Particular Specification For Civil Works

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia SOUTH AND SOUTH EAST ADDIS ABABA AREA WSP
AAWSA: Water & Sanitation Development FROM SANF WELL FIELD

& Rehabilitation P. O
6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works
Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 0

TABLE OF CONTENT
SECTION 6(B3) PARTICULAR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS .................................... 4
6.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 4
6.2 Water Supply System .............................................................................................................. 5

6.3 Project Components ........................................................................................................... 6
6.3.1 SANF Wellfields .................................................................................................................. 6
6.3.2 Tulu Guddo Collection Tank ............................................................................................... 8
6.3.3 Tullu Guddo reservoir .......................................................................................................... 8
6.3.4 Construction of Tullu Guddo compound fencing & inside road works .............. 8
6.3.4 .1.Compound fencing works ................................................................................................. 8
6.3.4 .2. Compound road works .................................................................................................... 9
6.3.5. Pipe Appurtenances ............................................................................................................... 9
6.3.6. Pipe Work ............................................................................................................................... 10
6.3.6.1. Pipe Trench ......................................................................................................................... 10
6.3.6.2. Collector pipes Reinstatement/ Laying ..................................................................... 10
6.3.7. Road, Watercourse and other Crossings(including pipe crossing) ...................... 11
6.3.7.1. GENERAL Roads Function ............................................................................................ 11
6.3.7.2. ROAD ALIGNMENT AND STRUCTURE ...................................................................... 12
6.3.7.2. General ................................................................................................................................. 12
6.3.7.3 SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................ 12
6.3.7.3.1 Setting Out .................................................................................................................. 12
6.3.7.3.2 Surveying .......................................................................................................................... 12
6.3.7.3.3 Geotechnical Investigations ................................................................................... 13
6.3.7.4 Typical Cross Sections and Standard Design ...................................................... 13
6.3.7.5. ACCESS ROAD SITE PREPARATION ........................................................................ 13
6.3.7.6 ACCESS ROAD EXCAVATION .................................................................................. 14
6.3.7.7 ACCESS ROAD EARTHFILL ...................................................................................... 14
6.3.7.8 ACCESS ROAD GEOMETRY...................................................................................... 15
6.3.7.9 ROAD CROSS DRAINAGE .......................................................................................... 15
6.3.7.9 ACCESS ROAD DRAINAGE ....................................................................................... 15
6.3.7.9.1 Axial Drainage ............................................................................................................ 15
6.3.7.9.2 Cross Drainage ......................................................................................................... 16
6.3.7.10. ACCESS ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS & SIGN BOARDS ........................................... 16
6. 3.7.10. Other required data..................................................................................................... 16
6. 3.7.10. 1. Site Data. ................................................................................................................ 16
6. 3.7.10. 2. Contractors Equipment ........................................................................................ 16
6. 3.7.10. 2. Contractor‟s Representative ................................................................................ 17
6. 3.7.10. 3. Facilities for Staff and Labor ............................................................................... 17
6. 3.7.10. 4. FIRST AID & OTHER EQUIPMENTS................................................................. 17
6.3.7.10.5. Establishment of Engineer's office including facilities ................................... 18

6. 3.7.10. 6. Progress Reports ..................................................................................................... 18

6. 3.7.10.7. STAFF AND LABOUR ............................................................................................... 18
6. 3.7.10.8. Working Hours .......................................................................................................... 18
6. 3.7.10.9. Contractor‟s Personnel ............................................................................................ 18
6. 3.7.10.10. COMMENCEMENT, DELAYS AND SUSPENSION ........................................ 18
6. 3.7.10.11. Programme ............................................................................................................... 19
6. 3.7.10.12. VARIATIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS ................................................................... 19
6. 3.7.10.13. Wage Adjustment ................................................................................................... 20
6. 3.7.10.14. Adjustment Due to Currency Rates of Exchange and Restriction ........ 22
6. 3.7.10.15.Establishment of temporary & Provision for external laboratory testing
................................................................................................................................................................ 24
6.4.1 General ...................................................................................................................................... 25
6.4.2 Geotechnical Units and Design Parameters.................................................................. 25
6.4.3 Geotechnical Design Issues ................................................................................................. 27
6.4.3.1 Reservoir sites ..................................................................................................................... 27
6.4.3.2 Stream crossing .................................................................................................................. 27
6.4.3.3 Main pipe route lay ............................................................................................................ 27
6.4.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL ................................................................................................ 28
6.4.4.1 Rock for Masonry work & Aggregate ............................................................................ 28
Table 6.4.1 proposed Quarry sites .............................................................................................. 28
6.4.4.2 Sand ....................................................................................................................................... 29
6.4.4.3. Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 29
6.4.5 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION ..................................................................... 29
6.4.5 .1. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 29
6.5 Environmental Impact Assessment ................................................................................ 35

6.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 35
6.5.2 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ......... 37
6.5.3 POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS ..................................................................................... 37
6.5.3.1 Improved quantity and quality of safe drinking water ........................................... 37
6.5.3.2 Business opportunity........................................................................................................ 38
6.5.3.3 Improved public health and sanitation service ........................................................ 38
6.5.3.4 Improved productive time for women and girls ........................................................ 38
6.5.3.5 Job opportunity .................................................................................................................. 39
6.5.4 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................ 39
6.5.4.1 Soil erosion ........................................................................................................................... 39
6.5.4.2 Soil pollution........................................................................................................................ 40
6.5.4.3 Impact on Land use........................................................................................................... 40
6.5.4.4 Impact on surface and Groundwater........................................................................... 40
6.5.4.5 Encroachment to ecologically sensitive areas........................................................... 40
6.5.4.6 Destruction of vegetation ................................................................................................. 41
6.5.4.7 Impact on Quarry site....................................................................................................... 41
6.5.5 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..... 41
6.5.5.1 Loss and Disturbance of farmland ............................................................................... 41
6.5.5.2 Traffic congestion and impacts on roads ................................................................... 42
6.5.5.3 Loss of Property and Buildings ...................................................................................... 43

6.5.5.4 Public Safety Issues .......................................................................................................... 43

6.5.5.5 Increase of Noise Level ..................................................................................................... 43
6.5.5.6 Emissions of Dust and Exhaust Fumes ..................................................................... 43
6.5.5.7 Health and Sanitation Issues ......................................................................................... 44
6.5.5.8 Temporary interruption of water supply .................................................................... 44
6.5.5.6 Deterioration of Water quality........................................................................................ 44
6.5.6 IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................... 45
6.5.6.1 Impact mitigation measures concerning construction activities ........................ 45
a) Soil erosion and deterioration of soil structure .................................................................. 45
b) Reduction of Soil pollution ........................................................................................................ 45
c) Impact on quarry site .................................................................................................................. 45
d) Compensation for loss of productive land............................................................................ 46
e) Reduction Vibration, Noise, air pollution and dust generation by traffic and
machinery ............................................................................................................................................ 46
f) Reduction of accident and occupational hazards ............................................................... 46
g) Reduction of Traffic congestion................................................................................................ 46
h) Management of temporary interruption of water ............................................................. 47
j) Management of ground water pollution ................................................................................ 47
6.5.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLANS ............................. 47
6.5.7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................................. 47
6.5.7.2 MONITORING PLAN .......................................................................................................... 43
6.5.8 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................... 44

SECTION 6(B3) PARTICULAR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 GENERAL
Addis Ababa is the Capital City as well as the commercial hub of Ethiopia.
Established as the capital city in 1886, it has grown to become the largest
urban and commercial center in the country. It stretches about 25km from East
to West and about 20 km from North and South. The town has increased in
area from about 240 km2 in the near past to about 540 km2 presently with an
estimated population of about 3.3 million inhabitants. Town elevations range
from 2800 m above mean sea level (ASL) from the southern parts of Entoto
Mountains to the lower parts, in the southern areas, where the altitude is
around 2000 m ASL.
The project area south and South East is preliminarily set by spatial data based
on the geographic situation of the city which lies between geographic
coordinates of UTM at South West X=460202,Y = 976356 and North East
489515, Y = 1005504. The proposed water source is situated at the suburb of
South of Addis Ababa and North-East of Akaki Town in the south Ayat and
North Fanta well field. The project area encompasses a total of 11 Woreda from
Akaki sub city and one wereda from Bole sub city. The altitude of the area falls
between 2051 m (near Tirunesh Beijing Hospital) to 2320 m amsl at Tulu
Gudo hill.
The project is deemed to serve default beneficiaries from Akaki Kality and Bole
sub cities justified by the Source location and other parts of the city supplied by
the ground water system. The total area of the land that falls within the project
area is about 176km2.
The project site is reachable via Addis Ababa Bishoftu main asphalt road.
Moreover, the wide extensive flat plain of the source area can be accessed by
choosing any temporal and permanent road during dry and rainy season. There
is easy access to high tension power line and a transformer of adequate
capacity can be installed on each bore-hole sites to pump water from the source
to the reservoirs.
This Contract has been includes Supply & Installation of Pipes and
Fittings and Construction of Civil Works, and
The Contractor shall arrange in agreement with the Engineer and the
Employer for the acceptance of materials from a supply contractor chosen by
the Employer, including handling and storing at site.
The Works under contract-I mainly include the supply of pipe and fittings
and installation of collector and transmission pipe lines, construction of
reservoirs and different auxiliary buildings.
The working area, which will be made available to the Contractor, will be
defined by the Engineer and should be strictly limited to those areas. The
working areas for isolated structures such as reservoirs and generator houses
shall be limited to areas within the proposed fence line.
In case Contractors submit tenders for all Contracts, either on their own or in
joint venture with other Contractors for any one or both of the Contracts, then
the Civil Works Contractor, will be responsible for both lots.
Before submitting his offer the Bidder should visit the relevant project areas
and satisfy himself with the location and site conditions of the required
Works.
Although supply and delivery of the bulk of pipes and accessories required for
the Works shall be subject to another Contractor, the Contractor is expected
to provide all the necessary material, tools, etc., and occasionally pipes and
fittings which are in common use and available on the market. In case the
Contractor is instructed by the Engineer to provide such pipes and
accessories, these shall be of similar class and type as those provided by the
Employer, and in that case, the Contractor shall be reimbursed for the cost of
such materials. The Contractor is expected to carry out and complete the
Works to the full satisfaction of the Employer, all According to the Drawings,
Specification, Bill of Quantities and as instructed by the Engineer.
The Contractor should call the attention of the Employer, before signing the
Contract, to Works that are not included in the Bill of Quantities and to the
Contractors opinion, should be included there, otherwise it shall be
considered as part of and spread over his unit costs.The specific location of
the Project components and the activities involved in each component are
described in this section.
6.2 Water Supply System
Water shall be conveyed from SANF well fields to 10,000 m3 & 5,000m3
Collection Tanks around Tulu Gudo through various sizes of collector pipes.
Well field collector pipe system of various diameters ranging from DN 200mm
to DN500mm all PN 16 rated and join with rubber sealing gasket and
jointing all necessary pipes, specials and valves complete a
total length of 43.66km with necessary appurtenances, will be constructed as

