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1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Literature survey 1
1.2 Study and analysis 1
2 PROPOSAL
2.1 Proposed Work 3
2.2 Proposed Methodology 3
2.3 System Requirements 3
4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM
4.1 Working Principle 10
4.2 Advantages 10
4.3 Disadvantages 11
4.4 Applications 11
5. MARKET STUDY
5.1 Market Drivers 14
5.2 Market Restraints 14
6 CONCLUSION 16
REFERENCES 17
Abstract
A scheme of Electricity billing system called MULTITERIFF ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF
INDICATOR can facilitate in improved cash flow management in energy utilities and can reduces
problem associated with billing consumer living in isolated area and reduces deployment of
manpower for taking meter readings.
Every consumer can buy a memory card (is nothing but an EEPROM IC) with a password stored
inside it using a MC program. The memory card is available at various ranges (i.e. Rs 50, Rs 100,
Rs 200 etc).In our project we have given the name for memory card as smart card.
When the consumer insert a smart card into the card reader which is connected in prepaid energy
meter with tariff indicator kit. The card reader will read the stored information and delete the
information from the EEPROM IC(smart card) using the MC program. So that the smart card
cannot be reused by others. Suppose if a consumer buys a card for Rs.50/- so on. He / She can
insert this amount through the card reader so that prepaid energy meter with tariff indicator kit
will be activated. According to the power consumption the amount will be reduced. When the
amount is over, the relays will automatically shutdown the whole system. In our project we also
have a provision to give an alarm sound to consumer before the whole amount is reduced.
This user manual describes the functions and features of the single-phase multi-tariff energy meter.
The reference board is an integrated system designed to provide a complete, ready-to-use energy
meter application. It is a medium-end solution for power metering, using the ST72F321 microcontroller,
the M41T94 Real Time Clock, the M95256 EEPROM and the STPM14 energy meter ASSP device.
The multi-tariff energy meter reference board implements several features including multi- tariff
management, absolute and average maximum demand calculation, two types of tamper management
and power failure management. It can therefore be used as a platform for evaluation and development of
meter applications.
The aim of this guide is to provide:
■ Procedures for getting the reference board functioning quickly
■ An overview of the implementation of meter main features
■ The information required to be able to customize meter features.
List of Figures:
Title Page no.
Fig (3.1.1) Block Diagram of Prepaid Energy Meter 9
Fig (3.1.2) Circuit Diagram of Prepaid energy meter 10
Fig (3.2.1.1) LCD Display 11
Fig (3.2.1.2) LDR 11
Fig (3.2.1.3) Voltage Regulator 11
Fig (3.2.1.4) Power Relays 12
1. INTRODUCTION
Many of the Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG) projects that invest in smart meters also choose to
introduce various forms of time-based rate programs to their customers. These programs range from
time-of-use to real-time pricing and are frequently referred to with terms such as time-differentiated
retail rates, time-variant pricing, advanced pricing programs, and time-varying retail pricing. We refer
to all of these as time-based rate programs—in which prices vary over time and different prices are in
effect for different hours on different days.
Because electric power companies are generally monopoly utilities, regulatory agencies approve
prices for electricity to consumers. These prices are referred to as electricity rates or tariffs.
Sometimes a distinction is made between prices or rates on the one hand and tariffs on the other. In
these instances, a tariff is an approved collection of different rates that utilities offer to specific but
different types of customers (e.g., real-time pricing for large commercial and industrial customers vs.
flat-rate for low-income residential customers).
Electricity tariffs can be affected by the granularity, or precision, of electricity usage data that is
recorded by the customer’s meter. Mass-market customers (i.e., residential and small commercial)
overwhelmingly have bulk usage meters with a single data register, which simply accumulates the
usage over time. As such, these customers can only be billed for the electricity they use according to
the following types of pricing:
Flat Rates - all usage during a given period of time (e.g., 30-day billing cycle) is charged the
same rate; or
Tiered Rates - typically charge a different price based on blocks of usage (e.g., first 500 kWh
vs. next 500 kWh) during a given period of time (e.g., 30-day billing cycle).
Such electricity rate designs do not convey the variability over time (e.g., hour-to-hour, day-to-day,
season-to-season) in the cost to produce electricity.
Using smart meters, utilities are now capable of recording electricity usage on a much more frequent
basis (e.g., every 15 minutes), enabling mass market customers, who previously had bulk usage
meters, to be introduced to new types of pricing programs that better reflect these differences over
time in the cost to produce electricity.
