Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2

ELEMENT 1 # Hazard : Anything with the potential to cause harm

# Learning outcomes: - Physical, Chemical, Biological, Ergonomic , Mechanical, Organisational
On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content - Hazardous Event: When someone or something interacts with the hazard
through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: Tripping over, Catching fire, Slipping., Falling from height., Injuries from manual handling.
 Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and safety # Risk : The likelihood that a hazardous event will occur and the severity of the harm resulting from the
 Explain the moral social and economic reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of health hazardous event.
and safety in the workplace - Why Bother with Health & Safety? : There are 3 compelling reasons for preventing incidents, accidents
 Explain the role of national governments and international bodies in formulating a framework for the and ill-health in our workplaces. They are moral, social and economic arguments.
regulation of health and safety. - Reasons for Good Health & Safety Practice
# Multi-Disciplinary Nature of OHS:  Humanitarian/Moral: Ethical and responsible behaviour. It’s right that workers should not suffer
1. Natural Sciences injury or ill-health because of their work.
Biology & biochemistry, Chemistry & Physics  Legal/Social: The expectations of society as a whole. Criminal and civil liability
2. Formal Sciences  Financial/Economic: The costs of accidents and ill-health
Computer Sciences, Maths & Statistics # Societal expectations
3. Social Sciences - Societal expectation is a dynamic phenomenon and tends to rise over time with changes and
Ethnic studies & economics, Psychology & Sociology development globally. For example, in established market economies, societal expectation is at its
4. Applied Sciences strongest. Organisations operating in these regions tend to have good standards of safety and health to
Design, Business, Engineering, Law, Education, Communication, Health & wellbeing meet those expectations.
# What is Health and Safety? - In developing market economies and those that have recently become economic giants, good standards
Health: A state of well being. The protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting from the of safety and health may be more of an aspiration, with less influence. This leads to smaller numbers of
materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace organisations achieving good standards. Societal expectations tend to influence OHS standards in 2 ways.
Safety: Absence of danger of physical harm The protection of people from physical injury - Strategically
# Typical safety incidents and ill health are as follows : - Locally
Safety Health - Employers – H&S Requirements
Slips, trips, falls Exposure to hazardous chemicals - A safe place of work
Falls from height Exposure to asbestos, dusts, etc. - Safe plant and equipment
Struck by vehicles Repetitive strain injuries - Safe systems of work
Contact with electricity Exposure to noise
- Training and supervision
Contact with moving parts Exposure to vibration
# Definitions - Competent workers
- Welfare: Looking after people’s basic needs. Facilities for workplace comfort. - C155 also sets out broad requirements to ensure health and safety requirements are put into national
- Environment: The surroundings in which an organisation operates including land, air and water, natural law. Article 16 :
resources, flora, fauna, humans and their inter-relationships - Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, workplaces,
- An incident: An undesired event that may or may not cause injury to people or damage to property but machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe and without risk to health.
that had the potential to do so - Employers shall be required to ensure that, so far as is reasonably practicable, the chemical,
- An Accident : An undesired event that does lead to injury to people or damage to property physical and biological substances and agents under their control are without risk to health when
- Near Miss : An undesired event that does not lead to injury to people or damage to property but that the appropriate measures of protection are taken.
had the potential to do so - Civil Law
- Dangerous Occurrence: Can be defined as any incident that has a high potential to cause death or - The 5 main requirements of health and safety are also relevant in the civil laws of many countries, where
serious injury. These occurrences would normally have to be reported to relevant authorities. E.g. As in they would also apply to others affected by work activities. This means that employers must provide a
the Reporting of Injuries Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) in the UK “duty of care”.
# Ill-health Definitions - For example in the UK the employer’s duty of care under the civil law requires that they take “reasonable
- Acute: Short term exposure with immediate effect, usually reversible, e.g. Alcohol effecting the nervous care of those that might foreseeably be affected by their acts or omissions”.
system.
- Chronic: Repeated or long term exposure, often irreversible, e.g. Alcohol causing cirrhosis of the Liver.
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 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
# Financial Factors
- The costs that relate to incidents/accidents can be broadly split into 2 groups:
1. DIRECT COSTS – Related directly to the incident, accident or ill health, maybe insured or uninsured.
2. INDIRECT COSTS – Not directly related to the incident, accident, or ill health. May also be insured or # Employers’ Responsibilities
uninsured, though the majority will not be insured. - The ILO defines the health and safety responsibilities of employers in C155 Article 16. These responsibilities
- Examples of Insured, Direct Costs: are clarified in Recommendation 164 (R164) clause 10. Some typical responsibilities are listed below.