indicated in the site layout or in the Bill of Quantity in the tender drawings.
6.3 Project Components
6.3.1 SANF Wellfields
General
The activities involved in this component of the Project include the installation
of collector lines and other appurtenance structures from the well fields to the
Collection Tank (Tullu Guddo) at the foot of a hill Tulu Guddo.
The supply and installation of all pipe & fittings Works in the borehole
compounds within the boundaries shown in the Contract Drawings shall be
done by the contractor with the final inter-connection between piping done
under this Contract by the Supply of Pipe & Fittings and Construction of Civil
Works Contractor. The Contractor will have to arrange for start-up and testing
of the total system after the inter-connection of the whole system has been
done.
Collector Pipes in SANF Wellfield
Water from SANF well field will be conveyed through collector Ductile
iron(DCI) pipes, assembled by spigot-socket joints, cement-lined according to
ISO 2531-2009 for rising (pumping mains) and collector pipes, DCI pipe PN16
Well field collector pipe system of various diameters ranging from DN200 to
DN500 having a total length of 43.66km with necessary appurtenances, will
be constructed all as described in the Specifications and/ as shown in tender
Drawing &/or BoQ as directed by the Engineer and as dictated by the field
condition.
Connections to the SANF Well filled borehole headwork and to the collector
pipes are components of the Civil Works under this contract.
Buildings
Ancillary buildings will be built where appropriate as described below will be

constructed as indicated in the site layout of or in the Bill of Quantity in the
tender drawings.
 Control Room

Control rooms will be constructed close to each borehole in the SANF

well fields. Therefore, 21 control rooms on each well will be constructed.
 Guard House
1 Guard houses will be constructed at Tullu Guddo reservoir sites & 20

Guard House near SANF well field areas . Therefore, a total of 21 Guard
houses will be constructed.
 Generator Seat
Generator‟s Seat will be constructed at selected borehole sites in the

SANF well fields. There will be 21 Generator seat in SANF well field.
 Transformer Seats:
Transformer‟s seats will be constructed at selected borehole sites in the
SANF well fields. There will be 21 transformer seats in SANF well field
 Toilet ,Septic tank, Soak away pit
Toilet, Septic tank, Soak away pit will be constructed at Tullu Guddo,
reservoir sites selected borehole sites in the SANF well fields. There will
be 22 Toilet, Septic tank, Soak away pit in project area.
 Operators Dwelling, Chlorination Room, control and monitoring
Room
Operators dwelling, Chlorination Room, control and monitoring Room
will be constructed at Tullu Guddo reservoir sites
 Compound Works:
Compound works like fencing, main door Gate, retaining structure, and
inside compound pavements for reservoirs and bore hole sites are also
parts of the project activities as indicated in the site layout of or in the
Bill of Quantity in the tender drawings.
 Demolishing activity of Pump house on SANF TW3:
Demolishing activity of the existing pump house on SANF TW3 includes

Excavation, preparation of surfaces, disposal of excavated material, shoring
sides of Excavation, backfilling and removal/cart away/ for a distance not less
than 5Km of redundant services.(Tips for disposal of excavated material or
debris to be identified by the contractor in liaison with the local authority) all as
described in the Specifications or BoQ as directed by the Engineer and as
dictated by the field condition.
All buildings shall be constructed with cement hollow block walls as per the
drawings.
6.3.2 Tulu Guddo Collection Tank
A 10,000 m3 capacity Collection reservoir is planned to be constructed at the

foot of a hill called Tulu Guddo .. This reservoir will be interconnected with
storage reservoir 5,000m3 capacity that will be constracted at Tulu Guddo site
which both supplies water to the remaining service zone by gravity.
This reservoir will be a circular tank of having capacities of 10,000 m 3 and
with the following dimensions:
Diameter = 40 m
Depth = 9.15 m
Top Water Level = 2288.75 m .a.s.l
Finished Floor Level = 2280.0 m .a..s.l
The reservoir will be constructed as a reinforced concrete structure. Inlet,

drainage and overflow pipes will be supplied and installed under this
Contract. Valve chambers will be constructed as indicated in the site layout or
in the Bill of Quantity of Tullu Guddo reservoir in the tender drawings.
6.3.3 Tullu Guddo reservoir
A storage tank of capacity 5,000 m3 is designed to be constructed at Tullu

Guddo site
Diameter = 25.4m
Depth = 7.97 m
Top Water Level = 2290.47m a.s.l
Minimum Water Level = 2284. m a.s.l
Finished Floor Level = 2283 m a.s.l
The reservoir will be constructed as a reinforced concrete structure. Inlet,
drainage and overflow pipes will be supplied and installed under this
Contract. Valve chambers will be constructed as indicated in the site layout of
or in the Bill of Quantity Tullu Guddo reservoir in the tender drawings.
6.3.4 Construction of Tullu Guddo compound fencing & inside road works
6.3.4 .1.Compound fencing works
Provide concrete, HCB, masonry, reinforcement bar, one (500 x 230)cm Main
gate, two (100 x 230)cm Pedestrian gate and other material and labor required
for a complete and satisfactory installation of Tullu Guddo Type IV compound
fencing works . Supply and construct 200mm thick concrete HCB (class B of
the ES CD3.301) wall above Trychytic or equivalent stone masonary
foundation wall bedded in cement mortar 1:3 ratio, Column at every 300cm
erected in plinth foundation and at every corners and where there is change
in direction. The length/height of each Column shall be 3000mm of which is
2400mm height above the ground level, 5cm thick class C-20 Concrete
copping above the wall & on main gate columns. Price

Includes, all related works, like excavation, concreting, backfilling, formwork,

welding of bar to column, apply three coats of plaster in cement mortar to
both internal & external part of masonry work, grade beam and column , two
coats of plastering internal part of HCB wall, Provide and apply 50mm cement
screed/rendering external part of HCB wall, including required finishing work
& concrete hollow block wall constructed all as described in the Specifications
and/ as shown in tender Drawing &/or as directed by the Engineer and as
dictated by the field condition.
6.3.4 .2. Compound road works
Provide/Construction of road inside the compound. Which includes remove

the top soil to average depth of 30cm, compact the earth thoroughly, backfill
with 15cm thick selected material (red ash) & again compact it. Provide
250mm thick hard core over the compacted earth/red ash & 50-80mm thick
mass concrete pavement panels of size 500mm x 1000mm laid over the
hardcore. The joints shall be panelled with expansion joint, well constructed
to serve its purpose. Price includes, remove the top soil, Excavation, backfill,
cart away, concreting & all other associated works & materials will be
constructed all as described in the Specifications and/ as shown in tender
Drawing &/or BoQ as directed by the Engineer and as dictated by the field
condition. (Tips for disposal of excavated material or debris to be identified by
the contractor in liaison with the local authority).
6.3.5. Pipe Appurtenances
Isolating valves (butterfly valves)
Isolating valves (butterfly valves) were provided at every 1.5 km of distribution

system for maintenance purposes including at salient points of the new express
road crossings and Akaki River crossing on the gravity main.
Air valves
Air valves are generally provided at the highest points of the transfer/pressure
main. Double orifice kinetic type air valves of size DN 200, PN16 were provided
along the pressure /gravity main at appropriate locations with its accessories.
Flushing devices are also provided at the lowest points of the transfer main,
near drainage culverts, streams etc.
Air valves shall be double air valve consists of two chambers with flanged and ISO
2531-2009, pressure classes PN 16, double orifice type to suit a maximum
working pressure of 1.6 MPa and a hydrostatic test pressure of 2.4 MPa. Valves
shall have a cast iron body with two chambers, each housing a ball, one chamber
having a cast iron small orifice plate with bronze seat, the other having a cast iron
large orifice plate with rubber seat. The valves shall be supplied with rubber
gaskets and cast iron splash covers.
Pressure reducing valves
Pressure reducing valves shall be of automatic control type whereby fluctuating
high inlet pressures are controlled by means of a pilot to lower preset outlet
pressures regardless of changes in flow rates.

Control valve enabling reduction & stabilisation of the downstream pressure,

used to regulate multi pressure level networks, to protect a device & to save
water consumption by a reduction of pressure, PN 25,seating class A according
to standard ISO 5208-2. Cover on valves of 200mm and larger should have two
blind tapped holes for lifting eyebolts or similar arrangement for ease in handling.
GATE VALVES
Gate valves for pipelines shall be cast iron body, bronze mounted, conforming to
ISO 5996 -1984 and the following supplementary data, however, the sizes and
flanges shall conform to the ISO 2531 size used throughout the project.all
CHECK VALVES
Check valves 65 mm and smaller shall be bronze, swing check type, with threaded
inlet and outlet, Crane Model 37 or as approved by the Engineer.
Check valves 75 mm and larger shall be ductile iron body with stainless steel
trim, resilient seating (Buna-N), with stainless steel spring, globe type, with flat
face flanges compatible to ISO Standard 2531 or computable as approved by the
Engineer.
6.3.6. Pipe Work
6.3.6.1. Pipe Trench

Easy maintenance, avoidance of excessive earth pressure and protection from
live load due to traffic are the factors determining the depth of pipe trench. For
pipes with diameter greater than 400mm and laid under road or road verges, a
minimum earth cover of 1.2m is considered in the design. For pipes to be laid
under open ground a minimum earth cover of 1.0m is considered. Where the
minimum cover cannot be achieved, a buried pipeline will be encased in a
reinforced concrete surround. A typical trenching, backfilling and bedding
design encompassing backfilling material type and bedding thickness is
included in the tender drawings will be constructed all as described in the
Specifications and/ as shown in tender Drawing &/or BoQ as directed by the
Engineer and as dictated by the field condition.
6.3.6.2. Collector pipes Reinstatement/ Laying