Forms of time-based rate programs include:
Time-of-use pricing (TOU) - typically applies to usage over broad blocks of hours (e.g., on-
peak=6 hours for summer weekday afternoon; off-peak = all other hours in the summer
months) where the price for each period is predetermined and constant.
Real-time pricing (RTP) - pricing rates generally apply to usage on an hourly basis.
Variable Peak Pricing (VPP) - a hybrid of time-of-use and real-time pricing where the
different periods for pricing are defined in advance (e.g., on-peak=6 hours for summer
weekday afternoon; off-peak = all other hours in the summer months), but the price
established for the on-peak period varies by utility and market conditions.
Critical peak pricing (CPP) - when utilities observe or anticipate high wholesale market
prices or power system emergency conditions, they may call critical events during a specified
time period (e.g., 3 p.m.—6 p.m. on a hot summer weekday), the price for electricity during
these time periods is substantially raised. Two variants of this type of rate design exist: one
where the time and duration of the price increase are predetermined when events are called
and another where the time and duration of the price increase may vary based on the electric
grid’s need to have loads reduced;
Critical peak rebates (CPR) - when utilities observe or anticipate high wholesale market
prices or power system emergency conditions, they may call critical events during pre-
specified time periods (e.g., 3 p.m.—6 p.m. summer weekday afternoons), the price for
electricity during these time periods remains the same but the customer is refunded at a
single, predetermined value for any reduction in consumption relative to what the utility
deemed the customer was expected to consume.
All of the pricing programs listed above, except for TOU, are also commonly referred to as dynamic
pricing because prices are not known with certainty ahead of time. TOU tariffs are not a type of
dynamic pricing because the rate schedule is predetermined and static. Dynamic pricing programs
allow customers and utilities to take greater advantage of grid and wholesale market variability and of
the capabilities of smart grid customer systems. All of these forms of time-based rate programs are
enabled by the investment and installation of smart meters. Currently, most of the SGIG projects that
include time-based rate programs are relatively small-scale pilot programs, although several projects
with smart meters and time-of-use rates involve system-wide implementation.
The table below explains the typology used for the SGIG time-based rate program categories.
● STPM14 datasheet;
● Components datasheets;
● inDART-STX for ST7 User's Manuals;
● IEC 62056 IrDA Protocol Mode C;
● IrDA module for Multitariff Meter user manual.
// #defineDAY1
#defineONE_MONTH 1
// #defineTHREE_MONTHS 1
In every case the average of these maximum demands is calculated and stored for a
year as:
● last three months average maximum demand,
● second last three months average maximum
demand,
● third last three months average maximum demand,
● fourth last three months average maximum
demand,
● last six months average maximum demand,
● last nine months average maximum demand
● last twelve months average maximum demand.
In the following paragraphs the three types of MD will be explained in detail.
In EEPROM, the storing of the day type MD for each day is defined as below:
1st Jan
2nd Jan
27th Feb
28th Feb
29th Feb
1st March
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
31st Dec
Name
Index 0 1 .. .. .. 57 58 59 60 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 365
If the particular year is a leap year, then 59th index data will be filled by 29th Feb
maximum demand, otherwise index will be incremented by 2 which leaves the 59th index
maximum demand data as it was.
Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Name JAN, FEB, MAR APR, MAY, JUN JUL, AUG, SEP OCT, NOV, DEC
Index 0 1 2 3
Microcontroller AT89S52:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out.
Features:
1) 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
2) Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
3) 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
4) 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
5) 32 Programmable I/O Lines
6) Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
7) Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Features:
Internally Organized 256 x 8 (2K), 512 x 8 (4K) or 1024 x 8 (8K)
2-Wire Serial Interface (I2C protocol)
High Reliability
Features:
500mA rated collector current (Single output)
High-voltage outputs: 50V
Inputs compatible with various types of logic.
Relay driver application
Kiel u-Vision:
Keil Software is used provide you with software development tools for 8051 based
microcontrollers. With the Keil tools, you can generate embedded applications for
virtually every 8051 derivative. The supported microcontrollers are listed in the µ-vision.
(Fig 2.1) LCD Display
This is a simple approach to obtain a 12V and 5V DC power supply using a single
circuit. The circuit uses two ICs 7812(IC1) and 7805 (IC2) for obtaining the
required voltages. The AC mains voltage will be stepped down by the transformer
T1, rectified by bridge B1 and filtered by capacitor C1 to obtain a steady DC
level .The IC1 regulates this voltage to obtain a steady 12V DC. The output of the
IC1 will be regulated by the IC2 to obtain a steady 5V DC at its output. In this way
both 12V and 5V DC are obtained.
