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Abstract
rapidly in the past few years. The same basis can be used to develop new
industrial networks.
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Seminar Report ’11 Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries
CONTENTS
1 Introduction …………………..…………………….………………... 04
5 Advanced Distribution
Automation ………………...............................………………....……..14
6 Distribution Management
Functions …...............……………………………….…....18
8 Conclusion….......................................……………..…………….…...29
9 Bibliography.……………….................……………………................30
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Seminar Report ’11 Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries
Introduction
automation. However, there has not been so much focus on the automation of the
one basic requirement for the process. A disturbance in electricity supply causing
the“downrun” of the process may cost huge amount of money. Thus the intelligent
monitoring and on-line reliability analysis has a great importance. Nowadays the above
needs have aroused the increased interest in the electricity distribution automation of
industrial plants. The automation of public electricity distribution has developed very
rapidly in the past few years. Very promising results has been gained, for example, in
decreasing outage times of customers. However, the same concept as such cannot be
applied in the field of industrial electricity distribution, although the bases of automation
systems are common. The infrastructures of different industry plants vary more from each
domain. The automation devices, computer systems, and databases are not in the same
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Seminar Report ’11 Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries
It was seen already in the end of 80's that the conventional automation system (i.e.
SCADA) cannot solve all the problems regarding to network operation. On the other
hand, the different computer systems (e.g. AM/FM/GIS) include vast amount of data
which is useful in network operation. The operators had considerable heuristic knowledge
to be utilized, too. Thus new tools for practical problems were called for, to which AI-
and fuzzy sets, hypertext technique, neural networks and genetic algorithms) offers new
management system (DMS), has been developed. The DMS is a part of an integrated
based protection relays), the network database (i.e. AM/FM/GIS), the geographical
database, the customer database, and the automatic telephone answering machine system.
The DMS includes many intelligent applications needed in network operation. Such
network calculations, short term load forecasting, switching planning, and fault
management.
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Seminar Report ’11 Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries
The core of the whole DMS is the dynamic object-oriented network model. The
the network data read from the network database. The network model includes the
real-time state of the network (e.g. topology and loads). Different network
operation tasks call for different kinds of problem solving methods. Various
modules can operate interactively with each other through the network model,
which works as a blackboard (e.g. the results of load flow calculations are stored
in the network model, where they are available in all other modules for different
environment from the very beginning. Thus the feedback on new inference
models, external connections, and the user-interface was obtained at a very early
stage. The aim of a real application in the technical sense was thus been achieved.
The DMS entity was tested in the pilot company, Koillis-Satakunnan Sähkö Oy,
pilot company different versions of the fault location module have been used in
the past years in over 300 real faults. Most of the faults have been located with an
accuracy of some hundred meters, while the distance of a fault from the feeding
point has been from a few to tens of kilometers. The fault location system has
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Seminar Report ’11 Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries
been one reason for the reduced outage times of customers (i.e. about 50 % in the
The experiences as a whole were so encouraging that the DMS was modified as
a commercial product. The vendor was first a small Finnish software company. Since
1997 the DMS has been a worldwide software product of ABB Transmit Oybeing
several distribution companies all over the world. Part of the research group behind the
development of the DMS works at present as the employees of ABB, which has
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Seminar Report ’11 Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries
many companies. These units have the responsibility of production and maintenance.
company is in charge of local energy production and of the distribution network. Above
organizations may have some control systems that serve for their needs only, but usually
information systems are closely connected together. A process automation system is the
illustrated in Fig. 1. For example, all energy production and distribution network control
tasks can be done in a process automation system. Normally, because of the reliability
automation. The independency of process automation system vendor has been one reason
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The systems in Fig. 1 utilize many databases, which contain data that can be used
in new applications. Process automation systems collect data for process monitoring and
optimization tools. The databases contain information of material flow, energy flow and
- Handle large amount of information available. This includes filtering of data and
abnormal situations.