Careful Pipe Trench excavation in soil/rock by hand (not by machine) for
locating the pipe crossing point with the existing line to a depth of
requirements, Reinstatement carefully Existing old pipe to replace with new
supply & laying of Pipe including all pipeline fittings in case of any damage
,excavation, Cart away all excavated material, Placing/back filling, compacting
approved bedding materials for rocky areas under the pipe ,

jointing of Ductile Iron Pipe DN 25mm-800mm,ISOPVC,GS,HDPE , in trenches

of various depths, and testing of pipeline in sections, repair leaking or displaced
joints and repeat testing till acceptance and, where applicable, jointing of test
sections into united and entire pipeline, all as described in the Specifications
and/ as shown in tender Drawing &/or BoQ as directed by the Engineer and
as dictated by the field condition.
6.3.7. Road, Watercourse and other Crossings(including pipe crossing)
6.3.7.1. GENERAL Roads Function
The roads to be constructed under this Contract are part of several roads
aimed to provide access from several elements of Addis Ababa Water Supply
Projects, as shown in tender Drawing &/or BoQ. The access road to bore
holes & shall follow alongside the Raw Water Collecter pipe Main to the Tullu
Guddo Reserviors ; the road shall then continue to reach to and continue
along the transmission/distribution pipe line . Structurally, the road shall
comprise several cross sections, as shown in the Drawings and instructed by
the Engineer.
All the roads built in accordance with this Part may be used by the Contractor
as haul roads and shall be made available for use by the Employer and other
contractors as soon as they are trafficable.
All roads built in accordance with this Part shall be maintained in good
condition and handed over in good condition in accordance with all aspects of
these Specifications at the completion of the Contract.
The Contractor shall construct the road sections, including all the associated
earth work, roadside ditches, drainage cross structures and any other
applicable Works, all as stipulated in the General Specifications, shown in the
Drawings and instructed by the Engineer.
There is one main outer ring roads crossing along transfer main line. At this
crossing point the pipes is laid anchored to a concrete support and aligned to
cross through the provided box pipe culverts of the outer ring road.
The main purpose of the access road design is to facilitate the smooth
operation of the water supply system and as a result it should be as efficient
as possible with respect to service and investment cost required to build the
access In achieving the optimal design output, the consultant professional
staffs have made project site visit for the design of the access road. The road
design will be all weather gravel road which will be as per the requirement of
the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) design manual of 2002(Accordingly,
the road standard is proposed to be classified as DS5).

Akaki River is one of the major river which the project necessarily crosses and
there are existing bridge crossings which will also serve for our project access
purpose. Whenever there is a need of drainage crossing structures for newly
designed access roads, cross drainage structures shall be designed to
accommodate safely the design flood. Crossing structures are also provided at
the points of major gullies and streams. For gullies and streams crossed by
laying pipe under the stream or gullies, protection of the pipe is provided by
covering pipe with concrete surrounding all as described in the Specifications
and/ as shown in tender Drawing &/or BoQ as directed by the Engineer and
as dictated by the field condition.
The access road length for the overall system including the well field is about
39Km. The access road have main structures Box culvert 3m x 2m, DN 900 Triple
pipe culvert concrete pipe , DN 900 Double pipe culvert and DN 700 pipe culvert all as
described in the Specifications and/ as shown in tender Drawing &/or BoQ as directed
by the Engineer and as dictated by the field condition.
6.3.7.2. ROAD ALIGNMENT AND STRUCTURE
6.3.7.2. General
Before construction of the Works, the Contractor shall carefully set-out the
Access Road axis alignment in its entirety with complete reference to all the
applicable points and other Project related features and other connected
Works even if not included under this Contract.
The road alignments, profiles and sections are shown on the tender Drawings.
The road shall have a 7 m wide gravel carriageway as shown on the tender
Drawings. Where shown on all as described in the Specifications and/ as
shown in tender Drawing &/or BoQ as directed by the Engineer and as
dictated by the field condition, the Contractor shall construct to the access
road have main structures Box culvert 3m x 2m, DN900 Triple pipe
culvert concrete pipe , DN900 Double pipe culvert and DN700 Double
pipe culvert.
Cross drainage structures shall include a box culvert.
6.3.7.3 SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS
6.3.7.3.1 Setting Out
The Contractor shall set-out the access road longitudinal axis as shown in the
Drawings and instructed by the Engineer, in accordance with the applicable
Clauses of the General Specifications.
6.3.7.3.2 Surveying
The Contractor shall carry out a survey along the entire length of the road at a
25 m wide strip symmetrically on both sides of the road axis, unless required
to be wider to contain the earthworks cut line and interceptor ditch (where
applicable).
All the features contained in the survey strip shall be recorded, including
existing buildings, structures and infrastructure facilities, trees, rock
outcrops, stream beds, etc. The Contractor shall superimpose his surveyed
data, as above, on the corresponding Design Drawings, shall promptly notify
the Engineer on any substantial deviations between the design and surveyed
data, and propose any conciliatory measures for approval by the Engineer.
6.3.7.3.3 Geotechnical Investigations
Subsoil investigation data as are available with the Client, shall be made
available to the Contractor before construction of the roads. To the extent that
these data are, in the opinion of and at the risk of the Contractor, missing for
road sections and/or are inadequate or insufficient, the Contractor shall carry
out and/or supplement the subsoil investigations as deemed required and
adequate for the roads construction.
Subsoil and soil investigation data shall be considered sufficient when it shall
meet the requirements set in the Site Investigation Manual, issued by ERA,
2002.
Appropriate item lines have been included in the Tender BoQ for carrying out,
preparation of reports and submission for approval by the Engineer of all and
any missing subsoil investigation data.
6.3.7.4 Typical Cross Sections and Standard Design

The following road Classes shall be realised, all as shown in the Drawings and
instructed by the Engineer:
 Unpaved, which shall match ERA’s Design Standard DS5.
The geometrical parameters of the corresponding road sections shall be in line
with the corresponding ERA Standards as shown in the Drawings and
instructed by the Engineer.
6.3.7.5. ACCESS ROAD SITE PREPARATION

A survey of the working area shall be carried out by the Contractor along the
alignments to the bore holes & along collector pipe line & to Remove 150mm
of Expansive top soil and dispose evenly to the surrounding road side.
specified by the Engineer immediately prior to commencement of
construction, and a series of cross sections of the road right-of-way will be
produced at 15 m intervals along the road centre line. These cross sections
will be defined as the original ground cross sections.
The Contractor shall set out the permanent access roads as per the Drawings
or Engineer‟s instructions, from reference points established by the Engineer.
Thereafter the Contractor shall clear the marked areas. In the case of roads
the cleared strip shall be wide enough for the specified formation, and the
longitudinal drainage ditches on each side of the
formation. The clearing will include removal of topsoil and grubbing in

accordance with general specification Chapter 22.
6.3.7.6 ACCESS ROAD EXCAVATION

Excavation to an average depth of 450mm below top strip level and disposal of
surplus excavated material greater than one kilometre from excavation
location. The excavation shall also include excavation for side ditches and
guard ditches where thereof required as per Engineer‟s instructions.
Where required the Contractor shall excavate down to sub-grade which, over the
formation width, will be 250 mm below the finished road or area surface level. If
in the opinion of the Engineer, the ground at sub-grade level is incapable of
carrying traffic, the Contractor shall excavate an additional depth that would
normally not exceed 300 mm and backfill to sub-grade level with approved fill as
defined below. When excavating, the Contractor will stockpile, separately,
excavated material that could be used for the various types of fill, all as
described in the Specifications and/ as shown in tender Drawing &/or BoQ as
directed by the Engineer and as dictated by the field condition. .
6.3.7.7 ACCESS ROAD EARTHFILL
The road design will be all weather gravel road which used to accesses to the
SANF Bore holes & Reservoirs sites & the excavation formed as directed in
Item above should be backfilled with a plastic non-expansive soil of CBR
value 3 - 4 or better, and compacted to a density of 95% modified AASHTO in
each 150mm layer; the sub grade material may be plastic but non-expansive
& In Other additional case supply, Place and compact Gravel Wearing Course
Material for a depth of 300mm. Compaction shall be made in two layers of
each 150mm thick, Minimum Compaction shall be not less than 95% of
modified AASHTO and the CBR Should be in excess of 20 after 4 days of
socking. Selected material shall consist of hard durable angular particles of
fragments of stone or gravel. The material shall be free from vegetable matter
and lumps or balls of clay.
Where possible suitable excavated and other local material will be used in fill
whether in excavation or embankment. Prior to placing any fill the excavated
earth surface shall be moistened and well compacted.
Sub-grade preparation shall include the special excavation and embankment

construction procedures required at or near the design sub-grade cross
section, and the requirements for moisture content control and protection of
the prepared sub-grade, as specified below.
In areas where, after stripping, a fill of less than 150mm or a cut is required to
develop the design sub-grade cross section, the surface material below the
design sub-grade cross section shall be compacted. In cut areas, the sub-grade
shall be shaped and compacted to 95% of Standard Proctor Density (ASTM
D698) to the ground surface prior to placement of earth fill ,all as described in
the Specifications and/ as shown in tender Drawing &/or BoQ as directed by
the Engineer and as dictated by the field condition.
6.3.7.8 ACCESS ROAD GEOMETRY
Maximum gradient of permanent used to accesses to Bore holes & Reservoirs

sites will not exceed 15% unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer.
Horizontal curve radii will not be less than 10 m. Shape Road Bed and
Compact according to 90% AASHTO Modified
6.3.7.9 ROAD CROSS DRAINAGE
6.3.7.9 ACCESS ROAD DRAINAGE
6.3.7.9.1 Axial Drainage
In Cut
Roadside drain ditches shall be constructed along road sides without a parallel
pipeline axis. This trench shall be of trapezoidal cross section with bottom
width of 600 mm, minimum depth of 600 mm and side slopes of 1:2 (H:V). A
similar drain ditch shall be provided along the outer edge of the pipeline berm,
where such is provided.
Where the depth of excavation shall exceed 3.50 m, a berm of 2.00 net width
shall be provided, terminating in the cut side with a triangular drain ditch of
minimum depth of 500 mm and side slopes of 1:2 (H:V).
A triangular interceptor drain ditch of minimum depth of 500 mm and side

slopes of 1:2 (H:V) shall be provided with its nearer edge at least 2.00 m away
(upward) from the uphill cut line.
In Fill
A drain ditch shall be provided at a minimum distance of 1.00 m uphill from

the fill toe. This trench shall be of trapezoidal cross section with bottom width
of 600 mm, minimum depth of 600 mm and side slopes of 1:2 (H:V).
Flow Control Along Drain Ditches
The minimum longitudinal gradient along drain ditches shall be 0.3%. Where
longitudinal gradient exceeds 0.6% and where instructed by the Engineer,
flows in drain ditches shall be controlled by masonry paving or provision of
rock piles laid at distances as instructed by the Engineer.
6.3.7.9.2 Cross Drainage
Two types of cross drainage structures shall be constructed, namely:

 Drifts, with or without underlying pipes.
 Culverts; both pipe and box culverts shall be constructed.
These structures shall be constructed at locations and to dimensions all as

directed by the Engineer and as dictated by the field condition.
Where no culverts are provided, cross drainage shall be effected by fords

(drifts) paved with 300 mm hand placed riprap as above.
6.3.7.10. ACCESS ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS & SIGN BOARDS
Traffic signs have been provided, depending on the requirement, as per