Such a circuit is very useful in cases when we need two DC voltages for the
operation of a circuit. By varying the type number of the IC1 and IC2, various
combinations of output voltages can be obtained. If 7806 is used for IC2, we will
get 6V instead of 5V.Same way if 7809 is used for IC1 we get 9V instead of 12V.
Notes.
All the active and passive electronic devices will have a certain DC operating point
(Q-point or Quiescent point), and this point must be achieved by the source of DC
power.
1. Poor Regulation – When the load varies, the output does not appear constant.
The output voltage changes by a great value due to the huge change in the
current drawn from the supply. This is mainly due to the high internal resistance of
the power supply (>30 Ohms).
All the above-listed problems are overcome with the help of a voltage
regulator which is employed in conjunction with an unregulated power supply.
Thus, the ripple voltage is largely reduced. Thus, the supply becomes a regulated
power supply.
The internal circuitry of a regulated power supply also contains certain current
limiting circuits which help the supply circuit from getting fried from inadvertent
circuits. Nowadays, all the power supplies use IC’s to reduce ripples, enhance
voltage regulation and for widened control options. Programmable power supplies
are also available to allow remote operation that is useful in many settings.
Figure given below shows the complete circuit of a regulated power supply with a
transistor series regulator as a regulating device. Each part of the circuit is
explained in detail.
Transformer
A step down transformer is used to step down the voltage from the input AC to
the required voltage of the electronic device. This output voltage of the
transformer is customized by changing the turns ratio of the transformer
according the electronic device specs. The input of the transformer being 230
Volts AC mains, the output is provided to a full bridge rectifier circuit.
The FWR consists of 4 diodes which rectifies the output AC voltage or current
from the transistor to its equivalent DC quantity. As the name implies the FWR
rectifies both half’s of the AC input. The rectified DC output is given as input to
the filter circuit.
Filter Circuit
The filter circuit is used to convert the high rippled DC output of the FWR to
ripple free DC content. A ∏ filter is used to make the waveforms ripple free.
In Short
Often more than one dc voltage is required for the operation of electronic circuits.
A single power supply can provide as many as voltages as are required by using a
voltage (or potential) divider, as illustrated in the figure. As illustrated in the figure,
a potential divider is a single tapped resistor connected across the output
terminals of the supply. The tapped resistor may consist of two or three resistors
connected in series across the supply. In fact, a bleeder resistor may also be
employed as a potential divider.
1. Load Regulation – The load regulation or load effect is the change in regulated
output voltage when the load current changes from minimum to maximum value.
Load regulation = Vno-load - Vfull-load
From the above equation we can understand that when Vno-load occurs the load
resistance is infinite, that is, the out terminals are open circuited. Vfull-load occurs
when the load resistance is of the minimum value where voltage regulation is lost.
The value of Ifull-load, full load current should never increase than that mentioned
in the datasheet of the power supply.
3. Source/Line Regulation – In the block diagram, the input line voltage has a
nominal value of 230 Volts but in practice, here are considerable variations in ac
supply mains voltage. Since this ac supply mains voltage is the input to the
ordinary power supply, the filtered output of the bridge rectifier is almost directly
proportional to the ac mains voltage.
The source regulation is defined as the change in regulated output voltage for a
specified rage of lie voltage.
requirements. In short, PCBs tell the electricity where to go, bringing your
electronics to life.
PC board shop and communicate with fabricators face to face over their
PCB Industry a clear view on how printed circuit boards are manufactured,
software includes Altium Designer, OrCAD, Pads, KiCad, Eagle etc. NOTE:
Once the PCB design is approved for production, designers export the
design into format their manufacturers support. The most frequently used
Different PCB design software possibly calls for different Gerber file
notations and other options. All aspects of the PCB design undergo checks
with regard to elements relating to track width, board edge spacing, trace
Houses for production. To ensure the design fulfills requirements for the
Houses run Design for Manufacture (DFM) check before circuit boards
fabrication.
PCB printing begins after designers output the PCB schematic files and
called a plotter, which makes photo films of the PCBs, to print circuit
boards. Manufacturers will use the films to image the PCBs. Although it's a
laser printer, it isn't a standard laser jet printer. Plotters use incredibly
design.
The final product results in a plastic sheet with a photo negative of the
PCB in black ink. For the inner layers of PCB, black ink represents the
conductive copper parts of the PCB. The remaining clear portion of the
follow the opposite pattern: clear for copper, but black refers to the area
that'll be etched away. The plotter automatically develops the film, and the
Each layer of PCB and solder mask receives its own clear and black film
sheet. In total, a two-layer PCB needs four sheets: two for the layers and
two for the solder mask. Significantly, all the films have to correspond
perfectly to each other. When used in harmony, they map out the PCB
alignment.
punched through all films. The exactness of the hole occurs by adjusting
the table on which the film sits. When the tiny calibrations of the table
lead to an optimal match, the hole is punched. The holes will fit into the
Step 3: Printing the Inner layers: Where Will the Copper Go?