- Give instructions for operators in fault situations. A risk of misoperation in unusual fault
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Seminar Report ’11 Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries
- Network, process and motor measurements are available for the system. This means,
that data acquisition from multiple sources with capability to use various data transfer
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Seminar Report ’11 Intelligent Management Of Electrical Systems in Industries
industrialplants
applied as such in the management of industrial electricity networks. For example, fast
and accurate fault location has a great importance for reducing the outage time of
customers in the public electricity distribution, while there is no special need of such a
and protection relay coordination to prevent disturbances in advance are more important.
Caused by the features of industrial networks there are needs for methods to model
dynamic phenomena and harmonics, and to calculate load-flow and fault currents in ring
connected networks. An essential need is the load modeling which differs considerable
from the public distribution. The basis of the distribution management system (i.e. the use
of network model as the blackboard) is common in the both domains. The network model
includes the real-time topology and network calculation results in the prevailing
switching and load conditions. The main functions of system entity for the industrial
- Topology management
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- switching planning
- fault situations
* Management of disturbances
- Event analysis
- Reliability calculations
- reporting
The DMF is an entity which incorporates different applications on a single platform over
application functions for distribution management in industrial plants are mainly load
modeling ,reliability management , power quality analysis, voltage dip analysis and
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distributing power to end users. The distribution system of the future will be more
For ADA to work, the various intelligent devices must be interoperable both in the
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ADA will enable the distribution system to be configured in new ways for such
Fig: 4
The intelligent universal transformer is a prime example of a new electronic device that
– Voltage stepping
– Voltage regulation
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synergistically empower each other to create the distribution system of the future.
Each of these is made more valuable by its interaction with the other.
– Reliability
– System performance
– Condition monitoring
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distribution network in industrial plants. The functions can be included into different
management entity for the industrial networks are listed in the following:
- Topology management, load flow and fault current calculation, monitoring and
- switching planning, fault situations, automatic load shedding and forming a local island
relay coordination, event analysis, fault location and network restoration, reporting.
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management functions are different as in public electricity networks. There are also needs
for new methods. An essential need is the load modeling which differs considerable from
Some functions of the DMS for the management of public distribution networks can be
applied almost as such also in the management of industrial electricity networks, e.g.
topology management.
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SYSTEMS
1) Load modeling
The essential basis for advanced application functions is the modeling of loads
connected to the network. Usually there are only few measurement points in the network.
However, loading of every load node of the network must be known in the network
calculations. For that purpose the loads are estimated by load models.
The essential need for the load models is that they form a basis for the load-flow
calculations. Results of load-flow calculations are utilized different kind of tasks as real-
time network monitoring and optimization, and switching planning. Information on loads
can also be utilized in preventive condition monitoring and reliability analyses. Although,
the loads (i.e. the current) of some nodes can be measured on-line, models are needful
because of the DMS can be used also in simulated state, when the information of system
does not correspond the current real-time state of the distribution network.
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In the domain of public electricity distribution hourly load curves have been
determined for each customer group to be used in load-flow calculation and load
forecasting. In industrial plants the load modeling should be based mainly on the process
itself and its behavior. Load models can be determined by making enough measurements
in different known process conditions. However, the industrialplants vary from each other
quite much, which means that load models determined in one plant may not be able
to used as such in other one. One aim of the research work is to develop tools and
methods by which the determination of the plant specific load models can be achieved
during the installation of the automation system when enough measurements have been
done and certain process specific parameters are known. Neural networks can be used to
learn the correlations between the measurements and the process in order to produce the
load model
capability to adapt alternating and different conditions. The state monitoring of the DMS
acts in real times which appoint demands to the swiftness of the load models. Further the
industrial processes will be developed and so the load models must be able to adapt in
varied situation.
technologies. This means using neural networks technology, fuzzy logic and self-
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distribution networks.
of behavior. Reliable forecasting assumes use of methods which can utilize production
plans in some time distance which also can have a large difference with each other and
include inaccurate information. The load forecasting of the network feeding some process
bases on the known behavior of the process, earlier measured values and the planned
production.