Ethiopian Roads Authority Standard Specification 2002 and Ethiopian Roads
Authority Standard Drawings 2002(used for reference).
The Contractor shall supply, erect, and maintain adequate signboards at
locations to be determined by the Engineer. The project signboards shall be 120
cm high and 240 cm wide and shall be lettered according to instructions
provided by the Engineer. In case of the DS-5 accesses road 27 sign boards
that indicates turning points to 21 SANF bore holes, Tullu Guddo
Reservoirs sites Main pipe crossing points, Buildings related to the
projects etc. Direction signboards shall be erected in sufficient numbers, all as
directed by the Engineer and as dictated by the field condition.
6. 3.7.10. Other required data
6. 3.7.10. 1. Site Data.
“Site data made available by the Employer shall be deemed to include data listed
elsewhere in the contract as open for inspection”.
6. 3.7.10. 2. Contractors Equipment
“The Employer will use his best Endeavour‟s in assisting the Contractor, where
required, in obtaining clearance through Custom‟s of Contractors Equipment,
materials and other things required for the Works. The Contractor shall, however, give
preference to procurement of locally available construction materials, so long as they
meet the specifications. The Contractor shall also provide an equivalent guarantee
against the custom fee. The guarantee, mentioned above, shall be released upon the
re-export of all equipment unless otherwise purchased by the Employer and/or the
Government in accordance with of these Conditions of Contract”
6. 3.7.10. 2. Contractor’s Representative
“The Contractors Representative and all other properly delegated competent

persons on site shall have an adequate knowledge of the English language for
communications and shall be technically capable of reading and interpreting
the drawings. If however, one of the Contractor‟s personnel, especially the
Contractor‟s Representative, is fluent in English and other properly delegated
competent persons are not, the Contractor shall make available on site at all
times an interpreter to ensure the proper transmission of instructions and
information between the parties”.
6. 3.7.10. 3. Facilities for Staff and Labor
“The Contractor shall be responsible to provide, maintain and observe to the

satisfaction of the Engineer, the following facilities and work rules on site:
 Arrange for the provision of housing, catering and transport if required by the
location of the site or nature of works and maintain the minimum standards to
the approval of the Engineer;
 Arrange for the return of his work force to their place of recruitment of domicile
as may be applicable;
 Maintain at all times first aid and minimum health care facility, ambulance
services and such other medical facilities as may be required by the local health
authorities;
6. 3.7.10. 4. FIRST AID & OTHER EQUIPMENTS
The Contractor shall provide and maintain on the site first aid equipment
consisting of the following:
a Complete first aid kit with medicines, bandages, splints, etc.

b Motor car to be always available for emergency transportation.
c Stretches for carrying injured persons are to be provided and maintained
at the site.
 Take all safety measures to protect his staff and third parties from accidents
and injuries they are likely to occur on the work site;
 Take all precautions to ensure that the rise and spread of epidemics are
prevented. The measures shall be in accordance with health regulations issued
by the Government.
 Take timely measures to ensure that the site and the workforce facilities are
free from attack by insects, rats and other pests causing health hazard;
 Provide all on site and workforce facility and safety measures such as, but not
limited to, fencing, sanitation facilities, potable water, fire fighting and lighting;
 Ensure that no alcoholic liquor or drug is distributed within the work site at all
times and at workforce accommodation and catering area except as permitted
by law;
 Ensure that no arms or ammunition is kept by any person on site except as
permitted by law for the security of the work area and employee facilities;
 Observe the regulation governing recognized festivals and days of rest; Ensure
than no unlawful or immoral acts are practiced in the work area and
no nuisance is caused to persons or property in the neighborhoods

 The Contractor shall not permit any of the Contractor‟s Personnel to maintain
any temporary or permanent living quarters within the structures forming part
of the Permanent Works.”
6.3.7.10.5. Establishment of Engineer's office including facilities
 Establishment of Engineer's office including facilities like internate and fax

services for the Project/Site Offices and provision of a digital camera, printing
including colour ink cartridges and taking photographs for record purposes,
progress reports etc. other utilities /facilities/. as specified or as instructed by
the Engineer
6. 3.7.10. 6. Progress Reports
“The Contractor will provide a site diary from which he shall prepare reports on a
weekly and monthly basis in triplicate. The format of the reporting shall follow the
requirement of the Employer and Engineer.
Two copies will be given to the Engineer which shall be signed by the Contractor and
Engineer‟s Representative (or the Engineer) within two days of the end of each
reporting period.. The first entries shall cover the period up to the end of the first
calendar month following the Commencement date”.
6. 3.7.10.7. STAFF AND LABOUR
“The contractor is encouraged however, to the extent practicable and reasonable, to

employ staff and labour from sources within Ethiopia. Where it can be shown to be
difficult or impossible to find competent local staff, the contractor may, with the
approval of the Employer, employ expatriate staff. The Employer will also assist the
Contractor in obtaining Temporary Employment permits for those approved key
expatriate personnel (submitted in a schedule) employed by the Contractor The
Employer will also assist the Contractor in obtaining necessary residence permits for
the above approved employee‟s dependants.”
6. 3.7.10.8. Working Hours
In the event of the Ethiopian Government declaring locally recognised days of Work,
not holly days/ rest days ,” and “or if outside the normal working hours, the
contractor treated by Day work Rate Sheets attached with this contract”
6. 3.7.10.9. Contractor’s Personnel
“In the event of the Ethiopian Government declaring any of the Contractor‟s personnel
persona non-grata, or withdrawing their immigration visas, the Contractor shall
immediately comply with this direction and remove such employees from the country
at no cost to the Employer”.
6. 3.7.10.10. COMMENCEMENT, DELAYS AND SUSPENSION
“The contractor shall within twenty eight (28) days of receiving the letter of
acceptance submit a Programme in such a form and manner as prescribed in the

following schedule, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, and covering the following
minimum requirements and other requirements as may be detailed in the submission.
6. 3.7.10.11. Programme
“The contractor shall within twenty eight (28) days of receiving the letter of acceptance
submit a Programme in such a form and manner as prescribed in the following
schedule, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, and covering the following minimum
requirements and other requirements as may be detailed in the submission.
 General description of the work method the contractor intends to follow in the
execution of the whole of the works;
 A Master Work Schedule showing the phasing of each operation to ensure

compliance with the time for completion;
 An accurate and detailed Work Programme covering the first three months of
the construction period. Further detailed updates of the programmes shall be
furnished every three months thereafter or at anytime requested by the
Engineer if it appears that, the progress is not in accordance with the already
furnished programme;
 Both the master work schedule and detailed work programme shall include:
a) Organizational set-up of the project management;
b) The equipment and machinery to be deployed for the works together with
deployment timing and input hours;
c) Allocation of labour resources together with the skills, numbers, timing
and crew output;
d) Estimated material delivery schedule together with the timing of
deliveries;
e) The timing of the arrival of nominated and other sub-contractors
together with the duration of their stay;
f) A Master Cash Flow estimate for payments under the contract consistent
with the Master Work Schedule and subject to review together with the
master programme;
g) Detailed Cash Flow estimates in quarterly periods for all payments to be
made under the contract and consistent with the detailed work
programme referred to above.The contractor shall submit two copies of
the detailed Work Programme referred to under above.”
6. 3.7.10.12. VARIATIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS
1. Increase or Decrease of Cost

Unless otherwise provided in the Particular Instructions the cost of component
materials, plant, labour and services in the contract shall be adjusted for
increase or decrease of costs in the execution of the works as provided in the
following.

2. Definitions
a)The following definitions shall be deemed to be applicable for the purpose
of this Sub-Clause
 “Contractor‟s Workmen” shall mean the skilled and unskilled

workmen of all trades including those of the subcontractors
employed on the site or engaged, full time on the site for the sole
purpose of or in connection with the execution of the works but
shall not be deemed to include any Contractor‟s office
employees.
 “Basic Wage Rate” shall mean the applicable minimum direct

wage rate prevailing on the date 28 days prior to the latest date
for submission of bid by reasons of any central or local
government proclamation, regulation, decree, legal notices, or
any other subsidiary legislation or bylaws.
 “Current Rate or Wage” shall mean the prevailing minimum

wage rates subsequent to the 28 days prior to the latest date for
submission of a Bid by reasons central or local government
proclamation, regulation decree, legal notices, or any other
subsidiary legislation or bylaws.
 “Specified Materials” shall mean the list of Basic Material in the

Basic Rates of the Appendix to Bid on which price adjustment is
to be applied.
 “Basic Material Price” shall mean the prevailing material price
28 days prior to the latest date for submission of a Bid, such
price to be supported with quotations to substantiate the prices
and subject to acceptance by the Engineer at the time of the
signature of the Contract.
 “Current Material Price” shall mean the prevailing material price
subsequent to the 28 days prior to the latest date of submission
of a Bid, such price being supported with quotations to
substantiate the prices and subject to acceptance by the
Engineer.
6. 3.7.10.13. Wage Adjustment
1. The adjustment to the contract price for wages under the terms of this paragraph
shall be as follows:
1.1. for regular hourly work, multiplying the total number of hours actually worked
by the hourly rate difference between the “Basic Rate of Wage” and the
“Current Rate of Wage”.
1.2. for overtime work, multiplying the actual hours worked by the hourly rate
difference between the “Basic of Wage” and “Current Rate of Wage” and adding
the percentage increase required by law to be paid by the Contractor.
2. Material Price Adjustment
The adjustment to the Contractor‟s price for material under the provision of this
paragraph shall be made by calculating the difference between the “Basic Material
Price” and “Current Material price” and multiplying this difference by the quantity
of the specific materials to be incorporated or brought in to be incorporated in the
works and to which the particular current material price is applicable. This
adjustment shall not take into account materials lost, avoidably wasted or removed
from the site as being excessive for the works.
3. Transport and Fuel Price Adjustment
(a) Cost of fuel

The cost of fuel used in executing the works, excluding lubricants, shall be
adjusted for increase or decrease in costs as provided hereunder if such change
in cost is made by an Act of Government:
 the basic cost of fuel and the proportion of the cost of fuel to the
value of works prevailing 28 days prior to the latest date of
submission of offer shall be included in the Appendix of Basic Rates
to the offer of prices, such price and proportion being accepted by
the Engineer at the time of signature of the contract:
 the difference between the basic and prevailing cost of fuel shall be
multiplied by the proportional cost established in (i) above and
deducted from or added to the cost of works executed during the
prevailing change of price of fuel.
The cost of transport of materials and plant to be incorporated in the works and
the mobilization and demobilization of the contractor‟s equipment and
temporary works shall be adjusted for increase or decrease in the cost of
transport as provided hereunder if such change is made by an Act of
Government
 the basic rate of the cost of transport of materials, plant and
equipment from their local origin to the work site expressed in Tons
per kilometer shall be included in the Appendix of Basic Rates to the
bid, such basic rates being accepted by the Engineer at the time of
Letter of Acceptance. In the event of the volume of material
governing in place of the tonnage, the proportion of weight to volume
shall be determined at the time of transporting;
(b) Cost of Transport
The difference between the basic and prevailing transport rates shall be
multiplied by the metres and tonnage of materials,
(a) currency Restriction plant and currency Restriction equipment and
deducted from or added to the cost of works executed during the prevailing
change in transport costs. Where such adjustment has covered the change
in the cost of fuel, 25% of the cost of transport shall be deemed to be the
cost of fuel and disallowed in the adjustment to the cost of transport.

