellular
Voice Voice /data Vioce / high speed data
AMPS CDMA 1XRtt CDMA2000
TACS GSM GPRS W_CDMA
80’ 1992 1999 20 01 2003
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

TACS: Total Access Communication System
GPRS: General Packet Radio Services

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ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

• To be aware of the developments of cellular mobile

• To understand the entities that made up GSM

• To know the principles and services that make up

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

• One of the fastest growing and most demanding of all

•Mobile communication existed half a century ago, but it

• The main goal of mobile communication is to realize

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

• AMPS-1983-824-894 MHz FDMA FM 30 Khz

Major Mobile Radio Standards in Europe

Major Mobile Radio Standards in Japan

• JTACS- 1988 FDMA 860-925 MHz 25 KHz

Analog Mobile Telephone System (1G):-

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

• No public air interface between various systems

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

Digital Mobile Communication System (2G)

1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)

2. NARROW BAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (N-CDMA)

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

• A mobile communication system developed mainly by companies

• The specifications of North American digital cellular systems are

• This system has been adopted by China Unicom in 2001

ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELEPHONY 2000 (IMT 2000):-

• The future of mobile network that will allow the multi-media

• Designation of frequency bands is harmonized universally in the

• Ideal transmission speed is 2 Mbps

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Bit rate 2 Mb/s

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1982 - CEPT initiated a new cellular system. Reserve

1993 - GSM demonstrated in Africa.

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Analog Digital cellular Digital cellular

AMPS CDMA 1XRtt CDMA2000

TACS GSM GPRS W_CDMA

80’ 1992 1999 20 01 2003

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

Multiplexing（Multiplex Access Technology）：Transmit two or

TDMA---Different user use different

CDMA---Different user use same

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Problem: Beginning of 1980s - European countries were

Action by CEPT: founded a group to specify a common

Name of the Group and System: GSM

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• Incompatibility among existing cellular systems

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6. Interconnection with other Networks

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(2) Capacity: due to the increase of the transmission bandwidth of

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(4) Interfaces openness: the open interfaces provided

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(6) Interconnection with ISDN, PSTN, etc.:

(7) Roaming: roaming is realized on basis of SIM cards.

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ZTE University www.univ.zte.com.cn