The creation of films in previous step aims to map out a figure of copper
path. Now it's time to print the figure on the film onto a copper foil.
This step in PCB manufacturing prepares to make actual PCB. The basic
resin and glass fiber that are also called substrate material. Laminate
serves as an ideal body for receiving the copper that structures the PCB.
whittling away the copper to reveal the design from the films.
it's vital that no dust particles settle on the laminate. An errant speck of
resist. The photo resist comprises a layer of photo reactive chemicals that
harden after exposure to ultra violet light. This ensures an exact match
from the photo films to the photo resist. The films fit onto pins that hold
The film and board line up and receive a blast of UV light. The light passes
through the clear parts of the film, hardening the photo resist on the
copper underneath. The black ink from the plotter prevents the light from
reaching the areas not meant to harden, and they are slated for removal.
that removes any photo resist left unhardened. A final pressure wash
removes anything else left on the surface. The board is then dried.
The product emerges with resist properly covering the copper areas meant
This step only applies to boards with more than two layers. Simple two-
steps.
With the photo resist removed and the hardened resist covering the copper
we wish to keep, the board proceeds to the next stage: unwanted copper
removal. Just as the alkaline solution removed the resist, a more powerful
chemical preparation eats away the excess copper. The copper solvent
solution bath removes all of the exposed copper. Meanwhile, the desired
copper remains fully protected beneath the hardened layer of photo resist.
Not all copper boards are created equal. Some heavier boards require
side note, heavier copper boards require additional attention for track
Now that the solvent removed the unwanted copper, the hardened resist
accomplishes this task. The board now glistens with only the copper
With all the layers clean and ready, the layers require alignment punches
to ensure they all line up. The registration holes align the inner layers to
the outer ones. The technician places the layers into a machine called the
the model. The machine scans the layers using a laser sensor and
Gerber file.
monitor for the technician to assess. Once the layer passes inspection, it
In this stage, the circuit board takes shape. All the separate layers await
their union. With the layers ready and confirmed, they simply need to fuse
together. Outer layers must join with the substrate. The process happens
with epoxy resin. The shorthand for this is called prepreg. A thin copper
foil also covers the top and bottom of the original substrate, which
contains the copper trace etchings. Now, it's time to sandwich them
together.
The bonding occurs on a heavy steel table with metal clamps. The layers
securely fit into pins attached to the table. Everything must fit snugly to
substrate layer fits over the prepreg before the copper sheet is placed.
aluminum foil and copper press plate complete the stack. Now it's prepped
for pressing.
stack, the point in which to apply pressure, and when to allow the stack to
Next, a certain amount of unpacking occurs. With all the layers molded
restraining pins and discarding the top pressure plate. The PCB goodness
emerges victorious from within its shell of aluminum press plates. The
copper foil, included in the process, remains to comprise the outer layers
of the PCB.
Step 7: Drill
Finally, holes are bored into the stack board. All components slated to
come later, such as copper-linking via holes and leaded aspects, rely on
the exactness of precision drill holes. The holes are drilled to a hairs-width
- the drill achieves 100 microns in diameter, while hair averages at 150
microns.
To find the location of the drill targets, an x-ray locator identifies the
proper drill target spots. Then, proper registration holes are bored to
computers. The computer-driven machine uses the drilling file from the
The drills use air-driven spindles that turn at 150,000 rpm. At this speed,
you might think that drilling happens in a flash, but there are many holes
to bore. An average PCB contains well over one hundred bore intact points.
During drilling, each needs its own special moment with the drill, so it
takes time. The holes later house the vias and mechanical mounting holes
for the PCB. The final affixation of these parts occurs later, after plating.
After the drilling completes itself, the additional copper that lines the
After drilling, the panel moves onto plating. The process fuses the
micron thick - of copper over the surface of the panel. The copper goes
Prior to this step, the interior surface of the holes simply exposes the fiber
glass material that comprises the interior of the panel. The copper baths
completely cover, or plate, the walls of the holes. Incidentally, the entire
panel receives a new layer of copper. Most importantly, the new holes are
procession.
except this time, we image the outer layers of the panel with PCB design.
from sticking to the layer surface, then apply a layer of photo resist to the
panel. The prepped panel passes into the yellow room. UV lights affect
the panel. With panel and stencil in contact, a generator blasts them with
high UV light, which hardens the photo resist. The panel then passes into a
machine that removes the unhardened resist, protected by the black ink
opacity.