6. 3.7.10.14. Adjustment Due to Currency Rates of Exchange and Restriction
(a) Currency Restriction

If after the date 28 days prior to the latest date for the submission of offers,the
Government imposes currency restrictions that would have substantial impact
on the performance of the contract by the Contractor, the Employer shall then:
 be responsible for the acquisition of the currency required for the

performance of the contract in as far as the Contractor is prevented
from obtaining the currency as a result of the imposed restriction;
 reimburse the Contractor for any additional cost, incurred and
compensate any losses or damages sustained by the Contractor as a
result of the imposed restrictions.change in Currency Rates of
Exchange; If after the date 28 days prior to the latest date for the
submission of offer, there shall occur an official change in the
exchange rate of the currency of the contract in relation to the
currencies in which material and plant to be incorporated in the
work are to be procured, then the difference in cost of material and
plant resulting from the change shall be deducted from or added to
the contract price as applicable.
B) Conditions Limiting
a) Increased Costs
No increased cost adjustment payments whatsoever shall be made unless

there is evidence that the expense has been actually incurred.
b) Schedule of Works and Cash-flow
No adjustment resulting in increased cost of works shall be made or allowed

to the Contractor, if the Contractor fails to submit or revise the work
schedule required under Sub-Clause of these Particular Conditions and fails
to execute the works or part thereof, acquire the materials, plant, labour
and services in the time prescribed therein or authorized extension thereof.
c) Market Prices
The Contractor shall at all times have regard to suitable markets and
shall,whenever buying materials and plant giving rise to adjustment in the
Contract price:
I. be diligent to buy or procure the same at the most economical prices

as are consistent with the due performance by him of his obligation
under the Contract;

II. provide quotations to substantiate all change in prices, such

substantiation being from the same source as the original unless
otherwise agreed by the Engineer.
d) Serving Notice and Keeping Records
The Contractor shall, upon any even which may, or be likely to, give rise to
an adjustment of the contract pursuant to this clause:
(i) give notice to the Engineer of his intention to claim not later than 28
days from the date of the discovery of the event or circumstances;
(ii) submit the details of the event, circumstances or extra cost together
with substantiating documentation for review by the Engineer not later
than 42 days after the materials, plant and service have been incorporated
in the works;
(iii) give notice to the Engineer before involving an extra cost giving the
Engineer sufficient time to consult with the Employer and make the
decision, or if such notice is impossible, no later than 14 days after having
made the extra payment.
e) Default or Negligence of Contractor
If at any time during the preparation of the offer and performance under this
Contract there shall have been lack of diligence, default or negligence on the
part of the contractor, whether in observing the conditions giving rise to
adjustment or limiting conditions in this Clause, then no adjustment
resulting in increased cost of works shall be made or allowed to the
Contractor for the materials, plant labour or services whose increased cost
is attributable to such lack of diligence, default or negligence.
f) Adjustment of Overheads
No adjustment of overhead cost shall be made for other than increased

overhead costs arising out of the provision of condition of contract.. The
adjustment to be made for overhead under the provision of this Sub-Clause
shall be determined by the Engineer. The Contractor shall keep such
records, books, accounts and other documents as are necessary to
substantiate the adjustment under this Sub-Clause and furnish these
documents and other information as required by the Engineer.
g) Adjustment of Profits
No increase or decrease of profit shall be made to the Contract price as a

result of cost adjustments under the provisions of this clause.
h) Adjustment of Other Costs
No adjustment of costs other than those provided in the above Sub-

Clauses
shall be made for fluctuations in costs arising out of the performance of the
Contract.
6. 3.7.10.15.Establishment of temporary & Provision for external laboratory testing
The contractor is to the extent practicable and reasonable shall establish

temporary testing laboratory for concrete slump test, sand displacement
test/compaction test, material gradation, provision of, standard cube (mold) etc
as directed by the engineer. The contractor also prepare soaking tanks,
standard cube (mold) etc for the work.
The contractor is to the extent practicable and reasonable shall establish

provision for external laboratory for testing construction materials, concrete,
aggregate, soil, rock, reinforcement bar & other required materials for
construction test like, Compressive strength of concrete test, elongation test,
Flakiness test, losangeles test for large size materials, losangeles test for small
size coarse aggregate, volume density test, Triaxial test, as directed by the
Engineer.

6.4 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
6.4.1 General
The present site investigation work has been conducted in compliance to the extent /
degree and complexity of the intended water supply project and structure to be
constructed.
Surface mapping and investigation of materials have been done using equipment such
as topographic maps, imageries, geological hammer, Garmin GPS and Dynamic Cone
Penetro meter (DCP).
Sub – surface investigation had been conducted upon excavation of pits and auguring
of depth commonly in the order of 1.5 to 3mts. In addition, excavated road sections,
trenches and pits excavated for foundation of the prevailing condominium houses
including gulley/stream cut sections have been used for the sub – surface
investigation and assessment of materials found in the project area.
Field assessment and identification of materials has been conducted following the
standard procedures for naming and classifying materials (BS 5930:1981).
6.4.2 Geotechnical Units and Design Parameters
The project site is characterized by different geotechnical units. These are mainly the
unconsolidated Soil overburden material and the bed rock units.
Soil Overburden deposits
a) Top soil
The topsoil found in the project site isof thickness in the order of less than 0.5mts.
Such a material can be described as:
Stiff dark to dark grey Silty CLAY to slightly sandy gravely clayey SILT.
It is assumed that this material will be stripped and removed prior to

construction.Consequently, no further analysis and description is outlined.
b) Alluvium
The deposit is found covering the plain land mass and relative topographic lows. It is
found characterising especially at the proposed water supply source / ground water
well field sites and along the proposed main pipe route lay and vicinity.
Firm to very stiff – mainly dark to dark grey and dark brown slity clay to gravely
sandy silty CLAY of very high plasticity.
Weak and hence Can be excavated manually using hand tools
Based on the prevailing well log data, excavated pits and auguring, thickness of such
a material is estimated to be commonly in the order of 3mt to 10mts (along Tullu
guddo to EEWCA main pipe route lay) and <0.5mts (Bole bulbula bore hole to
condominium reservoir site) .
The material is of very high plasticity. As inferred from prevailing standard litratures
range of critical effective angle of shearing resistance (φ‟ crit,) can be estimated to be in
the order of 18°. Effective cohesion value can be considered as 0.
No bulk density tests were undertaken on this material. From the description of stiff
plastic clay, it is likely to have a bulk density in the order of 1500 Kg/m³. Accordingly,
a bulk density of 1500 Kg/m³ (dry/moist) can be adopted for outline design
Highly weathered / decomposed bed rock
The material is found along the proposed main pipe route lay being overlaying the bed
rock unit.
Such a unit can be described as:

Highly weathered / decomposed bed rock recovered as loose dark to greyish dark
brown clayey sandy cobbley Gravel with boulder.
Based on the excavated pits and trench cut sections, thickness of such a material is
estimated to be commonly in the order of 0.5mts to 10mts.
As inferred from literature, the φ‟ of a granular soil is generally related to its density.
As there are no tests for this material it will be conservatively assumed the material is
„loose‟, sub angular to angular and moderately graded. To this, a conservative value of
φ‟=34° and c‟ = 0 kN/m² may be adopted for outline design. The material is likely to
have a bulk density in the range 1800Kg/m³ to 2000Kg/m³. A bulk density
1900Kg/m³ could be adopted for outline design purpose.
Scoria
The material is formed as part of the lava surface. It is highly porous due to escape of
gas bubbles from the top lava surface during cooling.
The material is found forming small ridges and also being underlaying the alluvial soil
overburden deposit. It is encountered at the proposed collection chamber and service
reservoir site (Tullu Gudda and Salo Giyorgis).
The material is dark reddish brown to dark yellowish grey. Mode of occurrence is
commonly as unconsolidated granular soil material characterized by silt, sand and
gravel. Accordingly, it can be grouped under the unconsolidated granular soil material.
Loss to very stiff, dark reddish brown to yellowish grey Silty Sandy Gravel with
cobble to boulder size rock fragments.
The material can be excavated manually using hand tools and excavator.
As inferred from literature, the φ‟ of a granular soil is generally related to its density.
As there are no in – situ tests conducted for this material it is conservatively assumed
the material is „loose‟, sub angular to angular and moderately graded. To this, a
conservative value of φ‟=34° and c‟ = 0 kN/m² may be adopted for outline design. The
material is likely to have a bulk density (before

excavation) in the range 1800Kg/m³ to 2000Kg/m³. A bulk density 1900Kg/m³ could

be adopted for outline design purpose.
Considering foundation bearing capacity of such a material, it depends on degree of

compaction or denseness. Accordingly, it ranges from < 200kN/m2(in loss state) to
>600 kN/m2(dense state). Consequently, upon proper compaction bearing value can
be estimated to be >600kN/m2.
Bed rock
The bed rock units found in the area at one of the proposed service reservoir site and
River crossing is the volcanic lava flow. Such a rock unit can be described as:
Dark to grey aphanatic to vesicular and scoraceous in texture slight to
moderately weathered meidum spaced to closely jointed / fractured BASALT.
Strong to very strong. Hence can be excavated using excavator, dozer and Jack
Hammer.
The material is found being exposed at part of the main pipe route lay.It is also found
at relatively shallow depth in the order of 1.5 to 3mts (see the attached geological X –
Section).
The rock material is strong to very strong and commonly well jointed. Consequently,
the need for excavator, dozer &Jack Hammer is inevitable in order to excavate the
material for preparing the trench to the required pipe route lay and river crossing
structure
6.4.3 Geotechnical Design Issues
6.4.3.1 Reservoir sites
Two of the reservoir site (Tullu guddo & salo Giyorgis) are found being located on small
hills formed by Scoria. The material can be sound to the intended purpose upon
conducting proper compaction and consolidation works.
There is an already existing old reservoir close to the proposed present reservoir site of
salo Giyorgis. The hill found at the present proposed reservoir site being unstable it
shall be excavated to depth in the order of 6mts to get stable foundation. Of
Medhanalem is located on a ridge formed by sound volcanic rock unit. Hence there is
no problem of foundation bearing capacity at such a site
6.4.3.2 Stream crossing

The major stream crossing site is at Akaki River. Foundation depth shall consider
scouring depth level of prevailing River.
Accordingly, foundation depth shall be below scouring depth level of the prevailing
stream in the site of interest. This is in the sound volcanic rock unit that is found
exposed at the River bed level. Such sound bed rock unit shall be excavated to depth in
the order of 0.5mt to 1mts
6.4.3.3 Main pipe route lay

The main pipe route crossing is characterised by black cotton clay soil, highly
weathered / decomposed bed rock and an out crop of sound bed rock unit.