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The DMS for public distribution management included load flow and fault current
calculation procedures, which worked only in radial networks. The need for calculating
meshed networks in industrial distribution networks is anyway obvious (e.g. there are
method for solving load flow equations, and was selected as the solver. Fault current
calculation is performed only in the symmetrical three-phase case. In fact, the calculation
conventional methods is now too laborious and therefore discarded. Instead an algorithm
The load flow and fault current algorithms are implemented as a part of the DMS
so that they can utilize the common network model and topology analysis. The primary
information for the load-flow calculation is the loads of the secondary substations and
motors connected to the medium voltage network. The loading information is read from
the Access –database including the load models for different situations. The results of
load flow and fault current calculations can be studied through the user-interface of the
2) Reliability management
industry. The losses of production caused by the disturbances and the inputs into the
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here.
The reliability can be studied with both qualitative and quantitative methods.
With a qualitative analysis the possible states of the system and reasons which lead to
these are determined with non-numerical methods. The failure modes, effects and
criticality analyses are adapted generally on the qualitative methods. Using failure modes,
effects and criticality analysis it is aimed to identify those faults of the devices or of the
subsystems which affect the capabilities of the system significantly. The system is
systematically analyzed and the effects of the component faults of the system are
are calculated. For example, availability, fault frequencies, durations of disturbances and
several different systems which are, among others, AM/FM/GIS, the Distribution
The load flow calculations and short circuit calculations are applications which
have central meaning in reliability analyses. The calculations make it possible to simulate
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instructions and documents. There are many kind of documents which can be used to
support the reliability management. The graphical user-interface makes available the
The estimation of the reliability technical state and capabilities of the distribution
system together with real-time condition supervision and maintenance programmes are in
network is closely related to the protection coordination, too. Using fault current and
load-flow calculations personnel can evaluate how the distribution and the primary
%and 1 % of the declared voltage, followed by a voltage recovery after a short period of
time. Possible causes of these dips are typically faults in installations or in feeding public
networks and switching of large loads (e.g. motors). In rural areas voltage dips are
generally caused by short circuit faults in the public MV overhead network. The interest
in voltage dips is mainly due to the problems they cause on several types of equipment
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equipment, computers and contactors in front of some devices. The employment of IUT
with the support of ADA is a step towards reduction in these voltage dips.
The term Power Quality (PQ) is used with slightly different meanings. More
extensive meaning can be associated with any problems in voltage, current or frequency
quality and current quality. However, the voltage quality is addressed in most cases. Voltage
quality is concerned with deviations of the voltage from the ideal and main characteristics
three phase voltages and interruptions. In industrial plants on the other hand increasing
amount of disturbing devices (e.g. adjustable drives and power electronics) and on the
,electronic devices and adjustable drives) have caused growing concern about power
quality. Thus there is also a growing need to manage and monitor power quality.
Volts
5 ) Condition monitoring
especially for rotating machines. Monitoring usually covers electric motors that are
connected to the monitored processes. There are on-line systems designed mainly for
condition monitoring of electric motors, too. These systems usually include measuring
device connected with processing device, which can be connected permanently to data
bus supplying information for analyzing computer or data can be collected from device
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occasionally. A selection between continuous data transfer and manually performed data
collection is made mainly by the costs of instrumentation and labour. Electric motors are
often considered to be very reliable, which means that investment not economically
justified.
is not commonly used. Protection relays include some functions for condition monitoring
The applications described which are required to collect data from various
sources, for example from process automation, electricity grid and energy management
system. These systems contain data or are able to collect data to be used for condition
monitoring purposes. Process automation and energy management can provide energy,
output quantity of drive, such as mass flow of pump. Electricity grid protection and
voltage and current. Some useful information of condition of components can be created
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* Reliability analysis:
- Simulated network state using topology, load and voltage information of previous
situation.
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Conclusion
industrial distribution networks are different compared to the public distribution. The
domain is more segmented and heterogeneous, and the infrastructure of automation and
computer systems for electricity networks are not so sophisticated and advanced as other
process automation.
On the other hand the chance to apply intelligent software methods is promising
from the point of view of end-user attitudes, because the same kind of methods have been
successfully applied in process automation, e.g. in fuzzy control and system modeling
using neural networks. This paper discusses the requirements of intelligent methods in the
new domain, introduces the system environment and presents initial results gained in the
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BIBILIOGRAPHY
No 4, January 2001.
4) Lijun Qin,”A new principle fro system protection in distribution networks”, IEEE
June 2000.
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