CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Vocabulary

Glossing

Glossing (annotation) is defined by Nation (2001) as a “brief definition or synonym, either in L1

or L2 which provided with the written text”. In Second Language Acquisition (SLA), “gloss”

refers to a translation or explanation of unfamiliar words in a test by means of interlinear or

marginal notes, as more salient input for L2 learners (Larsen-Freeman & Long, 1991; Choi,

2016). Furthermore, Hong (2010) stated that gloss is the meaning being presented to learners in

order to help them understanding a written text. Glosses can support vocabulary development

since they can help to fill up the gaps in readers abstract and understanding of lexis (Ghahari &

Heidarolad, 2015; Barabadi, Aftab & Pnahi, 2018). Glossing is typically located in the side or

bottom margins, it is most often supplied for ‘unfamiliar’ words (Lomicka, 1994; Ertürk 2016)

Various kind of glosses have been used in applied linguistics research. In general, there

are four kinds of glossing or annotation; text annotation, picture annotation, audio annotation and

video annotation (Liu, 2011).

Color
 Color is believed as the most important visual experience to human beings (Radvansky as

cited in Sujarwo & Oktaviana 2017). Furthermore Sanyoto (2005) defining colors physically and

psychologically. Physically, color is the nature of light emitted, while psychologically color is

the experiences of the sense of sight. Also, when being asked about what color is. Hurvich

(Kuehni 1989) responds: “Is color something that inheres in objects themselves? . . . Could it be

that the light that falls on (a) leaf constitutes its color? . . . Is color a photochemical event that

occurs in the receptor layer of the eye? Or is it perhaps a neural brain-excitation process? Or a

psychical event? Color is all these things.” It is quite evident that there are three important

elements from the definitions of color above, that is objects, eyes and light element. Generally

color is defined as a reflected light element by an object and then interpreted by the eyes based

on the light that hits the object.

Classification of Color

Brewser (1831) simplify the colors in nature into four color classifications; that is Primary color,

Secondary color, Tertiary color and Neutral

There are four classification of color, that is Primary Color, Secondary Color, Intermediate

Color, Tertiary Color, and Quarter Color (Wucius, 1986)

a. Primary Color

Primary color is a basic color that is not a mixture of other colors. Called the main color

because the color can be used as the subject of mixing to obtain another color. Colors that

included in the primary color group are red, blue and yellow.

Primary Colors Subdivisions

 Red . . Deep red (crimson, gros rouge, fine red).

Cherry-red.

Rose-pink.

Primary Colors Subdivisions

Yellow . . Bouton d’or.

Immortelle.

Straw.

Primary Colors Subdivisions

Blue . . Bleu de France (gros bleu).

Ultramarine (medium bleu).

Celestial blue.

(Vergnaud & Toussaint 1874)

b. Secondary Color

Secondary color is the result of mixing the primary colors. For example; orange is a

mixture of red and yellow, green is a mixture of blue and yellow, and lilac is a mixture of

red and blue.

Secondary Colors (pure) Subdivisions

Orange (yellow and red) . . Deep orange.

Medium orange.
 Light Orange (Nankeen).

Green (yellow and blue) . . Deep green (grass-green).

Medium green (Scheele’s green).

Light green (water green).

Lilac (red and blue) . . Violet évêque (deep lilac).

Medium lilac.

Light lilac (Hortensia).

(Vergnaud & Toussaint 1874)

c. Tertiary Color

Tertiary color is a mixture of one of the primary color with one of the secondary color.

The tertiary colors are;

 Yellow-brown color, or raw siena, tertiary yellow, yellow ochre or olive, which is

the mixture of orange and green.

 Red-brown, or also been called burnt siena, tertiary red, which is the mixture of

orange and purple.

 Blue-brown, or sepia senia, tertiary blue, navy blue, which is the mixture of green

and purple. (Nugroho 2015)

d. Neutral color

Colors that no longer have color purity, or in other words not a primary or secondary

color. This color is a mixture of all three color components. Consists of white, black and

grey.
The use of color in education

In education, the impact of color is more widely recognized as relevant to specific

objectives. Wright states that “It is impossible to avoid the effects of color on moods and

behavior; we all constantly using color psychology. Colors affects people emotionally and

physically”.

In 2008, Dr Willard R Daggett and his team published a paper entitled “Color in an Optimum

Learning Environment” resulted number of statements confirming:

1. Research has demonstrated that specific colors and patterns directly influence the health,

morale, emotions, behavior and performance of learners.

2. Eye strain, contrast, glare, minimal distraction, degree of stimulation and degree of

concentration are impacted directly by color. Color can alter the perception of time,

increase school pride, reduce disruptive behavior and aggression, reduce vandalism, and

provide a supportive background for the activities being performed.

3. Classrooms should incorporate a variety of colors (based on age, gender, subject and

activity) to reduce monotony and visually refresh perception. However, overuse of color

using more than six colors in a learning environment strains the mind’s cognitive

abilities.