- Claims for compensation • Safe place of work, including access and • In a shared workplace, collaborate and
- Damage to buildings, tools, equipment and vehicles egress cooperate with others
- Medical Costs • Safe plant and equipment • Consultation with workforce
- Legal Costs • Provide training and instruction • Undertake inspection and monitoring
• Provide adequate instruction as applicable
- Long term business losses, usually related to a major incident
• Develop and provide a health and • Provide occupational health services as
safety policy appropriate.
- Examples of Uninsured, Direct Costs: • Provide, without cost, suitable and • Obtain expert or specialist advice when
- Lost time sufficient PPE required.
- Continued payments to worker or family • Provide adequate welfare facilities • Establish organisational arrangements
- Additional payments to others suitable to the organisation
- Wage costs on return to work # Enforcement of Health & Safety
- Damage to equipment tools etc. • Powers of entry.
- First aid • Take other enforcement personnel if required.
- Clean up costs • Examine and investigate premises
- Insurance premiums • Preserve scenes of incidents etc.
- Enforcement agency intervention and action • Take photos, measurements and recordings
- Criminal penalties • Take samples
- Consequential losses, suppliers and customers. • Order the dismantling or testing of items.
- Examples of Uninsured, Indirect Costs: • Take possession of items.
- Lost time by other workers • Require answers to questions (signed statement)
- Low morale • Inspect documentation
- Loss of experience • Require facilities and assistance
- Lost time by others, for example • Order a medical examination.
1. Helping injured worker(s) • Issue notices/citations both improvement and prohibition.
2. Investigation costs • Take steps to prosecute.
3. Delays in production or service - Consequences of Non-compliance
4. Organising resumption of operations - Enforcement notice. Requires the employer to improve safety and health.
5. Training costs - Legal agreement. Requires specific actions to be taken by the employer to comply with legislation.
- Attending courts - Prohibition notice.
- Failure to fulfil orders, loss of bonus, penalty payments etc. - Withdrawal of license.
- Reputation and goodwill - Issue of a formal caution.
- Reports and meetings - Issue of a fixed penalty fine.
- Employer Liability Insurance: - Taking action to prosecute the employer in a criminal court.
- Purpose – to provide workers with compensation should they suffer injury or ill-health as a result of - The variation of enforcement maybe caused by:
their work. Even if the employer does not have the means to do so. - Differences in legislative systems
- In some countries required under law. - Powers granted to the Enforcing Authority
- Worker compensation insurance run by the state is required by some countries, e.g. new Zealand - Funding, number and authority of Enforcing Authority
and Thailand. - The ability and knowledge of Enforcing Authorities

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 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
- Different penalties for breaches - Absolute Duty: Except in such cases as may be prescribed, it shall be the duty of every employer and
- Religious beliefs and cultural issues every self-employed person to prepare and as often as may be appropriate revise a written statement of
- Level of reporting to Enforcing Authorities his general policy with respect to the organisation and arrangements for the time being in force for
- Public reaction and interest carrying out that policy, and to bring the statement and any revision of it to the notice of all his
- Political pressure employees.
- Important to keep well informed of health and safety information because: - Practicable Duty: The provision of fixed guards enclosing every dangerous part or rotating stock-bar
 The law within their own country may change where and to the extent that is practicable to do so.
 There are new substances and technologies constantly being produced and the employer needs to - Reasonably Practicable Duty: Every employer shall provide and maintain, as far as is reasonably
be aware of the possible hazards practicable, a working environment that is safe and without risk to the health of his employees
 Information on health and safety is constantly changing in the light of new medical information.
- Sources of Information – INTERNAL: ELEMENT 2
- Risk assessments # Learning outcomes:
- Accident/incident records On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content
- Policies through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able
- Inspection reports to:
- Medical records  Outline the key elements of a health and safety management system
- Health & Safety committees  Explain the purpose and importance of setting policy for health and safety
- Plant registers  Describe the key features and appropriate content of an effective health and safety policy.
- Safety advisors
- Sources of Information – EXTERNAL:
- Governmental organisations e.g. Enforcing Authorities
- National safety organisations / Professional institutions
- Various standards organisations such as :
- International Standards Organisation such as (ISO) and
- British Standards Institute (BSI)
- Suppliers and manufactures
- Consultants and specialists
- Insurance Companies and Workers Trade Unions
- Codes of Practice and official Guidance
- Acts, Decrees, Regulations and Orders (Legislation)
- Duties:
- The legal H&S requirements expected of employers are expressed as duties. There are 4 levels of duty,
they are:
- Absolute # PLAN
- Practicable - Establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the expected
- Reasonably practicable output (the target or goals). Determine your policy/Plan for implementation.
- Reasonable  Think about where you are now and where you need to be.
