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The Emitter-Coupled Pair
as a Simple Multiplier
The emitter-coupled pair, was shown in to
produce output currents that were related
to the differential input voltage by :
I EE I EE
I c1 = Ic2 =
1 + exp(−Vid / VT ) 1 + exp(Vid / VT )
∆I c = I c1 − I c 2 = I EE tanh(Vid / 2VT )
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Two-Quadrant restriction
Thus we have produced a circuit that functions as a
multiplier under the assumption that Vid is small, and that
Vi2 is greater than VBE(on).
The latter restriction means that the multiplier functions in
only two quadrants of the Vid - Vi2 plane, and this type of
circuit is termed a two-quadrant multiplier.
The restriction to two quadrants of operation is a severe one
for many communications applications, and most practical
multipliers allow four-quadrant operation.
The Gilbert multiplier cell, shown, is a modification of the
emitter-coupled cell, which allows four-quadrant
multiplication.
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Gilbert multiplier cell
The Gilbert multiplier cell is
the basis for most integrated-
circuit balanced multiplier
systems.
The series connection of an
emitter-coupled pair with two
cross-coupled, emitter-
coupled pairs produces a
particularly useful transfer
characteristic,.
I c1
I c3 =
1 + exp(−V1 / VT )
I c1
Ic4 =
1 + exp(V1 / VT )
Ic2 Ic2
I c5 = Ic6 =
1 + exp(V1 / VT ) 1 + exp(−V1 / VT )
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Gilbert cell - DC Analysis
The two currents Ic1 and Ic2 are related to V2
I EE I EE
I c1 = Ic2 =
1 + exp(−V2 / VT ) 1 + exp(V2 / VT )
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Gilbert cell as Multiplier
(1) If V1 < VT and V2 < VT then : tanh(x) = x + x 3 / 3 + .... ≅ x
Thus for small-amplitude signals,
the circuit performs an analog
multiplication. Unfortunately, the
amplitudes of the input signals
are often much larger than VT,
An alternate approach is to
introduce a nonlinearity that
predistorts the input signals to
compensate for the hyperbolic
tangent transfer characteristic of
the basic cell.
The required nonlinearity is an
inverse hyperbolic tangent
characteristic
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Pre-warping circuit -
inverse hyperbolic tangent
We assume for the time being that the circuitry within the box develops a
differential output current that is linearly related to the input voltage 7i. Thus
I1 = I o1 + K1V1 and I 2 = I o1 − K1V1
Here Io1 is the dc current that flows in each output lead if V1 is equal to zero,
and K1 is the transconductance of the voltage-to-current converter
The differential voltage developed across the
two diode-connected transistors is
I + K1V1 I − K1V1 I + K1V1
∆V = VT ln o1 - VT ln o1 = VT ln o1
Is Is I o1 − K1V1
Using the identity: tanh -1x = ln ((1 + x)/(1 - x) ) /2
KV
We get ∆V = 2VT tanh −1 1 1
I o1
And finally KV K V
∆I = I EE 1 1 2 2
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I o1 I o 2
Complete Analog Multiplier
K1 K 2
Vout = I EE K 3 V1V2 = 0.1V1V2
I o1 I o 2
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Gilbert cell as a
Balanced Modulator
In communications systems, the need frequently arises for the multiplication
of a continuously varying signal by a square wave.
This is easily accomplished with the multiplier circuit by applying a
sufficiently large signal directly to the cross-coupled pair.
Vm (t ) = Vm cos ω mt
∞
nπ nπ
Vc (t ) = ∑ An cos nω c t , where An = sin /
n =1 2 4
∞
Vo (t ) = K [Vc (t )Vm (t )] = K ∑ AnVm cos ω mt cos nω c t =
n =1
∞
cos(nω c t − ω nt ) cos(nω c t + ω nt )
AnVm
= K∑
www.electronics.dit.ie n =1 2
Spectra for balanced
modulator
The spectrum has components located at frequencies ωm above and below
each of the harmonics of ωc, but no component at the carrier frequency ωc or
its harmonics. The spectrum of the input signals and the resulting output
signal is shown below.
The lack of an output component at the carrier frequency is a very useful
property of balanced modulators. The signal is usually filtered following the
modulation process so that only the components near ωc. are retained
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Gilbert cell as a
phase detector
If unmodulated signals of identical frequency coo are applied to the two
inputs, the circuit behaves as a phase detector and produces an output whose
dc component is proportional to the phase difference between the two inputs.
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The output waveform that results is shown in Fig. 10.16c and consists of a dc
component and a component at twice the incoming frequency. The dc
component is given by:
−1
Vaverage =
1 2π
∫ Vo (t )d (ω ot ) = [A1 − A2 ]
2π 0 π
where areas A1 and A2 are as indicated. Thus
π −ϕ ϕ 2ϕ
Vaverage = − I EE RC − I EE RC = I EE RC − 1
π π π
If input signals are comparable to or
smaller than VT, the circuit still acts as
a phase detector.
However, the output voltage then
depends both on the phase difference
and on the amplitude of the two input
waveforms
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