The process stands as an inversion to that of the inner layers. Finally, the
outer plates undergo inspection to ensure all of the undesired photo resist
panel with a thin layer of copper. The exposed sections of the panel from
the outer layer photo resist stage receive the copper electro-plating.
Following the initial copper plating baths, the panel usually receives tin
plating, which permits the removal of all the copper left on the board
slated for removal. The tin guards the section of the panel meant to remain
covered with copper during the next etching stage. Etching removes the
The tin protects the desired copper during this stage. The unwanted
exposed copper and copper beneath the remaining resist layer undergo
copper. Meanwhile, the tin protects the valued copper during this stage.
Before the solder mask is applied to both sides of the board, the panels
are cleaned and covered with an epoxy solder mask ink. The boards
receive a blast of UV light, which passes through a solder mask photo film.
Finally, the board passes into an oven to cure the solder mask.
To add extra solder-ability to the PCB, we chemically plate them with gold
or silver. Some PCBs also receive hot air-leveled pads during this stage.
The hot air leveling results in uniform pads. That process leads to the
indicate all vital information pertaining to the PCB. The PCB finally passes
The automated procedure confirms the functionality of the PCB and its
board.
Now we've come to the last step: cutting. Different boards are cut from the
v-groove. A router leaves small tabs along the board edges while the v-
groove cuts diagonal channels along both sides of the board. Both ways
As you can see, a lot of work goes into manufacturing process of printed
each stage.
service supplier. With the idea that our success is measured by our clients'
success, we focus on the care and attention to detail that each PCB
and delivery to make sure your PCB order arrives safely and free of
more about our services. If you have questions or prefer discuss with us
Pin Configuration
2 Vdd (+5 Volt) Powers the LCD with +5V (4.7V – 5.3V)
3 VE (Contrast V) Decides the contrast level of display. Grounded to get maximum contr
5 Read/Write Used to read or write data. Normally grounded to write data to LCD
7 Data Pin 0
8 Data Pin 1
Data pins 0 to 7 forms a 8-bit data line. They can be con
9 Data Pin 2 Microcontroller to send 8-bit data.
These LCD’s can also operate on 4-bit mode in such case Data pin 4
will be left free.
10 Data Pin 3
11 Data Pin 4
12 Data Pin 5
13 Data Pin 6
14 Data Pin 7
Now, we know that each character has (5×8=40) 40 Pixels and for 32 Characters we will have (32×40)
1280 Pixels. Further, the LCD should also be instructed about the Position of the Pixels. Hence it will
be a hectic task to handle everything with the help of MCU, hence an Interface IC like HD44780is
used, which is mounted on the backside of the LCD Module itself. The function of this IC is to get
the Commands and Data from the MCU and process them to display meaningful information onto
our LCD Screen. You can learn how to interface an LCD using the above mentioned links. If you are
an advanced programmer and would like to create your own library for interfacing your
Microcontroller with this LCD module then you have to understand the HD44780 IC is working and
commands which can be found its datasheet.
Parallel Gripper
The gripper jaws move in a parallel motion in relation to the gripper body. Used in a
majority of applications, parallel grippers are typically more accurate than other style
grippers.
Angular Gripper
The gripper jaws are opened and closed around a central pivot point, moving in a
sweeping or arcing motion. Angular grippers are often used when limited space is
available or when the jaws need to move up and out of the way. Toggle Gripper The
pivot point jaw movement acts as an over-center toggle lock, providing a high grip force
to weight ratio. This mechanism will remain locked even if air pressure is lost.
your workshop. Making the right tool choice is always important and
should help you save time and money at the end of the day.
3.3 Disadvantages:
1.) The main disadvantage of the system is, because of huge electronic hardware involved
in the system, the overall system consumes more electric energy
Remedy: When the system is converted into engineering module, the bulky hardware
can be converted into a small-integrated chip. When the hardware is minimized naturally
the system consumes less power.
2.) Since it is a prototype module, because of huge hardware the system occupies more
space
3.) The consumer or the electrical department has to spend more amounts for installing
this kind of smart energy meters. Economically it is not advised.
3.4 Applications:
1.) In Homes
2.) In Festivals where electricity is required just for a few days.
3.) Rental accommodation
4.) Industries and Factories
5.) In Malls
Energy Meter Digital Display
Microcontroller Unit
Smart Card
Buzzer
Read/Write
Power Supply