The black cotton clay soil is of thickness commonly more than 3mts(Tullu guddo site).
Consequently, it can be excavated manually using hand tools). However the highly
weathered / decomposed bed rock unit (commonly found covering the Bole bulbula site)
can be excavated using excavator, and dozer.
The sound bed rock unit is found covering part of the main pie route lay in Tullu guddo
site. To this the need for excavator and dozer is necessary to excavate the trench for the
pipe lay. .
6.4.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
6.4.4.1 Rock for Masonry work & Aggregate

There are several quarry sites opened and developed for production of cobble stones,
mason and aggregate for marketing.
To the present project construction purpose potential Quarry site has been identified
for use to the intended purpose. For such a purpose important considerations has
been taken for identifying and recommending for use to the intended purpose. To this,
among others the following has been taken in to consideration:
 Ease for extraction and development of quarry faces
 Minimum overburden
 Outcrops with minimum variability in strength characteristics
 Proximity to the project site and the proposed main pipe route lay
 Ease for access
 Those with sufficient quantity
 Hydrologic conditions / absence of ground water affecting development
 Those with little impact upon the environment and local settlements
Accordingly, suitable potential quarry sites have been identified and recommended for
use to the intended purpose. This are indicated in the table below
Table 6.4.1 proposed Quarry sites
SITE LOCATION: (UTM) Type of rock Remark

ID Easting Northing
Q1 477084 986876 Slight to moderately Mode of occurrence
weathered medium to commonly as
closely spaced jointed boulder.
BASALT Can be exploited
using excavator
Q2 477755 986802 Slightly weathered wide to Can be exploited
closely jointed BASALT using excavator
Q3 479761 988924 moderately weathered Can be exploited
medium to closely using excavator
jointed/fractured BASALT

6.4.4.2 Sand
There is no potential borrow site for extraction and use to the intended purpose.
Consequently, it is imposed to search further away from the project area.
Accordingly, possible source for sand for use to the intended purpose is in the Rift
area such as Mojo river valley. It can be obtained upon using transport vehicles as to
the required volume
6.4.4.3. Recommendations
 Prior to imposing the intended reservoir structures, it is required and

recommended for proper compaction of the material in order to increase bearing
capacity and stability of the foundation material (Tullu guddo, Salo giyorgis & Sert
Mariyam)
 During construction it is recommended to assign competent supervising geologist

to conduct proper follow up works during excavation of trenches and construction
of the intended structures.
Summary of prevailing geologic units characterising the project site and respective
engineering properties is outlined in the table below
6.4.5 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION
6.4.5 .1. Conclusion
Geology and geotechnical site investigation works have been conducted in the proposed
water supply project area. This includes investigation at the proposed reservoir site and
the main pipe route lay. The investigation also includes assessment of potential sites for
construction material.
Main purpose of the site investigation work was to identify materials characterising the
proposed reservoir site and main pipe route lay. This is in order to determine important
parameters that could be used for the intended design purpose. To this among others
consideration and emphases has been given to foundation bearing capacity of materials
at the proposed reservoir site, properties of materials characterising the main pipe route
lay with respect to ease of excavation, stability of natural slopes along the main pipe
route lay including the proposed reservoir site and identifying potential sites for
construction material.
Summary of prevailing geologic units characterising the project site and respective
engineering properties is outlined in the table below

Summary Table
Site Geology Allowable Remark
bearing
C PHI Bulk value
(kN/m2) (Deg) density (KN/m2)
(kg/m3)
Tullu Guddo 0 – 0.4m stiff dark grey 15 18 1600 300 will be removed during
collection sandysilty clay excavation
chamber  Can be excavated using
0.4-5mt 0 28 1900 >600 excavator and hand tools
UTM Stiff to dense redish brown  Recommended foundation
0483307E silty sandy gravel and cobble depth in the order of 4mts
0986519N mixes  Foundation material shall
be properly compacted
Sert Mariyam 0 – 1.1mt Small in thickness. Hence Will
reservoir Back fill be removed during excavation
1.1m – 1.80m Stiff dark grey
UTM gravely sandy silty clay
0476428E Can be excavated using
0983070N 1.80 – 2.0mt 1000 excavator and hand tools
Highly weathered yellowish Recommended foundation
grey scoraceous basalt. weak depth in the order of 3mts
Medhanealem Outcrop of moderately 10000 Recommended foundation

reservoir weathered vesicular basalt depth in the order of 1.5mts
UTM
0477018E
0980155N
Salo Giyorgis 0-0.5mt Will be removed
reservoir Top soil: stiff dark brown
sandy silty clay
0473784E
0982316N 0.5 – 6mt

Scoria: stiff to very stiff 0 28 1900 >600 Recommended foundation
reddish brown silty sandy depth in the order of 6mts.
gravely cobble mixes Foundation material shall be
properly compacted prior to
imposing the structure
STREAM / RIVER CROSSING

Akaki River Left/east bank: Central River course Right/west bank: Recommended foundation
crossing depth below scouring depth
Top to river bed level / very Moderately 0 – 4mts: stiff dark level of River. This is on the
stiff dark brown clay silt sand weathered vesicular brown clayey silty bed rock material. The bed
gravel cobble boulder mixes Basalt. sandy gravely cobbley rock material shall be
boulder mixes excavated to minimum depth
River bed level: moderately of 0.5mts
weathered vesicular basalt Can be excavated using
excavator, dozer and jack
hammer
Main Pipe route Lay
Site Chainage Geologic material Remark and
Recommendations
Tullu Guddo From Tullu Black cotton clay soil of thickness / depth in the order of Can be excavated manually
collection Guddo reservoir 3mt to 10mts using hand tools
chamber to to 6000mts
EEWCA 6000mt To Moderately weathered Vessicular Basalt at places overlain Needs excavator and Dozer for
reservoir 7300mt by thin soil cover (< 1mt). The rock is strong to very strong excavation
Bole Bulbula Highly Rock fragments gravel to cobble size mixed with boulder Can be excavated using
bore hole site weathered/deco underlain by sound bed rock unit. excavator and dozer
to mposed bedrock
condominium overlain by thin
Along Main soil over(<0.5mt
Pipe route lay thick)
6.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
6.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
6.5.1 Introduction
Environmental impact assessment is a decision making tool being promoted for

integrating environment dimensions to different development projects thereby to
achieve sustainable development. Accordingly, this EIA is conducted based on legal
requirements of the EIA proclamation (No.266/2002) of the government of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, for South of Addis Ababa and North-East of Akaki
Town in the south Ayat and North Fanta area. The project area encompasses a total of
11 Woreda from Akaki sub city and one wereda from Bole sub city. The objective of the
EIA study is to systematically assess, identify and evaluate the environmental impacts
of the proposed project prior to its implementation and suggest strategies to mitigate
adverse environmental impacts and enhance the overall quality of the project.
The environmental impact study is one of the studies conducted as a part of the study
and design of the proposed project. The study aims at identifying potential positive
and negative impacts of the proposed project, propose mitigation measures for
negative impacts and identify ways to enhance positive impacts. Different methods of
study are used to carry out the environmental impact assessment that include
environmental scoping, review of relevant documents and literatures, field visit, data
collection and stakeholders‟ consultation, and use of important data generated by
other disciplines.
Overall, the project is environmentally beneficial. An environmental evaluation found

that the project components involve appropriate technologies that do not pose any
significant environmental consequences. The project expected to have a significant
positive impact on the improvement of livelihoods. Some minor and temporary
negative environmental impacts may occur, resulting mainly from the construction
activities. However, the negative impacts can be mitigated to acceptable levels through
integration of environmental mitigation measures in planning and implementation of

the proposed project. According to this EIA report, strong effort is made to include
environmental considerations into the proposed project so as to mitigate any
biophysical and human impacts that could result from the implementation of the plan.
Therefore, it can be concluded that there will be no severe or significant impacts that
prevent the implementation of the proposed project; if alternative mitigation measures
discussed in EIA report are seriously considered.
The positive impacts include; improved quantity and quality of safe drinking water,
improved business opportunity, reduction in water borne diseases such as diarrhea,
typhoid and intestinal parasites thereby minimizing the cost of healthcare in
households, improved health and sanitation services in the health units, brief job
opportunity and reduced distances to water access which will lead to gain in
productive time for women and girls. The negative impacts include loss and
disturbance of agricultural land, soil erosion, soil pollution from spillage of oils,
lubricants and hazardous materials, dust and fuel emissions from vehicles , noise and
vibration, traffic congestion, accidents and occupational hazards and interruptions of
existing water supply. In respect to environments of great concern, the field survey
confirmed that the project activities will not affect any historical/cultural site, wildlife
reserves and other ecologically sensitive areas. Most of the negative impacts on the
environment are capable of being reduced to an acceptable level through a
combination of best practice techniques during construction, sensitive route selection
of transfer main and distribution lines and holistic environmental planning.
Environmental monitoring will be used to evaluate the extent and severity of actual
environmental impacts against the predicted impacts, the performance of the
environmental protection measures or compliance with related rules and regulation
and overall effectiveness of the project Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The
major parameters to be monitored during project construction and operation are:
potential leaks; water use and availability of safe drinking water; groundwater static
level and refilling capacity; level of satisfaction of beneficiaries toward water supply
services. Measures should be taken to enhance the positive impacts and proposed
mitigation measures are strictly followed and implemented to reduce the adverse
potential environmental impacts. Implementing identified environmental management

activities including monitoring of environmental impact, mitigation, and enhancement
indicators is critical to minimize negative environmental impacts and maximize
positive impacts.
The proposed project plan is therefore accepted by the beneficiary community and
stakeholders responsible for planning, implementation and/or facilitation of economic
and social development programs in the study area. The acceptance by the local
community is based on the assumption that they will have the opportunity to have
access to safe drinking water without affecting their dwelling environment. Moreover,
it is believed that implementation of the proposed project will bring substantial
improvement in quality of life for the beneficiary community.
6.5.2 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
The proposed water supply can bring substantial social, economic and environmental
benefit for the beneficiary community. On the contrary, the implementation of the
project may cause adverse environmental impact because of different project activities
especially during the construction phase. So, the following positive and adverse
environmental impacts that could be resulted from the project at construction and
operation phases are outlined as follows:
6.5.3 POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS
6.5.3.1 Improved quantity and quality of safe drinking water
Although the project area and its surroundings have water supply system from
boreholes of Fanta well field; the existing water supply is unable to satisfy the demand
due limited production capacity of the boreholes and technical problems of the
existing system. As a result dwellers of the area are still under serious water shortage.
On top of this, the new condominium houses also demands water supply system as
significant number of peoples are expected to come to the project areas. As observed
during the field visit, the majority of dwellers of the area fetch water form Akaki area
whereas some people use water from unprotected sources and face health problems.