- Absolute – No choice and makes no allowance for cost and how much effort is required to meet them.  Say what you want to achieve, who will be responsible for what, how you will achieve your aims,
- Practicable – Have to be met to an extent only limited by the current state of knowledge and invention, and how you will measure your success
irrespective of cost or difficulty.  Write this down in your H&S policy and make your plan to deliver it.
- Reasonably Practicable – The duty can take into account the risk and the cost, in terms of finance, time,  Decide how you will measure performance
effort and inconvenience. The risk must be weighed these costs.  Consider what you would do if something goes wrong, e.g. emergency procedures.
- Reasonable – The duty are those that would normally be expected of an average person taking care of  Co-operate with anyone who shares your workplace and co-ordinate plans with them.
what they are doing.  Consider management of change and legal requirement

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 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
# DO - Minimising risk through physical control measures or SSOW & PPE
- Implement the plan, execute the process, and make the product. Collect data for charting and analysis in - Emergency arrangements
the following "CHECK" and "ACT" steps. In health and safety we will profile risks/organize for health and - Measures for procurement, contractors.
safety/Implement the plan. - Management of change
- Identify risk profile - Evaluation (Check)
- Organize activities to deliver the plan - Establish processes for evaluation
- Implement the plan - Responsibilities & accountability clearly allocated
# CHECK - Policy and objectives met?
- Study the actual results (measured and collected in "DO" above) and compare against the expected - Risk controlled
results (targets or goals from the "PLAN") to ascertain any differences. So it means Measure - Monitoring, Measuring & Investigation
performance (monitor before events, investigate after events) - Active and reactive monitoring
 Measure the performance - Examination of hardware & software (active)
 Investigate the causes of incidents - Evaluation of failures (reactive)
# ACT - Benchmarking
- This stage requests corrective actions on significant differences between actual and planned results. - Identification of immediate, underlying & root causes
Analyze the differences to determine their root causes. Determine where to apply changes that will - Auditing
include improvement of the process or product. Review performance/Act on lessons learned. - What is in place, adequate and effective?
 Review the performance - OHS objectives and targets being met?
 Take action on lessons learned - Internal & External
# The OSH management system should contain the main elements of: - Audit policy and programme
 Policy (Plan) - Review
 Organizing (Plan) - Based from information gained from evaluation processes
 Planning and implementing (Do) - Benchmarking
 Evaluation - monitoring, management review, audit, measurement, investigation (Check) - Assists in providing continual improvement
 Action for improvement (Act) - Action for Improvement (Act)
- Policy (Plan): - Corrective & Preventative actions
- Contributes to business performance - Aid to continual improvement
- Meets responsibilities to both people and the environment - Constant development
- Satisfies both the letter and the spirit of the law - KPIs and benchmarking
- Meets expectations of stakeholders # OHSAS18001: Occupational health and safety management systems
- Preserves the development of physical and human resources - The elements of the system are:
- Minimises financial losses and liabilities.  Policy (Plan)
- Influences activities and decisions.  Planning (Plan)
- Organising (Plan)  Implementation and operation (Do)
- Effective structuring  Checking and corrective action (Check)
- Clearly defined roles and responsibilities supported by a positive culture  Management review (Act)
- Effective communications & promotion of competence  Continual improvement (Act)
- Visible & active leadership # Setting the policy:
- Visions, values and beliefs of leaders become common knowledge. - The purpose of a safety policy is to provide direction for an organisation by:
- Planning & Implementation (Do) - Setting out management’s commitment to safety
- Minimise risk - Setting out the organisation and arrangements for controlling work related hazards
- Risk assessments, performance standards - Protecting people from injury and occupational ill health
- Actions required to promote positive culture - Complying with legal requirements and avoid prosecution
- Elimination of risk in design process - Managing health and safety on a cost effective basis

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 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
The policy should be specific to the organisation and its needs. The policy enables the organisation to - Both organisations use common definitions
communicate its personal commitment and approach it has to OHS and its expectations of its people. - Accessing data
- Stating the overall aims of the organization: - Commitment to the process
The statement of intent should be signed by the most senior person in the organisation e.g. The - When benchmarking the issues to be looked at may include:
Managing Director or Chief Executive for example, because this demonstrates: - Existence and quality of safety policy
- Management commitment - Accident/ near miss records
- Gives the policy authority - Staff roles and responsibilities
- Person who signs has ultimate responsibility for health and safety - Documented health and safety plans measured
- Stating the overall aims of the organization: - Quality of risk assessments
1. ILO guidelines – ILO-OSH 2001 suggests the following key principles and objectives - Type and quality of training
- Protecting the health and safety of all members of the organisation - Level of monitoring whether pro-active or reactive
- Complying with relevant national & international legislation, regulations and other requirements - Signatory to statement
- Worker consultation - Signing statement of intent of the policy by top management authorize the organization’s
- Continual improvement of the Health and Safety Management System OH&S policy. It will also bring legal burden and commitment to:
2. Targets should follow the SMART principles which are: - The prevention of injury and ill health,
SPECIFIC - Continual improvement in OH&S management,
MEASURABLE - Continual improvement in OH&S performance,
ACHIEVABLE - Compliance with applicable legal requirements, and
REALISTIC - Compliance with other requirements to which the organization subscribes
TIMESCALE # Roles and responsibilities of individuals (Who):
It should be ensured that objectives are quantifiable and time bound. They must also be - Generally, the organisation for health and safety will reflect the overall organisational structure of the
documented so that they are seen as an obligation and must be fulfilled. Ensure communication company. Examples of occupations named in the policy and their responsibilities could include:
with all those involved in the achievement of objectives. Regularly evaluate and review objectives Employers – Allocate responsibility, accountability and authority
and amend if necessary. Directors and Senior Managers - Setting policy and objectives, monitoring
3. Objectives in health and safety may include: Line Managers - Implementing policy in their department, monitoring
- Reduced / Zero accidents Supervisors - Checking compliance with the policy
- Zero prosecutions Safety Advisors - Advising company on accident and safety compliance
- Reduced sickness absence Employees – Responsibility for own and others’ safety
- Reduction in compensation claims Fire Marshals - Ensure evacuation of building and roll calls
- Improve reporting of near misses First Aiders - To provide first aid
- Improve reporting of minor accidents # Arrangements for achieving general and specific aims (How):
- Increase numbers trained in health and safety Improve audit scores - Procedures listed in the arrangement section could include:
# Benchmarking  Risk Assessments
- Benchmarking means that, key performance indicators are compared with similar organisations or  COSHH Assessments
industry standards. This enables the organisation to measure its performance and identify its strengths  Safe Systems of Work
and weaknesses.  Permits to Work
- Some advantages of benchmarking are:  Policies and Procedures for: First Aid, Evacuation, Fire
- Identifies key performance indicators  Training
- Ensures monitoring procedures are effective  Maintenance of Plant
- Feeds back into continuous improvement  Housekeeping
- Helps by learning lessons from others  Storage, Transportation or Handling of Hazardous Substances
- When undertaking benchmarking it is essential that:  Radiation, Noise, Dust and Fumes
- A suitable organisation is chosen  Safety of New Articles and Substances
- Ensure the accuracy of the data used  Personal Protective Clothing

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 Summary Slide IGC 1, Element 1&2
 Working at Heights - Introducing it at induction and subsequent training sessions
 Confined Spaces - Introducing it at team briefings or tool box talks
 Manual Handling - Using newsletters
# Health and safety policy review: - Inserting parts or summaries in wage slips
The circumstances that may lead to a need to review the health and safety policy are: - Use of posters
 Accidents / Incidents - Incorporating it into safe systems of work or codes of practice
 Changes in organisation, arrangements / responsibilities. - Asking managers, Trade Union Safety Representatives to stress a particular point in formal and
 Processes informal discussions with the workforce
 Materials # Ineffective Health and Safety Policies
 Premises - Policies can be ineffective because:
 Legislation  No commitment or leadership
 Work patterns  No annual objectives
 Risk assessments  Health and safety not given enough priority
 Prosecution  Insufficient resources provided
 Enforcement action  Personnel do not understand the aims
 Compensation claims  Too much emphasis on employee responsibility
 Policy review  No measurement of performance
 Professional advice  Management unaware of their role
# Key actions in effective policy development and planning:  No training of management in their responsibilities
- Key actions in effective policy development and planning are as follow:
 Making a statement of intention
 Setting out everyone’s roles and responsibilities understandably and transparently
 Considering procedure to measure health and safety performance. Will there be performance
targets, for example reductions in accidents or absences, or an increase in reporting issues or near
misses?
 Prioritising actions
 Signing the policy statement to demonstrate commitment to health and safety
 Crystalizing how things will be done and what resources will be allocated to make things happen
- Clearly stating how things will be done and what resources will be allocated to make things happen.
These should be specific to the organisation’s needs. Include details of the systems and procedures that
will be in place to help to meet your legal obligations, such as:
- how risk assessments will be carried out
- what your plans are for training and safe use of equipment
- what controls you will have in place to ensure your specifiers and buyers are competent in
assessing the risks in procurement, for example they know the requirements for purchasing
suitable personal protective equipment (PPE)
- how accidents/incidents will be investigated
- how workers will be consulted
- how equipment will be maintained
- how you will measure the success of your plan
# Communicating the policy
- The Act requires that the employer must bring the Policy to the attention of his employees. This could
be done by:
- Displaying it on notice boards