Beside this, the residents of the project area also devote extra cost and labour to
search water for drinking and other domestic purposes. Therefore, the implementation
of the proposed project is expected to have positive impact in improving the quantity
and quality of drinking water.
6.5.3.2 Business opportunity
Water is one of the basic social services required for development of certain area. As
the project area is transforming to urban settlements, significant number of people are
expected to come to the area. Hence, the availability of potable water supply can create
opportunity for expansion of various domestic and foreign business opportunities to
the project area.
6.5.3.3 Improved public health and sanitation service
In order to provide health services; health institutions, professionals, medications and

other important packages such as, water supply, energy source, road etc should exist
in a particular area. Water supply is a decisive social service required for health
institutions to provide appropriate service for the community. From the other angle,
sanitation and hygiene activities of urban settlements area is also unthinkable in the
absence of safe drinking water. Hence, the implementation of the project will have
beneficial impact in enhancing service delivery of the institutions and also
improvement of health and sanitation services.
6.5.3.4 Improved productive time for women and girls
The burdens of water problems often fall on the shoulders of women and children.
Children and women devote significant share of their time in searching water where
drinking water supply is inadequate. They also travel long distances which takes the
significant part of their productive time. Therefore, implementation of the proposed
project helps children, especially girls, will have more time for school work and welfare
activities.

6.5.3.5 Job opportunity
The project can create brief employment opportunity for semiskilled and unskilled
labor force of the area and helps in generating income that can support their
livelihood. The construction phase will bring about job creation for both skilled and
unskilled labor for vegetation clearing, menial works, drivers and machine operators.
In addition the operation phase also expected to create job for some semi skilled
individuals on management of water supply system.
6.5.4 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
6.5.4.1 Soil erosion
During the construction phase project activities such as trench excavation for laying
collector pipes and transmission mains usually loosen soil particles along the way.
The impact is restricted locally to the trenches for the pipes, or the construction site of
intakes and reservoirs. The construction activities at respective areas expected to
result in disturbance of the natural soil structure, mixing of layers and compaction
thus reducing the ecological function of the soil. The level impact is relatively more on
soils found at the well field where pipes are being laid through farmland. The trenches
will be refilled after pipe laying, therefore the impact is temporary and reversible.
The Akaki – Kality sub city and the Bole Bulbula areas have almost similar topographic
situation that should be considered properly to the water supply project so as to cover all
possible areas from the target sub cities. In sloping areas (at Tullu Guddo), there will be
an increased risk of soil erosion, particularly during the rainy season. In order to limit
erosion, adequate consideration of these problems in such high risk areas will be
accommodated in the construction schedule. Some excess material left over due to the
construction should be disposed off appropriately. However, the quantities will be
relatively low because most of the excavated material will be used for backfilling.
Generally, the impact soil erosion is of medium importance.

6.5.4.2 Soil pollution
Soil contamination is expected during the construction phase by spillage of hazardous

material may occur with oily products from engines or improper disposal of used oils
and lubricants. But this impact can be considered as insignificant and of minor
importance for all project components.
6.5.4.3 Impact on Land use
Impacts on land use will be limited to those areas, where crossing of farm land is
unavoidable. The loss of harvest is temporary and reversible, and furthermore will be
compensated at the official compensation rates. Therefore no significant impact on
agricultural land use is expected. Restoration of land after pipe laying will be done.
6.5.4.4 Impact on surface and Groundwater
Unsustainable exploitation of ground water for bulk supply might result in depletion
or noticeable seasonal reduction and fall of ground water table in the long-term. But
short term fluctuations in groundwater levels are normal and do not necessarily
indicate that the sustainable yield has been exceeded.
Lowering the groundwater table by only a few meters adversely affects existing users of
groundwater whether it is required for drinking water for humans and animals or to
sustain plant life of especially at dry times of the year. Springs are fed by groundwater
and will finally dry up if the level fall likewise the flow regime of rivers also reduced.
Hence, the annual pumping volume has to be monitored seriously that it is in
accordance with the aquifer annual refill.
As the project proponent is very cautious and arranged a sustainable means to use
and manage the old Akaki and North Fanta wells with the suggestion of experts to
avoid over pumping, the impact appears less significant.
6.5.4.5 Encroachment to ecologically sensitive areas
As the project area is under intensive agriculture and built up areas, there is no
ecologically sensitive to be affected by the project activities. Construction of the
proposed project will take place within the urban area, along roads and in farmland.
Hence project activities will not affect any area which supports forest, biodiversity, and
wildlife resources.
6.5.4.6 Destruction of vegetation
Impacts on flora and fauna are temporary, restricted to small areas and reversible and
are thus of minor significance. Some plantations of eucalyptus trees will be disturbed
and partly destroyed while laying transmission mains and distribution net work. The
impact of the works on areas of terrestrial vegetation is found to be minor for both well
field and distribution zones.
6.5.4.7 Impact on Quarry site
As per the design, the route of the transmission line crosses privately owned quarry
area at Feche condominium sites. Currently, they are operating using heavy machines
and crashers along the conveyance pipe route which jeopardize its operation. For
safety purposes, the pipe route should have buffer zone to be taken from quarry site
owner. However, the impact is of minor importance and limited to small areas along
the transmission mains.
6.5.5 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
6.5.5.1 Loss and Disturbance of farmland
The proposed project will require small areas of land for;

 buffer zone along the alignment of pipeline
 around new constructed reservoirs
 access road to the Boreholes and
 for new borehole Compound (including pump house and immediate protection
areas of the boreholes)
Hence, there will be a loss and disturbance of agricultural land field adjacent to the
proposed transmission line route, well compound and reservoir sites. On top this, the

traffic of vehicles and heavy duty machinery will cause soil compaction and affect the
soil structure on considerable area alongside the laid pipes and built infrastructures.
Table_2 below depicts the amount of land loss and disturbance of agricultural land of
the proposed project.
Table 6.5.1 Loss and disturbance of Agricultural Land caused due to the projects
S.No. purpose location Area in m2
1 Reservoir construction 13,173
1.1 Tulugudo 13,173
2 Borehole compound 625
2.1 All 21 compounds (25x25) 625
3 Pipe Canal 432,000
construction
3.1. Transmission main 432,000
(43.22kmlength*1000m
*10mWidth) =
Total estimated land requires in meter squares 445,798
(Source: Socio-economy assessment report)

As to the magnitude of the impacts, the loss of agricultural land will be significant for
the well field sub project. For transmission mains and distribution zones the impact is
of medium importance.
6.5.5.2 Traffic congestion and impacts on roads
As per the design, the transmission pipes expected to cross the main Asphalt road
from Addis Ababa to Adama, Express way‟ and another feeder road (to Express way).
In addition the collector pipes from two boreholes (BH10 and BH14) should cross the
Asphalt road that detaches from Addis_Adama road to EELPA‟s substation at Gelan.
Overall, the all weather (Asphalt) road crossed at five points which result in brief
traffic congestion during the construction activities. In addition to temporary traffic
congestion, it also invites additional cost as compensation for reconstruction activities.
The impact is medium importance at the well field and for the transmission mains. At
the distribution zone the impact is certain and of less importance.

6.5.5.3 Loss of Property and Buildings

The socio-economic assessment report depicts that construction activities of the
proposed project will not affect property and buildings, except 2 thatched roof houses;
one at reservoir location and the other at the well field. In addition, there are also
some live fences along the pipe line at koye for which compensation is already paid.
The impact is of minor importance both at the well field area and at distribution zones.
6.5.5.4 Public Safety Issues
Increased risk of accidents on working sites and roads, and work injuries are expected
during the construction of the pipeline. Hence, public safety around settlement areas
is an issue to be considered. The potential impact on public safety will be linked to the
density of population in the immediate surroundings of work sites. For that reason,
the impact is will be non significant for the well field area. For the distribution zone
this impact will be possible and of medium importance.
6.5.5.5 Increase of Noise Level
The noise impact during construction is expected to be negative but short term.
Sources of noise will be trucks in transit, heavy duty machinery and use of
compressor to break hard ground. Impacts of noise include noise-induced hearing loss
and/or nuisance for the project workers and people in settlement areas.
The potential impact of emitted noise will be linked to the density of population in the
immediate surroundings of work sites as well as the usual noise level caused by the
traffic or other sources. Accordingly, this impact will not be significant for the well field
sub-projects, but it appears certain and of minor importance for transmission mains
and distribution zone sub-projects.
6.5.5.6 Emissions of Dust and Exhaust Fumes
During the process of construction, some dust and exhaust fumes will be generated
from the construction vehicles. In addition, movement of heavy machinery and trucks
over unpaved roads and the dust caused when all traffic is directed to unpaved

detours. As indicated in baseline survey, there are several active quarry sites in the
project area currently operating using trucks, heavy machines and crashers. Hence,
the project will exacerbate the local air pollution and leads to increased impacts.
However, the impacts are temporary and limited to those areas where machines are
used. The impact is not significant at the well field and of medium importance along
the transmission mains and at the distribution zone.
6.5.5.7 Health and Sanitation Issues
As construction workers are from the surrounding areas, the chance that migrant
workers could introduce diseases to the community members they interact with is less
likely. But, health risks could result from dust and emissions and also from
occupational hazards during construction activities in settlement areas.
6.5.5.8 Temporary interruption of water supply
At the well field sub project, the laying of transmission main and collector pipes might
affect the existing collector pipe network that collects water from each boreholes
supply to other parts of the metropolitan. At some junction, crossings the new and
existing pipe networks might be affected by construction activities such as excavation
of trenches and compatibility arrangements. This might result in temporary
interruptions of water supply. If the population is not informed prior to interruptions,
the impact will be significant at the distribution zone.
6.5.5.6 Deterioration of Water quality
Groundwater is very sensitive and may be polluted irreversibly unless recommended

safety measures put in place during drilling and construction activities. The proposed
project incorporates drilling of new boreholes and rehabilitation of the existing ones. In
this case ground water quality deterioration is also another potential impact expected
from the project activity. The impact is caused by aquifer degradation attributed to the
following reasons;
 Improper utilization of construction materials which are toxic and hazardous.

 Aquifers containing useable-quality water being connected by drill holes to

aquifers with inferior-quality water or to leakage zones by cross flow may be
induced by natural pressure differences or pressure differentials induced by
pumping
 Uncontrolled flow of pressure aquifer water through drill holes between aquifers
of different quality water.
6.5.6 IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation measures are outlined below to minimize the potential adverse impacts of the
project activities and provide a justifiable social and economic benefit to the affected
urban and rural communities.
6.5.6.1 Impact mitigation measures concerning construction activities
a) Soil erosion and deterioration of soil structure
 Schedule the construction program for dry season

 Backfilling the dug/ excavated soil as per its normal sequence of structure or
layer & do compaction.
 Appropriate disposal excess material left over during construction
 Spread top soil over the excavated area in order to improve the conditions for
development of a vegetation cover thus accelerating the restoration process (This
rule will be followed particularly in farmland areas which are supposed to be
cultivated again after the construction works.)
 The valuable top soil containing organic material, nutrients as well as the soil
fauna excavated separately and piled in an appropriate manner for re-use
b) Reduction of Soil pollution
 Take precaution not to spill fuel, oil & chemicals on soil; and
 Strict control by Supervising Engineer to ensure acceptable storage practices
c) Impact on quarry site
 Relocation/replacement of the quarry site

d) Compensation for loss of productive land

The loss of small perimeter of land for access road, borehole compound and reservoir
location is un-avoidable during the implementation of the proposed project. Hence, the
project affected people should be paid adequate/reasonable financial compensation.
e) Reduction Vibration, Noise, air pollution and dust generation by traffic and
machinery
 Strict control under construction contract to limit these impacts to acceptable

levels
 Watering to be enforced to keep dust levels low

 Avoiding construction activities causing nuisance noise during night time
 Maintenance construction vehicles & machineries
f) Reduction of accident and occupational hazards
In order to mitigate accidents encountered during the construction, the contractor is
responsible for the safety of residents and he/she must prepare a safety plan
including road signs and agree with the Site Engineer about the proposed safety plan.
Some of the safety measures include;
 Take precautions such as displaying road/traffic signs, put labels, etc.)

 Maintain, repair & overhaul vehicles, and equipments
 Construct, maintain & repair roads;
 Use protective/safety device
 Periodic awareness workshops for workforce on safe working practices,
g) Reduction of Traffic congestion
The construction activities of the proposed project will affect highways and other all
weather rods within the project area. As a result, the impacts of traffic congestion will
be certain and temporary problem. Hence, the construction contractor and project
proponent have to be very much concerned about traffic congestion and should take
all the necessary measures.
 Schedule the construction activity on the highway out of peak times

 Prepare alternatives(Detour) till the construction is completed
h) Management of temporary interruption of water

 The community should be informed through mass media
 appropriate and compatible design of collector pipes
j) Management of ground water pollution

The potential impact of ground water pollution can be mitigated by undertaking the
following measures.
 Proper storage of construction materials such as oils, fuels, and hazardous
chemicals during construction activities
 Appropriate geological and hydro geological assessments as all types of aquifers
are not equally sensitive to pollution (at the planning stage)
 The activities related to drilled borehole abandonment shall be performed as per
the procedures
6.5.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLANS
6.5.7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Environmental management plan (EMP) provides a link between the impacts predicted
and mitigation measures specified in the EIA report and implementation and operation
activities. The summary of impacts identified and their corresponding mitigation
measures, responsibilities for implementation, and duration/timing of the
implementation and are given in Table 3.

TABLE 6.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
S.N Impact Timing/duratio Responsibilities for

Main Impacts Signifi- Main Mitigation Measures n of mitigation
cance* Implementatio
n
1 Impacts on Medium  Schedule the construction Prior to, during Construction Contractor &
soils program for dry season. and after site engineer
 Refill the construction
exposed or excavated soil soon
after completion of works.
 Backfilling the dug/ excavated
soil as per its normal sequence
of structure or layer & do
compaction
 Excavate and separately pile the
valuable top soil containing
organic material, nutrients as
well as the soil fauna
2 Impact on Air Medium  Strict control under construction During Site Engineer
quality contract to limit these impacts to construction
acceptable levels
 Watering to be enforced to keep
dust levels low
 Avoiding construction activities
causing nuisance noise during
night time
 Maintenance construction
vehicles & machineries
3 Impacts on Less  Apply water abstraction rate below Operation AWSSA (project proponent)
Groundwater the recharge rate. phase

Water Table  Periodic monitoring of groundwater
level to check any changes in water
table.
4 Accident and Medium Take precautions such as displaying Construction Site Engineer
occupational road/traffic signs, put labels, etc.) phase
hazards  Maintain, repair & overhaul
vehicles, and equipments
 Construct, maintain & repair
roads;
 Use protective/safety device
 Periodic awareness workshops
for workforce on safe working
practices
5 Traffic Less  Schedule the construction Construction (Site Engineer)
congestion activity on the highway out of phase
peak times
 Prepare alternatives(Detour) till
the construction is completed
6 Soil pollution Less  Take precaution not to spill fuel, Construction Construction Contractor
oil & chemicals on soil; and phase
 Strict control by Supervising
Engineer to ensure acceptable
storage practices
7 Loss and High  adequate/reasonable financial Construction AAWSA

Disturbance compensation phase
of farmland

6.5.7.2 MONITORING PLAN
Monitoring plan is an important part of EMP. From monitoring it is easily understood

whether the recommended mitigation measures are fully implemented or not. In addition
it also helps to take early corrective measures. Accordingly, the most critical project
elements to be monitored are summarized in the following Table 4.
Table 6.5.3 Monitoring plan

S.N Parameters to be Monitored EMP Implementing
Agency
OPERATION PHASE
1 Loss of agricultural land Community and social AAWSA
monitoring
2 Increased soil erosion No regular monitoring AAWSA
recommended, but provision
to be made for spot checks
at critical times
3 Increased dust levels and Confirmation for sprinkling AAWSA/Site
fuel emissions of water by visual Engineer
observation during
construction
Increased noise levels and “

Vibration
4 Public Safety issues and Adopt appropriate safety Site Engineer
measures
occupational hazards
associated with construction
OPERATION PHASE
5 Modification to natural Continuous monitoring of AAWSA/MWR
seasonal flow Regime Great Akaki River discharge
6 Decline of Groundwater table Seasonal monitoring the AAWSA
water table
7 Groundwater pollution *proper handling of toxic AAWSA &
and hazardous(storage and Contractor
spill prevention)
construction materials
*Ground water monitoring

6.5.8 RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to have minimum and tolerable residual environmental and social impacts,
and enhance the potential benefits, the proposed mitigation measures shall be
properly implemented at the right time, and necessary follow up of their effectiveness
should be made through well planned monitoring.
Generally, the following recommendations were suggested:
 Environmental management activities should be conducted at upstream and

project areas, in order to adapt to the prevailing climate change thereby sustain
the water resource of the area.
 Exploitation of groundwater should consider the prevailing climate change issue

and require detail analysis for its sustainability.
 For sustainability of the water supply infrastructure (particularly for

transmission mains), the red ash quarry site at Tullu Dimtu need to be
terminated and rehabilitated.
 Appropriate wastewater treatment and disposal system should be planned as a

part the project.

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Particular Specification For Civil Works

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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia SOUTH AND SOUTH EAST ADDIS ABABA AREA WSP

AAWSA: Water & Sanitation Development FROM SANF WELL FIELD

6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works

Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 0

SECTION 6(B3) PARTICULAR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS .................................... 4

6.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 4

6.2 Water Supply System .............................................................................................................. 5

Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 1

6. 3.7.10. 6. Progress Reports ..................................................................................................... 18

6.5 Environmental Impact Assessment ................................................................................ 35

Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 2

6.5.5.4 Public Safety Issues .......................................................................................................... 43

Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 3

SECTION 6(B3) PARTICULAR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

total length of 43.66km with necessary appurtenances, will be constructed as

6.3 Project Components

6.3.1 SANF Wellfields

Collector Pipes in SANF Wellfield

Ancillary buildings will be built where appropriate as described below will be

Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 6

Control rooms will be constructed close to each borehole in the SANF

1 Guard houses will be constructed at Tullu Guddo reservoir sites & 20

Generator‟s Seat will be constructed at selected borehole sites in the

Demolishing activity of the existing pump house on SANF TW3 includes

6.3.2 Tulu Guddo Collection Tank

A 10,000 m3 capacity Collection reservoir is planned to be constructed at the

The reservoir will be constructed as a reinforced concrete structure. Inlet,

A storage tank of capacity 5,000 m3 is designed to be constructed at Tullu

6.3.4 .1.Compound fencing works

Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 8

Includes, all related works, like excavation, concreting, backfilling, formwork,

Provide/Construction of road inside the compound. Which includes remove

Isolating valves (butterfly valves) were provided at every 1.5 km of distribution

Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 9

Control valve enabling reduction & stabilisation of the downstream pressure,

6.3.6.1. Pipe Trench

6.3.6.2. Collector pipes Reinstatement/ Laying

Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 10

jointing of Ductile Iron Pipe DN 25mm-800mm,ISOPVC,GS,HDPE , in trenches

6.3.7. Road, Watercourse and other Crossings(including pipe crossing)

6.3.7.1. GENERAL Roads Function

Contract-I 6 (B3) Particular Technical Specifications for civil works Page 11

6.3.7.2. ROAD ALIGNMENT AND STRUCTURE

6.3.7.3 SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS

6.3.7.3.1 Setting Out

6.3.7.3.3 Geotechnical Investigations

6.3.7.4 Typical Cross Sections and Standard Design

6.3.7.5. ACCESS ROAD SITE PREPARATION

formation. The clearing will include removal of topsoil and grubbing in

6.3.7.6 ACCESS ROAD EXCAVATION

6.3.7.7 ACCESS ROAD EARTHFILL

Sub-grade preparation shall include the special excavation and embankment

6.3.7.8 ACCESS ROAD GEOMETRY

Maximum gradient of permanent used to accesses to Bore holes & Reservoirs

6.3.7.9 ROAD CROSS DRAINAGE

6.3.7.9 ACCESS ROAD DRAINAGE

6.3.7.9.1 Axial Drainage

A triangular interceptor drain ditch of minimum depth of 500 mm and side

A drain ditch shall be provided at a minimum distance of 1.00 m uphill from

Flow Control Along Drain Ditches

6.3.7.9.2 Cross Drainage

Two types of cross drainage structures shall be constructed, namely:

These structures shall be constructed at locations and to dimensions all as

Where no culverts are provided, cross drainage shall be effected by fords

6.3.7.10. ACCESS ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS & SIGN BOARDS